indifferent; and on the other hand, Atterbury gained the steady patronage of sir Jonathan Trelawny, bishop of Exeter, of Lawrence earl of Rochester, and of bishop Sprat.
In 1700, a still larger field of activity opened, in which
Atterbury was engaged four years with Dr. Wake (afterwards archbishop of Canterbury) and others, concerning
the rights, powers, and privileges of convocations in which
he displayed so much learning and ingenuity, as well as
zeal for the interests of his order, that the lower house of
convocation returned him their thanks; and in consequence
of this vote a letter was sent to the university of Oxford,
expressing, that, “whereas Mr. Francis Atterbury, late of
Christ Church, had so happily asserted the rights and privileges of an English convocation, as to merit the solemn
thanks of the lower house for his learned pains upon that
subject; it might be hoped, that the university would be
no less forward in taking some public notice of so great a
piece of service to the church and that the most proper
and seasonable mark of respect to him, would be to confer
on him the degree of doctor in divinity by diploma, without doing exercise, or paying fees.
” The university approved the contents of this letter, and accordingly created
Mr. AtterburyD.D. Out author’s work was entitled, “The
Rights, Powers, and Privileges of an English Convocation
stated and vindicated, in answer to a late book of Dr.
Wake’s, entitled ‘ The Authority of Christian Princes over
their Ecclesiastical Synods asserted,’ &c. and several other
pieces,
” 8vo. The fame of this work was very great; but
it was censured by Burnet, and in November the judges
had a serious consultation on it, as being supposed to affect the royal prerogative. Holt, then chief justice, was
strongly of that opinion, and the same idea was encouraged
by archbishop Tenison, Dr. Wake, and others. Endeavours were made to prejudice king William against him,
but his majesty remained indifferent; and on the other
hand, Atterbury gained the steady patronage of sir Jonathan Trelawny, bishop of Exeter, of Lawrence earl of
Rochester, and of bishop Sprat. In December 1700, he
published a second edition of “The Rights,
” considerably
enlarged, and with his name, and a dedication to the two
archbishops. This was immediately answered by Drs. Kennet, Hody, and Wake. Another controversy of some importance was at this time also ably agitated by Atterbury,
the execution of the prtemunienles, a privilege enjoyed by
the several bishops of issuing writs to summon the inferior
clergy to convocation. Bishops Compton, Sprat, and Trelawny, were his strenuous supporters on this occasion, and
by the latter he was presented to the archdeaconry of
Totness, in which he was installed Jan. 29, 1700-1. His
attendance in convocation was regular, and his exertions
great. In placing Dr. Hooper in the prolocutor’s chair,
as the successor of Dr. Jane in the examination of obnoxious books in the controversy between the lower and
upper houses in considering the methods of promoting
the propagation of religion in foreign parts and in preparing an address to the king, his zeal distinguished itself.
About this time he was engaged, with some other learned
divines, in revising an intended edition of the Greek Testament, with Greek Scholia, collected chiefly from the
fathers, by Mr. archdeacon Gregory. On the 29th of May
he preached before the House of Commons; and on Aug. 16,
published “The power of the Lower House of Convocation
to adjourn itself,
” which was a sort of analysis of the whole
controversy. He also published “A letter to a clergyman in the country, concerning the Choice of Members,
&c.
” Nov. 17, 1701; a second, with a similar title, Dec.
10, 1701; and a third, in defence of the two former, Jan. 8,
1701-2. In October he published “The parliamentary
origin and rights of the Lower House of Convocation,
cleared, &c.
” At this period he was popular as preacher
at the Rolls Chapel, an office which had been conferred on
him by sir John Trevor, a great discerner of abilities, in
1698, when he resigned JBridewell, which he had obtained
in 1693. Upon the accession of queen Anne, in 1702,
Dr. Atterbury was appointed one of her majesty’s chaplains
in ordinary and, in July 1704, was advanced to the deanery of Carlisle but, owing to the obstacles thrown in his
way by bishop Nicolson, he was not instituted tintil Oct.
12, and the same year Sir Jonathan Trelawny bestowed on
him a canonry of Exeter. About two years after this, he
was engaged in a dispute with Mr. Hoadly, concerning the
advantages of virtue with regard to the present life, occasioned by his sermon, preached August 30, 1706, at the
funeral of Mr. Thomas Bennet, a bookseller. The doctrine of this sermon Mr. Hoadly examined, in “A letter
to Dr. Francis Atterbury, concerning Virtue and Vice,
”
published in Preface,
” Mr. Hoadly published in Asecond letter,
” &c. and in the Preface to his “Tracts,
”
tells us, these two letters against Dr. Atterbury were designed to vindicate and establish the tendency of virtue and
morality to the present happiness of such a creature as
man is which he esteems a point of the utmost importance
to the Gospel itself. In Jan. 1707-8 he published a volume
of Sermons, 8vo, and in the same year “Reflections on a
late scandalous report about the repeal of the Test Act.
”
In Concio ad Clerum Londinensem,
habita in Ecclesia S. Elphegi.
” Atterbury, in his pamphlet
entitled “Some proceedings in Convocation, A. D. 1705,
faithfully represented,
” had charged Mr. Hoadly (whom he sneeringly calls “the modest and moderate Mr. Hoadly
”)
with treating the body of the established clergy with language more disdainful and reviling than it would have become him to have used towards his Presbyterian antagonist,
upon any provocation, charging them with rebellion in the
church, whilst he himself was preaching it up in the state.“This induced Mr. Hoadly to set about a particular examination of Dr. Atterbury' s Latin Sermon; which he did in a
piece, entitled
” A large Answer to Dr. Atterbury’s Charge
of Rebellion, &c. London a 1710,“wherein he endeavours
to lay open the doctor’s artful management of the controversy, and to let the reader into his true meaning and design which, in an
” Appendix“to the
” Answer,“he
represents to be
” The carrying on two different causes,
upon two sets of contradictory principles“in order to
” gain himself applause amongst the same persons at the
same time, by standing up for and against liberty; by depressing the prerogative, and exalting it by lessening the
executive power, and magnifying it by loading some
with all infamy, for pleading for submission to it in one
particular which he supposeth an mcroachment, and by
loading others with the same infamy for pleading against
submission to it, in cases that touch the happiness of the
whole community.“” This,“he tells us,
” is a method
of controversy so peculiar to one person (Dr. Atterbury) as
that he knows not that it hath ever been practised, or attempted by any other writer.“Mr. Hoadly has likewise
transcribed, in this Appendix, some remarkable passages
out of our author’s
” Rights, Powers, and Privileges, &c."
which he confronts with others, from his Latin Sermon.
ower house of convocation, and had the chief management of affairs in that house. This we learn from bishop Burnet.In his account of this convocation, having observed,
In 1710 came on the celebrated trial of Dr. Sacheverell,
whose remarkable speech on that occasion was generally
supposed to have been drawn up by our author, to whom
Sacheverell, in his last will, bequeathed 500l. in conjunction
with Smalridge and Freind. The same year Dr. Atterbury
was unanimously chosen prolocutor of the lower house of
convocation, and had the chief management of affairs in
that house. This we learn from bishop Burnet.In his
account of this convocation, having observed, that the
queen, in appointing a committee of bishops to be present,
and consenting to their resolutions, not only passed over all
the bishops made in king William’s reign, but a great many
of those named by herself, and set the bishops of Bristol
and St. David’s, then newly consecrated, in a distinction
above all their brethren, by adding them to the committee,
upon the indisposition of the archbishop and others, he adds
“All this was directed by Dr. Atterbury, who had the confidence of the chief minister and because the other bishops
had maintained a good correspondence with the former
ministry, it was thought fit to put the marks of the queen’s
distrust upon them, that it might appear with whom her
royal favour and trust wa^ lodged.
” May 11, 1711, he was
appointed, by the convocation, one of the committee for
comparing Mr. Whiston’s doctrines with those of the
church of England and, in June following, he had the
chief hand in drawing up “A Representation of the present State of Religion.
” In no sooner was he settled
there,
” says Stackhouse, “than all ran into disorder and confusion. The canons had been long accustomed to the mild and
gentle government of a dean, who had every thing in him
that was endearing to mankind, and could not therefore
brook the wide difference that they perceived in Dr. Atterbury. That imperious and despotic manner, in which he
seemed resolved to carry every thing, made them more
tenacious of their rights, and inclinable to make fewer
concessions, the more he endeavoured to grasp at power,
and tyrannize. This opposition raised the ferment, and,
in a short time, there ensued such strife and contention,
such bitter words and scandalous quarrels among them, that
it was thought adviseable to remove him, on purpose to
restore peace and tranquillity to that learned body, and that
tether colleges might not take the infection a new method
of obtaining preferment, by indulging such a temper, and
pursuing such practices, as least of all deserve it In a
word,
” adds this writer, “wherever he came, under one pretence or other, but chiefly under the notion of asserting his
rights and privileges, he had a rare talent of fomenting
discord, and blowing the coals of contention which made
a learned successor (Dr. Smalridge) in two of his preferments complain of his hard fate, in being forced to carry
water after him, to extinguish the flames, which his litigiousness had every where occasioned.
” The next year
saw him at the top of his preferment, as well as of his reputation for, in the beginning of June 1713, the queen,
at the recommendation of lord chancellor Harcourt, advanced him to the bishopric of Rochester, with the deanery
of Westminster in commendam he was confirmed July 4,
and consecrated at Lambeth next day.
into France, Italy, and other countries, with Mr. Addison. A farther striking instance (if true) of bishop Atterbury’s attachment to the Pretender, is related, by the
At the beginning of the succeeding reign, his tide of
prosperity began to turn and he received a sensible mortification presently after the coronation of king George I.
Oct. 20, 1714, when, upon his offering to present his majesty (with a view, no doubt, of standing better in his favour) with the chair of state and royal canopy, his own
perquisites as dean of Westminster, the offer was rejected,
not without some evident marks of dislike to his person.
At the close of this year he is supposed to have written a
pamphlet, deemed a libel by government, “English Advice
to the Freeholders of England.
” Bolingbroke and Swift
were also supposed to have had a hand in it. During the
rebellion in Scotland, which broke out in the first year of
this reign, Atterbury gave an instance of his growing disaffection to the established government, in refusing to sign
the “Declaration
” of the bishops. In that juncture of
affairs, when the Pretender’s declaration was posted up in
most market towns, and, in some places, his title proclaimed, it^was thought proper, by most bodies of men, to
give the government all possible assurance of their fidelity
iand allegiance and accordingly there was published “A
Declaration of the archbishop of Canterbury, and the
bishops in and near London, testifying their abhorrence of
the present rebellion and an exhortation to the clergy,
and people under their care, to be zealous in the discharge
of their duties to his majesty king George.
” This paper
both Atterbury and Smalridge refused to sign, on pretence
of a just offence taken at some unbecoming reflections cast
on a party, not inferior to any, they said, in point of loyalty. But Atterbury' s refusal of signing the declaration of
his episcopal brethren, during the rebellion in Scotland,
was not the only testimony he at that time afforded of his
disaffection to government. Another remarkable proof of
it was his conduct to an ingenious and learned clergyman,
Mr. Gibbin, curate of Gravesend. When the Dutch troops,
which came over to assist in subduing the rebellion, were
quartered at that place, the officers requested of Mr. Gibbin
the use of his church one Sunday morning for their chaplain to preach to their soldiers, alleging that the like favour
had been granted them in other parishes, and promising
that the service should begin at six in the morning, that it
might not interfere with that of the town. The request was
granted, the chaplain preached, and his congregation was
dismissed by nine o'clock. But Dr. Atterbury was so in^
censed at this transaction, that he suspended Mr. Gibbiu
for three years. The suspension, however, was deemed
so injurious by the inhabitants of Gravesend, that they
subscribed a sum to Mr. Gibbin more than double the
income of his church and the affair being represented
to the king, his majesty* gave him the rectory of NorthFleet in Kent, which living he afterwards exchanged for
Birch, near Colchester in Essex, where he died July 29,
1752. He was a very ingenious, learned, and worthy
clergyman, who had greatly improved and enlarged his
mind, by his travels into France, Italy, and other countries, with Mr. Addison. A farther striking instance (if true) of bishop Atterbury’s attachment to the Pretender,
is related, by the author of the “Memoirs of lord Chesterfield,
” from Dr. Birch’s manuscript papers, and was
often mentioned by the late bishop Pearce (who appears to have been always severe on the memory of Atterbury)
“Lord Harcourt leaving the old ministry, provoked Atterbury’s abusive tongue. He, in return, declared, that
on the queen’s death, the bishop came to him and to lord
Bolingbroke, and said, nothing remained but immediately
to proclaim king James. He further offered, if they would
give him a guard, to put on his lawn sleeves, and head
the procession.
” Whatever may be in this, it is certain
that from the time he perceived himself slighted by tile
king he constantly opposed the measures of the court in
the House of Lords, and drew up some of the most violent
protests with his own hand. In 1716, we find him advising dean Swift in the management of a refractory
chapter.
. Two officers, the under-secretary, and a messenger, went about two o'clock in the afternoon to the bishop’s house at Westminster, with orders to bring him and his papers
In this memorable year, the government, on a suspicion
of his being concerned in a plot in favour of the Pretender,
had him apprehended August 24, and committed prisoner
to the Tower. Two officers, the under-secretary, and a
messenger, went about two o'clock in the afternoon to the
bishop’s house at Westminster, with orders to bring him
and his papers before the council. He happened to be in
his night-gown when they came in, and being made acquainted with their business, he desired time to dress himself. In the mean time his secretary came in, and the
officers went to search for his papers in the sealing of
which the messenger brought a paper, which he pretended
to have found in his close-siool, and desired it might be
sealed up with the rest. His lordship observing it, and
believing it to be a forged one, desired the officers not to
do it, and to bear witness that the paper was not found
with him. Nevertheless they did it and, though they behaved themselves with some respect to him, they suffered
the. messengers to treat him in a very rough manner,
threatening him, if he did not make haste to dress himself,
they would carry him away undrest as he was. Upon
which he ordered his secretary to see his papers all sealed
up, and went himself directly to the Cockpit, where the
council waited for him. The behaviour of the messengers
upon this occasion seems to have been very unwarrantable,
if what the author of “A letter to the Clergy of the Church
of England,
” &c. tells us, be true, that the persons directed
by order of the king and council to seize his lordship and
his papers, received a strict command to treat him with great
respect and reverence. However this was, when he came
before the council, he behaved with a great deal of calmness, and they with much civility towards him. He had
liberty to speak for himself as much as he pleased, and
they listened to his defence with a great deal of attention;
and, what is more unusual, after he was withdrawn, he had
twice liberty to re-enter the council-chamber, to make for
himself such representations and requests as he thought
proper. It is said, that while he was under examination,
he made use of our Saviour’s answer to the Jewish council,
while he stood before them “If I tell you, ye will not
believe me and if I also ask you, ye will not answer me,
nor let me go.
” After three quarters of an hour’s stay at
the Cockpit, he was sent to the Tower, privately, in his own
coach, without any noise or observation.
This commitment of a bishop upon the suspicion of hightreason, as it was a thing rarely
This commitment of a bishop upon the suspicion of hightreason, as it was a thing rarely practised since the Reformation, occasioned various speculations among the people.
March 23, 1723, a bill was brought into the House of Commons, for “inflicting certain pains and penalties on Francis lord bishop of Rochester
” a copy of which was sent to
him, with notice that he had liberty of counsel and solicitors for making his defence. Under these circumstances,
the bishop applied, by petition, to the House of Lords, for
their direction and advice, as to his conduct in this conjuncture and April 4, he acquainted the Speaker of the
House of Commons, by a letter, that he was determined to
give that house no trouble, in relation to the bill depending
therein but should be ready to make his defence against
it, when it should be argued in another house, of which he
had the honour to be a member. On the 9th, the bill
passed the House of Commons, and was the same day sent
up to the House of Lords for their concurrence. May 6,
being the day appointed by the lords for the first reading
of the bill, bishop Atterbury was brought to Westminster,
to make his defence. The counsel for the bishop were, sir
Constantine Phipps and William Wynne, esq. for the
king, Mr. Reeve and Mr. Wearg. The proceedings continued above a week; and on Saturday, May 11, the bishop
was permitted to plead for himself, which he did in a very
eloquent speech. On Monday the 13th he was carried, for
the last time, from the Tower, to hear the reply of the
king’s counsel to his defence. On the 15th, the bill was
read the third time, and, after a long and warm detiate,
passed on the 16th, by a majority of 83 to 43. On the
27th, the king came to the house, and confirmed it by his
royal assent. June 18, 1723, this eminent prelate, having
the day before taken leave of his friends, who, from the
time of passing the bill against him, to the day of his
departure, had free access to him in the Tower, embarked on
board the Aldborough man of war, and landed the Friday
following at Calais. When he went on shore, having been
informed that lord Bolingbroke, who had, after the rising
of the parliament, received the king’s pardon, was arrived
at the same place on his return to England, he said, with
an air of pleasantry, “Then I am exchanged
” and it was,
in the opinion of Mr. Pope on the same occasion, “a sign
of the nation’s being afraid of being over-run with too
much politeness, when it could not regain one great man,
but at the expence of another.
” But the severity of his
treatment did not cease even with his banishment. The
same vindictive spirit pursued him in foreign climes. NoBritish subject was even permitted to visit him without the
king’s sign manual, which Mr. Morice was always obligee!
to solicit, not only for himself, but for every one of his
family whom he carried abroad with him, for which the fees
of office were very high.
When bishop Atterbury first entered upon his banishment, Brussels was the
When bishop Atterbury first entered upon his banishment, Brussels was the place destined for his residence 5 but, by the arts and instigations of the British ministers, he was compelled to leave that place, and retire to Paris. There, being solicited by the friends of the Pretender to enter into their negociations, he too readily complied, as appears by his correspondence published at Edinburgh in 1768, 4to; but, that he might appear to avoid them, he changed his abode for Montpelier in 1728, and after residing there about two years, returned to Paris, where he died February 15, 1731-2. The affliction which he sustained by the death of his daughter, in 1729, was thought to have hastened his own dissolution.
How far the bishop was attached in his inclinations to the Stuart family, to which
How far the bishop was attached in his inclinations to the Stuart family, to which he might be led by early prejudices of education, and the divided opinions of the times, is now too obvious to admit of controversy. But that he should have been weak enough to engage in a plot so inconsistent with his station, and so clumsily devised (to say the least of it, and without entering into his solemn asseverations of innocence), is utterly inconsistent with that cunning which his enemies allowed him. The duke of Wharton, it is well known, was violent against him, till convinced by his unanswerable reasoning.
inistration, by his speeches and protests in the House of Lords. When that offer was rejected by the bishop, then the contrivance for his ruin was determined on but surely
It has been said that Atterbury’s wishes reached to the bishopric of London, or even to York or Canterbury. But those who were better acquainted with his views, knew that Winchester would have been much more desirable to him than either of the others. And it has been asserted, from respectable authority, that that bishopric was offered to him whenever it should become vacant (and till that event should happen, a pension of 5000l. a-year, besides an ample provision for Mr. Morice) if he would cease to give the opposition he did to sir Robert Wai pole’s administration, by his speeches and protests in the House of Lords. When that offer was rejected by the bishop, then the contrivance for his ruin was determined on but surely no contrivance could have been successful, had he been innocent of the treason laid to his charge.
In his speech in the House of Lords, the bishop mentions his being “engaged in a correspondence with two learned
In his speech in the House of Lords, the bishop mentions
his being “engaged in a correspondence with two learned
men (Bp. Potter and Dr. Wall) on settling the times of
writing the four Gospels.
” Part of this correspondence is
now published. The same subject the bishop pursued
during his exile, having consulted the learned of all nations,
and had nearlybrought the whole to a conclusion when he
died. These laudable labours are an ample confutation of
bishop Newton’s assertion, that Atterbury “wrote little
whilst in exile, but a few criticisms on French authors.
”
ve consented (which it is most probable they refused to do) that the words implying him to have died bishop of Rochester should have been omitted on his tomb. The funeral
His body was brought over to England, accompanied by his manuscripts, which underwent a strict examination but as nothing of his is now to be found in the State-paper office, it is probable that the whole was lost by neglect, or wilfully destroyed. He was interred on the 12th of May following, in Westminster abbey, in a vault which, in 1722, had been prepared by his directions. There is no memorial over his grave nor could there well be any, unless his friends would have consented (which it is most probable they refused to do) that the words implying him to have died bishop of Rochester should have been omitted on his tomb. The funeral was performed in a very private manner, attended only by his son-in-law Mr. Morice, and his two chaplains, Dr. Savage and Mr. Moore. Upon the urn which contained his bowels was inscribed,
Some time before his death, he published a Vindication of himself, bishop Smalridge, and Dr. Aldrich, from a charge brought against them
Some time before his death, he published a Vindication
of himself, bishop Smalridge, and Dr. Aldrich, from a
charge brought against them by Mr. Oldmixon, of having
altered and interpolated the copy of lord Clarendons
“History of the Rebellion.
” Bishop Atterbury’s Sermons
are extant in four volumes in 8vo those contained in the
two first were published by himself, and dedicated to his
great patron sir Jonathan Trelawny, bishop of Winchester
those in the two last were published after his death, by
Dr. Thomas Moore, his lordship’s chaplain. Four admirable Visitation charges accompany his Epistolary Correspondence, which was completed in 1798, by Mr. Nichols,
in 5 vols. 8vo containing also all his tracts, and a vast
mass of curious and interesting ecclesiastical history. To
the last volume is prefixed a life, written with great care
and accuracy, and correcting the many mistakes of preceding biographers. It is needless to add how much the
present article stands indebted to Mr. Nichols’s labours.
As to bishop Atterbury’s character, however the moral and political part
As to bishop Atterbury’s character, however the moral
and political part of it may have been differently represented by the opposite parties, it is universally agreed,
that he was a man of great learning and uncommon abilities, a fine writer, and a most excellent preacher. His
learned friend Smalridge, in the speech he made, when he
presented him to the upper house of convocation, as prolocutor, styles him “Vir in nullo literarum genere hospes,
in plerisque artibus et studiis diu et feliciter exercitatus,
in maxime perfectis literarum disciplinis perfectissimus.
”
In his controversial writings, he was sometimes too severe
upon his adversary, and dealt rather too much in satire
and invective but this his panegyrist imputes more to the
natural fervour of his wit, than to any bitterness of temper,
or prepense malice. In his sermons, however, he is not
only every way unexceptionable, but highly to be commended. The truth is, his talent as a preacher was so excellent and remarkable, that it may not improperly he said,
that he owed his preferment to the pulpit, nor any hard matter to trace him, through his writings, to his several promotions in the church. We shall conclude bishop Atterbury’s
character, as a preacher, with the encomium bestowed on
him by the author of “The Tatler
” who, having observed
that the English clergy too much neglect the art of speaking, makes a particular exception with regard to our prelate; who, says he, “has so particular a regard to his
congregation, that he commits to his memory what he has
to say to them, and has so soft and graceful a behaviour,
that it must attract your attention. His person,
”
contnues this author, “it is to be confessed, is no small recommendation but he is to be highly commended for not
losing that advantage, and adding to a propriety of speech
(which might pass the criticism of Longinus) an action
which would have been approved by Demosthenes. He
has a peculiar force in his way, and has many of his audience, who could not be intelligent hearers of his discourse,
were there no explanation as well as grace in his action.
This art of his is used with the most exact and honest skill.
He never attempts your passions till he has convinced your:
reason. All the objections which you can form are laid
open and dispersed, before he uses the least vehemence in
his sermon; but when he thinks he has your head, he very
soon wins your heart, and never pretends to shew the
beauty of holiness, till he has convinced you of the truth
of it.
” In his letters to Pope, &c. bishop Atterbury appears in a pleasing light, both as a writer and as a man.
In ease and elegance they are superior to those of Pope,
which are more studied. There are in them several beautiful references to the classics. The bishop excelled in his
allusions to sacred as well as profane authors.
going to write an answer to it It is a present, said he, or rather a legacy, from my old friend the bishop of Rochester. I went to take my leave of him yesterday in the
The following anecdote was first communicated to the
public by the late Dr. Maty, on the credit of lord Chesterfield: “I went,
” said lord Chesterfield, “to Mr. Pope,
one morning, at Twickenham, and found a large folio
Bible, with gilt clasps, lying before him upon his table
and, as I knew his way of thinking upon that book, I asked
him jocosely, if he was going to write an answer to it It
is a present, said he, or rather a legacy, from my old
friend the bishop of Rochester. I went to take my leave
of him yesterday in the Tower, where I saw this Bible
upon his table. After the first compliments, the bishop
said to me,
” My friend Pope, considering your infirmities, and my age and exile, it is not likely that we should
ever meet again and therefore I give you this legacy to
remember me by it. Take it home with you, and let me
advise you to abide by it.“” Does your lordship abide
by it yourself“” I do.“If you do, my lord, it is but
lately. May I beg to know what new light or arguments
have prevailed with you now, to entertain an opinion so
contrary to that which you entertained of that book all the
former part of your life r
” The bishop replied, “We
have not time to talk of these things, but take home the
book; I will abide by it, and I recommend you to do so
too, and so God bless you.
” It has been justly remarked^
that whatever were the bishop’s faults, we do not recollect
any thing that indicates a disbelief or a doubt of the truth
of Christianity. His actions and writings rather display
him in the light of a zealous supporter of religion than in
that of an infidel. His sermons on the miraculous propagation of the Gospel, and on a standing revelation’s being
the best means of conviction, not to mention others of his
discourses, are important evidences of his attachment to
the Christian religion. It is observable, that he generally
treats unbelievers with contempt, as an ignorant, superficial, and conceited set of men, which he vyould scarcely
have done had he been of the same sentiments for,
though a man may conceal, or deny, or even persecute the
opinions which he himself holds, it is not very likely that
he should appear to despise the retainers of them. With
respect to the above anecdote related by Dr. Maty, the late
Mr. Badcock, from a zeal to vindicate the bishop’s character, as if it were insinuated that he had once been an
unbeliever, wrote a letter in which he endeavoured to deny
the authenticity of the anecdote but, in our opinion, without arriving at that conclusion.
he church, and those names were read at the altar during divine service. He also wrote to St. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, earnestly intreating him to do the same, but
, patriarch of Constantinople in the beginning of the fifth century, was born at Sebastia, now Soustia, a city of Armenia. He was first educated by the Macedonian monks in the principles of their sect, but when arrived at riper years, he embraced the faith of the Catholic church. In the year 406, being then a priest, he was chosen to succeed St. Chrysostom, who had been deprived of the see of Constantinople, but met with much obstruction from the friends of Chrysostom, and from all the bishops of the East, who considered Chrysostom as unjustly deprived, and refused to communicate with the new patriarch. Atticus, upon this, procured an edict from the emperor to compel them, but finding this produced no other effect than schism and confusion, after the death of Chrysostom he ordered his name to be put in the Diptychs, or ecclesiastical tables, in which were inserted the names of persons who had died in the peace and communion of the church, and those names were read at the altar during divine service. He also wrote to St. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, earnestly intreating him to do the same, but Cyril answered that he should by that step appear to condemn those who had deposed Chrysostom. Both these letters are extant in Nicephorus Calixtus’s Ecclesiastical History. There is another letter of his extant to Calliopius, by which he appears to have been a man of moderate principles towards those who differed from him in opinion. There are likewise some fragments of a homily on the birth of Christ, in the general collection of the Councils, and a fragment of a letter of his to Eupsychius, quoted by Theodoret. Writers differ much in their estimate of his general character and learning.
, the son of William Aubespine, who was ambassador from the French court in England, became bishop of Orleans in 1604. He was remarkable for his zeal as a divine,
, the son of William Aubespine, who was ambassador from the French court in
England, became bishop of Orleans in 1604. He was
remarkable for his zeal as a divine, and his great application as a student, and was employed, as his father had been,
in many public transactions. He died at Grenoble, Aug.
15, 1630, in the 52d year of his age. His writings are,
“De veteribus ecclesiae ritibus,
” Un traite de Tancienne police de l'Eglise,
” respecting
the administration of the eucharist. He published also
notes on the Councils, and on Tertullian. His brother
Charles became marquis de Chateau-Neuf, and an eminent statesman in the seventeenth century.
ted for the hawthorn (aubespine) which composed her name. She died at Villeroi in 1506, and Bertaud, bishop of Seez, wrote an epitaph on her. She is said to have translated
, daughter of Claude d'Aubespine, baron of Chateauneuf, and wife of Nicolas de Neufville de Villeroi, secretary of state, was a French lady whose beauty and talents rendered her one of the ornaments of the courts of Charles IX. Henry III. and Henry IV. Ronsard has celebrated her in a sonnet, in which he quaintly advises her to substitute the laurels she had merited for the hawthorn (aubespine) which composed her name. She died at Villeroi in 1506, and Bertaud, bishop of Seez, wrote an epitaph on her. She is said to have translated Ovid’s epistles, and to have written several original works in verse and prose, none of which, however, we find specified in our authorities. Her statue, in white marble, is in the present French museum.
e to St. Mary’s church in Oxford, and contributed towards erecting the curious stone pulpit therein. Bishop Godwin likewise tells us, that he gave the organs but Anthony
, an English prelate, was the son of James, lord Audley, by Eleanor his wife, but in what year he was born does not appear. He was educated in Lincoln college in Oxford, and in the year 1463 took the degree of bachelor of arts in that university, and it is presumed, that of master of arts also, but the register at that period is imperfect. In 1471, he became prebendary of Farendon in the church of Lincoln, and in October, 1475, attained the like preferment in the church of Wells. On Christmas day the same year, he became archdeacon of the East riding of Yorkshire, and had other considerable preferments, which he quitted, on his being promoted to the bishopric of Rochester, in 1480, In 1492, he was translated to Hereford, and thence in 1502, to Salisbury, and about that time was made chancellor of the most noble order of the Garter. He was a man of learning, and of a generous spirit. In 1518, he gave four hundred pounds to Lincoln college to purchase lands, and bestowed upon the same house the patronage of a chantry, which he had founded in the cathedral church of Salisbury. He was a benefactor likewise to St. Mary’s church in Oxford, and contributed towards erecting the curious stone pulpit therein. Bishop Godwin likewise tells us, that he gave the organs but Anthony Wood says, that does not appear. He gave, however, 200l. to Chichele’s chest, which had been robbed a very considerable benefaction at that time. He died Aug. 23, 1524, at Ramsbury in the county of Wilts, and was buried in a chapel which he erected to the honour of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary, in the cathedral of Salisbury, being then, doubtless, a very old jnan, as he had sat forty-four years a bishop.
courts, and several bills were ordered to be brought in, which alarmed some of the prelates. Fisher, bishop of Rochester, inveighed boldly against these transactions, in
, descended of an
ancient and honourable family, of the county of Essex,
was born in 1488. He was by nature endowed with great
abilities, from his ancestors inherited an ample fortune,
and was happy in a regular education, but whether at
Oxford or Cambridge is not certain. At what time he was
entered of the Inner-Temple, does not appear, but in
1526 he was autumn reader of that house, and is thought
to have read on the statute of privileges, which he handled
with so much learniag and eloquence, as to acquire great
reputation. This, with the duke of Suffolk’s recommendation, to whom he was chancellor, brought him to the'
knowledge of his sovereign, who at that time wanted men
of learning and some pliability he was, accordingly, by
the king’s influence, chosen speaker of that parliament,
which sat first on the third of November, 1529, and is by
some styled the Black Parliament, and by others, on account of its duration, the Long Parliament. Great complaints were made in the house of commons against the
clergy, and the proceedings in ecclesiastical courts, and
several bills were ordered to be brought in, which alarmed
some of the prelates. Fisher, bishop of Rochester,
inveighed boldly against these transactions, in the house of
lords, with which the house of commons were so much
offended, that they thought proper to complain of it, by
their speaker, to the king, and Fisher had some difficulty
in excusing himself. The best historians agree, that great
care was taken by the king, or at least by his ministry, to
have such persons chosen into this house of commons as
would proceed therein readily and effectually, and with
this view Audley was chosen to supply the place of sir
Thomas More, now speaker of the lords’ house, and chancellor of England. The new house and its speaker justified
his majesty’s expectations, by the whole tenor of their behaviour, but especially by the passing of a law, not nowfound among our statutes. The king, having borrowed
very large sums of money of particular subjects, and entered into obligations for the repayment of the said sums,
the house brought in, and passed a bill, in the preamble of
which they declared, that inasmuch as those sums had been
applied by his majesty to public uses, therefore they cancelled and discharged the said obligations, &c. and the
king, finding the convenience of such a parliament, it sat
again in the month of January, 1530-1. In this session
also many extraordinary things were done amongst the
rest, there was a law introduced in the house of lords, by
which the clergy were exempted from the penalties they
had incurred, by submitting to the legatine power of
Wolsey. On this occasion the commons moved a clause in
favour of the laity, many of themselves having also incurred the penalties of the statute. But the king insisted
that acts of grace ought to flow spontaneously, and that this
was not the method of obtaining what they wanted; and the
house, notwithstanding the intercession of its speaker, and
several of its members, who were the king’s servants, was
obliged to pass the bill without the clause, and immediately
the king granted them likewise a pardon, which reconciled
all parties. In the recess, the king thought it necessary
to have a letter written to the pope by the lords and commons, or rather by the three estates in parliament, which
letter was drawn up and signed by cardinal Wolsey, the
archbishop of Canterbury, four bishops, two dukes, two
marquisses, thirteen earls, two viscounts, twenty-three
barons, twenty-two abbots, and eleven members of the
house of commons. Thepurport of this letter, dated
July 13, above three weeks after the parliament rose, was
to iMigage the pope to grant the king’s desire in the divorce
business, for the sake of preventing a civil war, on account of the succession, and to threaten him if he did not,
to take some other way. To gratify the speaker for the
great pains he had already taken, and to encourage him to
proceed in the same way, the king made him this year
attorney for the duchy of Lancaster, advanced him in
Michaelmas term to the state and degree of a serjeant at
law, and on the 14th of November following, to that of
his own serjeant. In January, 1531-2, the parliament had
its third session, wherein the grievances occasioned by the
excessive power of the ecclesiastics and their courts, were
regularly digested into a book, which was presented by
the speaker, Audley, to the king. The king’s answer was,
He would take advice, hear the parties accused speak, and
then proceed to reformation. Jn this session, a bill was
brought into the house of lords, for the better securing the
rights of his majesty, and other persons interested in the
eare of wards, which rights, it was alleged, were injured
by fraudulent wills and contracts. This bill, when it came
into the house of commons, was violently opposed, and the
members expressed a desire of being dissolved, which the
king would not permit but after they had done some
business, they had a recess to the month of April. When
they next met, the king sent for the speaker, and delivered
to him the answer which had been made to the roll of
grievances, presented at their last sitting, which afforded
very little satisfaction, and they seemed now less subset
viciit. Towards the close of the month, one Mr. Themse
moved, That the house would intercede with the king, to
take back his queen again. The king, extremely alarmed
at this, on the 30th of April, 1532, sent for the speaker, to
whom he repeated the plea of conscience, which had induced him to repudiate the queen, and urged that the
opinion of the learned doctors, &c. was on his side. On
the 11th of May the king sent for the speaker again, and
told him, that he had found that the clergy of his realm
were but half his subjects, or scarcely so much, every
bishop and abbot at the entering into his dignity, taking
an oath to the pope, derogatory to that of their fidelity
to the king, which contradiction he desired his parliament to take away. Upon this motion of the king’s, the
two oaths he mentioned were read in the house of commons and they would probably have complied, if the plague
bad not put an end to the session abruptly, on the 14th
of May; and two days after, sir Thomas More, knt. then
lord chancellor of England, went suddenly, without acquainting any body with his intention, to court, his majesty being then at York Place, and surrendered up the
seals to the king. The king going out of town to EastGreenwich, carried the seals with him, and on Monday,
May 20, delivered them to Thomas Audley, esq, with the
title of lord keeper, and at the same time conferred on him
the honour of knighthood. September 6, sir Thomas delivered the old seal, which was much worn, and received a
new one in its stead, yet with no -higher title: but on
January 26, 1533, he again delivered the seal to the king,
who kept it a quarter of an hour, and then returned it with
the title of lord chancellor. A little after, the king
granted to him the site of the priory of Christ Church,
Aldgate, together with all the church plate, and lands belonging to that house. When chancellor he complied with
the king’s pleasure as effectually as when speaker of the
house of commons. For in July 1535, he sat in judgment
on sir Thomas More, his predecessor, (as he had before on bishop Fisher,) who was now indicted of high-treason upon
which indictment the jury found him gnilty, and the lord
chancellor, Audley, pronounced judgment of death upon
him. This done, we are told, that sir Thomas More said,
that he had for seven years bent his mind and study upon
this cause, but as yet he found it no where writ by any
approved doctor of the church, that a layman could be
head of the ecclesiastical state. To this Audley returned,
“Sir, will you be reckoned wiser, or of a better conscience,
than all the bishops, the nobility, and the whole kingdom
” Sir Thomas rejoined, “My lord chancellor, for
one bishop that you have of your opinion, I have a hundred
of mine, and that among those that have been saints and
for your one council, which, what it is, God knows, I have
on my side all the general councils for a thousand years
past; and for one kingdom, I have France and all the
ether kingdoms of the Christian world.
” As our chancellor
was very active in the business of the divorce, he was no
less so in the business of abbies, and had particularly a
large hand in the dissolution of such religions houses as
had not two hundred pounds by the year. This was in the
twenty-seventh of Henry VIII, and the bill being delayed
long in the house of commons, his majesty sent for the
members of that house to attend him in his gallery, where
he passed through them with a stern countenance, without
speaking a word the members not having received the
king’s command to depart to their house, durst not return
till they knew the king’s pleasure so they stood waiting in
the gallery. In the mean time the king went a hunting,
and his ministers, who seem to have had better manners
than their master, went to confer with the members to
some they spoke of the king’s steadiness and severity to
others, of his magnificence and generosity. At last the
king came back, and passing through them again, said,
with an air of fierceness peculiar to himself, That if his
bill did not pass, it should cost many of them their heads.
