, a celebrated Italian general, was born at Lucca, in Tuscany, in
, a celebrated Italian general, was born at Lucca, in Tuscany, in 1284; where,
it is said, he was taken up one morning accidentally in a
vineyard, where he had been laid and covered with leaves;
but others deduce him from an ancient and great family.
The former account, however, goes on to inform us that
he was found by Dianora, a wi.iow lady, and sister of Antonio, a canon ot rft Michael in Lucca, who was descended
from the illustrious family of the Castracani. Antonio be ing
priest, and Dianora having no children, they determined
to bring him up, christened him Castruccio, by the name
of their father, and educated him as carefully as if he had
been their own. Antonio designed him for a priest, and
accordingly trained him to letters; but Castruccio was
scarcely fourteen years old when he began to neglect his
books, and to devote himself to military exercises, to
wrestling, running, and other athletic sports, which very
well suited his great strength of body. At that time the
two great factions, the Guelfs and Ghibilins, shared all
Italy between them, divided the popes and the emperors,
and engaged in their different interests, not only the members of the same town, but even the members of the same
family. Francisco, a considerable man on the side of the
Ghibilins, observing one day in the market-place, the uncommon spirit and qualities of Castruccio, prevailed with
Antonio to let him turn soldier. As nothing could be more
agreeable to the inclination of Castruccio, he presently
became accomplished in every thing which could adorn his
profession. He was eighteen years old when the faction
of the Guelfs drove the Ghibilins out of Pavia, and was
then made a lieutenant of a company of foot, by Francisco
Guinigi, of whom the prince of Milan had solicited succours. The first campaign this new lieutenant made, he
gave such proofs of his courage and conduct, as spread
his fame all over Lombardy; and Guinigi conceived such
an opinion of him, and had so much confidence in him,
that, dying soon after, he committed the care of his son
and the management of his estate to him. So great a trust
and administration made Castruccio more considerable than
before but at the same time created him many enemies,
and lost him some friends for, knowing him to be of an
high and enterprising spirit, many began to fancy his
views were to empire, and to oppress the liberty of his
country. He went on still, however, to distinguish himself by military exploits, and at last raised so much jealousy in his chief commander, that he was imprisoned by
stratagem, with a view of being put to death; but the
people of Lucca soon released him, and in a short time
after, solemnly chose him their sovereign prince, and there
were not then, either in Lombardy or Tuscany, any of the
Ghibilins who did not look upon Castruccio as the true
head of their faction. Those who were banished their
country upon that account fled to him for protection, and
promised unanimously, that if he could restore them to
their estates, they would serve him so effectually, that
the sovereignty of their country should be his reward.
Flattered by these promises, and encouraged by the
strength of his forces, he entertained a design of making
himself master of Tuscany; and to give more reputation
to his affairs, he entered into a league with the prince of
Milan. He kept his army constantly on foot, and employed
it as suited best with his own designs. For the services he
did the pope he was made senator of Rome with more than
ordinary ceremony. The day of his promotion, he came
forth in a habit suitable to his dignity, but enriched with
a delicate embroidery, and with two devices artificially
wrought in, one before, the other behind. The former
was in these words, “He is as it pleases God
” the latter,
“And shall be what God will have him.
” While Castruccio was at Rome, news was brought him which obliged
him to return in all haste to Lucca. The Florentines were
making war upon him, and had already done him some
damage; and conspiracies were forming against him as an
usurper, at Pisa and in several places; but Castruccio
surmounted all these difficulties, and the supreme authority of Tuscany was just falling into his hands, when a
period was put to his progress and his life. An army of
30,000 foot and 10,000 horse appeared against him in
May 1328. Of these he destroyed 22,000, with the loss
of not quite 1600 of his own men, and was returning from
the field of battle; but, happening to halt a little for the
sake of thanking and caressing his soldiers as they passed
fi,red with an action as fatiguing as glorious, and covered
with sweat, a north wind blew upon him, and affected him
so, that he fell immediately into a fit of ague. At first he
neglected it, believing himself sufficiently hardened against
such attacks; but the fit increasing, and with it the fever,
his physicians gave him over, and he died in a few days.
He was in his forty-fourth year; and from the time he
came to appear first in the world, he always, as well in his
good as bad fortune, expressed the same steadiness and
equality of spirit. As he left several monuments of his
good fortune behind him, so he was not ashamed to leave
some memorials of his adversity. Thus, when he was delivered from the imprisonment above-mentioned, he caused
the irons with which he was loaded, to be hung in the most
public room of his palace, where they were to be seen
many years after.