Between the ministers’ persuasions and the king’s threats,
the matter was brought to an issue the king’s bill, as he
called it, passed and by it, he had not only the lands of
the small monasteries given him, but also their jewels, plate,
and rich moveables. This being accomplished, methods
were used to prevail with the abbots of larger foundations
to surrender. To this end, the chancellor sent a special
agent to treat with the abbot of Athelny, to offer him an
hundred marks per annum pension which he refused, insisting on a greater sum. The chancellor was more successful with the abbot of St. Osithes in Essex, with whom
he dealt personally and, as he expresses it in a letter to
Cromwell, the visitor-general, by great solicitation prevailed with him but then he insinuates, that his place of
lord chancellor being very chargeable, he desired the king
might be moved for addition of some more profitable offices
unto him. In suing for the great abbey of Walden, in the
same county, which he obtained, besides extenuating its
worth, he alleged under his hand, that he had in this
world sustained great damage and infamy in serving the
king, which the grant of that should recompense. But if
the year 1536 was agreeable to him in one respect, it was
far from being so in another; since, notwithstanding the
obligations he was under to queen Anne Bullen, he was
obliged, by the king’s command, to be present at her apprehension and commitment to the Tower. He sat afterwards with Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, when he
gave sentence of divorce on the pre-contract between the
queen and the lordPiercy and on the 15th of May, in the
same year, he sat in judgment on the said queen, notwithstanding we are told by Lloyd, that with great address he
avoided it. The lengths he had gone in serving the king,
and his known dislike to popery, induced the northern,
rebels in the same year, to name him as one of the evil
counsellors, whom they desired to see removed from about
the king’s person which charge, however, his majesty,
as far as in him lay, wiped off, by his well- penned answer
to the complaints of those rebels, wherein an excellent
character is given of the chancellor. When the authors of
this rebellion came to be tried, the chancellor declined
sitting as lord high steward, which high office was executed
by the marquis of Exeter, on whom shortly after, viz. in
1538, Audley sat as high-steward, and condemned him,
his brother, and several t other persons, to suffer death as
traitors. In the latter end of the same year, viz. on the
29th of November, 30 Hen. VIII. the chancellor was created
a baron, by the style of lord Audley of Walden in the
county of Essex, and was likewise installed knight of the
garter. In the session of parliament in 1539, there were
many severe acts made, and the prerogative carried to an
excessive height, particularly by the six bloody articles,
and the giving the king’s proclamation the force of a law.
It does not very clearly appear who were the king’s principal counsellors in these matters but it is admitted by
the best historians, that the rigorous execution of these
laws, which the king first designed, was prevented by the
interposition of the lord Audley, in conjunction with Cromwell, who was then prime minister, and the duke of Suffolk,
the king’s favourite throughout his whole reign. In the
beginning of 1540, the court was excessively embarrassed.
What share Audley had in the fall of Cromwell afterwards
is not clear, but immediately after a new question was
stirred in parliament, viz. How far the king’s marriage with
Anne of Cleves, was lawful This was referred to the
judgment of a spiritual court and there are yet extant the
depositions of Thomas lord Audley, lord chancellor, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas, duke of Norfolk,
Charles, duke of Suffolk, and Cuthbert, lord bishop of
Durham, wherein they jointly swear, that the papers produced to prove the retraction of the lady Anne’s contract
with the duke of Lorrain, were inconclusive and unsatisfactory. Other lords and ladies deposed to other points,
and the issue of the business was, that the marriage was
declared void by this court, which sentence was supported
by an act of parliament, affirming the same thing, and
enacting, That it should be high-treason to judge or believe otherwise. This obstacle removed, the king married
the lady Catherine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk,
and cousin -german to Anne Bullen. Nothing is clearer
from history, than that the chancellor was closely attached
to the house of Norfolk and yet in the latter end of the
year 1541, he was constrained to be an instrument in the
ruin of the unfortunate queen information of her bad life
before her marriage, being laid first before the archbishop
of Canterbury, and by him communicated to the chancellor. The king then appointed lord Audley one of the
commissioners to examine her, which they did, and there
is yet extant a letter subscribed by him and the other
lords, containing an exact detail of this affair, and of the
evidence on which, in the next session of parliament, the
queen and others were attainted. The whole of this business was managed in parliament by the chancellor, and
there is reason to believe, that he had some hand in another
business transacted in that session which was the opening
a door for the dissolution of hospitals, the king having now
wasted all that had accrued to him by the suppression of
abbies. Some other things of the like nature were the
last testimonies of the chancellor’s concern for his master’s
interest but next year a more remarkable case occurred.
Jn the 34th of Henry VIII. George Ferrers, esq. burgess
for Plymouth, was arrested, and carried to the compter,
by virtue of a writ from the court of king’s bench. The
house, on notice thereof, sent their serjeant to demand
their member in doing which, a fray ensued at the compter, his mace was broke, his servant knocked down, and
himself obliged to make his escape as well as he could.
The house, upon notice of this, resolved they would sit
no longer without their member, and desired a conference
with the lords where, after hearing the mutter, the lord
chancellor Audley declared the contempt was most flagrant,
and referred “the punishment thereof to the house of commons whereupon Thomas Moyle, esq. who was then
speaker, issued his warrant, and the sheriff of London,
and several other persons, were brought to the bar of the
house, and committed, some to the Tower, and some to
Newgate. This precedent was gained by the king’s want
of an aid, who at that time expected the commons would
offer him a subsidy the ministry, and the house of lords,
knowing the king’s will gave the commons the
complimerit of punishing those who had imprisoned one of their
members. Dyer, mentioning this case, sap,
” The sages
of the law held the commitment of Ferrers legal, and
though the privilege was allowed him, yet was it held unjust.“As the chancellor had led a very active life, he
grew now infirm, though he was not much above fifty years
old, and therefore began to think of settling his family and
affairs. But, previous to this, he obtained from the king a
licence to change the name of Buckingham college in
Cambridge, into that of Magdalen, or Maudlin some will
have it, because in the latter word his own name is included. To this college he was a great benefactor, bestowed on it his own arms, and is generally 'reputed its
founder, or restorer. His capital seat was at Christ-Christ
in town, and at Walden in Essex and to preserve some
remembrance of himself and fortunes, he caused a magnificent tomb to be erected in his new chapel at Walden.
About the beginning of April, 1544, he was attacked by
his last illness, which induced him to resign the seals but
he was too weak to do it in person, and therefore sent them
to the king, who delivered them to sir Thomas Wriothesley,
with the title of keeper, during the indisposition of the
chancellor a circumstance not remarked by any of our
historians. On the 19th of April, lord Audi ey made hU
will, and, amongst other things, directed that his executors
should, upon the next New-year’s day after his decease,
deliver to the king a legacy of one hundred pounds, from
whom, as he expresses it,
” he had received all his reputations and benefits." He died on the last of April, 1544,
when he had held the seals upwards of twelve years, and
in the fifty-sixth of his life, as appears by the inscription
on his tomb. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas
iGrey, marquis of Dorset, by whom he had two daughters,
Margaret and Mary; Mary died unmarried, and Margaret
became his sole heir. She married first lord Henry Dudley,
a younger son of John duke of Northumberland, and he
being slain at the battle of St. Quintin’s, in Picardy, in
1557, she married a second time, Thomas duke of Norfolk, to whom she was also a second wife, and had by him
a son Thomas, who, by act of parliament, in the 27th of
Elizabeth, was restored in blood; and in the 39th of the
same reign, summoned to parliament by his grandfather’s
title, as baron of Walden, In the 1st of James I. he was
created earl of Suffolk, and being afterwards lord
hightreasurer of England, he built on the ruins of the abbey of
Walden, that nee noble palace, which, in honour of our
chancellor, he called Audley-End.
of France, as appears from the preliminary epistle of a book, which he dedicated to Anthony Olivier bishop of Lombes, and uncle to his pupil, dated from Paris the 1st
, in Latin Augentius, a native of
Villeneuve, in the diocese of Sens in Champagne, lived in
the sixteenth century, and was esteemed on account of his
learning and writings. The office of the king’s professor
in the Greek tongue in the university of Paris was designed
for him in 1574, and he took possession of it in 1578. He
was also preceptor to the son of that Francis Olivier who
was chancellor of France, as appears from the preliminary
epistle of a book, which he dedicated to Anthony Olivier
bishop of Lombes, and uncle to his pupil, dated from Paris
the 1st of March 1555. The time of his death is not certainly known but Francis Parent, his successor in the professorship of the Greek tongue, entered upon it in 1595,
and Moreri gives that as the date of Auge’s death. He
wrote, 1. “A consolatory oration upon the death of Messire Francis Olivier, chancellor of France,
” Paris, Two dialogues concerning Poetical Invention, the
true knowledge of the Art of Oratory, and of the Fiction of Fable,
” Paris, A discourse upon the
Decree made by the parliament of Dole in Burgundy with
relation to a man accused and convicted of being a Werewolf.
” 4. “The institution of a Christian Prince, translated from the Greek of Synesius, bishop of Syrene, with an
oration concerning the True Nobility, translated from the
Greek of Phiio Judseus,
” Paris, Four homilies of St. Macarius the Egyptian,
” Paris, and Lyons A letter to the noble and virtuous youth Anthony Thelin, son of the noble Thelin, author of the book entitled
`Divine Tracts,' in which is represented the true Patrimony and Inheritance which fathers ought to leave to their
children.
” This letter is printed in the beginning of the
above-mentioned “Divine Tracts,
” Paris, A French
translation of the most beautiful Sentences and Forms of
Speaking in the familiar Epistles of Cicero.
” The “Discourse upon the Decree,
” &c. relates to a man convicted
of having murdered and eat one or two persons, for which
he was burnt alive.
l profession, and obtained the chair of the professor of belles lettres in the college of Rouen. The bishop of Lescar No6 made him his grand vicar, and usually called him
, a distinguished French critic,
was born at Paris, Dec. 12, 1724, embraced the clerical
profession, and obtained the chair of the professor of belles
lettres in the college of Rouen. The bishop of Lescar No6
made him his grand vicar, and usually called him his grand
vicar in partibus Atheniensium, in allusion to his intimate
acquaintance with the Greek language, from which he had
made translations of the greater part of the orators, with
much purity. He was received into the academy of Inscriptions, where he was much esteemed for his learning
and personal virtues. He lived, it is said, among the great,
and told them truth, and to his opponents was remarkable
for canckmr and urbanity. In his private character he appears to have been distinguished for a love of letters, and
an independent and philosophic spirit which kept him from
soliciting patronage or preferment. He died Feb. 7, 1791.
His principal works were, “The Orations of Demosthenes
and Eschines on the crown,
” Rouen,. The
whole works of Demosthenes and Eschines,
” 6 vols. 8vo, 1777
and 1788. This is accompanied with remarks upon the genius and productions of these two great orators, with critical
notes on the Greek text, a preliminary discourse concerning
eloquence; a treatise on the jurisdiction and laws of Athens
and other pieces, relative to Grecian laws and literature,
which have great merit. His countrymen, however, do not
speak highly of his translations, as conveying the fire and
spirit of the original. They say he is exact and faithful,
but cold. In 1781 he published, in 3 vols. 8vo, “The
Works of Isocrates.
” This is thought preferable to the
former, yet still the French critics considered the translator as better acquainted with Greek than French the
truth perhaps is, that the French language is less capable
of receiving the fire and sublimity of the great orators than
those critics are willing to suspect. In 1783 he published
the “Works of Lysias,
” 8vo; in The homilies,
discourses, and letters ef S. John Chrysostom,
” 4 vols. 8vo;
in 1787, “Select orations of Cicero,
” in 3 vols. 8vo; in
1788, “Orations from Herodotus, Thucydides, and the
works of Xenophon,
” 2 vols. 8vo. In 1789, he published
“Projet d' Education Publique
” at least such is the title
of the work, but we suspect it to be a re-publication of some
“Discourses on Education, delivered in the Royal college
at Rouen, to which are subjoined, Reflections upon Friendship,
” which appeared first in 1792, 8vo. To his
works also may be added an edition of
” Isocrates, in Gr.
and Lat." 3 vols. 8vo, and 4to, a very beautiful book. As
an editor and critic, he discovers, in all his editions, much
taste and judgment; but perhaps his countrymen do him
no injury in supposing that the latter in general predomU
nated.
Rome, and at Milan, whither he had been sent by the prefect Symmachus. St. Ambrose was at this time bishop of Milan, and Augustin, affected by his sermons, and by the
, an eminent father of the church,
was born at'Tagasta, Nov. 13, in the year 354, of his father
Patricius, a citizen of that place, and his mother Monica,
a lady of distinguished piety. He first applied to his
studies in his native place, and afterwards at Madora and
Carthage. In this latter city his morals became corrupted,
and he had a son born to him, named Adeodat, the fruit of
a criminal connexion. He then became a proselyte to the
sect of the Manichaeans, and an able defender of their
opinions. The perusal of some part of Cicero’s philosophy
is said first to have detached him from his immoral conduct; but one thing, Baillet says, gave him uneasiness in
this work, and that was his not finding the name of Jesus,
which had been familiar to him from his infancy in the
writings of the celebrated Roman. He resolved, therefore, to read the holy scriptures, but the pride of his heart,
and his incapacity to taste the simple beauties of these,
made him still give the preference to Cicero. In the
mean time he acquired considerable fame in the schools of
eloquence, and was a professor of it successively at Tagasta, at Carthage, at Rome, and at Milan, whither he had
been sent by the prefect Symmachus. St. Ambrose was at
this time bishop of Milan, and Augustin, affected by his
sermons, and by the tears of his mother Monica, began to
think seriously of forsaking his irregularities and his Manichasism. He was accordingly baptised at Milan in the year
387, in the thirty-second year of his age, and renouncing
his rhetorical pursuits, studied only the gospel. On his
return to Tagasta, he betook himself to fasting and prayer,
gave his property to the poor, and formed a society ainorrg
some of his friends. Some time after, being at Hippo,
Valerius, then bishop of that diocese, ordained him a priest
abaut the commencement of the year 391. Next year we
find him disputing with great success against the Manichees, and in the year 392 he gave so learned an exposition of the symbol of faith, in the council of Hippo, that the
bishops were unanimously of opinion he ought to be chosen
one of their number. In the year 395, another council
appointed him coadjutor to Valerius, in the see of Hippo,
and it was in this situation that the spirit and virtues of
Augustin began to display themselves. He established in
the espiscopal mansion a society of clerks, with whom he
lived, and became more active in his opposition to heresies,
particularly the Manichuean, converting one Felix, a very
celebrated character among them. Nor did he less prove
his judgment and eloquence in a conference between the
Catholic 1 bishops and the Donatists at Carthage in the year
411, where he bent his endeavours to procure unity in the
church. His great work “On the city of God,
” now made
its appearance.
history, languages, and antiquities. His first promotion was to be auditor of Rota then he was made bishop of Alisa, afterwards of Lerida,and distinguished himself greatly
, archbishop of Tarragona,
one of the most learned men of his age, was born at Saragossa, in 1516. His parents were, Anthony Augustin, vicechancellor of Arragon, and Elizabeth, duchess of Cardonna.
He was well skilled in civil and canon law, the belles
lettres, ecclesiastical history, languages, and antiquities.
His first promotion was to be auditor of Rota then he was
made bishop of Alisa, afterwards of Lerida,and distinguished
himself greatly in the council of Trent. The archbishopric
of Tarragona was conferred upon him in 1574, and here he
died in 1586, aged seventy. His character appears to have
been excellent, and such was his charity that he left not
enough to defray the expences of his funeral. His works
are much valued. The principal are, 1. “De emendatione Gratiani Dialogorum,
” Tarrac. Constitutionum
Provincial! um Ecclesiae Tarraconensis, lib. V.
” Tarracon,
Canones Penitentiales,
” Tar. De Nominibus Propriis Pandectse Florentini, cum notis A. Augustini,
” Antique Collectiones Decretalium,
” Paris, Epitome Juris Pontificis,
” 3 torn. Tar. and Rome,
1587, 1611, folio. 7. “Dialog. XI. de las Medallas,
”
Tarrag. 1587, 4to and folio, and in Latin, 1617, fol. The
4to edition of these dialogues on medals, in Italian, is preferable, as the medals of the dialogues, from the third to
the eight, are not in the edition of 1587, a remark which
the editor of the Bibliographical Dictionary has by mistake
made upon the “Emendatio Gratiani.
”
s. He also took every means for their accommodation, recommending them to the attention of Etherius, bishop of Aries, and providing for them such assistance in France,
, or by contraction Austin (St.), usually styled the Apostle of the English, and the first archbishop
of Canterbury, was originally a monk in the convent of St.
Andrew at Rome, and was educated under St. Gregory,
afterwards pope Gregory I. who undertook the conversion of the island of Britain. His inducement to this, in
the life of St. Gregory, written by John Diaconus, introduces us to a string of puns, which we must refer to the
manners and taste of the times, without surely impeaching
the seriousness of Gregory, who in his present situation, as
well as when pope, had no other visible motive for his zea],
than the propagation of Christianity. Walking in the forum at Rome, he haprfened to see some very handsome
youths exposed to sale, and being informed that they were
of the island of Britain, and that the inhabitants of that
island were Pagans, he regretted that such handsome youths
should be destitute of true knowledge, and again asked the
name of the nation. “Angli
” was the answer on which
he observed, “In truth they have angelic countenances,
and it is a pity they should not be coheirs with angels in
heaven.
” When informed that they came from the province of Deira (Northumberland), he observed, “It is
well, de mz, snatched from the wrath of God, and called to
the mercy of Christ and when, in answer to another interrogatory, he was told that the name of their king was
Ella, he said,
” Alleluia, should be sung to God in those
regions." More seriously impressed with a sense of his
duty on this occasion, he requested pope Benedict to send
some persons to our island on a mission, and offered to be
one of the number. He was himself, however, too much a
favourite with the Roman citizens to be suffered to depart,
and it was not until he became pope, that he was enabled
effectually to pursue his purpose. After his consecration
in the year 595, he directed a presbyter, whom he had sent
into France, to instruct some young Saxons, of seventeen
or eighteen years of age, in Christianity, to act as missionaries and in the year 597, he sent about forty monks, including perhaps some of these new converts, with Augustine at their head. Having proceeded a little way on their
journey, they began to dread the attempt of committing
themselves to a savage and infidel nation, whose language
they did not understand. In this dilemma, doubtful whether to return or proceed, they agreed to send back Augustine to Gregory, to represent their fears, and intreat that
he would release them from their engagement. Gregory,
however/ in answer, advised them to proceed, in confidence
of divine aid, undaunted by the fatigue of the journey, or
any other temporary obstructions, adding, that it would
have been better not to have begun so good a work, than
to recede from it afterwards. He also took every means
for their accommodation, recommending them to the attention of Etherius, bishop of Aries, and providing for them
such assistance in France, that at length they arrived safely
in Britain.
was also allowed the use of a small church without the walls of Canterbury, where Luidhart, a French bishop, who came over in her retinue, with other clergymen, publicly
Before proceeding to their success here, it is necessary to advert to some circumstances highly in their favour. Christianity, although not extended over the kingdom, was not at this period unknown in Britain, notwithstanding it had been much persecuted by the Saxons. They were at this time, however, disposed to look upon their Christian brethren with a more favourable eye, and the marriage of Ethelbert, king of Kent, in the year 570, with Birtha, or Bertha, daughter of Cherebert, king of France, a Christian princess of great virtue and merit, contributed not a little to abate the prejudices of that prince and his subjects against her religion, for the free exercise of which she had stipulated in her marriage contract. She was also allowed the use of a small church without the walls of Canterbury, where Luidhart, a French bishop, who came over in her retinue, with other clergymen, publicly performed all the rites of Christian worship, and by these means Christianity had some, although probably a very confined influence.
ions made to the church were, by the custom of the Roman see, divided into four portions one for the bishop and his family to support hospitality, a second to the clergy,
During this success, Augustine went to France, and was there, by the archhishop of Aries, consecrated archbishop of the English nation, thinking that this new dignity would give additional influence to his exhortations. When he returned into Britain, he sent Laurentius the presbyter, and Peter the monk, to acquaint Gregory with what had been done, and to consult him upon several points of doctrine and discipline. Some of these points savour, undoubtedly, of the superstitious scruples of the monastic, austerity, but others lead to some information respecting the early constitution of the church. To his inquiries concerning the maintenance of the clergy, Gregory answered, that the donations made to the church were, by the custom of the Roman see, divided into four portions one for the bishop and his family to support hospitality, a second to the clergy, a third to the poor, and a fourth to the reparation of churches. As the pastors were all monks, they were to live in common, but such as chose to marry were to be maintained by the monastery. With respect to diversities of customs and liturgies, Gregory’s answer was truly liberal, implying that Augustine was not bound to follow the precedent of Rome, but might select whatever parts or rules appeared the most eligible and best adapted to promote the piety of the infant church of England, and compose them into a system for its use. Gregory also, at Augustine’s request, sent over more missionaries, and directed him to constitute a bishop at York, who might have other subordinate bishops yet in such a manner, that Augustine of Canterbury should be metropolitan of all England. He sent over also a valuable present of books, vestments, sacred utensils, and holy relics. He advised Augustine not to destroy the heathen temples, but only to remove the images of their gods, to wash the walls with holy water, to erect altars, deposit relics in them, and so gradually convert them into Christian churches not only to save the expence of building new ones, but that the people might be more easily prevailed upon to frequent those places of worship to which they had been accustomed. He directs him further, to accommodate the ceremonies of the Christian worship, as much as possible, to those of the heathen, that the people might not be too much startled at the change and in particular, he advises him to allow the Christian converts, on certain festivals, to kill and eat a great number of oxen, to the glory of God, as they had formerly done to the honour of the devil. It is quite unnecessary, in our times, to offer any remark on this mixture of pious zeal with worldly policy.
, son to the senator Isychius, and brother to Apollinaris, bishop of Valentia, was promoted in the beginning of the sixth century
, son to the senator Isychius, and brother to Apollinaris, bishop of Valentia, was promoted in the beginning of the sixth century to the archbishopric of Vienna, which his father had also held for some years. His principal object was the refutation and conversion of the Arians, and during his conferences, for this purpose with the Arian bishops before Goudeband king of Burgundy, who was an Arian, he converted his son Sigismorid. Cave thinks he converted the king himself, and when he found him concealing his principles, urged him to a public profession of them. He wrote also in defence of pope Symmachus, and died in the year 523. His principal works were Letters, Sermons, and Poems his Letters, 87 in number, contain many curious particulars of the civil and ecclesiastical history of the times. Of his Homilies, one only is extant on Rogation day, in which he gives the origin of the days so called. In all his works, his style is harsh, obscure, and intricate. His poems were printed at Francfort in 1507, and at Paris and Lyons in 1508, 1509, and 1536 but his whole works were published at Paris by father Sirmond, in 1643, fol. and since that Luc d'Achery published in his Spicilegium, the conference with the Arian bishops.
. In 1333 he was promoted to the deanery of Wells, and before the end of the same year, being chosen bishop of Durham, he was consecrated about the end of December, in
, commonly known by the name of Richard de Bury, was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, in 1281. His father, sir Richard Aungervyle, knt. dying when he was young, his uncle John de Willowby, a priest, took particular care of his education and when he was fit sent him to Oxford, where he studied philosophy and divinity, and distinguished himself by his learning, and regular and exemplary life. When he had finished his studies there, he became a Benedictine monk at Durham. Soon after he was made tutor to prince Edward, afterwards king Edward III. Being treasurer of Guienne in 1325, he supplied queen Isobel, when she was plotting against her husband king Edward II. with a large sum of money out of that exchequer, for which being questioned by the king’s party, be narrowly escaped to Paris, where he was forced to hide himself seven days in the tower of a church. When king Edward III. came to the crown, he loaded his tutor Aungervyle with honours and preferments, making him, first, his cofferer, then treasurer of the wardrobe, archdeacon of Northampton, prebendary of Lincoln, Sarum, and Lichfield, and afterwards keeper of the privy seal. This last place he enjoyed five years, and was in that time sent twice ambassador to the pope. In 1333 he was promoted to the deanery of Wells, and before the end of the same year, being chosen bishop of Durham, he was consecrated about the end of December, in the abbey of the black canons of Chertsey in Surrey. He was soon afterwards enthroned at Durham, on which occasion he made a grand festival, and entertained in the hall of his palace at Durham, the king and queen of England, the queen-dowager of England, the king of Scotland, the two archbishops, and five bishops, seven earls with their ladies, all the nobility north of Trent, with a Tast concourse of knights, esquires, and other persons of distinction. The next year he was appointed high-chancellor, and in 1336, treasurer of England. In 1338 he was twice sent with other commissioners to treat -of a peace with the king of France, though to no purpose.
o in the version of archbishop Cranmer’s Vindication of the book on the Sacrament, against Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, which, however, was never printed. During these
The first preferment bestowed upon Aylmer, was the
archdeaconry of Stow, in the diocese of Lincoln, which
giving him a seat in the convocation, held in the first year
of queen Mary, he boldly opposed that return to Popery,
which he saw approaching. He was one of six$ who, in
the midst of all the violence of that assembly, offered to
dispute all the controverted points in religion, against the
most learned champions, of the Papists. But when the supreme power began to employ force, archdeacon Aylmer
withdrew^ and escaped abroad in almost a miraculous manner*. He resided first at Strasbourg, afterwards at Zurick in Switzerland, and there in peace followed his studies,
employing all his time in acquiring knowledge, or in assist^
ing other men of study. His thoughts, though in a distant
country, were continually employed in the service of England, and of Englishmen. He published (as Strype supposes) lady Jane Grey’s letter to Harding, who had been
her father’s chaplain, and who apostatized. He assisted
Fox in translating the History of English Martyrs into
Latin, and also in the version of archbishop Cranmer’s
Vindication of the book on the Sacrament, against Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, which, however, was never
printed. During these employments he found leisure to
visit most of the universities of Italy and Germany, and
had an offer from the duke of Saxony, of the Hebrew professorship of Jena, which he refused, on the prospect of
speedily returning home* It was during his exile likewise
that he wrote the only work of consequence which he ever
published, in answer to the famous Scotch reformer, John
Knox. In 1556, John Knox printed, at Geneva, a treatise under this title “The first Blast against the monstrous regiment and empire of Women,
” to shew that,
by the laws of God, women could not exercise sovereign
authority. The objects of this attack were the two queens,
Mary of Lorrain, then regent of Scotland, and Mary queen
of England. It was violent, but not unargumentative, and
he could appeal with effect to the laws of France, and to
the recent proposal of Edward VI. to adopt the same laWi
He intended a second, and a third part; but finding it
gave offence to many of his brethren, and being desirous
to strengthen rather than invalidate the authority of Elizabeth, he relinquished his design. Still as this first tended
to injure the Protestant religion in the minds of Princes,
and those in authority, Mr. Aylmer resolved to employ his
ask, which some in those days (perhaps unjustly) attributed to discontent, because he was not made a bishop. To this dignity he had been often named by Parker, then archbishop
After the accession of queen Elizabeth, Aylmer returned
home, and was one of the eight divines appointed to dispute with as many popish bishops at Westminster, in the
presence of a great assembly. In 1562, he obtained the
archdeaconry of Lincoln, by the favour of Mr. secretary
Cecil and in right of this dignity, sat in the famous synod held the same year, wherein the doctrine and discipline of the church, and its reformation from the abuses of
popery, were carefully examined and settled. In this
situation he continued for many years, and discharged the
duty of a good subject to the government under which he
lived, in church and state being one of the -queen’s justices of the peace, as also an ecclesiastical commissioner.
In October, 1573, he accumulated the degrees of bachelor
and doctor in divinity, in the university of Oxford. The
next year the archbishop of Canterbury made choice of
him, to answer a book written in Latin against the government of the church of England but after thoroughly considering it, Dr. Aylmer declined the task, which some in
those days (perhaps unjustly) attributed to discontent, because he was not made a bishop. To this dignity he had
been often named by Parker, then archbishop of Canterbury, but always prevented either by the interest of the
archbishop’s enemies, or his own, the latter never failing
to suggest, that in the same book where Aylmer had made
his court to the queen, he had also shewn his spleen
against episcopacy. At last, in the year 1576, on Dr.
Edwin Sandys being promoted to the archbishopric of York/
Dr. Ayltner was made bishop of London, not without the
furtherance of his predecessor, who was his intimate friend,
and had beeii his fellow-exile. Yet, immediately after his
promotion, bishop Aylmer found, or thought he found,
cause to complain of the archbishop and although his
grace assisted at his consecration, on the 24th of March,
3576, bishop Aylmer sued him for dilapidations, which
after some years prosecution he recovered. In 1577, our
bishop began his first visitation, wherein he urged subscriptions, which some ministers refused, and reviled such
as complied, calling them dissemblers, and comparing
them to Arians and Anabaptists, he was also extremely
assiduous in public preaching, took much pains in examining such as came to him for ordination, and kept a
strict eye over the Papists and Puritans in which he acted
not only to the extent of episcopal authority, but wrote
freely to the treasurer Burleigh, as to what he thought
farther necessary. When the plague rageed in London, in
the year 1578, our bishop shewed a paternal care of his
clergy and people, and without exposing the former to
needless perils, took care that these last should not be
without spiritual comforts. In 1581 came out Campion’s
book, shewing the reasons why he had deserted the reformed, and returned to the popish communion. It was
written in very elegant Latin, and dedicated to the scholars of both universities and the treasurer Burleigh thought
that it should be answered, and referred the care thereof
to our bishop, who though he gave his opinion freely upon
the subject, as to the mode in which it should be done, yet
declined the task himself on account of the great business
he had upon his hands, and it was undertaken and ably
executed by Dr. Whitaker. Aylmer was indeed no great
friend to controversy, which he thought turned the minds
of the people too much from the essence of religion, made
them quarrelsome and captious, indifferent subjects, and
not very good Christians. On this account, he was more
severe with the Puritans than the Papists, imprison ing one
Woodcock, a stationer or bookseller, for vending a treatise, entitled “An Admonition to Parliament,
” which
tended to subvert the church as it was then constituted.
He had likewise some disputes with one Mr. Welden, a
person of a good estate and interest, in Berkshire, whom
he procured to be committed by the ecclesiastical
imssioners. These proceedings roused the Puritans, who
treated him as a persecutor, and an enemy to true religion but this did not discourage the bishop, who thought
the peace of the church was to be secured by the authority
of its fathers, and therefore he executed his episcopal
power, as far and as often as he thought necessary. Thus
he suddenly summoned the clergy of London to his palace on Sunday, September 27, 1579, at one o'clock. On
this summons forty appeared and the dean being likewise
present, the bishop cautioned them of two things, one was,
not to meddle with the Ubiquitarian controversy the
other, to avoid meddling with the points treated in Stubb’s
book, entitled “The Dfscovery of a gaping Gulph,
” &c.
written against the queen’s marriage with Monsieur, the
French king’s brother, and in which it was suggested, that
the queen wavered in her religion. This method being
found very effectual, he summoned his clergy often, and
made strict inquiries into their conduct, a practice as
much approved by some, as censured by others and his
unpopularity, perhaps, might occasion, in some measure,
that violence with which he was prosecuted before the
council, in May 1579, for cutting down his woods, when
he was severely checked by the lord treasurer but notwithstanding his angry letters to that great nobleman, and
his long and laboured defence of himself, he was, at
length, by the queen’s command, forbidden to fell any
more.
e night of the 1 st of May, it was felt again, which, as it exceedingly terrified the people, so the bishop, that he might turn their concern to a proper object, and at
On the 6th of April, in the same year, there was a dreadful earthquake and in the dead of the night of the 1 st of
May, it was felt again, which, as it exceedingly terrified
the people, so the bishop, that he might turn their concern to a proper object, and at the same time exhibit to
them reasonable grounds of comfort, composed certain
prayers to be made use of in the public service. In 1581,
the bishop had an angry contest with the lord Rich, who
kept one Wright a puritan minister in his house, and would
have compelled the bishop to license him to preach in his
diocese but on a hearing before the ecclesiastical commissioners, Wright was committed to the Fleet, and others
who had interfered in this affair, to other prisons. This
increased the number of his enemies, of whom he had not
a few before, who daily suggested that he was a violent
man, and sought to vest too great a power in churchmen
and these representations had such effect, that sometimes
messages were sent to him, to abate somewhat of the rigour
of his proceedings. His lordship, however, still supported
the ecclesiastical commission, by his presence and authority; and though a milder course might have made him
more popular, yet he thought it better to suffer himself,
than that the church should. He began, however, to have
many doubts concerning the treasurer, from whose hands
his reproofs usually came but upqn the winding up of his
cause before the council about felling of woods, he saw
clearly, that he had no friend equal to the treasurer, who,
though he endeavoured by his admonitions to prevent his
falling into difficulties, yet generously exerted his utmost
power to help him out of them, so far as was consistent
with equity, and the good of the common weal. From this
time forward, therefore, thebishop applied chiefly to the
treasurer, for any favours he expected from court, particularly with regard to the business of his translation. He
became exceedingly solicitous to be removed from London, either to Winchester or Ely; but, though he had
many fair promises, his interest was insufficient, and in the
mean time new informations, some with little, many with
no cause at all, were exhibited against him, and gave him
not a little uneasiness, although, on a thorough examination, his conduct escaped the censure of his superiors. In
1583 he performed his triennial visitation, and having discovered many scandalous corruptions in the ecclesiastical
courts, especially in the business of commuting penances,
he honestly represented what came to his knowledge to
the privy council. About this time also he suspended
certain ministers, accused of nonconformity and it appears, that upon a thorough examination of the matter, his
lordship did impartial justice, in restoring one Mr. Giffard,
whom he had twice suspended, when those who had
charged him were able to make nothing out. In this year
also he committed Mr. Thomas Cartwright, the celebrated
Puritan minister, who had written against the hierarchy.
Yet for this his lordship incurred the queen’s displeasure
and a little after was informed that he stood accused to her
majesty, for impairing the revenues of his bishopric, of
which he purged himself, by exhibiting a state of the
bishopric as it then stood, compared with the condition it
was in when he became bishop. Other difficulties. he met
with, on account of the share he had in executing her
majesty’s ecclesiastical commission, from which there were
Continual appeals to the privy council, where the lords
who favoured the Puritans, did not fail to object to the
bishop’s conduct, which contributed not a little to irritate
his warm temper. In 1585 he composed a prayer to be
used on account of the rainy unseasonable weather, which
he recommended to private families, as well as directed to
be read with the public prayers. He also used his interest
to quiet the murmurs of the common people in London,
against the crowds of strangers who fled hither, to avoid
the persecutions raised against them, for embracing the
Protestant religion. In the summer of the year 1586, the,
bishop went his next triennial visitation, and at Maiden in
Essex, narrowly escaped an outrageous insult, intended
against him by some disaffected persons. In 1587, the
bishop entered into a new scene of trouble, on account of
one Mr. Robert Cawdry, schoolmaster, whom the lord
Burleigh had presented to the living of South LufFenhara
in Rutlandshire, where, after preaching sixteen years, he
was convened before the ecclesiastical commission, and at
length, the bishop sitting as judge, deprived. Cawdry
would not submit to the sentence upon which the matter was re-examined by the ecclesiastical commission, at
Lambeth, where to deprivation, degradation was added.
Cawdry, however, still refusing to submit, made new and
warm representations to the lord Burleigh, who favoured
him as much as with justice he could but after near five
years contest, the bishop’s and archbishop’s sentences were
supported, both by the civil and common lawyers. In
1588, his lordship restored one Mr. Henry Smith, a very
eloquent and much admired preacher, whom he had suspended for contemptuous expressions against the book of
Common Prayer, which Smith denied. In 1589, he expressed his dislike of certain libels against the king of
Spain, giving it as his reason, that on so glorious a victory,
it was better to thank God, than insult men, especially
princes. That year also he visited his diocese, though he
was grown old and very infirm, and suspended one Dyke
at St. Alban’s, though he had been recommended by the
lord treasurer. In 1591 he caused the above-mentioned
Mr. Cartwright to be brought before him out of the Fleet,
and expostulated with him roundly, on the disturbance he
had given the church. In 1592, he strongly solicited in
favour of Dr. Bullingham, and Dr. Cole, that they might
be preferred to bishoprics, but without success, which his
lordship foresaw. For he observed when he applied for
them, that he was not so happy as to do rmieh good for his
friends yet he added, he would never be wanting in shewing his good will, both to them and to the church. About
this time, casting his eye on Dr. Bancroft, a rising and very
active man, he endeavoured to obtain leave to resign his
bishopric to him, as a man every way fit for such a charge
but in this also he was disappointed, which it seems lay
heavy at his heart for even on his death-bed, he expressed his earnest desire that Bancroft might succeed him.
In 1592, the bishop assisted at his son’s visitation, as archdeacon of London, and exerted himself with as much zeal
and spirit as he had ever shewn in his life. His great age,
and great labours, however, weighed him down by degrees,
and he died June 3, 1594, and his body being brought
from his palace at Fulham, was interred in St. Paul’s cathedral before St. George’s chapel, under a fair stone of
grey marble, with an inscription which was demolished by
the republicans in Cromwell’s time. Bishop Aylmer married Judith Bure&, or Buers, of a very good family in Suffolk, by whom he had a very numerous offspring, viz. seven
sons, and two or three daughters. As to the personal
qualities of the bishop, they were, as those of most men
are, good and bad, the former, perhaps, too much magnified by his friends, as the latter were by his enemies. He
was solidly and extensively learned in all things that became either a great churchman, or a polite man, to know.
He was very well versed in the three learned languages,
had read much history, was a good logician, and very well
skilled in the civil law. As a divine, he had studied, and
understood the scripture thoroughly could preach, not
only rhetorically but pathetically and in the course of his
life-time, never buried his talent . He was in his heart,
from the conviction of his head, a Protestant, and opposed
Popery warmly, from a just sense of its errors, which he
had the courage to combat openly in the days of queen
Mary, and the honesty to suppress in the reign of queen
Elizabeth. With all this, and indeed with a temper occasionally soured and irritable, he was a good-natured, facetious man, one extremely diligent and painful in the several employments he went through of too generous a temper to be corrupted, and of much too stout a one to be
brow-beaten. He was a magnificent man in his house, as
appears by his household, which consisted of fourscore
persons, to whom he was a liberal and kind master. After
his fatigues he was wot to refresh himself, either with
conversation or at bowls. As to his failings, his temper
was without doubt warm, his expressions sometimes too
blunt, and his zeal not guided by wisdom. His enemies
charged him with an exorbitant love of power, which displayed itself in various extraordinary acts of severity, with
covetousness, which prompted him to spoil his see, and
injure a private man; with intemperate heat against Puritans, with a slight regard of the Lord’s day, and with indecencies in ordinary speech some of which charges must
be allowed a foundation, while on the other hand they
appear to have been greatly exaggerated. But upon the
whole there must have been many errors in a conduct which
his superiors so often reproved. At the time of his decease
he left seven sons, and either two or three daughters. His
sons were, first, Samuel, who was bred to the law. He
was stiled, of Claydon-hall in the county of Suffolk, and
was high-sheriff of that county in the reign of king Charles
I. and by two wives left a numerous posterity. His second,
Theophilus, a most worthy divine, archdeacon of London, rector of Much-Hadham in Hertfordshire, and doctor
of divinity. He was chaplain to king James, an able and
zealous preacher, and, like his father, zealous against the
Puritans, but so charitable, that he left his own family in
indifferent circumstances. He lived a true pattern of
Christian piety, and died heroically, closing his own eyelids, and with these words in his mouth, “Let my people
know that their pastor died undaunted, and not afraid of
death I bless my God, I have no fear, no doubt, no
reluctancy, but a sure confidence in the sin-overcoming itierits of Jesus Christ.
” This happened January 1625. He
was buried in his own parish church, and the excellent primate Usher preached his funeral sermon, no inconsiderable
proof of his merit. His third, John, who for some eminent
service was knighted, and styled sir John Aylmer, of Rigby
in the county of Lincoln, knt. Fourth, fifth, and sixth,
Zachary, Nathaniel, and Edmund, of whom we know nothing particularly, except that Zachary and Edmund were
the warmest friends that age produced. When Edmund
lay sick, Zachary continued with him night and day till his
death, and when a person came to measure the body, in
order to make a coffin, Zachary would be measured also,
and in a very short space took possession of the coffin made
for him at the same time with that of his deceased brother.
These gentlemen seem to have been divines. His seventh,
Tobel, i.e. God is good. Archbishop Whitgift was his
godfather, and the reason he was thus named, was his mother’s being overturned in a coach, without receiving any
hurt, when she was big with child. He wrote himself Tobel Aylmer, of Writtle, in the county of Essex, gentleman.
He married a gentleman’s daughter in that county, and had
by her several children. As to the bishop’s daughters, Judith, the eldest, married William Lynch, of the county of
Kent, esq. the second, Elizabeth, married sir John Foliot
of Perton, in the county of Worcester, knt. Either a third
daughter, or else lady Foliot, took for her second husband
Mr. Squire, a clergyman, a man of wit, but very debauched,
and a great spendthrift, though he had large preferments.
He made a very unkind husband to his wife, which her
father, the bishop, so much resented, that, as Martin MarPrelate phrasss it, “He went to buffets with his son-inlaw, for a bloody-nose .
” This Squire died poor, lerving
a son named John, who was well educated, and provided
for as a clergyman, at the ex pence, and by the procurement of his uncle, Dr. Theophilus Aylmer, which he repaid
with the utmost gratitude. To all his children our bishop,
by his will, bearing date the 22d of April, 1594, bequeathed
large legacies, as also some to his grand-children, appointing his two sons, Samuel and Theophilus, his executors,
with Dr. Richard Vaughan, who was also his relation.
, a Piedmontese author, accompanied the bishop of Maurienne into France in quality of chaplain. He afterwards
, a Piedmontese author, accompanied
the bishop of Maurienne into France in quality of chaplain. He afterwards retired to Holland, where he embraced
the Calvinistic persuasion, but some years after he feigned
a desire to re-enter the Romish communion. Clement,
keeper of the king’s library, procured him a passport for
returning to France. The cardinal de Noailles obtained a
pension for him, and placed him in the seminary of foreign
missions. In the mean time Clement gave him full liberty
in the king’s library; but, so ungrateful was he for all the
advantages he derived from it, that he purloined several of
the books, and among others, the original of the synod of
Jerusalem, held in 1672. He got this manuscript printed
in Holland, with the letters of Cyril Lucar, and some other
pieces, under the title of “Monumens authentiques de la
religion des Grecs, et de la faussete de plusieurs confessions de foi,
” Les Synodes nationaux des Eglises reformees de France,
” printed in Tableau de la Cour de Rome,
” Letters and memoirs of the
nuncio Visconti,
”
nly fitted and repaired the edifice, but also bequeathed to it all his books. After having continued bishop of Worcester near thirteen years, he died of the jaundice, May
, a learned English prelate in the end of the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth century, was born in Nottinghamshire, according to Fuller, but in Devonshire, according to Izacke and Prince. After having received the first rudiments of learning, he was sent to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became fellow. On the 15th of July, 1578, he was incorporated M.A. at Oxford, as he stood in his own university. After studying other branches of learning, he applied to divinity, and became a favourite preacher in Cambridge, the place of his residence. When he was D. D. he was made domestic chaplain to Henry earl of Pembroke, president of the council in the marches of Wales, and is supposed to have assisted lady Mary Sidney, countess of Pembroke, in her version of the psalms into English metre. By his lordship’s interest, however, he was constituted treasurer of the church of Landaff, and in 1588 was installed into the prebend of Wellington, in the cathedral of Hereford. Through his patron’s further interest, he was advanced to the bishopric of Landaff, and was consecrated Aug. 29, 1591. In Feb. 1594, he was translated to the see of Exeter, to which he did an irreparable injury by alienating from it the rich manor of Crediton in Devonshire. In 1597 he was translated to Worcester, and was likewise made one of the queen’s council for the marches of Wales. To the library of Worcester cathedral he was a very great benefactor, for he not only fitted and repaired the edifice, but also bequeathed to it all his books. After having continued bishop of Worcester near thirteen years, he died of the jaundice, May 17, 1610, and was buried in the cathedral of Worcester, without any monument.
style is good, although not without the quaintnesses peculiar to the times. Miles Smith, afterwards bishop of Gloucester, wrote a preface to this volume.
As to his character, it is agreed, that in the midst of all
his preferments he was neither tainted with idleness, pride,
nor covetousness, and was not only diligent in preaching
but in writing books, for the understanding of the holy
scriptures. He was an excellent and animating preacher.
His works were printed first in 4to then, with additions,
in folio, in 1615; and again in 1637, under this title:
“The works of Gervase Babington, &c. containing comfortable notes upon the five books of Moses. As also an
exposition upon the Creed, the Commandments, the Lord’s
Prayer. With a conference betwixt Man’s frailty and faith
and three Sermons.
” His style is good, although not without the quaintnesses peculiar to the times. Miles Smith,
afterwards bishop of Gloucester, wrote a preface to this
volume.
, a Christian bishop and martyr, of the third century, became bishop of Antioch in
, a Christian bishop and martyr, of the third century, became bishop of Antioch in the year 238, and governed that see thirteen years. It is said he died for maintaining the Christian faith, but authors are not agreed about the time or manner of his martyrdom. Eusebius and St. Jerom say, that upon his professing himself a Christian, in the reign of Decius, he was put in prison and died there. St. Chrysostom, who wrote a panegyric upon Baby las, relates that he was brought out of prison and publicly executed. This is supposed to have taken place in the year 250. His relics were highly respected at Antioch, where two churches were built in honour of his memory, and it is said, that when his relics were brought thither, the oracle of Apollo was struck dumb.
Predestination and Election of God;” this was published about the year 1550 in 8vo. When the learned bishop Jewel wrote his “Apology for the Church of England,” which had
, the second daughter of sir Anthony Cooke, was born about the year 1528. She was
liberally educated by her father, and having added much
acquired knowledge to her natural endowments, she became highly distinguished among the learned personages
of the time, and, it is even said, was constituted governess
to king Edward VI. She was, however, eminent for piety,
virtue, and learning, and well versed in the Greek, Latin,
and Italian tongues. She gave an early specimen of her
industry, piety, and learning, by translating out of Italian
into English twenty-five sermons, written by Barnardine
Ochine, concerning “The Predestination and Election of
God;
” this was published about the year Apology for
the Church of England,
” which had a considerable effect
in quieting the clamours of the Roman Catholic writers
against the reformed religion, this lady undertook to translate it from the Latin into English, that it might be accessible to the common people, and considering the style of
the age, her translation is both faithful and elegant. Mr.
Strype informs us that after she had finished the translation
she sent the copy to the author, accompanied with an
epistle to him in Greek, which he answered in the same
language, and was so satisfied with her transjation that he
did not alter a single word. The archbishop Parker, to
whom she had likewise submitted her work, bestowed the
highest praise on it, which he confirmed by a compliment
of much elegance. Pie returned it to her printed, Ci knowing,“as he said in his letter to her,
” that he had thereby
done for the best, and in this point used a reasonable policy that is, to prevent such excuses as her modesty would
have made in stay of publishing it.“It was printed in
1564, 4 to, and in 1600, 12mo. That her literary reputation extended beyond her own country is evident from
Beza’s dedication to her of his Meditations. In Birch’s
” Memoirs of the reign of queen Elizabeth," her name
frequently occurs, and he has given some of her letters at
full length, and extracts from others, which confirm her
character for learning. Her temper in her latter years
Appears to have been affected by ill health. At what time
she was married to sir Nicholas Bacon cannot be ascertained. It is a more important record, however, that sbe
was mother of the illustrious sir Francis Bacon, lord-Verulam. The time of her death, too, has escaped the
researches of her biographers. She appears to have been
living in 1596, and Ballard conjectures that she died about
the beginning of the reign of James I. at Gorhambury,
near St. Alban’s, and, according to Dr. Rawley, was buried
at St. Michael’s church in that town, but neither monument nor inscription have been discovered.
his “Novum Organum,” so essential a part of his “Instauration,” that it sometimes bears that title. Bishop Andrews and sir Thomas Bodley w r ere two of the persons whose
In the mean time he gave evidence of the steady prosecution of his studies by publishing, in 1605, the first specimen of his great work, in his book “Of the Advancement of Learning,
” a performance of much value even in
its detached state. He continued, however, his diligence
in parliament, and among other topics, endeavoured to
second the views the king had entertained of an union between England and Scotland but his efforts for the crown
were more successful in Westminster-hall than in that assembly. About this time he married Alice, daughter of
Benedict Barnham, esq. alderman of London, a lady who
brought him an ample fortune, but by whom he never had
any children. In 1607, he succeeded in his application
for the solicitorship, on a vacancy, and with that his practice encreased most extensively, there being few causes of
importance in which he was not concerned. He assured
the king, before he obtained this employment, that it
would give him such an increase of capacity, though not
of zeal, to serve his majesty, that what he had done in
times past should seem as nothing, in comparison with the
services he should render for the future and in this respect he is said to have kept his word, for in the session
of parliament hold in the year in which he was made solicitor, he ran through a great variety of business, and that
of a nature which required a man not only of great abilities but of great policy, and of equal reputation. He was,
in the first place, employed by the house of commons to
represent to the king the grievances under which the nation laboured and though the paper relating to them was
couched in terms not very agreeable to the king’s temper,
sir Francis, by his accompanying address, so abated their
harshness as to perform this difficult commission with universal applause. He was likewise employed by the house
at a conference with the lords, to persuade them to join
in an application to the crown, for the taking away the ancient tenures, and allowing a certain and competent revenue in lieu of them and in his speech on this occasion, sir
Francis Bacon set the affair in so clear a light, as excited
that spirit, which at length procured the dissolution of the
court of Wards, a point of the highest consequence to the
Jiberties of this kingdom. He likewise satisfied the house
at a time when they were much out of temper at the manner in which the king’s messages were conveyed to them
and procured their acquiescence in the supplies by a
well-timed speech, which must have convinced the king
of what importance his services were likely to prove.
Amidst all these political and professional engagements,
he found leisure to digest the plan of the second part of
his great work, which he transmitted to some judicious
friends for their opinion. This piece was entitled “Cogitata et Visa,
” and contained the ground-work or plan of
his “Novum Organum,
” so essential a part of his “Instauration,
” that it sometimes bears that title. Bishop
Andrews and sir Thomas Bodley w r ere two of the persons
whose advice he solicited on this occasion, and their answers are printed in his works, where we have likewise a
small discourse in English, under the Latin title of “Filum Labyrinthi,
” which was the original draught of the
“Cogitata et Visa.
” While availing himself of the opinions of his learned contemporaries, he published in 1610,
his celebrated treatise “Of the Wisdom of the Ancients,
”
a work which received and has ever retained the justest applause. It is not easy to say which is most conspicuous in
this, his diligence in procuring the materials, or his judgment in disposing of them.
Gruter. His orations and letters he commended to sir Humphrey May, chancellor of the Duchy, and the bishop of Lincoln (Williams), who succeeded him as lord keeper, and
In consequence of this pardon, his lordship was summoned to the second parliament in the succeeding reign of Charles I. but his infirmities did not allow him to take his seat. He foresaw that his end was drawing near, although he escaped the great plague, in the spring of 1625. Having sufficiently established the fame of his learning and abilities, by his writings published by himself, he committed, by his will, several of his Latin and philosophical compositions, to the care of sir William Bos well, his majesty’s agent in Holland, where they were afterwards published by Gruter. His orations and letters he commended to sir Humphrey May, chancellor of the Duchy, and the bishop of Lincoln (Williams), who succeeded him as lord keeper, and acknowledged the honour of that trust, which letters he enjoined to be preserved, but not to be divulged, as touching too much on persons and matters of state. By this judicious care of his, most of his papers were preserved, and the greatest part of them at different times have been printed and published. The severe winter which followed the infectious summer of 1625, brought him very low; but the spring reviving his spirits, he made a little excursion into the country, in order to try some experiments in natural philosophy; in which journey he was taken so ill, that he was obliged to stop at the earl of Arundel’s house at Highgate, about a week, and there he expired, April y, 1626, and was privately buried in the chapel of St. Michael’s church, within the precincts of Old Verulam where a monument was erected to his memory by sir Thomas Meautys, his faithful friend and indefatigable servant in all his troubles.
d scholars of Christ Church to form several busts for them, particularly those of general Guise, the bishop of Durham, and the primate of Ireland.
About the year 1763, he first attempted working in marble, and having never seen that operation performed, he was led to invent an instrument for transferring the form of the model to the marble (technically called, getting out the points), which instrument, from its superior effect, has since been adopted by many other sculptors in England and France. His first regular instructions, however, in his favourite pursuit, were received at the lloyal Academy in 1768, the year of its institution, and such were their effect on a mind already so well prepared by nature, that the first gold medal for sculpture given by the academy, was decreed to him and two years after, he was elected an associate. His fame was at this time well known by his statue of Mars, which induced the late archbishop of York, Dr. Markham, to employ him to execute a bust of his Majesty for the hall of Christ Church college, Oxford. His majesty not only condescended to sit to him upon this occasion, but honoured him with his patronage, and ordered another bust, intended as a present to the university of Got tin gen. He was -soon after employed by the dean and scholars of Christ Church to form several busts for them, particularly those of general Guise, the bishop of Durham, and the primate of Ireland.
of the Suffolk line, and against the title of the queen of Scots. This book was complained of by the bishop of Ross, ambassador from the queen of Scots, and Ross being
, lord keeper of the great seal
in the reign of queen Elizabeth, descended from an ancient and honourable family in Suffolk. His rather was
Robert Bacon of Drinkstxm in that county, esq. and his
mother was Isabel, the daughter of John Gage of Pakenhain in the said county, esq. Nicholas, their second son,
was born in 1510, at Chislehurst in Kent. After having
received the first rudiments of learning, probably at home,
or in the neighbourhood, he was sent when very young to
Corpus Christi college in Cambridge, where having improved in all branches of useful knowledge, he went to
France, in order to give the last polish to his education.
On his return he settled in Gray VInn, and applied himself with such assiduity to the study of the law, that on the
dissolution of the monastery of St. Edmund’s-Bury in Suffolk, he had a grant from king Henry VIII. in the thirty-sixth year of his reign, of the manors of Redgrave, Botesdale, and Gillingham, with the park of Redgrave, and six
acres of land in Worthanf, as also the tithes of Redgrave
to hold in capite by knight’s service, a proof of the estimation in which he was held by his majesty. In the thirtyeighth of the same king, he was promoted to the office of
attorney in the court of wards, a place both of honour and
profit, and his patent was renewed in the first year of Edward VI. and in 1552, which was the last year of his reign,
Mr. Bacon was elected treasurer of Gray’s-Inn. His great
moderation and consummate prudence, preserved him
through the dangerous reign of queen Mary. In the very
dawn of that of Elizabeth he was knighted, and the great
seal of England being taken from Nicholas Heath, archbishop of York, was delivered to sir Nicholas Bacon, on
the 22d of December 1558, with the title of lord keeper.
He was also of the privy council to her majesty, who had
much regard to his advice. The parliament met Jan. 23,
but was prorogued on account of the queen’s indisposition to the 25th, when the lord keeper opened the session
with a most eloquent and solid speech. Some of the
queen’s counsellors thought it necessary that the attainder of the queen’s mother should be taken off; but the
lord keeper thought the crown purged all defects, and in
compliance with his advice, two laws were made, one for
recognizing the queen’s title, the other for restoring her
in blood as heir to her mother. The principal business of
this session was the settlement of religion, in which no
man had a greater share than the keeper, and he acted
with such prudence as never to incur the hatred of any
party. On this account he was, together with the archbishop of York, appointed moderator in a dispute between
eight Protestant divines, and eight Popish bishops and
the latter behaving very unfairly in the opinion of both
the moderators, and desiring, to avoid a fair disputation,
to go away, the lord keeper put that question to each of
them, and when all except one insisted on going, his lordship dismissed them with this memorandum, “For that ye
would not that we should hear you, perhaps you may shortly hear of us
” and accordingly for this contempt, the
bishops of Winchester and Lincoln were committed to the
tower, and the rest were bound to appear before the council, and not to quit the cities of London and Westminster
without leave. The whole business of the session, than
which there was none of greater importance during that
reign, was chiefly managed by his lordship, according to
his wise maxim, “Let us stay a little, that we may have
done the sooner.
” From this time he stood as high in the
favour of the queen as any of her ministers, and maintained
a cordial interest with other great men, particularly with
those eminent persons, who had married into the same
family with himself, viz. Cecil, Hobby, Rowlet, and Killigrew. By their assistance he preserved his credit at court,
though he sometimes differed in opinion from the mighty
favourite Leicester, who yet once bad fair his ruin, when
certain intrigues were carried on respecting the succession.
Some statesmen, and particularly the earl of Leicester,
pretended to favour the title of the queen of Scots, but
others were more inclined to the house of Suffolk. The
queen sometimes affected a neutrality, and sometimes
shewed a tenderness for the title of the Scottish queen.
In 1564, when these disputes were at the height, Mr. John
Hales, clerk of the Hanaper, published a treatise which
seems to have been written a considerable time before,
in favour of the Suffolk line, and against the title of the
queen of Scots. This book was complained of by the
bishop of Ross, ambassador from the queen of Scots, and
Ross being warmly supported by the earl of Leicester,
Hales was committed to prison, and so strict an inquiry
made after all who had expressed any favour for this piece,
that at last the lord-keeper came to be suspected, which
drew upon him the queen’s displeasure, and he was forbidden the court, removed from his seat at council, and
prohibited from meddling with any affairs but those of the
chancery nay, Camden says he was confined . At last,
however, Cecil, who is suspected to have had some share
in the above treatise, with much difficulty restored him to
the queen’s good opinion, as appears by her setting him at
the head of that commission, granted in the year 1568, for
hearing the difference between the queen of Scots, and her
rebellious subjects; and in 1571, we find him again acting
in the like capacity, though very little was done before the
commissioners at either time, which was what queen Elizabeth chiefly desired, and the covering her inclination with
a decent appearance of justice, was perhaps not a little
owing to the address of the lord-keeper. Afterwards he
continued at the head of her majesty’s councils, and had a
great hand in preventing, by his moderation, some violent measures afterwards proposed. The share, however,
that he had in the business of the duke of Norfolk, and his
great care for promoting the Protestant religion, created
him many bitter enemies among the Papists both at home
and abroad, who though they were able to do him no great
hurt, yet published some libels, particularly “A Detection of certain practices, &c.
” printed in Scotland, about
A treatise of Treason,
” both which gave him
considerable uneasiness, although the queen expressed her
opinion, by a proclamation, ordering them to be burnt.
As a statesman, he was remarkable for a clear head, and
acute understanding; and while it was thought of some
other great men that they seemed wiser than they were,
yet the common voice of the nation pronounced, that sir
Nicholas Bacon was wiser than he seemed. His great skill
lay in balancing factions, and it is thought he taught the
queen that secret, the more necessary to her because the
last of her family, and consequently without many of the
usual supports of princes. In the chancery he distinguished himself by a very moderate use of power, and the
respect he shewed to the common law. At his own request,
an act of parliament was made, to settle and establish the
power of a lord -keeper, though he might probably have
taken away all need of this, by procuring the title of lord
chancellor: but according to his motto, which was Mediocra firma, he he was content to be safe, and did not desire
to be great*. In that court, and in the star-chamber, he
made use, on proper occasions, of set speeches, in which
he was peculiarly happy, and gained the reputation of a
witty and a weighty speaker. His great parts and great preferment were far from raising him in his own opinion, as
appears from the modest answer he gave* queen Elizabeth,
when she told him his house at Redgrave was too little
for him, “Not so, madam,
” returned he, “but your majesty has made me too great for my house.
” Yet to shew
his respect for her majesty’s judgment, he afterwards added
wings to this house. His modesty in this respect was so
much the greater, since he had a great passion for building,
and a very fine taste, as appeared by his house and gardens at Gorhambury near St. Alban’s, now the seat of lord
viscount Grimston. Towards the latter end of his life, he
became very corpulent, which made queen Elizabeth say
merrily, that “sir Nicholas’s soul lodged well. To himself, however, his bulk was very inconvenient after walking from Westminster-hall to the star-chamber, which was
but a very little way, he was usually so much out of breath,
that the lawyers forbore speaking at the bar till he recocovered himself, and gave them notice by knocking
” with
his staff. After having held the great seal more than
twenty years, this able statesman and faithful counsellor
was suddenly removed from this life, as Mallett informs us,
by the following accident “He was under the hands of
his barber, and the weather being sultry, had ordered a
window before him to be thrown open. As he was become very corpulent, he presently fell asleep, in the cur* After he had been some monthsact of parliament, which declares,
in office, as keeper of the great seal,
” That the common law always was,
he began to doubt to what degree his that the keeper of the great seal always
authority extended, which seems to had, as of right belonging to his office,
have been owing to the general terms the same authority, jurisdiction, excused upon the delivery of the great cution of laws, and all other customs,
Heal, of which we have various in- as the lord chancellor of England lawstances in Rymer’s Foedera. Upon fully used.“What the true reason
this, he first applied himself to the was that made his lordship so uneasy,
queen, from whom he procured a pa- is not perhaps known to posterity.
tent, bearing date at Westminster, the But sir Henry Spelman has observed,
14th of April, in the first year of her that for the benefit of that wise counreign, whereby she declares him te seller sir Nicholas Bacon, the authobare as full powers as if he were rity of the keeper of the great seal
hancellor of England, and ratifies all was by this law declared to be in all
that he had already done. This, how- respects the same with that of th
ever, did not fully satisfy him but chancellor,
four years afterwards he procured an
rent of fresh air that was blowing in upon him, and awaked
after some time distempered all over. c Why,‘ said he to
the servant, < did you suffer me to sleep thus exposed’
The fellow replied, ‘ That he durst not presume to disturb
him.’ * Then,‘ said the lord keeper, * by your civility I
lose my life,’ and so removed into his bed-chamber, where
he died a few days after.
” But this story seems doubtful,
for all writers agree, that sir Nicholas Bacon died Feb. 20,
1579, when the weather could not be very sultry. On the
9th of March following he was buried with great solemnity,
under a sumptuous monument erected by himself in St.
Paul’s church, with an inscription written by the celebrated
Buchanan. Camden’s character of him is just and plain
“Vir praepinguis, ingenio acerrimo, singulari prudentia,
summa eloquentia, tenaci memoria, et sacris conciliis alterum columen
” i. e. A man of a gross body, but most quick
wit, singular prudence, supreme eloquence, happy memory,
and for judgment the other pillar of the state. His son’s
pharacter of him is more striking. He was “a plain man,
direct and constant, without all finesse and doubleness
and one that was of a mind that a man, in his private proceedings and estate, and in the proceedings of state, should
rest upon the soundness and strength of his own courses,
and not upon practice to circumvent others, according to
the sentence of Solomon, * Vir prudens advertit ad gressus suos stultus autem divertit ad dolos’ insomuch that
the bishop of Ross, a subtle and observing man, said of him,
that he could fasten no words upon him, and that it was
impossible to come within him, because he offered no play;
and the queen mother of France, a very politic princess,
said of him, that he should have been of the council of
Spain, because he despised the occurrents, and rested
upon the first plot.
” Nor is Puttenham’s short account to
be overlooked “I have come to the lord keeper, and
found him sitting in his gallery alone, with the works of
Quintilian before him. Indeed he was a most eloquent
man, of rare wisdom and learning, as ever I knew England
to breed, and one that joyed as much in learned men and
0'.;d wits, from whose lippes Ihave seen to proceed more
i;rave and natural eloquence than from all the orators of
Oxford and Cambridge.
”
Bishop Tanner has enrolled sir Nicholas Bacon among the writers of
Bishop Tanner has enrolled sir Nicholas Bacon among
the writers of this country, on account of the following
pieces, preserved in different manuscript collections. “An
oration to the queen, exhorting her to Marriage;
” “a
speech to the lord mayor of London
” “a speech to the
serjeant called to a judge
” “an oration touching the
queen’s Marriage and Succession to the Crown
” “his
speech to the queen, when she made him lord keeper
”
“his speech in the star-chamber, 1568
” “his speech to
sir Thomas Gargrave, elected speaker for the commons
house of parliament;
” “his speech at the council table,
concerning aid required by the Scots to expel the French
out of Scotland
” “his speech concerning an Interview
between queen Elizabeth and the Scottish queen, 1572;
”
“his speech to the lords and commons in parliament, in
the beginning
” “his speech to Mr. Bell when he was
called to be judge.
” All these are in the Norwich manuscripts of More, 228 and are, we suppose, at present, in
the public library of Cambridge. “Several speeches of
lord keeper sir Nicholas Bacon, from 1558 to 1571 inclusive,
” in Mr. Ralph Thoresby’s collection “a discourse
upon certain points touching the Inheritance of the Crown,
conceived by sir Anthony Brown, and answered by sir
Nicholas Bacon,
” published in 1723. “Three letters to
Dr. Parker,
” in Corpus Christi college, Cambridge
mentioned by Strype, in his life of the archbishop. One of
these, entitled “a letter of Mr. Nicholas Bacon, counsellor
at law, to Parker, dean of Stoke college, in answer to certain cases put to him relating to the said college,
” Mr.
Strype has published at length. Holinshed, at the end of
his second volume, p. 1589, ranks sir Nicholas Bacon in
the catalogue of those who have written something concerning the history of England. Mr. Masters refers to a
comment of sir Nicholas’s on the twelve minor prophets,
dedicated to his son Anthony. And Mr. Strype has printed
an excellent letter of advice, which was written by the lord
keeper, a little before his death, to the queen, on the situation of her affairs. Many of his apophthegms are among
those of lord Verulam, and many of his speeches are in
the Parliamentary History.
h himself and his subjects were exposed, by his reposing too great a confidence in Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester, and other foreigners and this honest sermon had
, an eminent English divine of the thirteenth century, was born, according to the most probable conjectures, about 1168, but where is not known. He studied, however, at Oxford, where he distinguished himself by the quickness of his parts and his assiduous application. Thence according to the custom of that age, tie removed to Paris, and acquired such learning as the age afforded. After his return, of which we have no date, he settled at Oxford, and read divinity lectures. His colleague in this office was Dr. Edmund Rich, in our histories commonly styled Edmund Abingdon a man famous for literature, and yet, in the opinion of Leland, inferior to our Bacon. This Dr. Rich had been chosen by the canons of Salisbury, treasurer of their church, and in 1233, becoming archbishop of Canterbury, his friend Robert Bacon succeeded him as treasurer of the cathedral church of Salisbury. The same year he gained great reputation by a sermon preached before his royal master, king Henry III. at Oxford, whither his majesty came, in order to hold a general council of his lords. In this discourse, Bacon plainly told the king the mischiefs to which himself and his subjects were exposed, by his reposing too great a confidence in Peter de Rupibus, bishop of Winchester, and other foreigners and this honest sermon had a great effect on the mind of his master, and inclined him to give satisfaction to his nobility, who were then, generally speaking, disaffected. This seasonable service rendered to the nation, did more to secure his memory from oblivion, than his many years laborious reading, or even his learned writings.
Dr. Pegge, whose excellent life of bishop Grosseteste we have seen since the above article was written,
Dr. Pegge, whose excellent life of bishop Grosseteste
we have seen since the above article was written, thinks
that Robert Bacon was either elder brother, or more probably, as Leland imagines, uncle of Roger Bacon. Robert
was the person who initiated Edmund archbishop of Canterbury in the study of divinity, but Bulaeus, in his history of the university of Paris, says he was himself the
scholar of that saint, which Dr. Pegge doubts. However,
he wrote “Edmund’s life,
” and is noticed by Leland, as
the particular acquaintance and intimate of bishop Grosseteste. Matthew of Westminster gives him and Fishakel
the character of being two such as were not exceeded by
any in Christendom, or even equalled, especially as preachers. Dr. Pegge observes, that this character is the more
extraordinary as coming from a monk, and that from the
latter part of it, as well as from the list of Robert’s productions, it appears that his excellence lay in theology, a particular which constitutes an essential difference in the character of him and Roger Bacon, who was eminently skilled
in the mathematics and philosophy, as well as divinity, and
perhaps more so.
ns, is a calumny indirectly fathered upon him, having been originally imputed to Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. That he had too high an opinion of judicial astrology,
As to the vulgar imputation on his character, of his leaning to magic, it was utterly unfounded and the ridiculous story of his making a brazen head, which spoke and answered questions, is a calumny indirectly fathered upon him, having been originally imputed to Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lincoln. That he had too high an opinion of judicial astrology, and some other arts of that nature, was not so properly an error of his as of the age in which he lived and considering how few errors, among the many which infected that age, appear in his writings, it may be easily forgiven. As his whole life was spent in labour and study, and he was continually employed, either in writing for the information of the world, or in reading and making experiments, that might enable him to write with greater accuracy; so we need not wonder his works were extremely numerous, especially when it is considered, that on the one hand his studies took in the whole circle of the sciences, and that on the other, the numerous treatises ascribed to him, are, often in fact, but so many chapters, sections, or divisions and sometimes we have the same pieces under two or three different names so that it is not at all strange before these points were well examined, that the accounts we have of his writings appeared very perplexed and confused. But notwithstanding this seeming perplexity and confusion, it is not a very difficult thing, to give a distinct account of his writings, the greater part of which are extant, and catalogued in the Biographia Britannica, and it were to be wished, that they were also made public. He was very far from being a hasty, incorrect, or desultory writer; on the contrary, all his works have a just reference to one great and general system, which he has executed in all its parts to a much greater degree of perfection, than has been hitherto supposed.
, the only Protestant who went back to popery that was made bishop in the reign of Louis XIV. was born at Castelgeloux, in Gascony.
, the only Protestant who went back to popery that was made bishop in the reign of Louis XIV. was born at Castelgeloux, in Gascony. After having quitted his religion, he entered himself of the Franciscan order, was then made bishop of Glandeve, and afterwards of Pamiers, where he died in 1694, at the age of ninety-four. His Latin poem on the Education of a Prince, 1671, 4to, procured him the episcopal dignity, by the interest of the duke of Montausier. This poem was reprinted in 8vo, in 1685, with notes, and the addition of some odes by the same author. He published also " Carmen pancgyricum/' Toulouse, 1667, 4to, dedicated to pope Clement IX.
k gave rise between Dr. Priestley, and Dr. Horsley, then archdeacon of St. Alban’s, and successively bishop of Rochester and St. Asaph. He, had before this, however, interested
We find Mr. Badcock afterwards frequently corresponding with the Gentleman’s Magazine the London
Magazine, where for some time he had a regular engagement the General Evening Post and St. James’s Chronicle. But the gjreat scene of his literary warfare, was
in the Monthly Review, in which he appears to have criticized many works of considerable note, and in a manner
which attracted the attention of the public to a journal,
(already the highest in general estimation) in no common degree, lu 1780, when a controversy arose respecting materialism, Mr. Badcock published “A slight sketch of the
controversy between Dr. Priestley and his opponents,
” and
from this time he became the decided antagonist of the doctor in all those opinions upon which they formerly corresponded, and appeared to agree. The influence of Mr.
Badcock’s education seems to have returned with increased
force, and although he did not revert to some of the principles of his early days, and in no respect resumed the
garb or the behaviour of a Puritan, he certainly became
a zealous contender for the Trinitarian system, in opposition to Socinianism in all its modifications. This was
particularly displayed in his review of Dr. Priestley’s
“History of the Corruption of Christianity,
” in Thejyphthora,
” and displayed a force of genius, skill of argument, and depth of learning, which that author found
irresistible. No work apparently of eminence, and calculated for popularity, perhaps ever was so completely
driven into oblivion by the efforts of a periodical
reviewer. Nor was Mr. Badcock’s triumph less complete
over the believers in Chatterton’s imposture, although
it must be owned that in this last controversy he had able
coadjutors.
It has been supposed that his acquaintance with the bishop of Exeter, Dr. Ross, and the most respectable clergymen of his
It has been supposed that his acquaintance with the bishop of Exeter, Dr. Ross, and the most respectable clergymen of his diocese, might have led him to examme the foundation of dissent audit might have appeared to him, as it has to very many of sound judgment and acknowledged abilities, that this foundation was groundless. He was led to conform by no promise, and, at best, by very distant views of advancement. It is, indeed, impossible to read the heart of man but, if it can be read by an intimate acquaintance, his conformity was sincere. But whatever were his views, or the views of those who wished to see him among the defenders of the established church, they were disappointed by a premature death, In the spring of 1787, he was ordained deacon by bishop Ross, and, by a very distinguished compliment, received priest’s orders the following week. The title upon which he was ordained was the curacy of Broad Clyst, near Exeter, and he afterwards preached, as assistant to Dr. Gabriel, in the Octagon chapel, Bath. He was much afflicted with head-aches, which frequently interrupted his public services. In May, 1788, he was attacked by an illness which proved fatal on the 19th of that month, while on a visit to his friend sir John Chichester, bart. in Queen- street, May-Fair.
le to his talents as an antiquary. He was much employed and respected by lord Oxford, Dr. John Moore bishop of Ely^ sir Hans Sloane, sir James Austins-, Mr. Clavel, &c;
and inscriptions alluding to the history of printing. His curious letter to Hearne, in the first volume of the second edition of " LelancTs Collectanea^' p. 58, relative to London, and the antiquities in its vicinity^ is very creditable to his talents as an antiquary. He was much employed and respected by lord Oxford, Dr. John Moore bishop of Ely^ sir Hans Sloane, sir James Austins-, Mr. Clavel, &c; and it is said, that for having enriched bishop Moore’s library with many curiosities (which were purchased by George I. and given to the university of Cambridge), his lordship procured him an admission into the charter-house, as a pensioner on that foundation, in the cemetery of which he was buried. He died at Islington, May 15, 1716, aged sixty-five. In Mr. Dibdin’s Bibliomania, are many curious particulars respecting Bagford, and an estimate of his talents and usefulness founded on Mr. Dibdin’s very laborious inspection of his Mss.
, bishop of Copenhagen, was born at Lunden in 1646. His father Olaus
, bishop of Copenhagen, was born at Lunden in 1646. His father Olaus Bagger taught theology in the school of Lunden, but sent his son to Copenhagen for education. He afterwards travelled to Germany, the Netherlands, and England, studying under the most able masters in divinity and the oriental languages, and then returned to Copenhagen. When Lunden became a part of the Swedish dominions, the king established an academy there, and Bagger was appointed to teach the oriental languages. He had scarcely begun to give lessons, however, when by the advice of his friends of Copenhagen, he solicited and obtained, in 1674, the office of first pastor of the church of the Holy Virgin in that metropolis. In 1675, after the usual disputation, he got the degree of doctor, and on the death of John Wandalin, bishop of Zealand or Copenhagen, he was appointed to succeed him, at the very early age of twenty-nine. His promotion is said to have been in part owing to his wife Margaret Schumacher, the widow of Jacob Fabri, his predecessor, in the church of the Holy Virgin at Copenhagen, and to the brother of this lady, the count de Griffenfeld, who had great interest at court. Bagger, however, filled this high office with reputation, as well as that of dean of theology, which is attached to the bishopric of Copenhagen. He revised the ecclesiastical rites which Christian V. had passed into a law, as well as the liturgy, epistles, and gospels, collects, &c. to which he prefixed a preface. He also composed and published several discourses, very learned and eloquent, some in Latin, and others in the Danish tongue. He died in 1693, at the age of 47. By his second wife, he left a son Christian Bagger, who became an eminent lawyer, and in 1737 rose to be grand bailly of Bergen, and a counsellor of justice.
propagating the Gospel, 1790. A small pamphlet against the Anabaptists, and a charge delivered when bishop of Norwich, were printed by Dr. Bagot, but not generally published.
Dr. Bagot was a man of great learning, an accomplished
scholar, and of the most gentle and amiable manners. As
a patron, he deserves much praise for bestowing the ample
patronage of his see, with great disinterestedness and impartiality, among the learned and meritorious clergy of his
diocese, acquainted with the language and manners of the
district. His publications were not very numerous. In the
“Pietas et Gratulatio Univ.Oxon. 1761,
” on the accession,
of his present majesty, are some English blank verses, by
him and he also contributed some verses on his majesty’s
marriage, and on the birth of the prince of Wales, all which
are inserted in vol. VIII. of Nichols’s poems. In ]772,
when the question of subscription to the thirty-nine articles
was agitated, he published “A defence of subscription to
the XXXIX Articles, as it is required in the university of
Oxford.
” This was anonymous, and occasioned by a pamphlet, also anonymous, entitled “Reflections on the impropriety and expediency of Lay Subscription in the university of Oxford.
” In Twelve discourses on the Prophecies,
” preached
at the Warburtonian lecture in Lincoln’s Inn chapel. The
earnestness with which he contends in these discourses
for the essential doctrines of the church, was again apparent in his next publication, “A letter to the Rev. W, Bell,
D. D.
” on the subject of his late publications upon the
authority, nature, and design of the Lord’s Supper,“1781,
8vo. In this Dr. Bagot objects to the Socinian tendency
of Dr. Bell’s arguments and about the same time he reprinted, with a short preface, Dr. Isaac Barrow’s
” Discourse on the doctrines of the Sacrament," which is now
one of the tracts dispersed by the Society for promoting
Christian Knowledge. His other publications were, a sermon before the house of lords, Jan. 30, 1783 one for the
Norwich hospital; and two others before the Society for
promoting Christian Knowledge, 17 88, and the Society for
propagating the Gospel, 1790. A small pamphlet against
the Anabaptists, and a charge delivered when bishop of
Norwich, were printed by Dr. Bagot, but not generally
published. In all his works he displays a fervent zeal for
the principles of religion and of loyalty, joined with much
knowledge of the true grounds of both nor will it be
thought an objection of much consequence, that he did not
stand high in the opinion of those who contended for such
innovations as in his opinion endangered the whole fabric
of church government and doctrine.
lace; but soon after he became vicar of Ambrosden in Oxfordshire, having taken orders from Brownrig, bishop of Exeter. After the Restoration, Arthur earl of Anglesey appointed
, son of the preceding, was born
at Broughton in Northamptonshire, in 1629, educated at
Westminster school, and elected student of Christ-church
in 1646, where, according to Wood, his conduct for some
time was turbulent and disorderly. Having finished his
studies, however, he was in 1656 appointed to officiate as
second master of Westminster school, and in 1657 was
confirmed in the office. Behaving improperly to the celebrated Busby, he was, in 1658, turned out of this place;
but soon after he became vicar of Ambrosden in Oxfordshire, having taken orders from Brownrig, bishop of Exeter. After the Restoration, Arthur earl of Anglesey
appointed him his chaplain, on which Mr. Bagshaw left
Ambrosden, in hopes of farther promotion, which, however,
he never attained, having written and preached doctrines
against the church and state, for which he was committed
prisoner, first to the Gatehouse in Westminster, next to
the Tower, and thence to South Sea castle, Hampshire, in
1664. After his release he returned to London, and fell
tinder fresh suspicions, and having refused the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, was committed to Newgate, where
he continued twenty-two weeks. He appears to have been
again released, as he died at a house in Tothill-street,
Westminster, Dec. 28, 1671, and was buried in Bunhillfields cemetery, with an altar monument, and an inscription
written by the celebrated Dr. Owen, implying that he had
been persecuted for his adherence to the gospel, and had
now taken sanctuary “from the reproaches of pretended
friends, and the persecutions of professed adversaries.
”
Baxter’s account is less favourable he records him as an
anabaptist, fifth-monarchy man, and a separatist, a man of
an extraordinary vehement spirit, but he allows that he had
been exasperated by many years “hard and grievous imprisonment.
” Wood has a long list of his writings, mostly
controversial with Baxter, L'Estrange, and others, and probably forgotten. All his biographers, however, allow him
to have been a man of abilities.
d the same year printed a Latin poem of six hundred verses in praise of Toussaint Fourbin de Janson, bishop of Marseilles. He wrote some other pieces, which were less known;
, a French Latin poet, was born at Chatillon in the Lower Maine, and became a priest of the Oratory at Paris, in 1659. He had considerable genius, and
was much addicted to study, so that he soon became one
of the best scholars and best poets of his order. When M.
Fouquet, superintendant of finances, was arrested, he published a Latin poem, entitled “Fuquetius in vinculis,
”
which was much applauded. He published another poem
at Troyes in 1668, the title of which was, “In tabellas excellentissiim pictoris du Wernier, ad nobilem et eximium
virum Eustachium Quinot, apud quern illae visuntur Trecis,
carmen.
” Father Bahier translated this production afterwards into French verse, under the title of “Peinture poctique des tableaux de mignature de M. Quinot, faits par
Joseph de Werner.
” At the time he taught rhetoric at
Marseilles, in
little menial offices, he ingratiated himself with them, and by their interest was presented to the bishop of Beauvais. The bishop placed him in the college or seminary
, an eminent French critic, was
born at Neuville near Beauvais in Picardy, June 13, 1649.
His father, who was poor, and unable to give him a learned
education, sent him to a small school in the neighbourhood,
where he soon learned all that was taught there, and desirous of more, went frequently to a neighbouring convent,
where, by his assiduities in performing little menial offices, he ingratiated himself with them, and by their interest was presented to the bishop of Beauvais. The bishop
placed him in the college or seminary of that name, where
he studied the classics with unwearied assiduity, borrowing
books from his friends, and it is even said he took money
privately from his father, in order to buy books. In the
course of his reading, which was accurate and even- critical, he formed, about the age of seventeen, a commonplace book of extracts, which he called his “Juvenilia,
”
in two large volumes, very conducive to his own improvement, and afterwards to that of M. de Lamoignon, his patron’s son. He then studied philosophy, but with less relish,
his predilection being in favour of history, chronology, and
geography; yet in defending Ins philosophical theses, he
always proved his capacity to be fully equal to his subject.
In 1670 he went to one of those higher seminaries, formerly established by the French bishops for the study of
divinity, which he pursued with his usual ardour and success, although here his early taste discovered itself, in his
applying with most eagerness to the fathers and councils,
as more nearly connected with ecclesiastical history. So
intent was he on researches of this kind, that he fancied
himself solely qualified for a life of studious retirement, and
had a design of going, along with his brother Stephen, to
the abbey La Trappe, but this was prevented by the bishop
of Beauvai? bestowing upon him, in 1672, the appointment
of teacher of the fifth form in the college, from which,
in 1674, he was promoted to the fourth. This produced
him about sixty pounds a-year, with part of which he assisted his poor relations, and laid out the rest in books, and
had made a very good collection when he left the college.
Among other employments at his leisure hours he compiled
two volumes of notices of authors who had disguised their
names, of which the preface only has been published.
overed that he was superior to the vanity which sometimes accompanies a reputation for learning. The bishop of Beauvais now gave him the vicarage of Lardieres, which netted
In 1676, he received holy orders, and passed his examinations with high approbation. Monnoye, one of his
biographers, mentions a circumstance very creditable to his
superiors, that, although they were satisfied with his learning, they would not have admitted him into orders, if they
had not discovered that he was superior to the vanity which
sometimes accompanies a reputation for learning. The
bishop of Beauvais now gave him the vicarage of Lardieres,
which netted only 30l. yearly, yet with this pittance, Baillet, who maintained a brother, and a servant, contrived to
indulge his humanity to the poor, and his passion for books,
to purchase which he used to go once a year to Paris. His
domestic establishment was upon the most temperate scale,
no drink but water, and no meat, but brown bread, and
sometimes a little bacon, and a few herbs from his garden
boiled in water with salt, and whitened with a little milk.
The cares of his parish, however, so much interrupted his
favourite studies that he petitioned, and obtained another
living, the only duties of which were singing at church,
and explaining the catechism. A higher and more grateful
promotion now awaited him, as in 1680, he was made
librarian to M. Lamoignon, not the first president of the
parliament, as Niceron says, for he was then dead, but his
son, who at that time was advocate-general. To this place
he was recommended by M. Hermant, a doctor of the Sorbonne, who told Lamoignon that Baillet was the proper
person for him, if he could excuse his awkwardness. Lamoignon answered that he wanted a man of learning, and
did not regard his outward appearance. To Baillet such
an appointment was so gratifying that for some time he
could scarcely believe M. Hermant to be serious. When
he found it confirmed, however, he entered upon his new
office with alacrity, and one of his first employments was
to draw up an index of the library, which extended to
thirty-five folio volumes, under two divisions, subjects and
author’s names. The Latin preface to the index of subjects, when published, was severely, but not very justly censured by M. Menage, as to its style. After this, he completed four volumes of his celebrated work “Jugemens des
Savans,
” and gave them to the bookseller with no other
reserve than that of a few copies for presents. The success of the work was very great, and the bookseller
urged him to finish the five volumes that were, to follow.
He did not, however, accomplish the whole of his design,
which was to consist of six parts. I. In the first he was to
treat of those printers, who had distinguished themselves
by their learning, ability, accuracy, and fidelity. Of
critics, that is, of those who acquaint us with authors, and
their books, and in general those, who give an account
of the state of literature, and of all that belongs to the republic of letters. Of philologists, and all those who treat
of polite literature. Of grammarians and translators of all
kinds. II. Poets, ancient and modern writers of romances and tales in prose rhetoricians, orators, and writers
of letters, either in Latin, or in any of the modern languages. III. Historians, geographers, and chronologists
of all sorts. IV. Philosophers, physicians, and
mathematicians. V. Authors upon the civil and canon law, poJitics, and ethics. VI. Writers on divinity particularly
the fathers, school-divinity heretics, &c. He published,
however, only the first of these divisions, and half of the
second, under the title of “Jugemens des Savans sur les
principaux ouvrages des Auteurs,
” Paris, Asinus in Parnasso,
” the Ass on
Parnassus, followed afterwards by “Asinus ad Lyram,
”
and “Asinus Judex,
” all in defence of Menage and the
poets and an anonymous poet wrote “Asinus Pictor.
”
It does not appear, however, that these injured the sale of
the work; and in 1686, the five other volumes, upon the
poets, were published, with a preface, in which the author
vindicates himself with ability. M. Menage now published
his “Anti-Baillet,
” in which he endeavoured to point out
Baillet' s errors and another author attacked him in “Reflexions sur le Jugemens des Savans, [envoy 6ez a l'auteur
par un Academicien,
” Jugemens,
” attributes this letter to another Jesuit, a young man not
named. Of these censures some are undoubtedly just, but
others the cavils of caprice and hypercriticism.
sterdam, 1668, fol. 2. “A Defence of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland, against Mr. Maxwell, bishop of Ross.” 3. “A Parallel betwixt the Scottish Service-Book and
, an eminent Presbyterian divine
of the seventeenth century, was born at Glasgow in the
year 1599. His father, Mr. Thomas Baillie, was a citizen
of that place, and son to Baillie of Jerviston. Our Robert Baillie was educated in the university of his native
city where, having taken his degrees in arts, he turned
his thoughts to the study of divinity and, receiving orders
from archbishop Law, he was chosen regent of philosophy
at Glasgow. While he was in this station, he had, for
some years, the care of the education of Lord Montgomery, who, at length, carried him with him to Kilwinning;
to which church he was presented by the earl of Eglintoun. Here he lived in the strictest friendship with that
noble family, and the people connected with it; as he did
also with his ordinary the archbishop of Glasgow, with
whom he kept up an epistolary correspondence. In 1633,
he declined, from modesty, the offer of a church in Edinburgh. Being requested in 1637, by his friend the archbishop, to preach a sermon before the assembly at Edinburgh, in recommendation of the canon and service book,
he refused to do it; and wrote a handsome letter to the
archbishop, assigning the reasons of his refusal. In 1638
he was chosen by the presbytery of Irvine, a member of
the famous assembly at Glasgow, which was a prelude to the
civil war. Though Mr. Baillie is said to have behaved in
this assembly with great moderation, it is evident that he
was by no means deficient in his zeal against prelacy and
Arminianism. In 1640 he was sent by the covenanting
lords to London, to draw up an accusation against archbishop Laud, for his obtrusions on the church of Scotland.
While he was in England, he wrote the presbytery a regular account of public affairs, with a journal of the trial
of the earl of Strafford. Not long after, on his return, he
was appointed joint professor of divinity with Mr. David
Dickson, in the university of Glasgow, and his reputation
was become so great, that he had before this received
invitations from the other three universities, all of which
he refused. He continued in his professorship till the
Restoration but his discharge of the duties of it was interrupted for a considerable time, by his residence in
England for, in 1643, he was chosen one of the commissioners of the church of Scotland to the assembly of divines
at Westminster. Though he never spoke in the debates
of the assembly, he appears to have been an useful member, and entirely concurred in the principles and views of
its leaders. Mr. Baillie returned again to his own country
in the latter end of 1646. When, after the execution of
Charles I. Charles II. was proclaimed in Scotland, our professor was one of the divines appointed by the general assembly to wait on the king at the Hague; upon which occasion,
March 27, 1649, he made a speech in the royal presence,
expressing in the strongest terms his abhorrence of the
murder of the late king and, in his sentiments upon this
event, it appears that the Presbyterian divines of that
period, both at home and abroad, almost universally
agreed. After the restoration of Charles II. Mr. Baillie,
Jan. 23, 1661, by the interest of the earl of Lauderdale,
with whom he was a great favourite, was made principal
of the university of Glasgow, upon the removal of Mr.
Patrick Gillespie, who had been patronised by Cromwell.
It is said by several writers, that Mr. Baillie had the offer
of a bishopric, which he absolutely refused. Though he
was very loyal, and most sincerely rejoiced in his majesty’s
restoration, he began, a little before his death, to be extremely anxious for the fate of Presbytery. His health
failed him in the spring of 1662. During his illness he
was visited by the new-made archbishop of Glasgow, to
whom he is said to have addressed himself in the following
words “Mr, Andrews (I will not call you my lord), king
Charles would have made me one of these lords but I do
not find in the New Testament, that Christ has any lords
in his house.
” Notwithstanding this common-place objection to the hierarchy, he treated the archbishop very
courteously. Mr. Baillie died in July 1662, being 63 years
f age. By his first wife, who was Lilias Fleming, of the
family of Cardarroch, in the parish of Cadder, near Glasgow, he had many children, five of whom survived him,
viz. one son, and four daughters. The posterity of his
son, Mr. Henry Baillie, who was a preacher, but never
accepted of any charge, still inherit the estate of Carnbrae,
in the county of Lanerk, an ancient seat of the Baillies.
Mr. Baillie’s character ha% been drawn to great advantage,
not only by Mr. Woodrow, but by an historian of the opposite party. His works, which were very learned, and
acquired him reputation in his own time, are 1. “Opus
Historicum et Chronologicum,
” Amsterdam, A Defence of the Reformation of the Church of Scotland, against Mr. Maxwell, bishop of Ross.
” 3. “A Parallel betwixt the Scottish Service-Book and the Romish
Missal, Breviary,
” &c. 4. “The Canterburian Self-Conviction.
” 5. “Queries anent the Service-Book.
” 6. “Antidote against Arminianism.
” 7. “A treatise on Scottish
Episcopacy.
” 8. “Laudensium.
” 9. “Dissuasive against
the Errors of the Times, with a Supplement.
” 10. “A
Reply to the Modest Enquirer,
” with some other tracts,
and several sermons upon public occasions but his “Opus
Historicum et Chronologicum,
” was his capital production. The rest of his writings, being chiefly on controversial
and temporary subjects, can, at present, be of little or no
value. But his memory is perhaps yet more preserved by a
very recent publication, “Letters and Journals, carefully
transcribed by Robert Aiken containing an impartial account of public transactions, civil, ecclesiastical, and military, both in England and Scotland, from 1637 to 1662 a
period, perhaps, the most remarkable that is to be met
with in the British History. With an Account of the
Author’s life, prefixed and a Glossary annexed,
” Edinburgh,
d from thence went to Emanuel college in Cambridge, under the tuition of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of Norwich. When he had taken his degrees of bachelor and master
, an eminent physician and astronomer, born in 1582, at Ashby de la Zouch, Leicestershire, was educated at the public school of that town; and
from thence went to Emanuel college in Cambridge, under
the tuition of Dr. Joseph Hall, afterwards bishop of
Norwich. When he had taken his degrees of bachelor and
master of arts, he went, back to Leicestershire, where he
taught a grammar-school for some years, and at the same
time practised physic. He employed his leisure hours in
the mathematics, especially astronomy, which had been
his favourite study from his earliest years. By the advice
of his friends, who thought his abilities too great for the
obscurity of a country life, he removed to London, where
he was admitted a fellow of the college of physicians. His
description of the comet, which appeared in 1618, greatly
raised his character. It was by this means he got acquainted with sir Henry Savile, who, in 1619, appointed
him his first professor of astronomy at Oxford. Upon this
he removed to that university, and was entered a master
commoner of Merton college; the master and fellows
whereof appointed him junior reader of Linacer’s lecture
in 1631, and superior reader in 1635. As he resolved to
publish correct editions of the ancient astronomers, agreeably to the statutes of the founder of his professorship; in
order to make himself acquainted with the discoveries of
the Arabian astronomers, he began the study of the Arabic language when he was above 40 years of age. Some
time before his death, he removed to a house opposite
Merton college, where he died in 1643. His body was
conveyed to the public schools, where an oration was pronounced in his praise by the university orator; and was
carried from thence to Merton college church, where it
was deposited near the altar. His published works are,
1. “An astronomical description of the late Comet, from
the 18th of November 1618, to the 16th of December
following,
” London, Cometographia.
”
2. “Procli sphæra. Ptolomæi de hypothesibus Planetarum liber singularis.
” To which he added Ptolemy’s
“Canon regnorum.
” He collated these pieces with ancient manuscripts, and has given a Latin version of them,
illustrated with figures, 1620, 4to. 3. “Canicularia; a
treatise concerning the dog-star and the canicular days.
”
Published at Oxford in
storj’, in which, when at home, we are told, he was assisted by Camden, Cotton, Spelman, Selden, and bishop Godwin, to all of whom, Wood says, “he was most familiarly known,”
, an English Benedictine monk, and
ecclesiastical historian and antiquary, the son of William
Baker, gent, and nephew to Dr. David Lewes, judge of the
admiralty, was born at Abergavenny, Dec. 9, 1575, and
first educated at Christ’s hospital, London, whence he
went to Oxford, in 1590, and became a commoner of
Broadgate’s hall (now Pembroke college), which he left
without a degree, and joined his brother Richard, a barrister of the middle temple, where he studied law, and in
addition to the loose courses he followed, when at Oxford,
now became a professed infidel. After the death of his
brother, his father sent for him, and he was made recorder
of Abergavenny, and practised with considerable success.
While here, a miraculous escape from drowning recalled
him to his senses as to religion, but probably having no
proper advice at hand, he fell upon a course of Roman
catholic writings, and was so captivated with them that he
joined a small congregation of Benedictines then in London, and went with one of them to Italy, where, in 1605,
he took the habit, and changed his name to Augustin Baker. A fit of sickness rendering it necessary to try his
native air he returned to England, and finding his father oa
his death-bed, reconciled him to the Catholic faith. From
this time he appears to have resided in London and
different places in the country, professing his religion as
openly as could be done with safety. Some years before
his death he spent at Canjbray, as spiritual director ‘of the
English Benedictine nuns there, and employed his time in
making collections for an English ecclesiastical historj’, in
which, when at home, we are told, he was assisted by
Camden, Cotton, Spelman, Selden, and bishop Godwin,
to all of whom, Wood says, “he was most familiarly
known,
” but not, we presume, so sufficiently as this biographer supposes. Wood, indeed, tells us, that when at
the house of gentlemen, he passed for a lawyer, a character
which he supported in conversation by the knowledge he
had acquired in the Temple. He died in Gray’s Inn lane
Aug. 9, 1641, and was buried in St. Andrew’s church. He
wrote a great many religious treatises, but none were published. They amounted to nine large folios in manuscript,
and were long preserved in the English nunnery at Cambray. His six volumes of ecclesiastical history were lost,
but out of them were taken father Reyner’s “Apostolatus
Benedictinorum in Anglia,
” and a good deal of Cressy’s
“Church History.
” Wood has given a prolix account of
this man, which was probably one of those articles in his
Athenee that brought upon him the suspicion of being himself attached to popery. It is certainly written with all the
abject submission of credulity.
laws, and in 1526, when a young man, was sent ambassador to Denmark, in company with Henry Standish, bishop of St. Asaph, according to the fashion of those times, when
, a statesman of some note in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. and Mary, is said to have been the son of Thomas Baker, a Kentish gentleman, but his pedigree in the' college of arms begins with his own name. He was bred to the profession of the laws, and in 1526, when a young man, was sent ambassador to Denmark, in company with Henry Standish, bishop of St. Asaph, according to the fashion of those times, when it was usual to join in foreign negociations, the only two characters which modern policy excludes from such services. At his return he was elected speaker of the house of commons, and was soon after appointed attorney-general, and sworn of the privy council, but gained no farther preferment till 1545, when, having recommended himself to the king by his activity in forwarding a loan in London, and other imposts, he was made chancellor of the exchequer. Henry constituted him an assistant trustee for the minor successor, after whose accession his name is scarcely mentioned in history, except in one instance, which ought not to be forgotten he was the only privy counsellor who steadfastly denied his assent to the last will of that prince, by which Mary and Elizabeth were excluded from inheriting the crown. Sir John married Elizabeth, daughter and heir of Thomas Dinely, and widow of George Barret, who brought him two sons sir Richard (whose grandson was created a baronet) and John and three daughters Elizabeth, wife of Thomas Scott; Cecily, married to the lord treasurer Dorset, and Mary to John Tufton, of Heathfield in Kent. He died in 1558, and was bu ied at Sissingherst in Kent, where he had a fine estate, formerly belonging to the family of De Berham; and a noble mansion built by himself, called Sissingherst Castle, which remained with his posterity till the family became extinct about sixty years since, and has since bowed down its battlements to the unfeeling taste of the present day.
t left the university without completing that degree by determination. Afterwards he became vicar of Bishop’s-Nymmet in Devonshire, where he lived many years in studious
, an eminent mathematician in the
seventeenth century, the son of James Baker of Ikon in
Somersetshire, steward to the family of the Strangways of
Dorsetshire, was born at Ikon about the year 1625, and
entered in Magdalen-hall, Oxon, in the beginning of the
year 1640. In April 1645, he was elected scholar of Wadham college and did some little servicb to king Charles I.
within the garrison of Oxford. He was admitted bachelor
of arts, April 10, 1647, but left the university without completing that degree by determination. Afterwards he became vicar of Bishop’s-Nymmet in Devonshire, where he
lived many years in studious retirement, applying chiefly
to the study of the mathematics, in which he made very
great progress. But in his obscure neighbourhood, he was
neither known, nor sufficiently valued for his skill in that
useful branch of knowledge, till he published his famous
book. A little before his death, the members of the royal
society sent him some mathematical queries to which he
returned so satisfactory an answer, that they gave him a
medal with an inscription full of honour and respect. He
died at Bishop’s-Nymmet aforementioned, on the 5th of
June 1690, and was buried in his own church. His book
was entitled “The Geometrical Key, or the Gate of Equations unlocked, or a new Discovery of the construction of
all Equations, howsoever affected, not exceeding the fourth
degree, viz. of Linears, Quadratics, Cubics, Biquadratics,
and the rinding of all their roots, as well false as true, without the use of Mesolahe, Trisection of Angles, without
Reduction, Depression, or any other previous Preparations
of Equations, by a Circle, and any (and that one only)
Farabole, &c.
” London, 1684, 4to, in Latin and English.
In the Philosophical Transactions, it is observed, that the
author, in order to free us of the trouble of preparing the
equation by taking away the second term, shews us how to
construct all affected equations, not exceeding the fourth
power, by the intersection of a circle and parabola, without omission or change of any terms. And a circle and a
parabola being the most simple, it follows, that the way
which our author has chosen is the best. In the book (to render it intelligible even to those who have read no conies), the author shews, how a parabola arises from the
section of a cone, then bow to describe it in piano, and
from that construction demonstrates, that the squares of
the ordinates are one to another, as the correspondent
sagitta or intercepted diameters then he shews, that if a
line be inscribed in a parabola perpendicular to any diameter, a rectangle made of the segments of the inscript,
will be equal to a rectangle rr.ade of the intercepted diameter and parameter of the axis. From this last propriety
our author deduces the universality of his central rule for
the solution of ai! 2 biquadratic and cubic equations, however
affected or varied in terms or signs. After the synthesis
the author shews the analysis or method, by which he found
this rule which, in the opinion of Dr. R. Plot (who was then secretary to the royal society) is so good, that nothing can be expected more easy, simple, or universal.
ly 9, 1674. He proceeded, B. A. 1677; M. A. 1681; was elected fellow, March 1680; ordained deacon by bishop Compton of London, December 20, 1685; priest by bishop Barlow
, a very ingenious and learned antiquary, was descended from a family ancient and wellesteemed, distinguished by its loyalty and affection for the
crown. His grandfather, sir George Baker, knt. to whom
our author erected a monument in the great church at
Hull, almost ruined his family by his exertions for Charles I.
Being recorder of Newcastle, he kept that town, 1639,
against the Scots (as they themselves wrote to the parliament) with a “noble opposition.
” He borrowed large
sums upon his own credit, and sent the money to the king,
or laid it out in his service. His father was George Baker,
esq. of Crook, in the parish of Lanchester, in the county
of Durham, who married Margaret, daughter of Thomas
Forster of Edderston, in the county of Northumberland,
csq. Mr. Baker was born at Crook, September 14, 1656.
He was educated at the free-school at Durham, under Mr.
Battersby, many years master, and thence removed with
his elder brother George, to St. John’s college, Cambridge, and admitted, the former as pensioner, the latter
as fellow-commoner, under the tuition of Mr. Sanderson, July 9, 1674. He proceeded, B. A. 1677; M. A.
1681; was elected fellow, March 1680; ordained deacon by bishop Compton of London, December 20, 1685;
priest by bishop Barlow of Lincoln, December 19, 1686.
Dr. Watson, tutor of the college, who was nominated, but
not yet consecrated, bishop of St. David’s, offered to take
him for his chaplain, which he declined, probably on the
prospect of a like offer from Crew, lord bishop of Durham,
which he soon after accepted. His lordship collated him to
the rectory of Long- Newton in his diocese, and the same
county, June 1687; and, as Dr. Grey was informed by
some of the bishop’s family, intended to have given him
that of Sedgefieid, worth six or seven hundred pounds ayear, with a golden prebend, had he not incurred his displeasure, and left his family, for refusing to read king
James the Second’s declaration for liberty of conscience.
Mr. Baker himself gives the following account of this affair:
“When the king’s declaration was appointed to be read,
the most condescending thing the bishop ever did was coming to my chambers (remote from his) to prevail with me
to read it in his chapel at Auckland, which I could not do,
having wrote to my curate not to read it at my living at
Long-Newton. But he did prevail with the curate at Auckland to read it in his church, when the bishop was present
to countenance the performance. When all was over, the
bishop (as penance I presume) ordered me to go to the
dean to require him to make a return to court of the names
of all such as did not read it, which I did, though I was one
of the number.
” But this bishop, who disgraced Mr. Baker
for this refusal, and was excepted out of king William’s
pardon, took the oaths to that king, and kept his bishopric
till his death. Mr. Baker resigned Long-Newton August
1, 1690, refusing to take the oaths; and retired to his fellowship at St. John’s, in which he was protected till January
20, 1717, when, with one-and-twenty others, he was dispossessed of it. This hurt him most of all, not for the
profit he received from it but that some whom he thought
his sincerest friends came so readily into the new measures.
particularly Dr. Robert Jenkin the master, who wrote a defence of the profession of Dr. Lake, bishop of Chichester,
concerning the new oaths and passive obedience, and resigned his precentorship of Chichester, and vicarage of Waterbeach, in the county of Cambridge. Mr. Baker could
not persuade himself but he might have shewn the same
indulgence to his scruples on that occasion, as he had done
before while himself was of that way of thinking. Of all
his sufferings none therefore gave him so much uneasiness.
In a letter from Dr. Jenkin, addressed to Mr. Baker, fellow
of St. John’s, he made the following remark on the superscription “I was so then I little thought it should be by
him that I am now no fellow; but God is just, and I am a
sinner.
” After the passing the registering act, I thank you for your kind
concern for me; and yet I was very well apprized of the
late act, but do not think it worth while at this age, and
under these infirmities, to give myself and friends so much
trouble about it. I do not think that any living besides
myself knows surely that my annuity is charged upon any
part of my cousin Baker’s estate or if they do, I can
hardly believe that any one, for so poor and uncertain a reward, will turn informer or if any one be found so poorly
mean and base, I am so much acquainted with the hardships of the world, that I can bear it. I doubt not I shall
live under the severest treatment of my enemies or, if I
cannot live, I am sure I shall die, and that’s comfort enough
to me. If a conveyance will secure us against the act, I
am willing to make such a conveyance to them, not fraudulent or in trust, but in as full and absolute a manner as
words can make it and if that shall be thought good security, I desire you will have such a conveyance drawn and
sent me by the post, and I'll sign it and leave it with any
friend you shall appoint till it can be sent to you.
” He retained a lively resentment of his deprivations and wrote
himself in all his books, as well as in those which he gave
to the college library, “socius ejectus,
” and in some
“ejectus rector.
” He continued to reside in the college
as commoner-master till his death, which happened July 2,
1740, of a paralytic stroke, being found on the floor of his
chamber. In the afternoon of June 29, being alone in his
chamber, he was struck with a slight apoplectic fit, which
abating a little, he recovered his senses, and knew all about
him, who were his nephew Burton, Drs. Bedford and Heberden. He seemed perfectly satisfied and resigned and
when Dr. Bedford desired him to take some medicine then
ordered, he declined it, saying, he would only take his
usual sustenance, which his bedmaker knew the times and
quantities of giving he was thankful for the affection and
care his friends shewed him, but, hoping the time of his
dissolution was at hand, would by no means endeavour to
retard it. His disorder increased, and the third day from
this seizure he departed. He was buried in St. John’s outer
chapel, near the monument of Mr. Ash ton, who founded
his fellowship. No memorial has yet been erected over
him, he having forbidden it in his will. Being appointed
one of the executors of his elder brother’s will, by which a
large sum was bequeathed to pious uses, he prevailed on
the other two executors, who were his other brother Francis
and the hon. Charles Montague, to layout 1310l. of the
money upon an estate to be settled upon St. John’s college
for six exhibitioners. Mr. Masters gives a singular instance
f his unbiassed integrity in the disposal of these exhibitions. His friend Mr. Williams, rector of Doddington, had
applied to Mr. Baker for one of them for his son, and received the following answer
o much depreciated human learning, and is not always conclusive in his arguments. 2. “The preface to bishop Fisher’s funeral sermon for Margaret countess of Richmond and
Mr. Baker likewise gave the college lOOl. for the consideration of six pounds a-year (then legal interest) for his
life and to the library several choice books, both printed
and ms. medals, and coins besides what he left to it by
his will which were “all such books, printed and ms. as
he had, and were wanting there.
” All that Mr. Baker
printed was, 1. “Reflections on Learning, shewing the
insufficiency thereof in its several particulars, in order to
evince the usefulness and necessity of Revelation, London,
1710,
” which went through eight editions; and Mr. Boswell, in his “Method of Study,
” ranks it among the English classics for purity of style; a character perhaps too
high, yet it is a very ingenious work, and was at one time
one of the most popular books in our language. Its principal fault is, that the author has too much depreciated
human learning, and is not always conclusive in his arguments. 2. “The preface to bishop Fisher’s funeral sermon for Margaret countess of Richmond and Derby, 1708
”
both without his name. Dr. Grey had the original ms. of
both in his own hands. The latter piece is a sufficient
specimen of the editor’s skill in antiquities to make us regret that he did not live to publish his “History of St.
John’s college, from the foundation of old St. John’s house
to the present time; with some occasional and incidental
account of the affairs of the university, and of such private
colleges as held communication or intercourse with the old
house or college collected principally from Mss. and carlied on through a succession of masters to the end of
bishop Gunning’s mastership, 1670.
” The original, fit for
the press, is among the Harleian Mss. No. 7028. His ms
collections relative to the history and antiquities of the
university of Cambridge, amounting to thirty-nine volumes
in folio, and three in 4to, are divided between the British
Museum and thfe public library at Cambridge the former
possesses twenty-three volumes, which he bequeathed to
the earl of Oxford, his friend and patron the latter sixteen,
in folio, and three in 4to, which he bequeathed to the university. Dr. Knight styles him “the greatest master of
the antiquities of this our university;
” and Hearne says,
“Optandum est ut sua quoqn^ collectanea de antiquitatibus Cantabrigiensibus juris taciat publici cl. Bakerus, quippe qui eruditione summa judicioque acri et subacto polleat.
”
Mr. Baker intended something like an Athenae Cantabrigienses on the plan oLthe Athenae Oxonienses. Had he
lived to have completed his design, it would have far exceeded that work. With the application and industry of
Mr. Wood, Mr. Baker united a penetrating judgment and
a great correctness of style, and these improvements of the
mind were crowned with those amiable qualities of the
heart, candour and integrity. He is very frequently mentioned by the writers of his time, and always with high
respect. Although firm in his principles, he corresponded
with and assisted men of opposite ways of thinking, and
with the utmost readiness made them welcome to his collections. Among his contemporaries who distinguished
themselves in the same walk with himself, and derived
assistance from him, may be reckoned Mr. Hearne, Dr.
Knight, Dr. John Smith, Hilkiah Bedford, Browne Willis, Mr. Strype, Mr. Peck, Mr. Ames, Dr. Middleton, and
professor Ward. Two large volumes of his letters to
the first of these antiquaries are in the Bodleian library.
There is an indifferent print of him by Simon from a
xnemoriter picture but a very good likeness of him by
C. Bridges. Vertue was privately engaged to draw his
picture by stealth. Dr. Grey had his picture, of which Mr.
Burton had a copy by Mr. Ilitz. The Society of Antiquaries have another portrait of him. It was his custom, in
every book he had, or read, to write observations and an
account of the author. Of these a considerable number
are at St. John’s college, and several in the Bodleian library, among Dr. Rawiinson’s bequests. A fair transcript
of his select ms observations on Dr. Drake’s edition of
archbishop Parker, 1729, was some time ago in the hands
of Mr. Nichols. Dr. John Bedford of Durham had Mr. Baker’s copy of the “Hereditary Right,
” greatly enriched by
him. Dr. Grey, who was advised with about the disposal of
the books, had his copy of Spelman’s Glossary. Mr. Crow
married a sister of Mr. Baker’s nephew, Burton; and, on
Burton’s death intestate in the autumn after his uncle, became possessed of every thing. What few papers of Mr.
Baker’s were among them, he let Mr. Smith of Burnhall
see and they being thought of no account, were destroyed,
excepting the deed concerning the exhibitions at St. John’s,
his own copy of the historyof the college, notes on the
foundress’s funeral sermon, and the deed drawn for creating him chaplain to bishop Crew, in the month and year of
the revolution, the day left blank, and the deed unsubscribed by the bishop, as if rejected by him.
burgh, in 1469, fol. also a very rare book. This John Balbi is to be distinguished from Jerom Balbo, bishop of Goritz, who died at Venice in 1535, author of the following
, a Genoese Dominican, named also
Janua or Januensis, composed, in the thirteenth century,
Commentaries, and several >ther works. His “Catholicon,
seu Summa Grammaticalis,
” was printed at Mentz, De rebus Turcicis,
” Rome, De civili et beliica Fortitudine,
” De futuris Caroli V. successibus,
” Bologna, Carmina,
” in the “Deliciae Poetarum Italorum,
”
and in Opera Poetica, Oratoria, ac Poetica-moralia,
” Vienna,
2 vols. 8vo.
, a Spanish poet, was bishop of St. John in Porto Rico, in North America, to which he was
, a Spanish poet, was bishop of St. John in Porto Rico, in North America, to which
he was appointed in 1620. He was a native of Valdepeguas, a village in the diocese of Toledo, took his doctor’s degree at Salamanca, from whence he was sent to
America, and had the charge of judicature in Jamaica, and
then was made bishop of Porto Rico. He was there when
in 1625 it was plundered by the Dutch, who carried away
his library. He died in 1627. He is reputed to be one
of the first poets Spain has produced, although one of the
least known. His productions are, a heroic poem, printed
at Madrid, 4to, in 1624, entitled “El Bernardo, 6 Victoria de Roncesvalles;
” ten eclogues, entitled “Siecle d‘or
dans les bois d’Eriphile,
” Madrid, 8vo, the grandeur of Mexico,
” printed
at the same place,
e Loire, according to others, -flourished in the twelfth century. He was abbé of Bourgueil, in 1089, bishop of Dol, in Britanny, in 1114, and 1115 he received the pallium
, a French historian, a native of Orleans, according to some writers, or of Mehun, a small town on the Loire, according to others, -flourished in the twelfth century. He was abbé of Bourgueil, in 1089, bishop of Dol, in Britanny, in 1114, and 1115 he received the pallium from pope Paschal II. at the council of Rheims. About the year 1095, he had assisted at the council of Clermont, held upon account of the holy war, of which he wrote a history in four books, from its commencement to the taking of Jerusalem by Godfrey of Boulogne in 1099. He wrote also various works of the historical kind in verse and prose, with the life of Robert D'Abrissel, founder of the order of Fontevraud. Michael Cosnier, curate of Poitiers, published an edition of this life, with very curious notes and Du Chesne has printed Balderic’s poems in the fourth volume of his collection of French writers. Balderic is said to have died Jan. 7, 1131, but this does not agree with his epitaph, which says that he was bishop of Dol twenty-two years, to which, as mentioned above, he was appointed in 1114.
, bishop of London in the reigns of Edward I. and II. was educated at
, bishop of London in the reigns
of Edward I. and II. was educated at Merton college in
Oxford, became archdeacon of Middlesex, and, in 1294,
dean of St. Paul’s. The see of London being vacant by
the death of Richard de Gravesend, Baldock was unanimously chosen, Sept. 20, 1304. But, his election being
controverted, he was obliged to repair to Rome and,
having obtained the pope’s confirmation, was consecrated
at Lyons by Peter Hispanus, cardinal of Alba, Jan. 30,
1306. Being returned into England, he made profession of canonical obedience to the archbishop in the
church of Canterbury, March 22, 1306. The same
year he was appointed by the pope one of the commissioners for the examination of the articles alleged
against the knights templars, and in that year also
he was made lord high chancellor of England but Edward I. dying soon after, he held that post little more than
a year. Dec. 2, 1308, this prelate, with the approbation
of the chapter, settled a stipend on the chancellor of St.
Paul’s for reading lectures in divinity in that church, according to a constitution of his predecessor, Richard de
Gravesend. He contributed 200 marks towards building
the chapel of St. Mary, on the east side of St. Paul’s. He
founded also a chantry of two priests in the said church,
near the altar of St. Erkenwald. He was a person of a very
amiable character, both for morals and learning, and deserved well of his country by his writings, which were,
1. “Historia Anglica, or a history of the British affairs
down to his own time.
” It is not now extant, though Leland says he saw it at London. 2. “A collection of the
statutes and constitutions of the church of St. Paul’s,
” extant in the library of that cathedral in
at Westminster. The same year, the king having given the see of York to his bastard brother Geoffry bishop of Lincoln, archbishop Baldwin took this occasion to assert
, archbishop of Canterbury in the reigns of
Henry II. and Richard I. was born of obscure parents at
Exeter, where he received a liberal education, and in his
younger years taught school. Afterwards, entering into
holy orders, he was made archdeacon of Exeter; but soon
quitting that dignity and the world, he took the habit of
the Cistertian order in the monastery of Ford in Devonshire, and in a few years became its abbot. From thence
he was promoted to the see of Worcester (not Winchester, as Dupin says), and consecrated August 10, 1180. Upon
the death of Richard, archbishop of Canterbury in 1184,
he was translated to that see, with some difficulty, being
the first of his order in England, that was ever advanced to
the archiepiscopal dignity. He was enthroned at Canterbury the 19th of May 1185, and the same day received
the pall from pope Lucius III. whose successor Urban III.
appointed him his legate for the diocese of Canterbury.
Soon after he was settled in his see, he began to build a
church and monastery at Hackington, near Canterbury, in
honour of St. Thomas Becket, for the reception of secular
priests but, being violently opposed by the monks of
Canterbury, supported by the pope’s authority, he was
obliged to desist. The 3d of September 1189, he solemnly
performed the ceremony of crowning king Richard I. at
Westminster. The same year, the king having given the
see of York to his bastard brother Geoffry bishop of Lincoln, archbishop Baldwin took this occasion to assert the
pre-eminence of the see of Canterbury,' forbidding the
bishops of England to receive consecration from any other
than the archbishop of Canterbury. The next year, designing to follow king Richard to the Holy Land, he made
a progress into Wales, where he performed mass pontifically in all the cathedral churches, and induced several of
the Welsh to join the crusade. Afterwards embarking at
Dover, with Hubert bishop of Salisbury, he arrived at the
king’s army in Syria where being seized with a mortal
distemper, he died at the siege of Acre, or Ptolemais, and
was buried there. Giraldus Cambrensis, who accompanied
this prelate, both in his progress through Wales and in
his expedition to the Hgly Land, tells us, he was of a dark
complexion, an open and pleasing aspect, a middling stature, and a spare, but healthful, constitution of body
modest and sober, of great abstinence, of few words, and
not easily provoked to anger. The only fault he charges
him with is a remissness in the execution of his pastoral
office, arising from an innate lenity of temper whence
pope Urban III. in a letter addressed to our archbishop,
began thus, “Urban, &c. to the most fervent monk, warm
abbot, lukewarm bishop, and remiss archbishop
” intimating, that he behaved better as a monk than as an abbot,
and as a bishop than as an archbishop. His principal
works were, 1. “Of the Sacrament of the Altar.
” 2. “Faith
recommended.
” 3. “Of Orthodox Opinions. 4.
” Of
Heretical Sects.“5.
” Of the Unity of Charity.“6.
” Of
Love.“7.
” Of the Priesthood of John Hircanus.“8.
” Of the Learning of Giraldus.“9.
” Thirty-three
Sermons.“10.
” Concerning the Histories of Kings.“11.
” Against Henry bishop of Winchester.“12.
” In
praise of Virginity.“13.
” Concerning the Message of
the Angel.“14.
” Of the Gross.“15.
” Concerning
Mythology.“16.
” A Devotionary Poem.“17.
” Letters," These were collected and published by Bertrand
Tissier, in 1662.
, in Latin Baleus or Balæus, bishop of Ossory in Ireland, about the middle of the sixteenth century,
, in Latin Baleus or Balæus, bishop of Ossory in Ireland, about the middle of the sixteenth century, was born the 21st of November 1495, at Cove, a small village in Suffolk, near Dunwich. His parents, whose names were Henry and Margaret, being incumbered with a large family, young Bale was entered, at twelve years of age, in the monastery of Carmelites at Norwich, and from thence was sent to Jesus college in Cambridge. He was educated in the Romish religion but afterwards, at the instigation of the lord Wentworth, turned Protestant, and gave a proof of his having renounced one of the errors of popery (the celibacy of the clergy) by immediately marrying his wife Dorothy. This, as may be conjectured, exposed him to the persecution of the Romish clergy, against whom he was protected by lord Cromwell, favourite of king Henry VIII. But, on Cromwell’s death, Bale was forced to retire into the LowCountries, where he resided eight years; during which, time he wrote several pieces in English. He was then recalled into England by king Edward VI. and obtained the living of Bishop’s Stocke in the county of Southampton. The 15th of August 1552, he was nominated by king Edward, who happened to be at Southampton, to the see of Ossory. This promotion he appears to have owed to his accidentally waiting on his majesty to pay his respects to him. Edward, who had been told he was dead, expressed his surprize and satisfaction at seeing him alive, and immediately appointed him to the bishopric, which he refused at first, alleging his poverty, age, and want of health. The king, however, would not admit of these excuses, and Bale set off for Dublin, where Feb. 2, 1553, he was consecrated by the archbishop. On this occasion, when he found that it was become a question whether the common prayer published in England should be used, he positively refused to be consecrated according to the old popish form, and remaining inflexible, the new form was used. He underwent, however, a variety of persecutions from the popish party in Ireland, and all his endeavours to reform the people and priesthood in his diocese, and to introduce the reformed religion, were not only frustrated by the death of Edward VI. and the accession of queen Mary, but in the mean time exasperated the savage fury of his enemies so much, that he found it necessary to withdraw from his see, and remain concealed in Dublin. Afterwards, endeavouring to make his escape in a small trading vessel in that port, he was taken prisoner by the captain of a Dutch man of war, who rifled him of all his money, apparel, and effects. This ship was driven by stress of weather into St. Ives in Cornwall, where our prelate was taken up on suspicion of treason, but was soon discharged. From thence, after a cruize of several days, the ship arrived in Dover road, where he was again in danger by a false accusation. Arriving afterwards in Holland, he was kept a prisoner three weeks, and then obtained his liberty on the payment of thirty pounds. From Holland he retired to Basil in Switzerland and continued abroad during the short reigu of queen Mary. On the accession of queen Elizabeth, he returned to England, but not to his bishopric in Ireland, contenting himself with a prebend in the cathedral church of Canterbury, to which he was promoted the 15th of January, 1560. He died Nov. 1563, in the 68th year of his age, at Canterbury, and was buried in the cathedral of that place.
Bishop Bale’s fame now principally rests on his valuable collection
Bishop Bale’s fame now principally rests on his valuable
collection of British biography, which was first published,
under the title of “lllustrium Majoris Britanniae scriptorum, hoc est, Anglic, Cambriae et Scotia?, Summarium,
”
Ipswich, 1549, 4to, containing only five centuries of writers. To these he added afterwards four more centuries,
with many additions and improvements on the first edition,
the whole printed in a large folio, at Basil, by Oporinus,
1559. The title is greatly enlarged, and informs us, that
the writers, whose lives are there treated of, are those of
the Greater Britain, namely, England and Scotland that
the work commences from Japhet, one of the sons of Noah,
and is carried down through a series of 3618 years, to the
year of our Lord 1557, at which time the author was an exile
for religion in Germany that it is collected from a great
variety of authors, as Berosus, Gennadius, Bede, Honorius,
Boston of Bury, Fruaientarius, Capgrave, Bostius, BureU
lus, Trithemius, Gesner, and our great antiquary John
Leland that it consists of nine centuries, comprises the
antiquity, origin, annals, places, successes, the more remarkable actions, sayings, and writings of each author; in
all which a due regard is had to chronology the whole
with this particular view, that the actions of the reprobate
as well as the elect ministers of the church may historically
and aptly correspond with the mysteries described in the
Revelation, the stars, angels, horses, trumpets, thunder ings, heads, horns, mountains, vials, and plagues, through
every age of the same church. There are appendixes to
many of the articles, and an account of such actions of the
contemporary popes as are omitted by their flatterers, Cargulanus, Platina, &c. together with the actions of the monks,
particularly those of the mendicant order, who (he says)
are meant by the locusts in the Revelation, ch. ix. ver. 3
and 7. To these Appendixes is added a perpetual succession both of the holy fathers and the antichrists of the
church, with curious instances from the histories of various
nations and countries in order to expose their adulteries,
debaucheries, strifes, seditions, sects, deceits, poisonings,
murders, treasons, and innumerable impostures. The book
is dedicated to Otho Henry, prince palatine of the Rhine,
duke of both the Bavarias, and elector of the Roman empire and the epistle dedicatory is dated from Basil in
September, 1557. Afterwards^ in 1559, appeared a continuation of the workj with the addition of five more centuries (which the editors of the Biog. Brit, call a new edition). His other works are divided by Fuller into two parts,
those he wrote when a papist, and those when a protestant:
but Fuller’s list containing only the subjects of his works,
and not the titles or dates, we shall prefer the following list
from Ames and Herbert; premising, that, according to
Fox, in his Acts and Monuments, Bale wrote some books
under the name of John “Harrison. He was the sou of
Henry Bale, and on that account, perhaps, took the name
of Harrison l.
” The Actes of Englysh Votaries, comprehending their unchast practyses and examples by all ages >
from the world’s beginning to this present year, collected
out of their own legendes and chronicles, 8vo, 1546> 1548,
1551, and 1560. 2. “Yet a course at the Homy she Fox,
”
by John Harrison, i. e. Bale, Zurich, Declaration of William Tolwyn,
” London, date uncertain, Ames says The Apology of JohanBale agaynste a ranke
Papyst, answering both hym and hys doctours, that neyther their vowes nor yet their pricsthotic are of the gospel,
but of Antichrist;
” with this, “A brefe exposycion upon,
the xxx chapter of Numeri,
” London, 15,50, 8vo. 4. “An
Expostulation or Coinplaynt, agaynste the blasphemy es of
a frantic Papyst of Hamshyrc,
” with metrical versions ef
the 23d and 130th Psalms,“London, 1552, and 1584, 8vo.
5.
” The Image of both Churches, after the most wonderiul and heavenly Revelation of Sainct John the Evangelist,
contayning a very fruitefull exposicion or paraphrase upon
the same,“first, second, and third parts, London, 1550, and
1584, 8vo. 6. A brefe Chronicle concerning the examination and death of the blessed Martir of Christ, Sir Johan
Oldecastle, Lord Cobham,
” 1544 and 1576, 8vo, reprinted
also in 1729. 7. “The vocacyon of Johan Bale to the
Bishoprick of Ossorie in Ireland, his persecucions in the
same, and final deliveraunce,
” London, A Declaration
of Edmonde Bonner’s Articles, concerning the Cleargye
of London Dyocese, whereby that execrable amychriste is
in his righte colours reueled in the year of our Lord 1554.
Newlye set fourth and allowed,
” London, 1561, 8vo. 9,
“The Pageant of Popes, containing the lyves of all the
bishops of Rome from the beginninge of them to the yeare
of grace 1555, London, 4to, 1574. This is a translation
from Bale’s Latin edition, by J. S. i. e. John Stu'dley. 10.
” A new Comedy or Interlude, concerning the Laws of
Nature, Moises, and Christ,“London, 1562, 4to. This
was written in 1532, and first printed in the time of Edward VI. 11.
” A Tragedie or Enterlucle, manifesting the
chief promises of God unto man, by all ages in the olde
lawe, from the fall of Adam to the incarnation,“London,
1577, 4to. 12.
” A Mystereye of Inyquyte contayned
within the heretycall genealogye of Ponce Pantolabus, is
here both dysclosed and confuted,“Geneva, 1545, 16mo.
13.
” The First Examination of the worthy servaunt of God
Mastres Anne Askew,“Marpurg, 1546, 16mo, and the
” Lattre Examinacion“of the same, ibid. 1547. 14.
” A
brife and fay th full declaration of the true Faith in Christ,“1547, IGmo. Mr. Herbert conjectures this to be Bale’s.
The initials only of the author are given. 15.
” The laboryouse journey and serche of Johan Leylande, for En glandes Antiquitees, &c.“London, 1549, 16mo, reprinted
in the Life of Leland (with those of Wood and Hearne)
1772, and followed there by a memoir of Bale. 16.
” The
confession -of the synner after the sacred scriptures, 1549,
8vo. 17. “A Dialogue or Communycacyon to be had at
a table between two chyldren gathered out of the Holy
Scriptures, by John Bale for his two yonge sonnes, Johan
acid Paule,
” London, Bapt.
Mantuanus’s treatise on Death,
” London, The true hystorie of the Christen departynge of the reverend man D. Martyne Luther, &c.
” A
godly Medytacyon of the Christen Soule, from the French
of Margaret queen of Navarre,
” London, probably, Acts of.
the English Votaries,
” and other pieces written against the
Papists, are best known, although censured for their intemperance and partiality. The character, indeed, of few
writers has been more variously represented., Gesner,
in his Bibliotheca, calls him a writer of the greatest diligence, and bishop Godwin gives him the character of a
laborious inquirer into British antiquities. Similar praise
is bestowed on him by Humphrey in his “Vaticinium de
Koma,
” and by Vogler in his “Introduct. Universal, in
notit. Scriptor.
” who also excuses his asperity against the
Papists, from what England had suffered from them, and
adds, that even the popish writers cannot help praising his
great biographical work. On the other hand, bishop Montague, Andreas Valerius, and Vossius, while they allow his
merit as a writer, object to his warmth and partiality. Pitts,
his successor in British biography, and a bigotted Papist,
rails against him without mercy, or decency, but may be
forgiven on account of the pains he took to give us a more
correct book, or at least, what could be alleged on the
other side of the question. Even Fuller imputes intemperance of mind to him, and calls him “Biliosus Balseus,
”
imputing his not being made a bishop, on his return, by
queen Elizabeth, to this cause but it is equally probable,
that he had conceived some prejudices against the hierarchy,
while residing with the Geneva reformers abroad. We
know this was the case with Coverdale, a man of less equivocal character. Wharton, in his “Anglia Sacra,
” and
Nicolson, in his “Historical Library,
” censure those
errors which in Bale were either unavoidable, or wilful, in
dates, titles of books,- and needlessly multiplying the latter. After all these objections, it will not appear surprising that Bale’s work was speedily inserted among the
prohibited books, in the Index Expurgatorius. Such a
writer was naturally to be forbidden, as an enemy to the
see of Rome. From one accusation, the late Dr. Pegge has
amply defended him in his “Anonymiana
” It was said
that after he had transcribed the titles of the volumes of
English writers which fell into his hands, he either burnt
them or tore them to pieces. This calumny was first pub^
lished by Struvius in his “Acta Literaria,
” upon the authority of Barthius. Upon the whole, with every deduction that can be made from his great work, it must ever be
considered as the foundation of English biography, and as
such, men of all parties have been glad to consult it, although with the caution necessary in all works written in
times of great animosity of sentiment, and political and
religious controversy.
ilvius’s letter to the Rev. Dr, Sherlock.” Both of these performances were written in vindication of bishop Hoadly. Mr. Stehbing having written against these pamphlets,
, an eminent divine of the church of
England in the last century, was born on the 12th of August
1686, at Sheffield in Yorkshire. His father, Thomas JBalguy, who died in 1696, was master of the free grammarschool in that place, and from him he received the first
rudiments of his grammatical education. After his father’s
death he was put under the instruction of Mr. Daubuz,
author of a commentary on the Revelations, who succeeded
to the mastership of the same school, Sept. 23, 1696, for
whom he always professed a great respect. In 1702 he
was admitted of St. John’s college, Cambridge, under the
care of Dr. Edmondson and of Dr. Lambert, afterwards
master of that college. He frequent^ lamented, in the
succeeding part of his life, that he had wasted nearly two
years of his residence there in reading romances. But, at
the end of that tinie happening to meet with Livy, he went
through him with great delight, and afterwards applied himself to serious studies. In 1705-6, he was admitted to the
degree of B. A. and to that of M. A. in 1726. Soon after
he had taken his bachelor’s degree, he quitted the university, and was engaged, for a while, in teaching the free
school at Sheffield, but whether he was chosen master, oxonly employed during a vacancy, does not appear. On
the 15th of July 1708, he was taken into the family of Mr.
Banks, as private tutor to his son, Joseph Banks, esq. air
terwards of Reresby in the county of Lincoln, and
grandfather of the present sir Joseph Banks, K. B. so eminently
distinguished for his skill in natural history, and the expences, labours, and voyages, he has undergone to promote
that part of science. Mr. Balguy, in 1710, was admitted to deacon’s orders, and in 1711 to priest’s by Dr. Sharp,
archbishop of York. By Mr. Banks’ s means, he was introduced to the acquaintance of Mr. Bright of Badsworth, in
the county of York, and was by him recommended to his
father, sir Henry Liddel, of llavensworth castle, who in
1711 took Mr. Balguy into his family, and bestowed upon
him the donative of Lamesly and Tanfield in that county.
For the first four years after he had obtained thissmall preferment, he did not intermit one week without composing
a new sermon and desfrous that so excellent an example
should be followed by his son, he destroyed almost his
whole stock, and committed, at one time, two hundred and
fifty to the flames. In July 1715, he married Sarah,
daughter of Christopher and Sarah Broomhead of Sheffield. She was born in 1686, and by her he had only a
son, the late Dr. Thomas Balguy, archdeacon of Winchester. After his marriage he left sir Henry Liddel' s family,
and lived at a house not far distant, called Cox close, where
he enjoyed, for many years, the friendship of George
Liddel, esq. member for Berwick-upon-Tweed, a younger
son of sir Henry, who usually resided at Raven sworth
castle. The first occasion of Mr. Balguy’s appearance as
an author, was afforded by the Bangorian controversy. In
1718 he published, without his name, “Silvius’s examination of certain doctrines lately taught and defended by the.
llev. Mr. Stebbing;
” and, in the following year, “Silvius’s
letter to the Rev. Dr, Sherlock.
” Both of these performances were written in vindication of bishop Hoadly. Mr.
Stehbing having written against these pamphlets, Mr. Balguy, in 1720, again appeared from the press, in the cause
of the-bishop, in a tract entitled “Silvius’s defence of a
dialogue between a Papist and a Protestant, in answer to
the Rev. Mr. Stebbing; to which are added several remarks
and observations upon that author’s manner of writing.
”
This also being answered by Mr. Stebbing, Mr. Balguy
had prepared a farther defence but Dr. Hoadly prevailed
Upon him to suppress it, on account of the public’s having
grown weary of the controversy, and the unwillingness of
the booksellers to venture upon any new works relating to
it, at their own risk, For a different reason the bishop
persuaded him, though with difficulty, to abstain from printing
another piece which he had written, called “A letter to
Dr. Clarke/' of whom, through his whole life, he was a great
admirer. In 1726 he published
” A letter to a deist cocerning the beauty and excellence of Moral Virtue, and the
support and improvement which it receives from the Christian revelation.“In this treatise he has attacked, with the
greatest politeness, and with equal strength of reason, some
of the principles advanced by lord Shaftesbury, in his
” Inquiry concerning Virtue.“On the 25th of January,
1727-8, Mr. Balguy was collated, by bishop Hoadly, to a
prebend in the church of Salisbury, among the advantages
of which preferment was the right of presenting to four
livings, and of presenting alternately to two others. The
best of them did not fall in his life-time. But two
small livings were disposed of by him one to the Rev.
Christopher Robinson, who married his wife’s sister; the
other to his own son. In 1727 or 1728, he preached an
assize sermon at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, the subject of
which was party spirit. It was printed by order of the
judges, and either inscribed or dedicated to Dr. Talbot,
bishop of Durham.
” The foundation of Moral Goodness,
or a farther inquiry into the original of our idea of Virtue,“was published by him in 1728, This performance, which
is written in a very masterly and candid manner, was in,
answer to Mr. Hutcheson’s
” Inquiry into the original of
our ideas of Beauty and Virtue“and its design is to shew
that moral goodness does not depend solely upon instincts
and affections, but is grounded on the unalterable reason of
things. Mr. Balguy acquired, about this time, the friendship of Dr. Talbot, bishop of Durham, for which he was
chiefly indebted to Dr. llundle, afterwards bishop of Derry
though something, perhaps, might be due to his acquaintance with Dr. Benson, Dr. Seeker, and Dr. Butler. Through
the assistance of his friends in the chapter of Durham, supported by the good offices of bishop Talbot, he obtained,
on the 12th of August 1729, the vicarage of North-AJlerton in Yorkshire, at that time worth only 270l. a year, on
which preferment he continued to his death. This was, in
some measure, his own fault, for he neglected all the usual
methods of recommending himself to his superiors. He had
many invitations from Dr. Blackburne, archbishop of York,
and Dr. Chandler, bishop of Durham but he constantly
refused to accept of them. In the same year he published
”The second part of the foundation of Moral Goodness
illustrating and enforcing the principles and reasonings
contained in the former being an answer to certain remarks communicated by a gentleman to the author.“The
writer of these remarks was lord Darcy. His next publication was
” Divine Rectitude or, a brief inquiry concerning the Moral Perfections of the Deity, particularly in
respect of Creation and Providence.“A question then
much agitated was, concerning the first spring of action in
the Deity. This is asserted by our author to be rectitude,
while Mr. Grove contended that it is wisdom, and Mr.
Bayes, a dissenting minister of Tunbridge, that it is benevolence. The difference between Mr. Grove and Mr. Balguy was chiefly verbal but they both differed materially
from Mr. Bayes, as they supposed that God might have
ends in view, distinct from, and sometimes interfering with
the happiness of his creatures. The essay on divine rectitude was followed by
” A second letter to a deist, concerning a late book, entitled ‘ Christianity as old as the Creation,’ more particularly that chapter which relates to Dr.
Clarke.“To this succeeded
” The law of Truth, or the
obligations of reason essential to all religion to which are
prefixed some remarks supplemental to a late tract entitled
“Divine Rectitude.
” All the treatises that have been
mentioned (excepting the assize sermon, and the pieces which were written in the Bangorian controversy) were
collected, after having gone through several separate editions, by Mr. Balguy, into one volume, and published
with a dedication to bishop Hoadly. This dedication was
reprinted in the late edition of the works of that prelate,
together with two letters of the bishop relating to it, one to
Mr. Balguy, and the other to lady Sundon. The greatest
regard for our author is expressed by Dr. Hoadly in both
these letters, and he acknowledges the pleasure it gave him
to receive the sincere praises of a man whom he so highly
esteemed. In 1741 appeared Mr. Balguy’s “Essay on
Redemption,
” in which he explains the doctrine of the
atonement in a manner similar to that of Dr. Taylor of
Norwich, but Hoadly was of opinion he had not succeeded.
This, and his volume of sermons, iittluding six which had
been published before, were the last pieces committed by
him to the press . A posthumous volume was afterwards
printed, which contained almost the whole of the sermons
he left behind him. Mr, Balguy may justly he reckoned
among the divines and writers who rank with Clarke and
Hoadly, in maintaining what they term the cause of rational
religion and Christian liberty. His tracts will be allowed
to be masterly in their kind, by those who may not entireJy
agree with the philosophical principles advanced in them
and his sermons have long been held in esteem, as some of
the best in the English language. He was remarkable for
his moderation to dissenters of every denomination, not excepting even Roman Catholics, though no man had a
greater abhorrence of popery. Among the Presbyterians
and Quakers he had a number of friends, whom he loved
and valued, and with several of them he kept up a correspondence of letters as well as visits. Among other dissenters of note, he was acquainted with the late lord Barrington, and Philips Glover, esq. of Lincolnshire, author of
an “Inquiry concerning Virtue and Happiness,
” published
after his decease in From two letters of bishop Hoadly to
Mr. Balguy, it appears that both the bishop and Dr. Clarke
were exceedingly fearful of any thing’s being published
which might be prejudicial to the doctor’s interest so that
he could not then (1720) have come to the resolution
which he afterwards formed, of declining farther preferment, rather than repeat his subscription to the thirty-nine
articles. The solicitude of Dr. Hoadly and Dr. Clarke to
prevent Mr. Balguy’s intended publication, was the more
remarkable, as it did not relate to the Trinity, or to any
obnoxious point in theology; but to the natural immortality
of the soul, and such philosophical questions as might have
been deemed of an innocent and indifferent nature.
”
ich he vacated in 1771, on being presented to the vicarage of Alton in Hampshire. By the interest of bishop Hoadly, he obtained a prebend at Winchester, 1757, became archdeacon
, D. D. son of the above, was born at his father’s residence at Cox-close, near Ravensworth castle, Sept. 27, 1716, and was admitted of St. John’s college, Cambridge, about 1732. He proceeded B.A. 1737, M. A. 1741, and S.T.P. 1758, In 1746, he was presented by his father to the North mediety or rectory of North Stoke, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, which was probably the first preferment he had, and which he vacated in 1771, on being presented to the vicarage of Alton in Hampshire. By the interest of bishop Hoadly, he obtained a prebend at Winchester, 1757, became archdeacon of Salisbury in 1759, and afterwards archdeacon of Winchester. We have his own authority in his life of his father, as given in the Biog. Britannica, that he owed all his preferments to bishop Hoadly, from whose latitudinarian principles, however, he appears to have departed more widely than his father.
hed in Lamv foeth chapel, Feb. 12, 1769, at the consecration of the right rev. Dr. Shute Barrington, bishop of Llandaff.” This was attempted to be answered by Dr. Priestley
In 1769, he published “A Sermon preached in Lamv
foeth chapel, Feb. 12, 1769, at the consecration of the
right rev. Dr. Shute Barrington, bishop of Llandaff.
” This
was attempted to be answered by Dr. Priestley in a vague
and unargumentative pamphlet, entitled “Observations on
Church Authority.
” In A
charge delivered to the Clergy
” of his archdeaconry, which
produced a reply from the rev. John Palmer, a dissenting
minister, dated Macclesfield. In 1775, Dr. Balguy published “A sermon on the respective Duties of Ministers
and People, at the consecration of the right rev. Richard
Hurd, D. D. bishop of Lichfield and Coventry, and the
right rev. John Moore, D.D. bishop of Bangor,
” Feb. 12.
4to, which produced “Remarks on Dr. Balguy’s Sermon,
in a letter to that gentleman, by one of the petitioning
clergy.
” In Divine Benevolence asserted, and vindicated from the
reflections of ancient and modern sceptics,
” 8vo, which is
thought by far the ablest of his performances, but was only
part of a larger dissertation on natural religion, which he
did not live to complete. In 1785, he republished his
father’s “Essay on Redempton,
” with a preface seemingly
intended to bring his father’s sentiments nearer to the orthodox belief. A collection of his sermons and charges
appeared the same year under the title of “Discourses on
various subjects,
” 8vo. He died Jan. 19, 1795, in his
seventy-ninth year, at his prebendal house at Winchester,
and was buried in the cathedral, with an inscription giving
him the character of a sincere and exemplary Christian, a
sound and accurate scholar, a strenuous and able defender
of the Christian religion, and of the church of England.
me, having got a sum of money, he came up to London, and procured himself to be ordained by an Irish bishop, without subscription. Soon after, he removed into Staffordshire,
, a Puritan divine of the seventeenth century, was born in 1585> of an obscure family, at Cassington or Chersington, near Woodstock in Oxfordshire* He
was educated in grammar learning at a private school, under the vicar of Yarnton, a mile distant from Cassington
and was admitted a student of Brazen-nose college in Oxford in 1602. He continued there about five years, in
the condition of a servitor, and under the discipline of a severe tutor and from thence he removed to St. Mary’s hall,
and took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1608. Soon
after, he was invited into Cheshire, to be tutor to the lady
Cholmondeley’s children and here he became acquainted
witli some rigid Puritans, whose principles he imbibecL
About this time, having got a sum of money, he came up
to London, and procured himself to be ordained by an Irish
bishop, without subscription. Soon after, he removed into
Staffordshire, and in 1610 became curate of Whitmore, a
chapel of ease to Stoke. Here he lived in a mean condition, upon a salary of about twenty pounds a year, and the
profits of a little school. Mr. Baxter tells us, “he deserved as high esteem and honour as the best bishop in
England yet looking after no higher things, but living
comfortably and prosperously with these.' 7 He has, among
the Puritan writers, the character of an excellent schooldivine, a painful preacher, and a learned and ingenious
author and, though he was not well affected to ceremonies
and church discipline, yet he wrote against those who
thought such matters a sufficient ground for separation,
He died the 20th of October, 1640, aged about fifty-five,
and was buried in the church of Whitmore. Although he
is represented above, on the authority of Ant. Wood, as
living in a mean condition, it appears by Clarke’s more
ample account, that he was entertained in the house of
Edward Mainwaring, esq. a gentleman of Whitmore, and
afterwards supplied by him with a house, in which he lived
comfortably with a wife and seven children. He was likewise very much employed in teaching, and particularly in,
preparing young men for the university. His works are,
1.
” A short treatise concerning all the principal grounds
of the Christian Religion, &c.“fourteen times printed
before the year 1632, and translated into the Turkish language by William Seaman, an English traveller. 2.
” A
treatise of Faith, in two parts the first shewing the nature,
the second, the life of faith,“London, 1631, and 1637,
4to, with a commendatory preface, by Richard Sibbs.
3.
” Friendly trial of the grounds tending to Separation,
in a plain and modest dispute touching the unlawfulness of
stinted Liturgy and set form of Common Prayer, communion in mixed assemblies, and the primitive subject and
first receptacle of the power of the keys, &c.“Cambridge,
1640, 4to. 4.
” An Answer to two treatises of Mr. John
Can, the first entitled A necessity of Separation from the
Church of England, proved by the Nonconformist’s principles; the other, A stay against Straying; wherein^ in
opposition to Mr. John Robinson, he undertakes to prove
the unlawfulness of hearing the ministers of the church of
England,“London, 1642, 4to, published by Simeon Ash.
The epistle to the reader is subscribed by Thomas Langley,
William Rathband, Simeon Ash, Francis Woodcock, and
George Croft, Presbyterians. After our author had finished
this last book, he undertook a large ecclesiastical treatise,
in which he proposed to lay open the nature of schism, and
to handle the principal controversies relating to the essence
and government of the visible church. He left fifty sheets
of this work finished. The whole was too liberal for those
of his brethren who were for carrying their nonconformity
into hostility against the church. 5.
” Trial of the new
Church- way in New-England and Old, &c.“London, 1644,
4to. 6.
” A treatise of the Covenant of Grace,“London,
1645, 4to, published by his great admirer Simeon Ash.
7.
” Of the power of Godliness, both doctrinally and practically handled,“&c. To which are annexed several treatises, as, I. Of the Affections. II. Of the spiritual Combat. III. Of the Government of the Tongue. IV. Of
Prayer, with an exposition on the Lord’s Prayer, London,
1657, fol. 8.
” A treatise of Divine Meditation," Lond.
1660, 12mo.
as well as that of St. Raiinond de Pegnafort; 2. The works of St. Leo the Great; 3. Those of Gilbert bishop of Verona 4. A complete edition of all the works of cardinal
, brothers, born at Verona, the former in 1698, the latter in 1702, were both of them priests and scholars, especially in ecclesiastical history. United by a common predilection for the same studies, no less than by the ties of blood, they studied usually together, dividing their labour according to their particular talents. Subjects purely theological and canonical fell to the lot of Peter points of history and criticism became the task of Jerom. The former died in 1769. Besides several works of their own, the public is indebted to their care for the correct editions of 1. The Summa Theological is of St. Antoninus, as well as that of St. Raiinond de Pegnafort; 2. The works of St. Leo the Great; 3. Those of Gilbert bishop of Verona 4. A complete edition of all the works of cardinal Noris, with notes, dissertations, &c. printed at Verona 1732, 4 vols. fol. 5. A small tract, in Italian, on the method of study, Verona, 1724, Rome, 1757.
arnay, in 1700, and entered the order of the barefooted Carmelites. He was afterwards promoted to be bishop of Babylon, and French consul, and during his residence in the
, a French antiquary, was born
at Marnay, in 1700, and entered the order of the barefooted Carmelites. He was afterwards promoted to be
bishop of Babylon, and French consul, and during his residence in the east, acquired the esteem and confidence of
the native powers, as well as of the French merchants.
He published “Relation faite a Rome, 1754, a le pape
Benoit XIV. du commencement, du progres, et de l'etat
present de la mission de Babylone,
” Fr. and Lat. Rome,
1754, 12mo, which, although often reprinted, is nowscarce. He had also a taste for the fine, arts, and formed
a noble collection of medals, amounting to six thousand
three hundred pieces, of which one of his nephews printed
a catalogue. Having travelled over the Christian establishments of Asia, he had an opportunity of examining the
accounts of former travellers, and his observations, in the
form of a journal, were deposited in the library of the
duke of Orleans. From these D'Anville extracted the
description of an ancient piece of sculpture, which he inserted in vol. XVII. of the Memoirs of the Academy of
Inscriptions. Ballyet died of the plague, at Bagdad, in
1773.
, or de Bedesale, or Belesale, the tenth bishop of Ely, and founder of St. Peter’s college, or Peter-house,
, or de Bedesale, or Belesale, the tenth bishop of Ely, and founder of St. Peter’s college, or Peter-house, in Cambridge, was in all probability born at Balsham, in Cambridgeshire, from whence he took his surname, about the beginning of the thirteenth century. He was at first a monk, and afterwards sub-prior of the Benedictine monastery at Ely. In 1247, November 13, he was chosen, by his convent, bishop of Ely, in the room of William de Kilkenny, deceased, but king Henry III. who had recommended his chancellor, Henry de Wengham, being angry at the disobedience of the monks, refused to confirm the election, and wasted the manors and estates belonging to the bishoprick. He endeavoured at last to persuade the monks to proceed to a new election aU ledging, that it was not fit so strong a place as Ely should be intrusted with a man that had scarcely ever been out of his cloister, and who was utterly unacquainted with political affairs. Balsham, finding he was not likely to succeed at home, went to Rome, in order to be confirmed by the pope who then was allowed to dispose of all ec^ clesiastical preferments. In the mean time, Boniface, archbishop of Canterbury, used his interest at Rome to obstruct Balsham’s confirmation, though he could alledge jiothing against him and recommended Adam de Maris, a learned Minorite friar, to the bishopric but all his endeavours proved unsuccessful. As to Wengham, having been recommended by the king without his own desire and knowledge, he declined the honour, alledging that the two others, (Balsham and Maris), were more worthy of it than himself. This matter remained in suspense for above ten years, and was at length determined in favour of Balsham for Wengham being promoted to the bishopric of London, upon Folk de Basset’s decease, the pope confirmed Balsham’s election on the 10th of March, 1257, and he was, consecrated the 14th of October following. Being thus fived in his see, he applied himself to works of charity, and particularly in the year 1257, or 1259, according ta some, put in execution what he had designed, if not begun, before, the foundation of St. Peter’s college, the first college in the university of Cambridge. He built it without Trumpingtun gate, near the church of St. Peter, (since demolished), from whence it took its name and on the place where stood Jesus hostel, or de poenitentia Jcsu Christ i, and St. John’s hospital., which he purchased, and united. At first, he only provided lodgings for the scholars, who were before obliged to hire chambers of the townsmen at an extravagant rate and they, and the secular brethren of St. John the Baptist, lived together till the year 1280. Then the monks making over to him their right to the hospital above-mentioned, he endowed his college on the 30th of March of the same year, with maintenance for one master, fourteen fellows, two bible-clerks, and eight poor scholars, whose number might be increased or diminished, according to the improvement or abatement of their revenues. And he appointed his successors, the bishops of Ely, to be honorary patrons and visitors of that college. The revenues of it have since been augmented by several benefactors. The munificent founder had not the satisfaction to see all things finished before his decease. He died at Dodington, June 16, 1286, and was buried in the cathedral church of Ely, before the high altar.
ch treat of ecclesiastical affairs were generally taken from the canons, and had the sanction of the bishop’s authority, and therefore might be considered of the same force
Niceron has given a list of twenty-nine articles, of which
Baluze was either author or editor. The principal are,
1. “Petri de Marca de Concordia Sacerdotii et Imperil/'
fol. Paris, 1663, 1669, and 1704. 2.
” Salviani Massiliensis et Vincentii Lirinensis Opera, cum Notis,“Paris, 1669,
and 1684, 8vo, the last the best edition. 3.
” Servati Lupi opera/' Paris, Agobardi opera et Leidradi et Amulonis, epistolse et opuscula,
”
Paris, 2 vols. 8vo. 5. “Petri Castellani vita, auctore Petro Gallandio,
” ib. Marii Mercatoris Opera,
” ib. Miscellanea,
” a collection of ancient pieces from manuscripts, 7 vols. 8vo, published in various years from 1678
1715, and reprinted by Mansius in 1761. 8. “Capitularia regum Francorum,
” ib. 2 vols. folio. This collection contains several capitularies never published
before. Mr. Baluze has corrected them with great accuracy, and has given an account in his preface of the
original and authority of the several collections of the capitularies. The kings of France held anciently every year
a large assembly, iw which all the public affairs were treated.
Jt was composed of all the considerable persons among the
clergy and laity, bishops, abbots, and counts. It was in
the presence and by the advice of this assembly, that the
kings made their constitutions, which were read aloud and
after the assembly had given their consent, every person
subscribed. These constitutions being abridged and reduced under proper heads were called capitula or chapters,
and a collection of several articles was stiled a capitulary.
They may be distinguished into three kinds, according to
the subjects of them. Those which treat of ecclesiastical
affairs were generally taken from the canons, and had the
sanction of the bishop’s authority, and therefore might be
considered of the same force as the canons. Those which
contained general regulations in civil affairs, had properly
the real force of laws. And those which related only to
certain persons and certain occasions, were only to be considered as particular regulations. The authority of these
capitularies was always very great. They were constantly
observed in the most exact manner in all the empire of the
Francs, that is, in almost all Europe during the reigns of
Charlemagne, Lewis the Debonnaire, and his sons. The
bishops transcribed them in their councils, and even the
popes were ambitious to follow them, as appears by a letter
of Leo IV. to the emperor Lotharius, mentioned by Yvo
of Chartres and Gratian. They were for a long time in
force in Germany as well as in France, and the use of them
was not interrupted till the beginning of the third race of
the kings of France. Mr. Baluze has added to these capitularies the ancient formularies of Marculfus those of
an anonymous author those published by father Sirmond
and Mr. Bignon a new Collection of Formularies extracted
from divers old Manuscripts; and those of the promotion
of bishops published by father Sirmond in the second volume of the Councils of France. 9. “L. C. F. Lactantii
Liber, de mortibus persecutorum,
” ib.
was arrested, and being put to the torture, confessed all. The king, to reward Banchi, appointed him bishop of Angouleme, but he either resigned it 1608, in favour of Anthony
, a native of Florence, and a Dominican of Fiesoli, and doctor of divinity,
gained the esteem and friendship of Ferdinand I. grand
duke of Tuscany, and was sent by him into France during
the troubles, that he might give an account of them. Being
at Lyons 1593, Peter Barnere, a young man of twentyseven, consulted him upon the horrid design of assassinating Henry IV. Banchi, zealous for France and the
royal family, directly mentioned it to a lord of the court,
pointed out the young man to him, and entreated him to
ride off, with all possible speed, to acquaint the king with
the danger which threatened him. The nobleman, going
to Melun for that purpose, met Barriere, who had just entered the palace to perpetrate his crime. He was arrested,
and being put to the torture, confessed all. The king, to
reward Banchi, appointed him bishop of Angouleme, but
he either resigned it 1608, in favour of Anthony de la Rochefoucauld, or declined it with the reserve of a moderate pension. He appears to have passed the rest of his life at Paris,
in the convent of St. James; he was living in 1622, and
was a great benefactor to that convent, among other
things, by finishing the beautiful Salle des Artes at his own
expence he was also very liberal to the convent at Fiesoli. His works are, “Histoire prodigieuse du Parricide de
Barriere,
” Apologie contre les Jug-emeus temeraires de ceux, qui out pense conserver la Religion Catholiqtie en faisant assassiuer les tres Chretiens Rois de
France,
” Paris, Le Rosaire spirituel de la
sacree Vierge Marie,
” &c. Paris, 1610, 12mo. Pere Banchi justifies himself in this work againsl some historians
who had accused him of abusing Peter Barriere’s confession. He never confessed that young man, and the detestable project was only discovered to him by way of consultation.
d to Jesus’ college, where, in 1570, he commenced M. A. Soon after, he was made chaplain to Dr. Cox, bishop of Ely, who, in 1575, gave him the rectory of Teversham in
, archbishop of Canterbury in,
the reign of king James I. the son of John Bancroft, gentleman, and Mary daughter of Mr. John Curvvyn, brother of
Dr. Hugh Curvvyn, archbishop of Dublin, was born at Farnworth in Lancashire, in September 1544. After being
taught grammar, he became a student of Christ college,
Cambridge, where, in 1566-7, he took the degree of B. A.
and thence he removed to Jesus’ college, where, in 1570,
he commenced M. A. Soon after, he was made chaplain to
Dr. Cox, bishop of Ely, who, in 1575, gave him the rectory of Teversham in Cambridgeshire. The year following he was licensed one of the university preachers, and in
1580 was admitted B. D. September 14th, 1584, he was
instituted to the rectory of St. Andrew, Holborn, at the
presentation of the executors of Henry earl of Southampton. In 1585 he commenced D. D. and the same year was
made treasurer of St. Paul’s cathedral in London. The
year following he became rector of Cottingham in Northamptonshire, at the presentation of sir Christopher Hatton, lord chancellor, whose chaplain he then was. Feb.
25th, 1589, he was made a prebendary of St. Paul’s, in
1592 advanced to the same dignity in the collegiate church
of Westminster, and in 1594 promoted to a stall in the
cathedral of Canterbury. Not long before, he had distinguished his zeal for the church of England by a learned and
argumentative sermon against the ambition of the Puritans,
preached at St. Paul’s cross. In 1597, Dr. Bancroft, being
then chaplain to the archbishop of Canterbury, Whitgift, was
advanced to the see of London, in the room of Dr. Richard
Fletcher, and consecrated at Lambeth the 8th of May.
From this time he had, in effect, the archiepiscopal power:
for the archbishop, being declined in years, and unfit for
business, committed the sole management of ecclesiastical
affairs to bishop Bancroft. Soon after his being made
bishop, he expended one thousand marks in the repair of
his house in London. In 1600, he, with others, was sent
by queen Elizabeth to Embden, to put an end to a difference between the English and Danes but the embassy had
no effect. This prelate interposed in the disputes between
the secular priests and the Jesuits, and furnished some of
the former with materials to write against their adversaries.
In the beginning of king James’s reign^ he was present at
the conference held at Hampton court, between the bishops
and the Presbyterian ministers. The same year, 1603, he
was appointed one of the commissioners for regulating the
affairs of the church, and for perusing and suppressing
books, printed in England, or brought into the realm without public authority. A convocation being summoned to
meet, March 20, 1603-4, and archbishop Whitgift dying in
the mean time, Bancroft was. by the king’s writ, appointed
president of that assembly. October 9tb, 1604, he was
nominated to succeed the archbishop in that high dignity,
to which he was elected by the dean and chapter, Nov. 17,
and confirmedin Lambeth chapel, Dec. 10. Sept. 5, 1605,
he was sworn one of his majesty’s most honourable privy
council. This year, in Michaelmas term, he exhibited
certain articles, to the lords of the council, against the
judges. This was a complaint of encroachment, and a
contest for jurisdiction between the temporal and ecclesiastical judges, and as Collier has well observed, ought
to be decided by neither side but the decision was against
him. In 1608 he was elected chancellor of the university
of Oxford, in the room of the earl of Dorset. In ] 6 10 thisarchbishop offered to the parliament a project for the better providing a maintenance for the clergy, but without
success. One of our historians pretends, that archbishop
Bancroft set on foot the building a college near Chelsea,
for the reception of students, who should answer all Popish
and other controversial writings against the church of England. This prelate died Nov. 2, 1610, of the stone, in his
palace at Lambeth. By his will he ordered his body to be
interred in the chancel of Lambeth church, and besides
other legacies, left all the books in his library to the archbishops his successors for ever. He was a rigid disciplinarian, a learned controversialist, an excellent preacher, a
great statesman, and a vigilant governor of the church, and
filled the see of Canterbury with great reputation but as
he was most rigid in his treatment of the Puritans, it is not
surprising that the nonconformist writers and their successors have spoken of him with much severity; but whatever
may be thought of his general temper and character, his
abilities appear to have been very considerable. In his famous sermon against the Puritans, there is a clearness,
freedom, and manliness of style, which shew him to have
been a great master of composition. It was printed with a,
tract of his, entitled “Survey of the pretended Holy Discipline.
” He wrote also another tract, entitled “Dangerous Positions,
” and there is extant, in the Advocates’
library at Edinburgh, an original letter from him to king
James I. containing an express vindication of pluralities.
This letter has been printed by sir David Dalrymple, in
the first volume of his Memorials. Dr. Bancroft is also the
person meant as the chief overseer of the last translation of
the Bible, in that paragraph of the preface to it beginning
with “But it is high time to leave them,
” &c. towards the
end.
, bishop of Oxford in the reigo of king Charles I. and nephew of the
, bishop of Oxford in the reigo of king Charles I. and nephew of the preceding Dr. Richard Bancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, was born at Asteli, or Estwell, a small village between Whitney and Burford ^n Oxfordshire, and admitted a student of Christ-church in Oxford in 1592, being then about eighteen years of age. Having taken the degrees in arts, and entered into holy orders, he became a preacher tur some years in and near Oxford. In 1609, being newly admitted to proceed in divinity, he was, through the interest and endeavours of his uncle, elected head of University college, in which station he continued above twenty years, and was at great pains and expence in recovering and settling the ancient lands belonging to that foundation. In 1632 he was advanced to the see of Oxford, upon the translation of Dr. Corbet to that of Norwich, and consecrated about the 6th of June. This prelate died in 1640, and was buried at Cuddesden in Oxfordshire, the 12th of February, leaving behind him, among the Puritans or Presbyterians, the character of a corrupt, unpreaching, Popish prelate. This bishop Bancroft built a house or pakce, for the residence of his successors, at Cuddesden. Before his time the bishops of Oxford had no house left belonging to their see, either in city or country, but dwelt at their parsonage-houses, which they held in commendam; though Dr. John Bridges, who had no commendam in his diocese, lived for the most part in hired houses in the city. For though, at the foundation of the bishopric of Oxford, in trie abbey of Osney, Gloucester college was appointed for the bishop’s palace, yet, when that foundation was inspected into by king Edward VI. that place was left out of the charter, as being then designed for another use. So that afterwards the bishops of Oxford had no settled house or palace, till Bancroft came to the see, who, at the instigation of archbishop Laud, resolved to build-one*. In the first place, therefore, in order to improve the slender revenues of the bishopric, he suffered the lease of the impropriate parsonage of Cuddesden aforesaid, live miles distant from Oxford (which belonged to the bishop in right of his see) to run out, without any more renewing. In the mean time, the vicarage of his own donation becoming vacant, he procured himself to be legally instituted and inducted thereunto and afterwards, through the archbishop’s favour, obtained an annexation of it to the episcopal see, the design of the iinpropriatioa'i falling in still going on. Soon after, with the help of a large quantity of timber from the forest of Shotover, given him by the king, he began to build a fine palace, which, with a chapel in it, was completely finished in 1634. The summer after, it was visited out of curiosity by archbishop Laud, who speaks of it in his Diary thus " September the second, an. 1635, I was in attendance with the king at Woodstock, and went thence to Cudsden, to see the house which Dr John Bancroft, then lord bishop of Oxford, had there built, to be a house for the bishops of that see for ever he having built that house at my persuasion/' But this house, which cost 3500l. proved almost as shortlived as the founder for, in the latter end of 1644, it was burnt down by colonel William Legg, then governor of the garrison of Oxford, to prevent its being garrisoned by the parliament forces. It lay in ruins till 1679, when Dr. John Fell, bishop of Oxford, at his own expence, and with the help of timber laid in for that purpose by Dr. William Paul, one of his predecessors, rebuilt it upon the old foundation, with a chapel in it, as at first.
had a regard for the Fregosas, Jiad agreed with the pope, on the death of the cardinal de Lorraine, bishop of Agen, to give, by interim, this bishopric to Bandello, till
, a celebrated Italian novelist, was born at Castelnuovo in the district of Tortona,
where he remained for some years, under the patronage of
his uncle Vincenzio Bandello, general of the order, of Do^
minicans, with whom he also travelled through various parts
of Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, where it was the
4uty of the general to inspect the convents of his order.
After the death of his uncle, at the convent of Altomonte in
Calabria, in 1506, Bandello passed a considerable part of
his time at the court of Milan, where he had the honour of
instructing the celebrated Lucretia Gonzaga, in whose
praise he wrote an Italian, poem, which still remains, and
where he formed an intimacy with many eminent persons
of the age, as appears from the dedicatory epistles prefixed
to his novels. Having early enrolled himself in the order
of Dominicans, in a fraternity at Milan, he entered deeply
into the ecclesiastical and political affairs of the times, and
after various vicissitudes of fortune, obtained at length, in
1550, the bishopric of Agen in France, conferred on him
by Henry II. but being fond of the poets, ancient and
modern, addicted himself much more to the belles lettres
than to the government of his diocese. He filled the episcopal chair of Agen for several years, and died about 1561,
at the chateau de Bazens, the country seat of the bishops of
Agen. His monument was erected in the church of the
Jacobins du port St. Marie. He had resigned the bishopric
of Agen in 1555, when his successor, Janus Fregosa, son of
the unhappy Cæsar, assassinated by the marquis de Guast,
had attained his twenty-seventh year. Henry II. who had
a regard for the Fregosas, Jiad agreed with the pope, on the
death of the cardinal de Lorraine, bishop of Agen, to give,
by interim, this bishopric to Bandello, till Janus should
arrive at the age required. Bandello consented to this arrangement, and gave up the see according to promise.
The best edition of his novels is that of Lucca, 1554, 3
vols. 4to, to which belongs a fourth volume, printed at
Lyons in 1573, 8vo. This edition is scarce and dear.
Those of Milan, 1560, 3 vols. 8vo, and of Venice, 1566,
3 vols. 4to, are curtailed and little esteemed but that
of London, 1740, 4 vols. 4to, is conformable to the first.
Boaisteau and Belleforest translated a part of them into
French, Lyons, 1616, et seq. 7 vols. 16mo. It is entirely
without reason that some have pretended that these novels
are not by him, but were composed by a certain John Bandello, a Lucchese, since the author declares himself to be
of Lombardy, and even marks Castelnuovo as the place of
his nativity. On the other hand, Joseph Scaliger, his contemporary and his friend, who calls him Bandellus Insuber,.
positively asserts that he composed his novels at Agen.
Fontanini is likewise mistaken in making him the author of
a Latin translation of the history of Hegesippus, which he
confounds with the novel of Boccace entitled Sito e Gisippo, which Bandello did really translate into Latin. We
have by him likewise the collection of poems beforementioned, entitled “Canti xi. composti del Bandello,
ilelle lodi della signora Lucrezia Gonzaga,
” &c. printed
at Agen in
f Ottensee in the isle of Funen, and then at Copenhagen. Caspar Brochmand, professor of divinity and bishop of Selande, made him tutor to his son and he was preceptor at
, doctor and professor of divinity in
the university of Copenhagen, was born in 1600, and was
educated first in the college of Ottensee in the isle of Funen, and then at Copenhagen. Caspar Brochmand, professor of divinity and bishop of Selande, made him tutor to
his son and he was preceptor at the same time to Christian
Friis, eldest son to the chancellor of Denmark. After he
had continued in that employment above five years, he obtained a pension from the king, and went to Rostoch, from
whence he returned to Copenhagen, when the emperor’s
troops drew near to the Baltic sea. He finished his course
of divinity under professor Brochmand, and afterwards went
to Franeker, where he learned rabbinical and Chaldee
learning under Sixtinus Amama, by whom he was greatly
esteemed. He studied afterwards at Wittemberg, and received there, in 1630, a letter from the rector and academical council of Copenhagen, with an offer of the professorship in Hebrew, which he accepted, on condition that he
should be permitted to employ the revenue of that place
in studying for some years the Arabic and Syriac tongues
under Gabriel Sionita. He discharged the professorship
with great advantage to students till 1652, when he was
raised to the professorship of divinity, vacant by the death
of Mr. Brochmand. He was promoted to the doctorship in
the same faculty in 1653, in the presence of the king and
queen. In 1656 he was* appointed librarian of the academy. He died Oct. 27, 1661, of an illness of only six
days, leaving a widow atid fourteen children. He was the
author of several learned works on the Hebrew language
and criticism, among which are, “Observationes Philologicce,
” Copenhagen, Hebrew Lexicon,
”
out its affinity to the sacred writings and it is more than probable that the ill success which Huet bishop of Avranches, Bochart, and many others, met with in their attempts
, licentiate in laws, member of
the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, and an
ecclesiastic in the diocese of Clermont, in Auvergne, where
he applied himself to his several studies, except philosophy, to pursue which he went to Paris, was born in 1673.
His parents being too poor to maintain him in this city,
commanded him to return home but the friendships he
had contracted, and the pleasure they gave him, were more
irresistible than the authority of his relations; for he told
them, that he was determined to remain where he was, and
seek, in the exertion of his abilities, far those resources
which, from their indigence, he had not any reason to expect. He was very shortly afterwards received into the
family of Monsieur du Metz, president of the chamber
of accounts, who intrusted to him the education of his
sons, who always honoured him with their patronage and
esteem. The exercises which he had set for these young
gentlemen gave birth to his “Historical Explanation of
Fables,
” and, in some measure, determined the author to
make mythology the principal object of his studies during
the remainder of his life.
This work appeared at first only in two volumes 12mo;
but the uncommon taste and erudition discovered through the
whole were the causes of his obtaining, in the year 1714,
an admission into the academy of inscriptions and belles
lettres, as one of their scholars. In 1716, this order was
suppressed, and that of the associates augmented to ten,
of which number was B&nier. In 1729, he was elected one
of their pensioners. In 1715, he published a new edition
of his “Explanation of Fables,
” in dialogues, to which he
annexed a third volume so great was the difference between this edition and the former, that it became justly
entitled to all the merits of a new performance. Besides
the five dialogues, which he added on subjects either not
treated of in his former undertaking, or else very slightlymentioned, there is scarcely a single article which has not
been retouched, and enriched by new conjectures or rendered more valuable by the multitude of proofs which are
advanced in its support. “Until that time,
” says the abbe
du Fresnoy, in his catalogue of historians, “the origin of
ancient fables had never been explained with such knowledge and discernment mythology is sought after at its
first source, profane history. Here are no endeavours to
mark out its affinity to the sacred writings and it is more
than probable that the ill success which Huet bishop of
Avranches, Bochart, and many others, met with in their
attempts of this kind, was the chief reason to induce Banier to drop so fruitless an undertaking. This, however,
is a work in which the author, without losing himself in
the labyrinth of a science which is but too often less replete with use than ostentation, has not only unravelled all
the notions which the ancients, even of the remotest times,
had entertained of their deities, but traced out, with equal
judgment and precision, the progress of their religious
worship in the succeeding ages of the world.
”
, bishop of Ugento, and son of the preceding, studied the civil and canon
, bishop of Ugento, and son of
the preceding, studied the civil and canon law under his
father, and continued the same pursuit at Rome, passing
his days in reading at the public libraries, and his nights
in writing, and living, according to Erythraeus, on a very
scanty income. The same biographer informs us that one
day his servant brought him a piece of fish wrapped up in
a sheet of manuscript, which he discovered to be part of a
work on the canon law. He immediately went to the market, and was so fortunate as to purchase the whole with the
loss of only four or five leaves; and it is added, that this
was the book “De officio Episcopi,
” which he published
under his own name. He published also many other works,
of which a very copious catalogue is given by Antonio, but
certain critics were of opinion that he was very much indebted to his father’s manuscripts for some of these. In
1632, he returned to Spain, and at Madrid was employed
partly in judging of ecclesiastical affairs, and partly in
preparing his writings, until 1648, when king Philip IV.
appointed him bishop of Ugento, the duties of which office
he performed with care and piety for the short remainder
of his life. He died about the latter end of 1649. Besides his writings on the civil and canon law, he compiled
a “Dictionario Lusitanico- Latino,
”
s brought up to the church, and in 1357, is styled archdeacon of Aberdeen. Quring the same year, the bishop of his diocese appointed him one of the commissioners to deliberate
, an ancient Scotch poet, was born
about 1316, but of his personal history few memorials
have been recovered. He was brought up to the church,
and in 1357, is styled archdeacon of Aberdeen. Quring
the same year, the bishop of his diocese appointed him one
of the commissioners to deliberate concerning the ransom
of the captive king o f Scotland, David II. In 1365, he
appears to have visited St. Denis, near Paris, in company
with six knights, the object of which visit was probably of
a religious kind, as the king of England granted them permission to pass through his dominions on their way to
St. Denis and other sacred places. About ten years afterwards he was engaged in composing the work upon which
his lame now principally rests, “The Bruce.
” As a reward of his poetical merit, he is said to have received a
pension, but this is doubtful. From some passages in Winton’s Chronicle, it would appear, that Barbour also composed a genealogical history of the kings of Scotland, but
no part of this is known to be extant. He died in 1396,
of an advanced age, if the date of his birth which we have
given be correct, but that is not agreed upon. His celebrated poem, “The Bruce, or the history of Robert I. king
of Scotland,
” was first published in taking the
total merits of this work together, he prefers it to the early
exertions of even the Italian muse, to the melancholy sublimity of Dante, and the amorous quaintness of Petrarca.
”
Barbour is not only the first poet, but the earliest historian
of Scotland, who has entered into any detail, and from
whom any view of the real state and manners of the country
can be learned. The obscure and capricious spelling may
perhaps, deter some readers from a perusal of “The
Bruce,
” but it is very remarkable that Barbour, who was
contemporary with Gower and Chaucer, is more intelligible to a modern reader than either of these English. Some
assert that he was educated at Oxford, but there is no
proof of this, and if there were, it would not account for
this circumstance.
after his return home, by many excellent translations which he published. His patron was now become bishop of Tyne, and suftragan under the bishop of Wells, who first
, was an elegant writer in the sixteenth century but whether he was English or Scotch by birth is disputed. It seems most probable that he was Scotch, but others have contended that he was born in Somersetshire, where there is both a village called Barcley, and an ancient family of the same name, yet there is no such village, except in Gloucestershire, and Mr. Warton thinks he was either a Gloucestershire or Devonshire man. But of whatever country he was, we know nothing of him, before his coming to Oriel college in Oxford, about 1495, when Thomas Cornish was provost of that house. 'Having distinguished himself there, by the quickness of his parts, and his attachment to learning, he went into Holland, and thence into Germany, Italy, and France, where he applied himself assiduously to the* languages spoken in those countries, and to the study of the best authors in them, and made a wonderful proficiency, as appeared after his return home, by many excellent translations which he published. His patron was now become bishop of Tyne, and suftragan under the bishop of Wells, who first made him his chaplain, and afterwards appointed him one of the priests of St. Mary, at Ottery in Devonshire, a college founded by John Grandison bishop of Exeter. After the death of this patron, he became a monk of the order of St. Benedict, and afterwards, as some say, a Franciscan. He was also a monk of Ely, and upon the dissolution of that monastery in 1539, he was left to be provided for by his patrons, of which his works had gained him many. He seems to have had, first, the vicarage of St. Matthew at Wokey, in Somersetshire, on the death of Thomas Eryngton, and afterwards was removed from that small living to a better, if indeed he received not both at the same time. It is more certain, that in Feb. 1546, being then doctor of divinity, he was presented to the vicarage of Much-Badew, or, as it is commonly called, Baddow-Magna, in the county of Essex and diocese of London, by Mr. John Pascal, on the death of Mr. John Clowes; and the dean and chapter of London, upon the resignation of William Jennings, rector of Allhallows, Lombard-street, on the 30th of April 1552, presented him to that living, which he did not however enjoy above the space of six weeks. He was admired in his lite-time for his wit and eloquence, and for a fluency of style not common in that age. This recommended him to many noble patrons though it does not appear that he was any great gainer by their favour, otherwise than in his reputation. He lived to a very advanced age, and died at Croydon in Surrey, in month of June, 15-52, and was interred in the church there. Bale has treated his memory with great indignity he says, he remained a scandalous adulterer under colour of leading a single life but Pits assures us, that he employed all his study in favour of religion, and in reading and writing the lives of the saints. There is probably partiality in both these characters but that he was a polite writer, a great refiner of the English tongue, and left behind him many testimonies of his wit and learning, cannot be denied.
Du Vair (president of the parliament of Provence, afterwards keeper of the great seals, and lastly, bishop of Lisieux), and M. Peiresc. His second reason was more singular
During the course of three years residence in England,
Barclay received no token of the royal liberality. Sunk in
indigence, he only wished to be indemnified for his English
journies, and to have his charges defrayed into France. At
length, he was relieved from those urgent distresses by his
patron Salisbury. Of these circumstances we are informed
by some allegorical and obscure verses written by Barclay
at that sad season. (Delit. Poet. Scot. I. 92 100.) Never
did dependent offer incense to a patron more liberally than
he did. Burleigh, he admits, was a wise man, but, he
adds, “that the wisdom of Burleigh bore the like proportion to that of his son, as the waters of the Thames do to
the ocean.
” In 1610 he published his Apology for Euphormion, the severity of which satire had excited enemies
against him in every quarter of Europe. In this year also
he, published his father’s work, “De Potestate Papse,
”
and when it was attacked by cardinal Bellarmin, be published a treatise entitled “J. Barclaii Pietas, sive, publics
pro regibus ac principibus, et privates pro Gulielmo Earclaio parente vindici*, adversus Roberti Bellarmini tractatum, de Potestate summi Pontificis ia rebus temporal!bus,
” Paris, 4to.
In Icon animarum,
” perhaps
the best, although not the most renowned of his compositions. It is a delineation of the genius and manners of
the European nations, with remarks, moral and philosophical, on the various tempers of men. Mr. Malone observes, as a curious circumstance, that in this work, Barclay has suggested an expedition against the Turkish empire, similar in the most material circumstances to that
undertaken in 1798 by the French republic, (particularly in the number of the troops employed) though it was proposed to be directed against a different part of the Turkish
dominions from that which was assailed by the French,
In 1615, invited, as it is said, by pope Paul V. Barclay
determined to fix his residence under the immediate power
of a pontiff whose political conduct he had reprobated, and
of a court whose maxims he had censured with extraordinary freedom. About the end of that year he quitted
England, but not clandestinely, as his enemies reported,
and having hastily passed through France, he settled at
Rome with his family, in the beginning of the year 1616.
In the “Paraenesis,
” or “Exhortation to the Sectaries,
”
he mentions two reasons which induced him to quit England, and take up his abode in Italy. His first was, lest
his children, by remaining in England, should have been
perverted from the faith. But he could have obviated that
danger, by removing into France, in which country he had
for his friends Du Vair (president of the parliament of Provence, afterwards keeper of the great seals, and lastly, bishop of Lisieux), and M. Peiresc. His second reason
was more singular he perceived that his “Pietas,
” or
vindication of his father, was pleasing to heretics, and that
it disgusted many persons of the Romish communion. He
repented of having written it: he then found that it contained erroneous propositions, and he wished to settle in
Italy that he might have leisure and freedom to refute
them.
t city, by Joan his wife, daughter of Edward Bridgeman of Exeter, a near relation of John Bridgeman, bishop of Chester. In Michaelmas term, 15^7, he was entered a sojourner.of
, a very learned
divine and antiquary, in the end of the sixteenth, and part,
of the seventeenth century, was born in the parish of St.
Mary the More, in the city of Exeter, about 1572. He was
the second son of Lawrence Barkham, of St. Leonard’s,
near that city, by Joan his wife, daughter of Edward
Bridgeman of Exeter, a near relation of John Bridgeman,
bishop of Chester. In Michaelmas term, 15^7, he was entered a sojourner.of Exeter college in Oxford; and on the
24th of August, the year following, admitted scholar of
Corpus Christi college in the same university. He took the
degre of B. A. February 5 1590-1, and that of M. A. December 12, 1594. On “the 21st of June, 1596, he was
chosen probationer fellow of Corpus Christi college, being
then in orders and July 7, 1603, took the degree of B. D.
Some time after, he became chaplain to Ric. Bancroft,
archbishop of Canterbury: and, after his death, to George
Abbot, his successor in that see. On the llth of June,
1608, he was collated to the rectory of Finchleyin Middlesex, and on the 31st of October, 1610, to the prebend of
Brownswood, in the cathedral of St. Paul’s on the 29th of
March, 1615, to the rectory of Packlesham; the 27th of
May following to the rectory of Lachingdon and, the 5th
of December, 1616, to the rectory and deanery of Bocking, all in the county of Essex. But, in 1617, he resigned
Packlesham, as he had done Finchley in 1615. March 14,
1615, he was created D. D. He had great skill and knowledge in most parts of useful learning, being an exact historian, a good herald, an able divine, a curious critic,
master of several languages, an excellent antiquarian, and
well acquainted with coins and medals, of which he had the
best collection of any clergyman in his time. These he
gave to Dr. Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, who presented
them to the university of Oxford. He died at Bocking,
March 25, 1642, and was buried in the chancel of that
church. He was a man of strict life and conversation, charitable, modest, and reserved, but above all, exemplary in
his duties as a clergyman. Dr. Barkham wrote nothing in
his own name, but assisted others in their works, particularly Speed in his history of Great Britain, which that author gratefully acknowledges. In this work Barkham wrote
” The life and reign of king John,“one of the most valuable in the book and
” The life and reign of king
Henry II.“in the same history. He is likewise the author
of
” The display of Heraldry,“&c. first published at London in 1610, folio, under the name of John Guillim. The
learned author having mostly composed it in his younger
years, thought it too light a subject for him (who was a grave divine) to own, and gave Guillim the copy, who,
adding some trivial things, published it, with the author’s
leave, under his own name. He published also Mr. Ric,
Crakanthorpe’s book against the archbishop of Spalato, entitled
” Defensio Ecclesiie Anglicanee,“Lond. 1625, 4to,
with a preface of his own. It is said also that he wrote a
treatise on coins, which was never published. Fuller, in his
usual, way, says, that he was <fr a greater lover of coins than
of money; rather curious in the stamps than covetous for
the metal thereof.
”
m beinp; thus condemned in the east, retired to the west, joined himself to the Latins, and was made bishop of Hieracium or Gerace in Calabria, where he died about 1348.
, a monk of the order of St. Basil, in the fourteenth century, was in 1339 sent by the Greek emperor Andronicus the younger, as ambassador to Philip king of France, and Robert king t)f Sicily, to solicit assistance against the Mahometan power; and as there was little prospect that this would be granted without a previous union between the Greek and Latin churches, he was also instructed to treat of this measure. These two princes gave him letters to pope Benedict XII. to whom he proposed the assembling of a general council; but as he desired, in the mean time, that a reinforcement might be sent to the Greek emperor, the pope replied that the procession of the Holy Ghost was a point already settled, and therefore did not require a new council, and as for the assistance required, it could not be granted unless the Greek church would shew more sincerity in its wishes for a junction. Barlaam, at his return from Constantinople, had a controversy with the monks called Quietists, who were charged with reviving the Messalian heterodoxy. These monks pretended to see the light which appeared upon Mount Tabor at our Saviour’s transfiguration. They asserted this light to be uncreated and incorruptible, though not part of the divine essence and held other strange opinions, which induced Barlaani to accuse Palamas and his disciples of this sect, to the emperor and to the patriarch of Constantinople, on which a council was called in that city in 1340, but BarJaain failed in maintaining his charges, and was himself censured. Barlaam beinp; thus condemned in the east, retired to the west, joined himself to the Latins, and was made bishop of Hieracium or Gerace in Calabria, where he died about 1348. As he changed from the Greeks to the Latins, his writings will be found to be both for and against the latter. Against them he wrote a treatise on the pope’s primacy, printed first in Gr. and Lat. at Oxford, 1592, 4to, by Lloyd, and afterwards at Hainault, 1608, 8vo, with notes by Sahnasius, who again reprinted it, along with his own treatise of the primacy of the pope, Amsterdam, 1645. Barlaam wrote also a treatise of the procession of the Holy Ghost, containing eighteen articles, of which Ailatius gives the titles. For the Latins he wrote a discourse of the union of the two churches, and five letters, published by Bzovius, Canisius, and in the Bibl. Patrnm separately also at Strasburgh, 1572; and a treatise on arithmetic and algebra from his pen was published at Paris, 1600.
, a very learned divine and bishop in the seventeenth century, was born at Langhill, in the parish
, a very learned divine and bishop
in the seventeenth century, was born at Langhill, in the
parish of Orton, in Westmorland, in 1607; being the son
<*f Mr. Richard Barlow, descended from the ancient family
of Barlow-moore in Lancashire. He had his first education at the free-school at Appleby, in his own country.
From thence being removed, in the sixteenth year of his
age, to Queen’s college in Oxford, he took his degrees in
arts, that of master being completed the 27th of June,
1633, and the same year was chosen fellow of his college.
In 1635, he was appointed metaphysic-reader in the university; and his lectures being much approved of, were
published in 1637 for the use of the scholars. When
the garrison of Oxford surrendered to the parliament
in 1646, he submitted to the persons then in power and
by tb-^ interest of colonel Thomas Kelsey, deputy governor of that garrison, or more likely by that of Selden or
Dr. Owen, preserved his fellowship, notwithstanding the
parliamentary visitation, of which he gave a ludicrous account, in a pamphlet entitled “Pegasus.
” In The case of a Toleration in matters of religion,' 7 addressed to the famous Rob. Boyle, esq. in which
that subject fs handled with great candour. In 1661, he was
appointed archdeacon of Oxford, in the room of Dr. Barten Holiday, deceased but he was not installed till June 13,
1664, owing to a contest between him and Dr. Thomas
Lamplugh about thut dignity, which, after having lasted
some time, was at length decided in favour of Dr. Barlow, at the assizes held at Oxford, March 1, 1663-4. Being eminent for his skill in the civil and canon law, he was
often applied to as a casuist, to resolve cases of conscience,
about marriage, &c. And on one of these occasions, in
1671, he wrote
” Mr. Cottington’s case of Divorce,“in
which is discussed the validity of his marriage with a lady
whose former husband was living and some years after,
another case of marriage, inserted in his
” Genuine remains.“Upon the death of Dr. W. Fuller, bishop of
Lincoln, which happened April 22, 1675, he obtained, the
same day, a grant of that bishopric, at the recommendation of some of the nobility, and chiefly through the interest of the two secretaries of state, Henry Coventry, esq.
and sir Joseph Williamson, both some time of his college,
and the first formerly his pupil. The 27th of June following, he was consecrated at Ely-house chapel. Archbishop
Sheldon opposed his promotion, though the reasons of it
are not assigned. After his advancement to this see,
bishop Barlow wrote several curious things. They were
generally short, and most of them by way of letter. The
most considerable are these: In 1676,
” The original of
Sine Cures >“concerning
” Pensions paid out of Churchlivings“and a” Survey of the numbers of Papists within
the province of Canterbury
” in 1679, “A letter concerning the Canon Law, allowing the whipping of heretics.
”
But he was most distinguished by his writings against
popery the chief of which were, “Popery, or the principles and positions approved by the Church of Rome, &c.
are very dangerous to all,
” and “A discourse concerning
the Laws ecclesiastical and civil, made against heretics by
popes, emperors, and kings, provincial and general councils, approved by the Church of Rome,
” evidently levelled
against the duke of York. He expressed his zeal against
the papists, not only in writing, but in action. For when,
in 1678, after the discovery of the popish plot, a bill was
brought into parliament, requiring all members of either
house, and all such as might come into the king’s court, or
presence, to take a test against popery our bishop appeared for that bill in the house of lords, and spoke in favour of it. Notwithstanding which we are told, that after
king James II.'s accession to the throne, bishop Barlow
took all opportunities to express his affection, or submission, to him for he sent up an address of thanks to him,
for his first declaration for liberty of conscience, signed by
six hundred of his clergy. He wrote reasons for reading
that king’s second declaration for liberty of conscience
he caused it to be read in his diocese , nay, he was
prevailed upon to assert and vindicate the regal power of dispensing with penal laws, in an elaborate tract, with numerous quotations from canonists, civilians, and divines.
And yet, after the revolution, he was one of those bishops
who readily voted that king James had abdicated his kingdoms. He took the oaths to his successors and no bishop
was more ready than he, to fill the places of such clergymen as refused to take the oaths to king William and queen
Mary. There was nothing in this, however, inconsistent
in one who held his sentiments *in favour of toleration. It
is more doubtful that he was entirely addicted to the Aristotelian philosophy, and a declared enemy to the improvements made by the royal society, and to what he called in
general the new philoso'phy. He was, however, a rigid
Calvinist, and the school divinity was that which he most
admired but when his attachment to Calvin’s notions engaged him in a public opposition to some of Mr. Bull’s
works, he declined a public disputation on the subject.
He has also been blamed for never appearing in his cathedral, nor visiting his diocese in person, but residing constantly at his manor of Bugden but against this he appears to have vindicated himself. His enemies are willing
to allow that he was a good casuist, a man of very exten^
sive learning, an universal lover and favourer of learned
me if, of what country or denomination soever, and a great
master of the whole controversy between the Protestants
and Papists. He died at Bugden, October 8, 1691, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age; and was buried the llth of
the said month, on the north side of the chancel belonging to
that church, near the body of Dr. R. Sanderson, some time
bishop of Lincoln, and, according to his own desire, in the
grave of Dr. William Barlow, formerly bishop of the same
see to whose memory, as well as his own, is erected a
monument, with an inscription which he composed himself
a few days before his death. He bequeathed to the
Bodleian library, all such books of his own, as were not in that
noble collection at the time of his death and the remainder he gave to Queen’s college in Oxford, on which the
society erected, in 1694, a noble pile of buildings, on the
west side of their college, to receive them. All his manuscripts, of his own composition, he left to his two domestic
chaplains, William Otfley and Henry Brougham, prebendaries of Lincoln, with a particular desire that they
would not make any of them public after his decease.
Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote against
popery, 1.'“Confutation of the infallibility of the church
of Rome,
” written in 167S. 2. “A letter to J. Evelyn,
esq. concerning invocation of Saints, and adoration of the
Cross,
” London, The Gun-powder Treason, with a discourse of the manner of its discovery, &c.
” printed at first
in A preface
touching that horrid conspiracy, dated Feb. 1, 1678-9.
”
4. “Brutum Fulmen, or the bull of pope Pius Sextus
against queen Elizabeth,
” Whether the
pope be Antichrist, &c.
” 6. “A few plain reasons why
a Protestant of the church of England should not turn
Roman catholic,
” Pietas in Patrem, or a few tears upon
the lamented death of his most dear and loving Father
Richard Barlow, late of Langhill in Westmorland, who
died December 29, 1636,
” Oxford, A
letter to Mr. John Goodwin, concerning Universal Redemption, by J. Christ,
” For toleration of the Jews,
”
3655. 10. “A letter to Mr. John Tombes in defence of
Anabaptism, inserted in one of Tombes’s books.
” 11. “A
tract to prove that true grace doth not lie so much in the
degree, as in the nature.
” This also is inserted in a book,
entitled Sincerity and Hypocrisy, &c. written by William
Sheppard, esq. 12. “The Rights of the Bishops to judge
in capital eases in parliament cleared, &c.
” Lond. A letter (to his clergy) for the putting in execution the Laws against
Dissenters, written in concurrence to that which was drawn
up by the justices of the peace of the county of Bedford,
at the quarter-sessions held at Ampthill for the said county,
Jan. 14, 1684.
” After his decease, sir Peter Pett
lisbed in Several miscellaneous and weighty
cases of conscience, learnedly and judiciously resolved by
the right rev. father in God, Dr. T ho. Barlow, late lord
bishop of Lincoln.
” Sir Peter published also in The genuine Remains of that learned
prelate, Dr. Thomas Barlow, late lord bishop of Lincoln,
containing divers discourses, theological, philosophical,
historical, &c. in letters to several persons of honour and
quality.
” But these two volumes being published without
the knowledge or consent of the bishop’s two chaplains
above-mentioned, to whom he had left all his manuscripts,
with orders that they should not be published, they severely
Reflected upon the publisher, for the unwarrantable liberty
he had taken.
, bishop of Rochester and Lincoln, was a native of Lancashire, and became
, bishop of Rochester and Lincoln, was a native of Lancashire, and became fellow of Trinity hall, Cambridge. He was afterwards chaplain to queen Elizabeth, and to archbishop Whitgift, who collated him to the rectory of St. Dunstan’s in the East, and he occurs likewise as a prebendary of St. Paul’s. He was installed prebendary of Westminster, in 1601, and the next year, dean of Chester, and in 1605, a prebendary of Canterbury. In the same year, May 23, he was elected bishop of Rochester, which he held for three years, and was translated to Lincoln, May 21, 1608. He died suddenly at his palace at Buckden, Sept. 7, 1613, where he was buried. In his will he appointed to be buried in Lincoln cathedral, or Westminster abbey, if he died near them, and gave several charities, and was, according to Wood, a benefactor to St. John’s college, Cambridge, where he founded the London fellowships and scholarships, but his will, in this respect, being only conditional, St. John’s college never derived any benefit from it. He was reputed a learned and excellent preacher, and when dean of Chester, was employed by archbishop Whitgift to draw up an authentic relation of the famous conference between the bishop and the Puritans, held at Hampton court, Jan. 14, 15, 16, 1603, before king James, which was published at London, 1604, 4to, and 1638, and reprinted in the Phoenix, vol. I. He published also some controversial tracts, and a life of Dr. Richard Cosin, an eminent civilian, in whose house he had been brought up in his youth.
, a learned bishop in the sixteenth century, descended of the ancient family of
, a learned bishop in the sixteenth century, descended of the ancient family of the Barlowes in Wales, and was born in the county of Essex. He was at first a monk in the Augustin monastery of St. Osith in Essex, and was educated there, and at Oxford, where the religious of that order had an abbey and a priory and, arriving to a competent knowledge of divinity, Was made doctor in that faculty. He was afterwards prior of the canons of his order at Bisham in Berkshire, and by that title was sent on an embassy to Scotland, in 1535. At the dissolution of the monasteries, he readily resigned his house, and prevailed upon many abbots and priors to do the same. Having by this means ingratiated himself with the king, he was appointed bishop of St. Asaph and the temporalities being delivered to him on February 2, 1535, he was consecrated the 22d of the same month. Thence he was translated to St. David’s, in April 1536, where he formed the project of removing the episcopal see to Caerniardhyn, as being more in the midst of the diocese, but without success. In 1547, he was translated to Bath and Wells, of which he alienated most of the revenues; but being a zealous professor and preacher of the Protestant religion, he was, in 1553, upon queen Mary’s accession to the throne, deprived of his bishopric, on pretence of his being married. He was, likewise, committed to the Fleet, where he continued prisoner for some time at length, finding means to escape, he retired, with many others, into Germany, and there lived in a poor condition, till queen Elizabeth’s happy inauguration. Tanner says that he went early in life to Germany, and heard Luther, and some other of the reformers. On his return now to his native country, he was not restored to his see, but advanced to the bishopric of Chichester, in December 1559; and, the next year, was made the first prebendary of the first stall in the collegiate church of Westminster, founded by queen Elizabeth which dignity he held five years with his bishopric. He died in August, 1568, and was buried in Chichester cathedral. What is most particularly remarkable concerning him is, that by his wife Agatha Wellesbourne, he had five daughters, who were all married to bishops, namely, 1. Anne, married first to Austin Bradbridge, anc| afterwards to Herbert Westphaling, bishop of Hereford, 2. Elizabeth, wife of William Day, dean of Windsor, afterwards bishop of Winchester. 3. Margaret, wife of William Overtoil, bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. 4. Frances, married first to Matthew Parker, younger son of Matthew Parker, archbishop of Canterbury, and afterwards to Toby Matthew, archbishop of York. 5. Antonia, wife of William Wick ham, bishop of Winchester. He had also a son, of whom we shall give an account in the next article; and five more, of whom nothing memorable is recorded.
hose bishops who compiled “The godly and pious institution of a Christian man,” commonly called “The bishop’s book,” London, 1537. 4. There is in bishop Burnet’s History
His works, are, 1. “Christian Homilies,
” 2. “Cosmography.
” 3. He was one of those bishops who compiled
“The godly and pious institution of a Christian man,
”
commonly called “The bishop’s book,
” London, His answers to certain, Queries concerning the Abuses
of the Mass.
” 5. In Edward Vlth’s reign, he is said to
have translated into English, “The Apocrypha,
” as far as
the book of Wisdom. He is also said to have written “A
dialogue describing these Lutheran factions, and many of
their abuses,
” of which a second edition was published in
The
burial of the Masse,
” and some other tracts in favour of
protestantism. It is to be remarked too, that Cranmer had
very little dependance on Barlowe at that time. He was so
indiscreet, so totally unguarded, and his conversation so
full of levity, that the primate was always afraid of any
communication with him on matters of business, and would
sometimes say, on the conclusion of a long debate, “This
is all very true but my brother Barlowe, in half an hour,
will teach the world to believe it is but a jest.
”
nguishing tenets of his revered parents. For this purpose, he was introduced to doctor Compton, then bishop of London and, after several conferences with that prelate,
, an eminent citizen and alderman of London of the last century, and many years one of its representatives in parliament, will not probably be thought undeserving of a lengthened notice, in these days of political delusion and imposture. He was born at Heading, in Berkshire, in 1685. His parents, who were of the people called Quakers, put him to a school at Wandsworth, in Surrey, which was solely appropriated to the education of persons of that profession. From this school, the master of which was of the same religious principles, young Barnard is said to have derived very iittle advantage in point of classical and polite literature. This loss, however, his native good sense, and love of knowledge, soon led him to supply, as far as possible, by carefully reading, in our own tongue, the best writers of Greece and Rome. By these means, though he could not be fully sensible of the elegance of the classic authors, which was, for the most part, lost in the translations of them, he became well acquainted with every remarkable sect, character, and action, in profane history. Such were the integrity and candour of his mind, when he was a boy, that his playmates used to choose him for their chancellor, in the disputes which they had with each other, and readily submitted to his decisions. When in the fifteenth year of his age, his father, who appears to have been settled in London, and had long been afflicted with bad health, determined to take him into his comptinghouse and, from observing his natural turn, assiduity, and talents, scrupled not to commit to his care the management of a great business in the wine trade, nor was he disappointed in the early confidence which he placed in his son. At this time our young gentleman took peculiar pleasure in the study of figures, which he pursued with such success, that his judgment was afterwards highly valued in affairs which required profound skill in calculation, and his knowledge as an able financier became undisputed. In the midst of these pursuits and engagements, he did not neglect the subject of religion. Some scruples having arisen in his mind with regard to the principles wherein he had been educated, he determined to apply himself to the devout study of the Bible, which he firmly believed to be the sole repository of divine truth. The result of his inquiries was, that he found himself called upon, by the dictates of his conscience, to make the painful sacrifice of openly renouncing the distinguishing tenets of his revered parents. For this purpose, he was introduced to doctor Compton, then bishop of London and, after several conferences with that prelate, was baptized by him, in his chapel at Fulham, 1703. Mr. Barnard was under nineteen years of age when he quitted the society of the Quakers; and from that time he continued, till his death, a member of the established church, an admirer of her liturgy, and an ornament to her communion. There was a peculiarity of character in the early part of his life, which deserves to be noticed. When he was a youth himself, he never chose to associate with those of his own age. Being convinced that he could derive no improvement from an acquaintance with them, he sought out companions among men distinguished by their knowledge, learning, and religion; and such men received, with open arms, a young person who discovered so much good sense and discernment.
Lutheran, which he did not conceal in his sermons for in Lent in 1540 he confuted the sermon, which bishop Gardiner had preached against Luther’s doctrine. He took the
, professor of divinity, and chaplain to Henry VIII. king of England, was sent to Germany by his master in 1535, where he held a conference
with the protestant divines upon the affair of the divorce
after that he had several audiences of the elector of Saxony, and joined with the English ambassadors, who proposed to this elector an alliance against the pope, and desired that Henry VIII. might be associated in the league
of Smalcalde. He gave them hopes of a reformation in
England but in fact, they had no other design than to
obtain their doctors approbation of the divorce of their
master, and a political alliance, in order to find the emperor more employment, who threatened to revenge the
injury upon king Henry for divorcing his aunt. They carried away with them the opinion of the divines of Witternberg which was not entirely favourable to them but they
suppressed the conclusion, wjien they shewed it to the
king. Barnes’s conduct however pleased the king, and
induced him to employ him in carrying on a correspondence with the princes of Germany. He was sent several
times to those courts and among other negociations, he
w r as the first who was employed in the project of the marriage with Anne of Cleves. He was a zealous Lutheran,
which he did not conceal in his sermons for in Lent in
1540 he confuted the sermon, which bishop Gardiner had
preached against Luther’s doctrine. He took the same
text as Gardiner had done, and taught a doctrine absolutely contrary to what this prelate had laid down concerning
justification nay he even attacked the bishop personally,
and jested upon the name of Gardiner. Gardiner’s friends
complained to the king of this, who ordered 'Barnes to
give him satisfaction, to sign certain articles, and to make
a formal recantation in the pulpit. All this was done, but
in such a manner, that there was a complaint, that in one
part of his sermon he artfully maintained what he had retracted in the other. Upon these complaints he was sent
to the Tower by the king’s command, which he never
came out of but to suffer death in the midst of the flames
for he was condemned* as an heretic by the parliament,
without being permitted to make his defence. He declared his belief a little before his death he rejected justification by works, invocation of saints, &c. and desired
that the king would undertake a thorough reformation.
His freedom of speech had for a long time before exposed
him to trouble. While Wolsey was in favour, he preached
so vehemently at Cambridge against the luxury of prelates,
that every body saw immediately that he designed it
against the cardinal. Upon that account he was carried to
London, where by the solicitations of Gardiner and Fox,
he was rescued from that prosecution, having agreed to
abjure some articles which were proposed to him. Afterwards he was again committed to prison upon some newaccusations and then it was generally believed that he
would be burnt, but he escaped, and went over into Germany, where he applied himself entirely to the study of
the bible and divinity in which he made so great a progress, that he was very much esteemed by the doctors and
princes. When the king of Denmark sent ambassadors to
England, he desired Barnes to accompany them, or even
to be one of them. We have at least two books written
by Barnes, one, the “Articles of his Faith,
” published in
Latin, with a preface by Pomeranus, and again in Dutch
in 1531. The other is his “Lives of the Popes,
” from
St. Peter to Alexander II. published, with a preface by
Luther, at Wirtemberg, 1536, and afterwards at Leyden,
1615; together with Bale’s Lives of the Popes. Luther
also published an account of his martyrdom.
had brought along with them. These accordingly were established and approved by the archbishop, the bishop of London, the bishop elect of Bangor, and some other divines;
The next dispute he was engaged in, was of much longer
continuance. Dr. Whitacre and Dr. Timlal were deputed
by the heads of the university to archbishop Whitgift to
complain that Pelagianism was gaining ground in the university; and, in order to stop the progress of it, they desired confirmation of some propositions they had brought
along with them. These accordingly were established and
approved by the archbishop, the bishop of London, the
bishop elect of Bangor, and some other divines; and were
afterwards known by the title of the Lambeth articles.
They were immediately communicated to Dr. Baro; who,
disregarding them, preached a sermon before the university, in which however he did not so much deny, as moderate those propositions: nevertheless his adversaries
judging of it otherwise, the vice-chancellor consulted the
same day with Dr. Clayton and Mr. Chadderton, what
should be done. The next day he wrote a letter to the
archbishop of Canterbury; who returned for answer, that
they should call Baro before them, and require a copy of
his sermon, or at least cause him to set down the principal
heads thereof. Baro, finding what offence was taken at
his sermon, wrote to the archbishop; yet, according to his
grace’s directions, was cited before Dr. Goad, the vicechancellor in the consistory; when several articles were
exhibited against him. At his last appearance the conclusion against him was, “That whereas Baro had promised
the vice-chancellor, upon his demand, a copy of his sermon, but his lawyers did advise him not to deliver the
same the vice-chancellor did now, by virtue of his authority, peremptorily command him to deliver him the
whole and entire sermon, as to the substance of it, in
writing: which Baro promised he would do the next day,
and did it accordingly. And lastly, he did peremptorily
and by virtue of his authority command Buro, that he
should wholly abstain from those controversies and articles,
and leave them altogether untouched, as well in his lectures, sermons, and determinations, as in his disputations
and other his exercises. The vice-chancellor, who had
proceeded thus far without the knowledge of the lord Burleigh their chancellor, thought fit to acquaint him with
their proceedings, and to desire his advice. The discountenance lord Burleigh gave to this affair, stopped all farther proceedings against Baro; who continued in the university, but with much opposition and trouble: and though
he had many friends and adherents in the university, he
met with such uneasiness, that, for the sake of peace, he
chose to retire to London, and fixed his abode in Crutched
Friars; where he died about 1600, and was buried in the
church of St. Olave, Hart-street. He left the following
works: 1.
” In Jonam Prophetam Prcelectiones xxxix.“2.
” Conciones tres ad Clerum Cantabrigiendem habitae in
templo B. Mariae.“3.
” Theses publics in Scholis peroratse et disputatac.“[These Theses, being only two,
were translated into English by John Ludham, under these
titles; First,
” God’s purpose and dtecree taketh not away
the liberty of man’s corrupt will.*' The second, “Our
conjunction with Christ is altogether spiritual,
” London
Precationes quibus usus est author in
suis pnclectionibus inchoandis & finiendis.
” All these
were published at London De
Fide ejusque ortu et natura plana et dilucida explicatio,
”
&c. Lond. De prsestantia &. dignitate divinse
Legis, lib. 2,
” Tractatus in quo docet
expetitionem oblati a mente boni et fiduciam ad fidei justificantis naturam pertinere.
” 8. “Sumina trium sententiarum de Praedestinatione,
” &c. Hardr. Special treatise of God’s providence, and of comforts
against all kind of crosses and calamities to be fetched
from the same; with an exposition, on Psalm cvii.
” 10.
Four Sermons; the first on Psalm cxxxiii. 1, 2, 3 the second, on Psalm xv. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, &c. 1560, 8vo.
mmunion with the church of England, though dissenting from her in some points, to the right rev. the bishop of ———, with a postscript, shewing how far the bill to prevent
In 1725 he published in 2 vols. 8vo, his “Miscellanea
Sacra: or, anew method of considering so much of the
history of the Apostles as is contained in scripture; in an
abstract of their history, an abstract of that abstract, and
four critical essays.
” In this work the noble author has
traced, with great care and judgment, the methods taken
by the apostles, and first preachers of the gospel, for propagating Christianity; and explained with great distinctness the several gifts of the spirit, by which they were enabled to disciiarge that office. These he improved into an
argument for the truth of the Christian religion; which is
said to have staggered the infidelity of Mr. Anthony Collins. In 1725 he published, in 8vo, “An Essay on the
several dispensations of God to mankind, in the order in
which they lie in the Bible; or, a short system of the religion of nature and scriptwre,
” &c. He was also author
of several other tracts, of which the principal were, 1. “.A
Dissuasive from Jacobitism; shewing in general what the
nation is to expect from a popish king; and, in particular,
from the Pretender.
” The fourth edition of this was printed
in 8vo, in 1713. 2. “A Letter from a Layman, in communion with the church of England, though dissenting from
her in some points, to the right rev. the bishop of ———,
with a postscript, shewing how far the bill to prevent the
growth of schism is inconsistent with the act of toleration,
and the other laws of this realm.
” The second edition of
this was printed in The Layman’s Letter
to the bishop of Bangor.
” The second edition of this was
published in An account of the late proceedings of the Dissenting-ministers at Salters’-hall; occasioned by the differences amongst their brethren in the
country: with some thoughts concerning imposition of human forms for articles of faith;
” in a letter to the rev. Dr.
Gale, A Discourse of natural and revealed
Religion, and the relation they bear to each other,
” Reflections on the 12th query, contained in a
paper, entitled Reasons offered against pushing for the
repeal of the corporation and test-acts, and on the animadversions on the answer to it,
” Miscellanea Sacra
” was published in
e in 1758, and died in 17CM-. Of Daines and Samuel some notice will follow; Shutc, the sixth, is now bishop of Durham. Of the three daughters, who survived their father,
Lord Barrington married Anne, eldest daughter of sir William Daines, by whom he left six sons and three daughters. William, his eldest son, succeeded to his father’s honours; was elected, soon after he came of age, member for the town of Berwick, and afterwards for Plymouth; and, in the late and present reigns, passed through the successive offices of lord of the admiralty, master of the wardrobe, chancellor of the exchequer, treasurer of the navy, and secretary at war. He died in 1793. Francis, the second, died young. John, the third, was a majorgeneral in the army, commanded the land forces at the reduction of the island of Guadaloupe in 1758, and died in 17CM-. Of Daines and Samuel some notice will follow; Shutc, the sixth, is now bishop of Durham. Of the three daughters, who survived their father, Sarah married Robert Price, esq. of Foxley in Herefordshire Anne, Thomas Clarges, esq. only son of sir Thomas Clarges, bart. and Mary died unmarried.
, bishop of St.Asaph in the reign of Charles II. was the son of Isaac
, bishop of St.Asaph in the reign of
Charles II. was the son of Isaac Barrow of Spiney Abbey
irt Cambridgeshire, and uncle of the celebrated mathematician, who will form the subject of the next article. He
was born in 1613, admitted July 1639 of Peterhouse, Cambridge, next year chosen scholar, and in 1631, librarian. In
Dec. 1641, he was presented to the vicarage of Hin ton, by his
college, of which he was a fellow, and resided there until ejected by the presbyterians in 1643. He then removed to Oxford, where his learning and abilities were well known, and
where he was appointed one of the chaplains of New College, by the interest of his friend, Dr. Pink, then warden.
Here he continued until the surrender of Oxford to the
parliamentary army, when he was obliged to shift from
place to place, and suffer with his brethren, who refused to
submit to the usurping powers. At the restoration, however, he was not only replaced in his fellowship at Peterhouse, but chosen a fellow of Eton college, which he held
in commendam with the bishopric of Mann. In 1660,
being then D. D. he was presented by Dr. Wren, bishop of
Ely, to the rectory of Downham, in the Isle of Ely; and,
in 1662, resigned his fellowship of Peterhouse. In July
1663, he was consecrated bishop of Mann, in king Henry
Vllth’s chapel, Westminster, on which occasion his nephew, the mathematician, preached the consecration sermon. In April 1664, he was appointed governor likewise
of the Isle of Mann, by his patron, Charles earl of Derby;
and executed his office with the greatest prudence and honour during all the time in which he held the diocese, and
for some months after his translation to the see of St. Asaph.
He was ever of a liberal, active mind; and rendered himself peculiarly conspicuous as a man of public spirit, by
forming and executing good designs for the encouragement of piety and literature. The state of the diocese of
Mann at this time was deplorable, as to religion. The
clergy were poor, illiterate, and careless, the people grossly
ignorant and dissolute. Bishop Barrow, however, introduced a very happy change in all respects, by the establishment of schools, and improving the livings of the
clergy. He collected with great care and pains from pious
persons about eleven hundred pounds, with which he purchased of the earl of Derby all the impropriations in the
island, and settled them upon the clergy in due proportion,
He obliged them all likewise to teach schools in their respective parishes, and allowed thirty pounds per annum for
a free-school, and fifty pounds per annum for academical
learning. He procured also from king Charles II. one hundred pounds a year (which, Mr. Wood says, had like to have been lost) to be settled upon his clergy, and gave one
hundred and thirty-five pounds of his own money for a lease
upon lands of twenty pounds a year, towards the maintenance of three poor scholars in the college of Dublin, that
in time there might be a more learned body of clergy in
the island. He gave likewise ten pounds towards the building a bridge, over a dangerous water; and did several other
acts of charity and beneficence. Afterwards returning to
England for the sake of his health, and lodging in a house
belonging to the countess of Derby in Lancashire, called
Cross-hall, he received news of his majesty having conferred on him the bishopric of St. Asaph, to which he was
translated March 21, 1669, but he was permitted to hold
the see of Sodor and Mann in commendam, until Oct. 167 1,
in order to indemnify him for the expences of his translation. His removal, however, from Mann, was felt as a
very great loss, both by the clergy at large, and the inhabitants. His venerable, although not immediate, successor,
Dr. Wilson, says of him, that “his name and his good deeds
will be remembered as long as any sense of piety remains
among them.
” His removal to St. Asaph gave him a fresh
opportunity to become useful and popular. After being
established here, he repaired several parts of the cathedral
church, especially the north and south ailes, and new covered them with lead, and wainscotted the east part of the
choir. He laid out a considerable sum of money in repairing the episcopal palace, and a mill belonging to it. In
] 678 he built an alms-house for eight poor widows, and
endowed it with twelve pounds per annum for ever. The
same year, he procured an act of parliament for appropriating the rectories of Llanrhaiader and Mochnant in Denbighshire and "Montgomeryshire, and of Skeiviog in the
county of Flint, for repairs of the cathedral church of St.
Asaph, and the better maintenance of the choir therein,
and also for the uniting several rectories that were sinecures, and the vicarages of the same parishes, within the
said diocese. He designed likewise to build a free-school,
and endow it, but was prevented by death; but in 1687,
Bishop Lloyd, who succeeded him in the see of St. Asaph,
recovered of his executors two hundred pounds, towards a
free-school at St. Asaph.
Bishop Barrow died at Shrewsbury, June 24, 1680, and was interred in
Bishop Barrow died at Shrewsbury, June 24, 1680, and was interred in the cathedral church-yard of St. Asaph, on the south side of the west door, with two inscriptions, one of which seeming to favour the popish doctrine of praying for the dead, gave some offence, especially as it was said, we know not on what authority, that it was drawn up by the bishop himself.
he has described in a Latin poem. At Constantinople, he read over the works of St. Chrysostom, once bishop of that see, whom he preferred to all the other fathers. Having
In 1652, he commenced master of arts, and, on the 12th
of June the following year, was incorporated in that degree
at Oxford. When Dr. Duport resigned the chair of Greek.
professor, he recommended his pupil Mr. Barrow to succeed
him; who justified his tutor’s opinion of him by an excellent
performance of the probation exercise: but being looked
upon as a favourer of Arminianism, the choice fell upon
another; and this disappointment, it is thought, helped to
determine him in his resolution of travelling abroad. In
order to execute this design, he was obliged to sell his books.
Accordingly, in the year 1655, he went into France;
where, at Paris, he found his father attending the English
court, and out of his small means made him a seasonable
present. The same year his “Euclid
” was printed at
Cambridge, which he had left behind him for that purpose.
He gave his college an account of his journey to Paris in a
poem, and some farther observations in a letter. After a
few months, he went into Italy, and stayed sometime at
Florence, where he had the advantage of perusing several
books in the great duke’s library, and of conversing with
Mr. Fitton, an Englishman, his librarian. Here his poverty must have put an end to his travels, had he not been
generously supplied with money by Mr. James Stock, a
young merchant of London, to whom he afterwards dedicated his edition of Euclid’s Data. He was desirous to
have seen Rome; but the plague then raging in that city,
he took ship at Leghorn, November the 6th 1656, for
Smyrna. In this voyage they were attacked by a corsair
of Algiers, who, perceiving the stout defence the ship
made, sheered off and left her; and upon this occasion
Mr. Barrow gave a remarkable instance of his natural courage and intrepidity. At Smyrna, he made himself welcome
to Mr. Bretton the consul (upon whose death he
afterwards wrote an elegy), and to the English factory. Front
thence he proceeded to Constantinople, where he met
with a very friendly reception from sir Thomas Bendish
the English ambassador, and sir Jonathan Daws, with whom
he afterwards kept up an intimate friendship and correspondence. This voyage, from Leghorn to Constantinople, he has described in a Latin poem. At Constantinople, he read over the works of St. Chrysostom, once bishop of that see, whom he preferred to all the other fathers.
Having stayed in Turkey above a year, he returned from
thence to Venice, where, soon after they were landed,
the ship took fire, and was consumed with all the goods.
From thence he came home, in 1659, through Germany
and Holland, and has left a description of some parts of
those countries in his poems. Soon after his return into
England, the time being somewhat elapsed, before which
all fellows of Trinity-college are obliged to take orders, or
quit the society, Mr. Barrow was episcopally ordained by
bishop Brownrig, notwithstanding the unsettled state of
the times, and the declining condition of the church of
England. Upon the king’s restoration, his friends expected he would have been immediately preferred on account of his having suffered and deserved so much; but it
came to nothing, which made him wittily say (which he has not left in his poems),
ly through the interest and recommendation of Dr. Wilkins, master of Trinity-college, and afterwards bishop of Chester. In this station, he not only discharged his own
However, he wrote an ode upon that occasion, in which
he introduces Britannia congratulating the king upon his
return. In 1660, he was chosen, without a competitor,
Greek professor of the university of Cambridge. His oration, spoken upon that occasion, is preserved among his
Opuscula. When he entered upon this province, he designed to have read upon the tragedies of Sophocles: but,
altering his intention, he made choice of Aristotle’s rhetoric. These lectures, having been lent to a person who
never returned them, are irrecoverably lost. The year
following, which was 1661, he took the degree of bachelor
in divinity. July the 16th, 1662, he was elected professor
of geometry in Gresham-college, in the room of Mr. Lawrence Rooke, chiefly through the interest and recommendation of Dr. Wilkins, master of Trinity-college, and afterwards bishop of Chester. In this station, he not only
discharged his own duty, but supplied, likewise, the
absence of Dr. Pope the astronomy professor. Among his
lectures, some were upon the projection of the sphere
which being borrowed and never returned, are lost but
his Latin oration, previous to his lectures, is in his works.
The same year, 1662, he wrote an epithalamium on the
marriage of king Charles and queen Catherine, in Greek
verse. About this time, Mr. Barrow was offered a valuable living, but the condition annexed of teaching the patron’s son, made him refuse it, as too like a simouiacal
contract. Upon the 20th of May 1663, he was elected a
fellow of the royal society, in the first choice made by the
council after their charter. The same year, Mr. Lucas
having founded a mathematical lecture at Cambridge, Mr.
Barrow was so powerfully recommended, by Dr. Wilkins,
to that gentleman’s executors Mr. Raworth and Mr. Buck,
that he was appointed the first professor; and the better to
secure the end of so noble and useful a foundation, he
took care that himself and his successors should be obliged
to leave yearly to the university ten written lectures. We
have his prefatory oration, spoken in the public mathematical school, March the 14th, 1664. Though his two
professorships were not incompatible, he resigned that of
Gresham-college, May the 20th, 1664. He had been invited to take the charge of the Cotton library; but, after
;a short trial, he declined it, and resolved to settle in the
university. In 1669, he resigned the mathematical chair
to his very worthy friend the celebrated Isaac Newton,
being now determined to exchange the study of the mathematics for that of divinity, partly from a strong inclination for the latter, and partly because his mathematical
works were less favourably received than he thought they
deserved. In 1670, he wrote a Latin poem upon the
death of the duchess of Orleans, an epicedium upon the
duke of Albemarle, and a Latin ode upon the Trinity.
He was only a fellow of Trinity-college, when he was collated by his uncle, the bishop of St. Asaph, to a small
sinecure in Wales, and by Dr. Seth Ward, bishop of
Salisbury, to a prebend in that cathedral; the profits of
both which he applied to charitable uses, and afterwards
resigned them, when he became master of his college. In
the same year he was created doctor in divinity by mandate. In 1672, Dr. Pearson, master of Trinity-college,
being, upon the death of bishop Wilkins, removed to the
bishopric of Chester, Dr. Barrow was appointed by the
king to succeed him; and his majesty was pleased to say
upon that occasion, “he had given it to the best scholar
in England.
” His patent hears date February the 13th,
1672, with permission to marry, which he caused to be
erased, as contrary to the statutes, and he was admitted
the 27th of the same month. He gave the highest satisfaction to that society, whose interest he constantly and
carefully consulted. In 1675, he was chosen vice-chancellor of the university. This great and learned divine
died of a fever, the 4th of May 1677, and was buried in
Westminster-abbey, where a monument was erected to
him by the contribution of his friends. His epitaph was
written by his friend Dr. Mapletoft. He left his manuscripts to Dr. Tillotson and Mr. Abraham Hill, with permission to publish what they should think proper. He left
little behind him, except books, which were so well
chosen, that they sold for more than the prime cost.
Though he could never be prevailed to sit for his picture,
some of his friends contrived to have it taken without his
knowledge, whilst they diverted him with such discourse
as engaged his attention. As to his person, he was low of
stature, lean, and of a pale complexion, and negligent of
his dress to a fault; of extraordinary strength, a thin skin,
and very sensible of cold; his eyes grey, clear, and somewhat short-sighted; his hair a light brown, very fine, and
curling. He was of a healthy constitution, very fond of
tobacco, which he used to call his panpharmacon, or universal medicine, and imagined it helped to compose and
regulate his thoughts. If he was guilty of any intemperance, it seemed to be in the love of fruit, which he thought
very salutary. He slept little, generally rising in the
winter months before day. His conduct and behaviour
were truly amiable; he was always ready to assist others,
open and communicative in his conversation, in which he
generally spoke to the importance, as well as truth, of any
question proposed; facetious in his talk upon fit occasions,
and skilful to accommodate his discourse to different capacities; of indefatigable industry in various studies, clear
judgment on all arguments, and steady virtue under all
difficulties; of a calm temper in factious times, and of
large charity in mean estate; he was easy and contented
with a scanty fortune, and with the same decency and moderation maintained his character under the temptations of
prosperity. In short, he was, perhaps, the greatest scholar of his times and, as an ingenious writer expresses it,
“he may be esteemed as having shewn a compass of invention equal, if not superior, to any of the moderns, sir
Isaac Newton only excepted.
”
brother, and intended for the cburch, he was sent to St. David’s, and educated in the family of the bishop of that see, who was his uncle. He acknowledges in his history
, usually called Giraldus Cambrensis, or Girald of Wales, was born at the castle of Mainaper, near Pembroke, in 1146. By his mother he was descended from the princes of South Wales and his father,
William Barry, was one of the chief men of that principality. Being a younger brother, and intended for the
cburch, he was sent to St. David’s, and educated in the
family of the bishop of that see, who was his uncle. He
acknowledges in his history of his own life and actions,
that in his early youth he was too negligent and playful;
but his uncle and his masters remonstrated with him so
sharply, that he became diligent, and soon excelled his
school-fellows. When about twenty years of age, he was
sent to the university of Paris, where he continued for
three years, acquiring great fame by his skill in rhetoric,
and on his return he entered into holy orders, and obtained several benefices in England and Wales. Finding
that the Welch were very reluctant in paying tidies of
wool and cheese, he applied to Richard, archbishop of
Canterburv, and was appointed his legate in Wales for
rectifying that disorder, and for other purposes. He
executed this commission with great spirit, excommunicating
all without distinction, who neglected to pay. He also
informed against the old archdeacon of Brechin for being
married, and procured him to be deprived of his archdeaconry, which was bestowed on this officious legate. In
otherwise discharging the duties of this new office, he
acted with great vigour, which involved him in many quarXels; but, according to his own account, he was always in
the right, and always victorious. On his uncle’s death,
he was elected by the chapter of St. David’s, bishop of
that see, but he declined accepting it, owing to the informality of not applying to the king for his licence, although
in reality he knew that the king, Henry II. would never
have confirmed such an election, and did in fact express
his displeasure at it, in consequence of which another person was chosen. Girald, however, was not reconciled to
the disappointment, and determined to get rid of his chagrin by travelling, and studying for some time longer at
Paris. Here he pursued the civil and canon law, and with
his usual vanity he boasts what a prodigious fame he acquired, especially in the knowledge of papal constitutions,
or decretals, as they are called. In 1179, he was elected
professor of the canon law in the university of Paris; but
rejected the honour, expecting more solid advantages in
his own country. In 1180, he returned home through
Flanders and England, and in his way stopped at Canterbury, where he emphatically describes (what may be well allowed him) the great luxury of the monks of that place.
At length he got home, where he found the whole country
in a flame, the canons and archdeacons of Menevia having
joined with the inhabitants in driving out the bishop of
that see, the administration of which was committed to our
author, by the archbishop of Canterbury. Under this authority he governed the see of St. David’s for three or four
years, and made wonderful reformations in it. The abdicated bishop, whose name was Peter, did not acquiesce in
the conduct of his clergy, but by letters suspended and
excommunicated the canons and archdeacons, uncited and
unheard: and at length, Girald, not having power to redress them, resigned his charge to the archbishop, who
absolved the excommunicated. Bishop Peter imputed his
disgrace, or at least the continuance of it, to Girald; great
contests arose, and appeals were made to Rome: but at
length they were reconciled, and the bishop restored.
About the year 1184, king Henry II. invited Girald to
court, and made him his chaplain, and at times he attended the king for several years, and was very useful to
him in keeping matters quiet in Wales’. Yet though the
king approved of his services, and in private often coinmended his prudence and fidelity, he never could be
prevailed on to promote him to any ecclesiastical benefices, on account of the relation he bore to prince Rhees,
and other grandees of Wales. In 1185, the king sent him
to Ireland with his son John, in quality of secretary and
privy-counsellor to the young prince: but the expedition
did not meet with success, because earl John made use
only of youthful counsels, and shewed no favour to the
old adventurers, who were men experienced in the affairs
of Ireland. While Girald thus employed himself in Ireland, the two bishoprics of Ferns and Leighlin fell vacant, which earl John offered to unite, and confer on him;
but he rejected the promotion, and employed himself in
collecting materials for writing his Topography and history
of the conquest of Ireland, which he compiled and published a few years after. In the spring of the year 1186,
John Comyn, archbishop of Dublin, convened a synod of
his clergy, in Christ-church of that city, at which Girald
was one of the preachers, but by the account of it in his
life, it appears to have been a turbulent assembly. Having obtained great fame in Ireland, as he tells us himself,
between Easter and Whitsuntide 1187, he returned to
Wales, and employed all his time in writing and revising
his Topography, to which, when he had put, the last hand,
he took a journey to Oxford, and repeated it in a public
audience of the university; and as it consisted of three
distinctions, he repeated one every day of three successively; and in order to captivate the people, and secure
their applause, the first day he entertained all the poor of
the town, the next day the doctors and scholars of fame
and reputation, and the third day the scholars of the
lower rank, the soldiers, townsmen, and burgesses. In
the year 1188, he accompanied Baldwin, archbishop of
Canterbury, in a journey through the rough and mountainous parts of Wales, in order to preach up to the
people the necessity of taking the cross, and engaging
in an expedition in defence of the Holy Land. Here our
author shews the vast success his eloquence met with, in
persuading the greatest part of the country to engage in
this adventure, when the archbishop was able to do nothing. Girald himself took the cross at this time, and it
afforded him the opportunity of writing his “Itinerarium
Cambriae.
” The same year he went over into France,
in the retinue of king Henry If, which he did by the advice of the archbishop of Canterbury, and Ranulph de
Glanville, chief-justice of England; but the king dying
the year after, he was sent back by Richard I. to preserve
the peace of Wales, and was even joined with the bishop
of Ely, as one of the regents of the kingdom. After refusing one or two bishoprics, in hopes to succeed to St.
David’s, which was his favourite object, this latter became
vacant in 1198, and he was unanimously elected by the
chapter. Yet here again he was disappointed, owing to
the opposition of Hubert archbishop of Canterbury, and
was involved in a contest, which lasted five years, during
which he took three journies to Rome, and was at last
defeated. Soon after this, he retired from the world, and
spent the last seventeen years of his life in study, composing many of his writings. He was unquestionably a
man of genius and learning, but as a historian, full of
credulity and fable; and as a man, one of the most vain
upon record. Ware, and the editor of the Biog. Britannica, have given a long list of his manuscript works, which
are in the Cotton and Harleian libraries in the British
museum, the archbishop’s library at Lambeth, the
Bodleian, Oxford, and the public library and Bene't college library, Cambridge. Those printed are: 1. “Topographia Hibernioe,
” Francfort, Historia Vaticinalis, de expugnatione Hiberniae,
” Francfort, Itinerarium Cambriae,
” published with annotations
by David Powel, De laudibus Carnbrorum,
” also published by Powel. 5. “Gemma Ecclesiastica,
” Mentz, Gemma animoe,
” without the author’s name. 6. “Liber secundus de descriptione Wallise,
” published by Wharton,
in Anglia Sacra, part II. p, 447. Camden every where
quotes Giraldus as an author of undoubted credit and
reputation.
His friend and countryman, Mons. de Bausset, had engaged to promote him in the church, and being now bishop of Beziers, invited him to accept the office of vicar-general.
In 1744-he went to Paris, carrying a letter with him to Mons. de Boze, keeper of the royal medals, a learned man, whose age and infirmities predisposing him to retire from labour, he selected our author as an associate in the care and arrangement of the cabinet, and his appointment was confirmed by Mons. de Maurepas, minister of that department. Our author lost no time in arranging in perfect order the large and valuable collection of Mons. D'Etrees and the abbe llothelin, which had remained in a very confused state. These he separated, compared, and described in a supplementary catalogue. At this time his career in these pursuits was threatened with an interruption. His friend and countryman, Mons. de Bausset, had engaged to promote him in the church, and being now bishop of Beziers, invited him to accept the office of vicar-general. Having promised to follow the fortunes of his friend, our author had no intention of retracting his engagement; but wishing to be released from it, he submitted his thoughts on the subject to the bishop, who with great kindness discharged him from the obligations he held himself under, and left him to follow the bent of his inclinations. In 1747 he was elected associate of the academy of inscriptions, and in 1753, on the death of M. de Boze, with whom he had been associate seven years, he was made keeper of the cabinet of medals, to which office he was promoted, notwithstanding some considerable opposition.
erity of life, not only deceived the vulgar, but many far above the vulgar, such as sir Thomas More, bishop Fisher, and archbishop Warham, the last of whom appointed c
, commonly called “The holy-Maid of Kent,
” a religious impostor in the reign of Henry
VIII. was a servant at Aldington in Kent, and had long
been troubled with convulsions, which distorted her limbs
and countenance, and threw her body into the most violent
agitations; and the effect of the disorder was such, that,
even after she recovered, she could counterfeit the same
appearance. Masters, the minister of Aldington, with
other ecclesiastics, thinking her a proper instrument for
their purpose, persuaded her to pretend, that what she
said and did was by a supernatural impulse, and taught her
to act her part in a manner well calculated to deceive the
public. Sometimes she counterfeited a trance; then coming to herself, after many strange contortions, would break
out into pious ejaculations, hymns, and prayers, sometimes
delivering herself in set speeches, sometimes in uncouth
monkish rhymes. She pretended to be honoured with visions and relations, to hear heavenly voices, and the most
ravishing melody. She declaimed against the wickedness
of the times, against heresy and innovations, exhorting the
people to frequent the church, to hear masses, to use frequent confessions, and to pray to our lady and all the saints.
All this artful management, together with great exterior
piety, virtue, and austerity of life, not only deceived the
vulgar, but many far above the vulgar, such as sir Thomas
More, bishop Fisher, and archbishop Warham, the last of
whom appointed commissioners to examine her. She was
now instructed to say, in her counterfeit trances, that the
blessed Virgin had appeared to her, and assured her that
she should never recover, till she went to visit her image,
in a chapel dedicated to her in the parish of Aldington.
Thither she accordingly repaired, processionally and in
pilgrimage, attended by above three thousand people and
many persons of quality of both sexes. There she fell into one of her trances, and uttered many things in honour of
the saints and the popish religion; for herself she said, that
by the inspiration of God she was called to be a nun, and
that Dr. Bocking was to be her ghostly father. This Dr.
Bocking was a canon of Christ church in Canterbury, and an
associate in carrying on the imposture. In the mean time
the archbishop was so satisfied with the reports made to
him about her, as to order her to be put into the nunnery
of St. Sepulchre, Canterbury, where she pretended to have
frequent inspirations and visions, and also to work miracles
for all such as would make a profitable vow to our lady at
the chapel in the parish of Aldington. Her visions and
revelations were also carefully collected and inserted in a
book, by a monk called Deering.
The priests, her managers, having thus succeeded in the
imposture, now proceeded to the great object of it;
Elizabeth Barton was directed publicly to announce, howGod had revealed to her, that “in case the king should
divorce queen Catherine of Arragon, and take another
wife during her life, his royalty would not be of a month’s
duration, but he should die the death of a villain.
” Bishop
Fisher, and others, in the interest of the queen, and of the
Romish religion, hearing of this, held frequent meetings
with the nun and her accomplices, and at the same time
seduced many persons from their allegiance, particularly
the fathers and nuns of Sion, the Charter-house, and
Sheen, and some of the observants of Richmond, Greenwich, and Canterbury. One Peto, preaching before the
king at Greenwich, denounced heavy judgments upon him
to his face, telling him that “he had been deceived by
many lying prophets’, while himself, as a true' Micaiah,
warned him that the dogs should lick his blood, as they had
licked the blood of Ahab.
” Henry bore this outrageous
insult with a moderation not very usual with him; but, to
undeceive the people, he appointed Dr. Cunvin to preach
before him the Sunday following, who justified the king’s
proceedings, and branded Peto with the epithets of “rebel, slanderer, dog, and traitor.
” Cur win, however, was
interrupted by a friar, and called “a lying prophet, who
sought to establish the succession to the crown by adultery;
” and proceeded with such virulence, that the king
was obliged to interpose, and command him to be silent;
yet though Peto and the friar were afterwards summoned
before the council, they were only reprimanded for their
insolence.
udence, sagacity, and presence of mind. He lived upon his first coming to town with Dr. Morton, then bishop of Durham, at Durham-house, which being an old spacious building,
, an eminent English divine, was
born at Wetherslack, in Westmoreland, April 20, 1612.
His parents were not considerable either for rank or riches;
but were otherwise persons of great merit, and happy in
their family. John, the third son, was intended for the
church, but being sent to school in the neighbourhood,
he lost much time under masters deficient in diligence
and learning. At length he was sent to Sedberg school,
in Yorkshire, where, under the care of a tolerable master,
he gave early marks both of genius and piety. In the
year 1631, and the eighteenth of his age, he was admitted
of St. John’s college, at Cambridge, under the tuition of
Mr. Thomas Fothergill, who proved at once a guardian
and a preceptor, supplying his necessities, as well as instructing him in learning. By this help Mr. Barwick
quickly so distinguished himself, that when a dispute arose
about the election of a master, which at last came to be
heard before the privy-council, the college chose Mr.
Barwick, then little above twenty, to manage for them,
by which he not only became conspicuous in the university, but was also taken notice of at court, and by the
ministry. In 1635 he became B. A. while these affairs
were still depending. April the 5th, 1636, he was created
Fellow, without opposition, and in 1638 he took the degree of M. A. When the civil war broke out, and the
king wrote a letter to the university, acquainting them
that he was in extreme want, Mr. Barwick concurred with
those loyal persons, who first sent him a small supply in
money, and afterwards their college-plate, and upon information that Cromwell, afterwards the protector, lay
with a party of foot at a place called Lower Hedges, between Cambridge and Huntington, in order to make himself master of this small treasure, Mr. Barwick made one
of the party of horse which conveyed it through by-roads
safely to Nottingham, where his majesty had set up his
standard. By this act of loyalty the parliament was so
provoked, that they sent Cromwell with a body of troops
to quarter in the university, where they committed the
most brutal outrages. Mr. Barwick also published a piece
against the covenant, entitled “Certain Disquisitions and
Considerations, representing to the conscience the unlawfuluess of the oath entitled A Solemn League and Covenant for Reformation, &c. as also the insufficiency of
the urgiiments used in the exhortation for taking the said
covenant. Published by command,
” Oxford, distemper, so that
in November, 1662, he was confined to his chamber: he
heightened his disease by officiating at the sacrament the
Christmas-day following, after which he was seized with
a violent vomiting of blood. Upon this he was advised to a change of air, and retired to Therfield in Hertfordshire, of which he was rector, but finding himself
there too far from London, he returned to Chiswick, where
he in some measure recovered his health. As soon as he
found he had a little strength, he applied himself there to
the putting in order the archives of St. Paul’s church, but
this return of active employment was followed by an extraordinary flux of blood, which rendered him very weak,
and defeated his favourite design of retiring to Therfield.
When he first found his health declining, he made choice
of and procured this living, intending to have resigned
his deanery and office of prolocutor, to those who had
vigour enough to discharge them, and to spend the remainder of his days in the discharge of his pastoral office,
to which he thought himself bound by his taking orders.
But coming upon some extraordinary occasion to London,
he was seized with a pleurisy, which carried him off in
three days. He was attended in his last moments by Dr.
Peter Gunning, afterwards bishop of Ely, and as he lived,
so he died, with all the marks of an exemplary piety, on
the 22d of October, 1664, after he had struggled almost
twelve years with this grievous distemper. By hrs will he
bequeathed the greatest part of his estate to charitable
uses, and this with a judgment equal to his piety. His
body was interred in the cathedral of St. Paul’s, with an
epitaph composed by Mr. Samuel Howlet. The character
of Mr. Barwick may be easily collected from the preceding
sketch, but is more fully illustrated in his life published by
Dr. Peter Barwick, a work of great interest and amusement. His printed works are very few. Besides the tract
on the covenant, before mentioned, we have only his
” Life of Thomas Morton, bishop of Durham, and a funeral sermon,“1660, 4to; and
” Deceivers deceived,“a
sermon at St. Paul’s, Oct. 20, 1661,
” 1661, 4to. Many
of his letters to chancellor Hyde are among Thurloe’s State
Papers.
nty-fourth year of his age, he took his degree of bachelor of arts. In 1644, he was nominated by the bishop of Ely, to a fellowship of St. John’s, in his gift, but the
, physician in ordinary to king Charles II. was brother to the preceding, and born in 1619, at Wetherslack in Westmoreland. From the same grammar-school as his elder brother, he removed to St. John’s college in Cambridge in 1637, and continued there about six years. In 1642, being then in the twenty-fourth year of his age, he took his degree of bachelor of arts. In 1644, he was nominated by the bishop of Ely, to a fellowship of St. John’s, in his gift, but the usurper being then in power, he never availed himself of it. Probably, indeed, he had left the college before he obtained this presentation, and perhaps about the same time his brother did, which was in the foregoing year. It is uncertain, whether, at that time, he had made any choice of a profession; so that being invited into Leicestershire, in order to become tutor to Ferdinando Sacheverell, esq. of Old Hayes in that county, a young gentleman of great hopes, he readily accepted the proposal, and continued with him for some time. In 1647, he returned to Cambridge, and took his degree of master of arts, applying himself then assiduously to the study of physic, and ahout the same time, Mr. Sacheverell died, and bequeathed our author an annuity of twenty pounds. How he disposed of himself for some years, does not very clearly appear, because he who so elegantly recorded the loyal services of his brother, has studiously concealed his own. It is, however, more than probable, that he was engaged in the service of his sovereign, since it is certain that he was at Worcester in 1651, where he had access to his royal master king Charles II. who testified to him a very kind sense of the fidelity of his family. In 1655, he was created doctor of physic, and two years afterwards, he took a house in St. Paul’s church-yard, and much about the same time, married the widow of Mr. Sayon, an eminent merchant. Being thus settled, he soon gained a very great repute in the city, for his skill in his profession, and among the learned, by his judicious defence of Dr. Harvey’s discovery of the Circulation of the Blood, which was then, and is still, admired as one of the best pieces written upon that subject. At this house he entertained his brother Dr. John Barwick, who repaired at his own expence an oratory he found there, and daily read the service of the established church, and with a few steadyroyalists, prayed for his exiled master. After the restoration in 1660, he was made one of the king’s physicians in ordinary, and in the year following, received a still stronger proof of his majesty’s kind sense of his own and his brother’s services by a grant of arms expressive of their loyalty. In 1666, being compelled by the dreadful fire to remove from St. Paul’s church yard, where, much to his honour, he was one of the few physicians who remained all the time of the plague, and was very active and serviceable in his profession, he took another house near Westminster-abbey, for the sake of being near that cathedral, to which he constantly resorted every morning at six o'clock prayers. He was a very diligent physicum, and remarkably successful in the small-pox, and in most kinds of fevers. Yet he was far from making money the main object of his care; for during the many years that he practised, he not only gave advice and medicines gratis to the poor, but likewise charitably administered to their wants in other respects. In. 1671, he drew up in Latin, which he wrote with unusual elegance and purity, the life of the dean his brother, and took care to deposit it, and the original papers serving to support the facts mentioned, in the library in St. John’s college at Cambridge. Another ms. he gave to Dr. Woodward, and one he left to his family. Twenty years after this, when our author was in the seventy-fourth year of his age, and his eye-sight so much decayed, that he was forced to make use of the hand of a friend, he added an appendix in defence of the Ewwv BacrimKti, against Dr. Walker, who was very well known to him, and of whom in that treatise he has given a very copious account. This piece of his is written with a good deal of asperity, occasioned chiefly by the frequency of scurrilous libels against the memory of Charles I. In 1694, being quite blind, and frequently afflicted with fits of the stone, he gave over practice, and dedicated the remainder of his life to the service of God, and the conversation of a few intimate friends, amongst whom was Dr. Busby, the celebrated master of Westminster-school. He died Sept. 4, the same year, in the eighty-sixth year of his age, and by his own. direction, was interred without any monument, as well as with great privacy, near the body of his dear wife, in the parish church of St. Faith’s, under St. Paul’s. He was a man of a very comely person, equally remarkable for the solidity of his learning, and for a wonderful readiness as well as elegance in expressing it. His piety was sincere, his reputation unspotted, his loyalty and his modesty most exemplary. In all stations of life he was admired and beloved, and of a chearful and serene mind in all situations. He was happy in the universal approbation of all parties, as he was himself charitable to all, and never vehement but in the cause of truth. He left behind him an only daughter, Mary, who married sir Ralph Dutton of Sherbounie in Dorsetshire, bart. The life of his brother was published, in Latin, 1721, 8vo, and in English, with an account of the writer, 1724. Mr. Hilkiah Bedford was editor of both.
e he resolved to follow it, and became the first institutor of it in Pontus and Cappadocia. Eusebius bishop of Csesarea conferred the order of priesthood upon Basil, who
, surnamed The Great, on account of his
learning and piety, was born at Caesarea in Cappadocia, in.
the year 326. He received the first part of his education
under his father. He went afterwards and studied under
the famous Libanius at Antiochia and Constantinople, and
from thence to Athens, where he met with Gregory Nazianzen, with whom he had a very cordial intimacy. After
finishing his studies, he returned to his native country in
the year 355, and taught rhetoric. Some time after he
travelled into Syria, Egypt, and Libya, to visit the monasteries of these countries; and the monastic life so much
suited his disposition, that upon his return home he resolved
to follow it, and became the first institutor of it in Pontus
and Cappadocia. Eusebius bishop of Csesarea conferred
the order of priesthood upon Basil, who soon after retired
into his solitude, having had some misunderstanding with
his bishop; but he came to a reconciliation with him about
three years after, and his reputation was at length so great,
that, upon the death of Eusebius, in the year 370, he was
chosen his successor. It was with some difficulty that he
accepted of this dignity; and no sooner was he raised to
it, than the emperor Valens began to persecute him because
he refused to embrace the doctrine of the Arians. Valens
came twice to Ca?sarea, and finding he was not able to influence Basil, resolved to banish him from that place. He
ceased at length, however, to molest Basil, who now began
to use his utmost endeavours to bring about a re-union betwixt the eastern and western churches, then much divided
about some points of faith, and in regard to Meletius and
Paulinus, two bishops of Antioch. The western churches
acknowledged Paulinus for the lawful bishop, and would
have no communion with Meletius, who was supported by
the eastern churches. But all his efforts were ineffectual,
this dispute not being terminated till nine months after his
death. Basil was likewise engaged in some contests relating to the division the emperor had made of Cappadocia
into two provinces. Anthimus, bishop of Tayane, the
metropolis of the new province, was desirous to extend
his limits, which Basil opposed. They contested chiefly
about a little village named Zazime. Basil, in order to
preserve it in his jurisdiction, erected a bishopric, and
gave it to his friend Gregory of Nazianzen, but Anthimus
took possession before him; and Gregory, who loved
peace, retired from thence. Basil had also some disputes
with Eustathius, and was engaged in most of the controversies of his age. Calumny, malice, and the domineering
power of Arianism afflicted him with various trials, in which
his patience was unwearied; and as his body became enfeebled by increasing distempers, his mind seems to have
collected more vigour. Finding himself rapidly declining,
after he had governed the church of Csesarea eight years
and some months, he ordained some of his followers, and
was then obliged to take to his bed. The people flocked
about his house, sensible of the value of such a pastor.
For a time he discoursed piously to those about him, and
sealed his last breath with the ejaculation, “Into thy hands
I commend my spirit.
” He died in the year
, bishop of Ancyra in the year 336, was ordained to that office by the
, bishop of Ancyra in the year 336, was ordained to that office by the bishops of Eusebius’s party, in room of Marcellus, whom they had deposed: but Basil was excommunicated, and his ordination declared void in the council of Sardica, although he continued still in the possession of his see. He disputed against Photinus in the council of Sirmium, in the year 351, and there confounded that heretic. He was one of the greatest enemies to the Arians, or Anomseans, i. e. those who openly vindicated the opinion of Arius, and maintained that the Word was not like to the Father. But he was, notwithstanding, considered as the head of the Semi-Arians, who maintained that the Son was similar to the Father in his essence, not by nature, but by a peculiar privilege. Basil maintained this opinion and procured it to be established by the authority of a council, which was held at Ancyra in the year 358, and defended it at Seleucia and Constantinople, against the Eudoxians and Acacians, who deposed him in the year 360, after charging him with many crimes. St. Jerome informs us, that Basil wrote a book against Marcellus, his predecessor; a treatise of Virginity; and some other lesser pieces, of which no remains are extant, but he had the reputation of a man of learning and eloquence. Although he is placed by some at the head of the Semi-Arians, yet it is not quite certain that he was deemed a heretic. St. Basil speaks of him as a Catholic bishop, and Athanasius confesses, in his book of Synods, that Basil of Ancyra and those of his party, did not differ from them that professed the consubstantiality, but only in words, and therefore Hilary and Philastrius call the bishops of the council of Sirmium, held against Photinus, of which Basil of Ancyra was the chief, orthodox bishops.
time, he was master of the college or free-school at Guernsey, and became chaplain to Thomas Morton bishop of Durham, who gave him the rectory of Stanhope, and the vicarage
, a learned divine of the seventeenth century, was born in 1607, in the island of Jersey, according to Wood, which an annotator on the Biog. Britannica contradicts without informing us of the place of his nativity. Grey, in his ms notes, says he was born at Rouen, in Normandy, but quotes no authority, nor do we know in what school or university he received his education. For some time, he was master of the college or free-school at Guernsey, and became chaplain to Thomas Morton bishop of Durham, who gave him the rectory of Stanhope, and the vicarage of EgglesclifF, b.oth in the county of Durham. In July 1640, he had the degree of doctor of divinity conferred upon him at Cambridge, by mandate; and was incorporated in the same at Oxford, the November following, about which time he was made chaplain in ordinary to king Charles I.; Dec. 12, 1643, he was installed into the seventh prebend of Durham, to which he was collated by his generous patron bishop Morton. The next year, August 24, he was also collated to the archdeaconry of Northumberland, with the rectory of Howiek annexed. But he did not long enjoy these great preferments, as in the beginning of the civil wars, being sequestered and plundered, he repaired to king Charles at Oxford, before whom, and his parliament, he frequently preached. In 1646, he had a licence granted him under the public seal of the university, to preach the word of God throughout England. Upon the surrender of the Oxford garrison to the parliament, he resolved with all the zeal of a missionary to propagate the doctrine of the EngJish church in the East, among the Greeks, Arabians, &c. Leaving therefore his family in England, he went first to Zante, an island near the Morea, where he made some stay; and had good success in spreading among the Greek inhabitants the doctrine of the English church, the substance of which he imparted to several of them, in a vulgar Greek translation of our church-catechism. The success of this attempt was so remarkable, that it drew persecution upon him from the Latins, as they are called, or those members of the Romish church, throughout the East, who perform their service in Latin. On this he went into the Morea, where the metropolitan of Achaia prevailed upon him to preach twice in Greek, at a meeting of some of his bishops and clergy, which was well received. At his departure, he left with him a copy of the catechism above mentioned. From thence, after he had passed through Apulia, Naples, and Sicily again (in which last, at Messina, he officiated for some weeks on board a ship) he embarked for Syria; and, after some months stay at Aleppo, where he had frequent conversation with the patriarch of Antioch, then resident there, he left a copy of our church-catechism, translated into Arabic, the native language of that place. From Aleppo he went in 1652 to Jerusalem, and so travelled over all Palestine. At Jerusalem he received much honour, both from the Greek Christians and Latins. The Greek patriarch (the better to express his desire of communion with the church of England, declared by the doctor to him) gave him his bull, or patriarchal seal, in a blank, which is their way of credence, and shewed him other instances of respect, while the Latins received him courteously into their convent, though he did openly profess himself a priest of the church of England. After some disputes about the validity of our English ordinations, they procured him entrance into the temple of the sepulchre, at the rate of a priest, that is half of the sum paid by a layman; and, at his departure from Jerusalem, the pope’s vicar gave him his diploma in parchment, under his own hand and public seal, styling him, a priest of the church of England, and doctor of divinity, which title occasioned some surprise, especially to the French ambassador at Constantinople. Returning to Aleppo, he passed over the Euphrates and went into Mesopotamia, where he intended to send the church-catechism in Turkish, to some of their bishops, who were mostly Armenians. This Turkish translation was procured by the care of sir Thomas Bendyshe, the English ambassador at Constantinople. After his return from Mesopotamia, he wintered at Aleppo, where he received several courtesies from the consul, Mr. Henry Riley. In the beginning of 1653, he departed from Aleppo, and came to Constantinople by land, being six hundred miles, without any person with him, that could speak any of the European languages. Yet, by the help of some Arabic he had picked up at Aleppo, he performed that journey in the company of twenty Turks, who used him courteously, because he acted as physician to them and their friends: a study (as he says) to which the iniquity of the times and the opportunity of Padua drove him. After his arrival at Constantinople, the French Protestants there desired him to be their minister, and though he declared to them his resolution to officiate according to the English liturgy (a translation whereof, for want of a printed copy, cost him no little labour) yet they orderly submitted to it, and promised to settle on him, in three responsible men’s hands, a competent stipend: and all this, as they told him, with the express consent of the French ambassador, but still under the roof and protection of the English ambassador. Before he quitted the Eastern parts, he intended to pass into Egypt, in order to take a survey of the churches of the Cophties, and confer with the patriarch of Alexandria, as he had done already with the other three patriarchs, partly to acquire the knowledge of those churches, and partly to publish and give them a true notion of the church of England; but whether he accomplished his design, is not certain. He went next into Transilvania, where he was entertained for seven years by George Ragotzi the Second, prince of that country; who honoured him with the divinity-chair in his new founded university of Alba Julia (or Weissenburg) and endowed him, though a mere stranger to him, with a very ample salary. During his travels he collated the several confessions of faith of the different sorts of Christians, Greeks, Armenians, Jacobites, Maronites, &c. which he kept by him in their own languages. His constant design and endeavour, whilst he remained in the East, was, to persuade the Christians of the several denominations there, to a canonical reformation of some errors; and to dispose and incline them to a communion or unity with the church of England, but his pious intentions were afterwards defeated by the artifices of court of France. Upon the restoration of king Charles II. Dr. Easier was recalled by his majesty to England, in a letter written to prince Ragotzi. But this unfortunate prince dying 'soon after, of the wounds he received in a battle with the Turks at Gyala, the care of his solemn obsequies was committed to the doctor by his relict, princess Sophia, and he was detained a year longer from England. At length returning in 1661 9 he was restored to his preferments and dignities; and made chaplain in ordinary to king Charles II. After quietly enjoying his large revenues for several years, he died on the 12th of Oct. 1676, in the 69th year of his age-, and was buried in the yard belonging to the cathedral of Durham, where a tomb was erected over his grave, with an inscription. His character appears to have been that of a learned, active, and industrious man; a zealous supporter of the church of England; and a loyal subject. His son, John Basire, esq. who had been receiver general for the four western counties, died ou the 2d of June 1722, in the 77th year of his age.
5.” The dead man’s real speech being a sermon on Hebr. xi. 4. at the funeral of Dr. John Cosin, late bishop of Durham, 29th of April, 1672. Together with a brief (account)
His works are, 1. “Deoet Ecclesiae Sacrum; Sacrilege
arraigned and condemned by St. Paul, Romans ii. 22,
” Oxford, Diatriba de antiqua Ecclesiae Britannicae libertate;
” written on occasion
of Chr. Justell’s intended Geographia Sacro-politica, but
which was never published. It was found in the lord Hopton’s cabinet after his decease, by Richard Watson, an exile
for his loyalty, who not only caused it to be printed at
Bruges in 1656, 8vo, but also translated it into English,
and published it under the title of “The ancient Liberty
of the Britannic church, and the legitimate exemption
thereof from the Roman patriarchate, discoursed on four
positions, and asserted, &c.
” 1661, 8vo. III. “The history of the English and Scotch Presbytery,
” Loncl. 4.
” Oratio privata, boni Theologi (speciatim concionatoris practici) partes praecipuas complectens,“Lond. 1670, 8vo, inhalf a sheet. 5.
” The dead man’s
real speech being a sermon on Hebr. xi. 4. at the funeral
of Dr. John Cosin, late bishop of Durham, 29th of April,
1672. Together with a brief (account) of the life, dignities, benefactions, principal actions and sufferings of the
said bishop: And an Appendix of his profession and practice, and of his last will concerning religion." Lond. 1673,
8vo. Mr. Wood thinks he published some other things, but
does not mention what they were.
ended him to the esteem of all lovers of literature: particularly to the favour of Robert Grosteste, bishop of Lincoln, by whom he was preferred to the archdeaconry of
, more commonly known by the name
of Basingstochius, or de Basingstoke, was born at Basingstoke, a town in the north part of Hampshire, and thence
took his surname. He was a person highly eminent for
virtue and learning; a perfect master of the Latin and Greek
languages; and also an eloquent orator, an able mathematician and philosopher, and a sound divine. The foundation of his great learning he laid in the university of
Oxford, and, for his farther improvement, went to Paris,
where he resided some years. He afterwards travelled to
Athens, where he made many curious observations, and
perfected himself in his studies, particularly in the knowledge of the Greek tongue. At his return to England, he
brought over with him several curious Greek manuscripts,
and introduced the use of the Greek numeral figures in to this
kingdom. He became also a very great promoter and encourager of the study of that language, which was much
neglected in these western parts of the world: and to facilitate it, he translated from Greek into Latin a grammar,
which he entitled “The Donatus of the Greeks.
” Our
author’s merit and learning recommended him to the esteem
of all lovers of literature: particularly to the favour of
Robert Grosteste, bishop of Lincoln, by whom he was
preferred to the archdeaconry of Leicester, as he had been
some time before to that of London. He died in 1252.
The rest of his works are, 1. A Latin translation of a Harmony of the Gospels. 2. A volume of sermons. 3. “Particulue sententiarum per distinctiones,
” or a Commentary
upon part of Lombard’s Sentences, &c. It was he also
that informed Robert, bishop of Lincoln, that he had seen
at Athens a book called “The Testament of the XII Patriarchs.
” Upon which the bishop sent for it, and translated it into Latin, and it was printed among the “Orthodoxographa,
” Basilero,
owyer, 1782; portraits also of Dr. Munro, Mr. Gray, Mr. Thonxpson, Lady Stanhope, Sir George Savile, Bishop Hoadly, Rev. Dr. Pegge, Mr. Price, AlgernonSydney, Andrew Marvell,
, an eminent English engraver, son of
Isaac Basire, who was an engraver and printer, was born
Oct. 6, 1730; and bred from infancy to his father’s profession, which he practised with great reputation for sixty years.
He studied under the direction of Mr. Richard Dalton; was
with him at Rome made several drawings from the pictures
of Raphael, &c. at the time that Mr. Stuart, Mr. Brand
Hollis, and sir Joshua Reynolds, were there. He was appointed engraver to the society of antiquaries about 1760;
and to the royal society about 1770. As a specimen of his
numerous works, it may be sufficient to refer to the beautiful plates of the “Vetusta Monumenta,
” published by the
society of antiquaries, and to Mr. Cough’s truly valuable
“Sepulchral Monuments.
” With the author of that splendid work he was most deservedly a favourite. When he
had formed the plan, and hesitated on actually committing
it to the press, Mr. Gough says, “Mr. Basire’s specimens
of drawing and engraving gave me so much satisfaction,
that it was impossible to resist the impulse of carrying such
a design into execution.
” The royal portraits and other
beautiful plates in the “Sepulchral Monuments
” fully
justified the idea which the author had entertained of his
engraver’s talents; and are handsomely acknowledged by
Mr. Gough. The Plate of “Le Champ de Drap d'Or
” was
finished in antiquarian paper. Besides the numerous plates which he
engraved for the societies, he was engaged in a great number of public and private works, which bear witness to the
fidelity of his burin. He engraved the portraits of Fielding
and Hogarth in 1762; earl Camden, in 1766, after sir
Joshua Reynolds; Pylades and Orestes, 1770, from a picture by West; portraits of the Rev. John Watson, and sir
George Warren’s family; portraits also of dean Swift, and
Dr. Parnell, 1774; sir James Burrow, 1780; Mr. Bowyer,
1782; portraits also of Dr. Munro, Mr. Gray, Mr.
Thonxpson, Lady Stanhope, Sir George Savile, Bishop Hoadly,
Rev. Dr. Pegge, Mr. Price, AlgernonSydney, Andrew
Marvell, William Camden, William Brereton,1790,&c. &c.;
Captain Cook’s portrait, and other plates, for his First and
Second Voyages a great number of plates for Stuart’s
Athens (which are well drawn). In another branch of his art,
the Maps for general Roy’s
” Roman Antiquities in Britain“are particularly excellent. He married, first, Anne
Beaupuy; and, secondly, Isabella Turner. He died Sept.
6, 1802, in his seventy-third year, and was buried in the
vault under Pentonville chapel. The ingenuity and integrity of this able artist are inherited by his eldest son, of
whose works it may be enough to mention only the
” Cathedrals," published by the society of antiquaries, from the
exquisite drawings by Mr. John Carter. A third James Basirc, born in 1796, has already given several proofs of superior excellence in the arts of drawing and engraving.
with an history of the origin and progress of the chief errors of the Roman church, in answer to the bishop of Meaux.' s “History of the variations of the Protestant churches.”
The favourite studies of his life, and much of his character, may be ascertained from his works, which were
very numerous: 1. “Examen des Methodes,
” &c. Cologne, Critical History.
” 2. “Consideration sur Tetat de ceux qui
sont tombez.
” This consists of letters sent to the church
of Koan respecting some faliing-off among its members.
Rotterdam, 1686, 12mo. 3. “Reponse a M. l'Eveque
de Meaux sur sa lottre pastorale,
” Cologne, Divi Chrysostomi Epistola ad Ciesariiun Monachum, &c.
” To this
epistle are added three dissertations on the heresy of
Apollinaris, on the works attributed to Athanasius, and
an answer to father Simon. It was printed at Rotterdam,
1687, 8vo, and reprinted there 1694, under the title of
“Dissertationes Historico-Theologicae.
” 5. “La Communion Sainte,
” a treatise on worthily communicating-,
Rotterdam, 1688, 8vo, reprinted at least ten times, and
even adopted as a pious and useful work, by some of the
popish clergy. 6. “Histoire de la Religion des Eglises
Reformees, &c.
” containing an account of the succession
of the reformed churches, the perpetuity of their faith,
especially since the eighth century, the establishment of
the reformation, the continuation of the same doctrines
from the reformation to the present time, with an history
of the origin and progress of the chief errors of the Roman
church, in answer to the bishop of Meaux.' s “History of
the variations of the Protestant churches.
” This was first
published at Rotterdam, 2 vols. 12mo, reprinted by the
author in his church history in 1699, but enlarged and
published separately in 1721, 5 vols. 8vo, and after the
author’s death, in 1725, 2 vols. 4to; the best and most
complete edition. 7. “Traite de la conscience,
” Amst.
Lett-res Pastorales,
” intended to animate the protestants on
the renewal of persecution, 1698, 4to. 9. “Histoire de
l‘Eglise depuis Jesus Christ jusqu’a present,
” Rotterdam,
2 vols. fol. 10. “Traite des prejugez,
” in answer to the
pastoral charges of the French prelates de Noailles, Colbert, Bossuet, and Nesmond, 1701, 3 vols. 8vo. 11.“Defense clu Tniite' des prejugez, &c.
” Delft, Dissertation historique sur l'usage de la Benediction
nuptiale,
” inserted in the History -of the Works of the
Learned, for 1703, an attack upon some of the popish marriage ceremonies. 13. “Dissertation sur la maniere dont
le Canon de PEcriture Sainte s’est forme, &c.
” intended
as an apology for what he had said in his Church History
against Mr. Richardson’s “Defence of the Canon of the
New Testament.
” 14. “Histoire de l'ancien et du nouveau Testament,
” Aoist. fol. Histoire des
Juifs,
” Rotterdam, L'Histoire des Juifs
reclamee et retabiie par son veritable auteur, &c.
” Rott.
Entretiens sur la Religion,
” Rotterdam, Sermons sur divers sujets, &c.
” Rott. 2 vols. 8vo,
on which Niceron makes a curious remark, that there is
more morality in them than is generally in those of the
Protestants. 19. “Prospectus novae editionis Canisii,
Dacherii, &c.
” He had undertaken an improved edition
of Canisius’s “Lectiones antiquoe,
” but his booksellers not
being able to support the expence, transferred it to the
Wetsteins, who published this great collection under the
title of “Thesaurus Monumentorum Eccl. et Hist. &c.
”
Antwerp, Preface sur la tluree
de la persecution,
” prefixed to Claude’s “Complaints of
the Protestants.
” 21. “Antiquitez Judaiques, ou Remarques critiques sur la Republique des Hebreux,
” Amst.
De Republica Hebracorum.
” 22. “Reflexions desinterress^es sur la Constitution du pape Clement XI. qui condamne le nouveau Testament du P. Quesnel,
” Amst. 1714,
8vo. 23. “L‘unite’, la visibilite
”, &c. de l'Eglise,“Amst.
1715, 8vo. 24.
” Avis sur la tenue d'un Concile National
en France, &c.“1715, 8vo, without his name. 25.
” L'etat
present de TEglise Gallicane,“chiefly on the conduct of
pope Clement XI. Amst. 1719, 12mo. 26.
” Instructions
pastorales aux Reformez de France,“concerning obedience due to the king, 1720, 12mo. This was written at
the desire of the regent duke of Orleans, yet it was attempted to be answered by Catelan, a French bishop.
The controversy, however, was carried on between him
and Basnage with great liberality. 27.
” Annales des
Provinces Unies,“vol.1. Hague, fol. 1719. This volume
contains the history of the united provinces from 1646 to
1667. The second, published in 1726, proceeds as far
as the peace of Nimeguen in 1678. This valuable work
was undertaken at the request of the counsellor deputies
of Holland and West Friesland, who furnished the author
with materials from their archives. 28.
” Nouveaux Sermons,“1720, 8vo. 29.
” Dissertation historique sur les
Duels et les ordres de Chevalerie." This dissertation on
duels is said to be a very curious work. Besides these,
M. Basnage was an occasional contributor to the literaryjournals, and left many manuscripts. His style, in the
greater part of his writings, is inferior to his matter, a remark which belongs generally to voluminous writers.
, bishop of London in the reign of king Henry III, was brother of Gilbert
, bishop of London in the reign of king Henry III, was brother of Gilbert Basset, one of the barons, who died by a fall from his horse, leaving behind him one only son, an infant, by whose death soon alter, the inheritance devolved to Fulk. In 1225, he was made provost of the collegiate church of St. John of Beverly, and in 1230, dean of York. In December 1241, he was elected by the chapter of London, bishop of that see, in the room of Roger Niger, both in regard of his family and his great virtues, and notwithstanding the king’s recommendation of Peter de Egueblanche, bishop of Hereford. The see of Canterbury being vacant at the time of this prelate’s election, he was not consecrated till the 9th of October, 1244, at which time the solemnity was performed at London in the church of the Holy Trinity. In the year 1250, bishop Basset began to have a warm dispute with archbishop Boniface, concerning the right of metropolitical visitation. The see of Canterbury had from the beginning an undoubted authority over all the churches of that province, received appeals, censured offenders, and occasionally exercised a jurisdiction over the bishops and canons of the cathedral churches. But hitherto solemn metropolitical visitations at stated times were not in use. Boniface was the first who introduced them, and loaded the bishops and chapters with a prodigious expence, under the name of procurations. On the 12th of May, 1250, be visited the bishop of London, and, being intolerably insolent, as well as avaricious, treated the good prelate with the grossest indignities, and most opprobrious language. Designing to visit the chapter of St. Paul’s, and the priory of St. Bartholomew, he was opposed by the canons of both places, alleging that they had a learned and diligent bishop, who was their proper visitor, and that they neither ought, nor would submit to any other visitatorial power. The archbishop on hearing this, excommunicated the canons, and involved the bishop, as favouring their obstinacy, in the same sentence. Both sides appealed to Rome, where the archbishop, supported by money and the royal favour, pleaded his cause in person; and, notwithstanding the English clergy, by their proctors, offered the pope four thousand marks to be exempted from the archiepiscopal visitation, he obtained a confirmation of his visitatorial power, with this restriction only, that he should be moderate in his demand of procurations.
ctober 1255, in which he produced a commission from the pope to demand a certain sum of them but the bishop of London rising up, said “Before I will submit to such great
But Basset succeeded better in opposing Rustand, the
pope’s legate. The king and the pope had agreed to extort a large sum of money from the English clergy, and
to share the plunder. For this purpose Rustand summoned a council at London in October 1255, in which he
produced a commission from the pope to demand a certain
sum of them but the bishop of London rising up, said
“Before I will submit to such great servitude, injury, and
intolerable oppression of the church, I will lose my head.
”
The rest of the prelates, encouraged by his firmness, unanimously decreed, that the pope’s demand should not be
complied with, nor any regard paid to Rustand’s authority
or censures. The legate carried his complaints to the
king, who, sending for the bishop of London, reviled him
and threatened him with the severest papal censures. To
which Fulk replied, “The king and the pope, though
they cannot justly, yet, as being stronger than me,
may force my bishopric from me; they may take away
the mitre, but the helmet will remain:
” and this steadiness, and the decree of the council, totally disconcerted
the scheme.
inclined to the side of the barons. But we have only the authority of Matthew Paris for this, while bishop Godwin informs us that our other historians, who acknowledge
In 1256, this prelate began to build the church of St. Faith, near St. Paul’s, on the spot which king John had formerly given to the bishops and chapter of London for a market. In the latter part of his life he is said to have inclined to the side of the barons. But we have only the authority of Matthew Paris for this, while bishop Godwin informs us that our other historians, who acknowledge Basset to have been a good man, and a wise, pious, and vigilant pastor, censure him for not joining the barons, but remaining faithful to his prince. He died of the plague in 1259, having sat near fifteen years from the time of his consecration, and was buried May 25, in St. Paul’s church. Bishop Basset founded two chantries in his cathedral church, near the altar of the blessed virgin, for himself and his father and mother. He also bequeathed to his church a golden apple, two rich chests for relics, some ecclesiastical vestments, and several books relating to church matters.
after; but an offer being made him, in the mean time, of a fellowship in St. John’s college, by the bishop of Ely, he chose rather to accept of that than to wait for a
, elder brother of the preceding, was
born at Bocton Malherb in Kent in 1703, and after being
educated at the king’s school at Canterbury, was admitted
a pensioner of Corpus Christi college, Cambridge, under
the tuition of Mr. Denne, July 4, 1720. He proceeded
A. B. in 1723, and was pre-elected fellow soon after; but
an offer being made him, in the mean time, of a fellowship
in St. John’s college, by the bishop of Ely, he chose rather
to accept of that than to wait for a vacancy in the other.
He commenced A. M. in 1727. became moderator of the
university in 1730, one of their taxors the year following,
and after distinguishing himself fop his skill in the Hebrew
language, was recommended to the right honourable Horatio Walpoie, whom he attended as chaplain in his embassy
to Paris. After his return home he became possessed of
the rectory of St. Paul’s, Deptford, June 23, 1731. He
died in 1775. He published, 1. “An address to his parishioners on the Rebellion in 1745.
” 2. “Infidelity
scourged, or Christianity vindicated against Chubb, &c.
”
An essay towards a rationale of the literal doctrine of Original Sin, &c.
” occasioned by some of
Dr. Middleton’s writings, A second edition of the Rationale, &c.
” it was his hard fate, in his younger
years, to serve one of our ambassadors as his chaplain at a
foreign court.
” He published also a few occasional sermons
, bishop of Norwich in the fourteenth century, and founder of Trinity
, bishop of Norwich in the fourteenth century, and founder of Trinity hall in Cambridge, was born at Norwich, the son of a citizen of good repute in that place. He was, from his tenderest years, of a docile and ingenuous disposition, and having made good proficiency in learning, he was sent to the university of Cambridge. There he particularly studied the civil law, in which he took the degree of doctor before he was thirty years of age, a thing then uncommon. On the 8th of December 1328, he was collated to the archdeaconry of Norwich. Soon after this, he went and studied at Rome, for his further improvement; and so distinguished himself by his knowledge and exemplary behaviour, that he was promoted by the pope to the place of auditor of his palace. He was likewise advanced by him to the deanery of Lincoln, and twice sent by him as his nuncio, to endeavour to procure a peace between Edward III. king-of England, and the king of France. Upon the death of Anthony de Beck, bishop of Norwich, the pope conferred that bishopric upon Bateman, on the 23d of January 1343, after which he returned into his native country, and lived in a generous and hospitable manner. Of pope Clement VI. he obtained for himself and successors, the first fruits of all vacant livings within his diocese; which occasioned frequent disputes between hhnsJ.f and his clergy. In 1347, he founded Trinity-hall in Cambridge, for the study of the civil and canon laws, by purchasing certain tenements from the monks of Ely, for which he gave some rectories in exchange, and converted the premises into a hall, dedicated to the holy Trinity. He endowed it with the rectories of Briston, Kymberley, Brimmingham, Woodalling, Cowling, and Stalling, in the diocese of Norwich: and designed that it should consist of a master, twenty fellows, and three scholars; to study the canon and civil law, with an allowance for one divine. But being prevented by death, he left provision only for a master, three fellows, and two scholars. However, by the munificence of subsequent benefactors, it now maintains a master, twelve fellows, and fourteen scholars. Bishop Bateman, from his abilities and address, was often employed by the king and parliament in affairs of the highest importance; and particularly was at the head of several embassies, on purpose to determine the differences between the crowns of England and France. In 1354, he was, by order of parliament, dispatched to the court of Rome, with Henry duke of Lancaster, and others, to treat (in the pope’s presence) of a peace, then in agitation between the two crowns above mentioned. This journey proved fatal to him; for he died at Avignon, where the pope then resided, on the 6th of January 1354-5, and was buried with great solemnity, in the cathedral church of that city. With regard to his person, we are told that he was of an agreeable countenance; and tall, handsome, and well made. He was, likewise, a man of strict justice and piety, punctual in the discharge of his duty, and of a friendly and compassionate disposition. But he was a stout defender of his rights, and would not suffer himself to be injured, or imposed upon, by any one, of which we have the following instance upon record, which perhaps does not more display his resolution than the abject state into which the king and his nobles were reduced by the usurped powers of the church of Rome Robert lord Morley having killed some deer in his parks, and misused his servants, he made him do public penance for the same, by walking uncovered and barefoot, with a wax taper of six pounds in his hands, through the city of Norwich to the cathedral, and then asking his pardon. And all this was done notwithstanding an express order of the king to the contrary, and though his majesty had seized the bishop’s revenues for his obstinacy. But the king was soon after reconciled to him. It remains to be mentioned that bishop Bateman was executor to Edmund Gonville, the founder of the college so called, which gave rise to the report by Godwin and others that he had founded that college or hall, which is evidently a mistake.
nfoters, together with Dr. Jacomb and Mr. Baxter, to manage the dispute with Dr. Pearson, afterwards bishop of Chester, Dr. Gunning, afterwards bishop of Ely, and Dr. Sparrow,
, an eminent nonconformist divine of
the seventeenth century, was born in November 1625,
and after a suitable school education, was sent to Cambridge, where he was admitted of Emanuel college, from
which he removed to King’s, in 1644. He commenced
bachelor of arts in 1647, and applying himself to the study
of divinity, became a distinguished preacher among the
Presbyterians. He was afterwards appointed vicar of
St. Dunstan’s in the West, London; and joined with several other divines in preaching a morning exercise at Cripplegate church. At this exercise Dr. Tillotson preached,
in September 1661, the first sermon which was ever
printed by him. Upon the restoration of Charles II.
Mr. Bates was made one of his majesty’s chaplains; and,
in the November following, was admitted to the degree of
doctor in divinity in the university of Cambridge, by royal
mandate. The king’s letter to this purpose was dated on
the 9th of that month. About the same time, he was
offered the deanery of Lichfield and Coventry, which he
refused; and it is said that he might afterwards have been
raised to any bishopric in the kingdom, if he would have
conformed to the established church. Dr. Bates was one
of the commissioners at the Savoy conference in 1660, for
reviewing the public liturgy, and was concerned in drawing
up the exceptions against the Common Prayer. He was,
likewise, chosen on the part of the Presbyterian minfoters,
together with Dr. Jacomb and Mr. Baxter, to manage the
dispute with Dr. Pearson, afterwards bishop of Chester,
Dr. Gunning, afterwards bishop of Ely, and Dr. Sparrow,
afterwards bishop of Ely. In 1665, he took the oath required of the nonconformists by the act commonly called
the Five Mile Act, and which had passed in the parliament
held that year at Oxford, on account of the plague being
in London. When, about January 1667-8, a treaty
was proposed by sir Orlando Bridgman, lord keeper of
the great seal, and countenanced by the lord chief baron
Hale, for a comprehension of such of the dissenters as
could be brought into the communion of the church, and
for a toleration of the rest, Dr. Bates was one of the divines
who, on the Presbyterian side, were engaged in drawing
up a scheme of the alterations and concessions desired by
that party. He was concerned, likewise, in another fruitless attempt of the same kind, which was made in 1674.
His good character recommended him to the esteem and
acquaintance of lord keeper Bridgman, lord chancellor
Finch, and his son, the earl of Nottingham. Dr. Tillotson had such an opinion of his learning and temper, that it
became the ground of a friendship between them, which
continued to the death of that excellent prelate, and Dr.
Bates, with great liberality, used his interest with the archbishop, in procuring a pardon for Nathaniel lord Crewe,
bishop of Durham, who, for his conduct in the ecclesiastical commission, had been excepted out of the act of
indemnity, which passed in 1690. When the dissenters presented their address to king William and queen Mary, on
their accession to the throne, the two speeches to their
majesties were delivered hy Dr. Bates, who was much respected by that monarch; and queen Mary often entertained herself in her closet with his writings. His residence, during the latter part of his life, was at Hackney,
where he preached to a respectable society of Protestant
dissenters, in an ancient irregular edifice in Mare-street,
which was pulled down in 1773. He was also one of the
Tuesday lecturers at Salter’s hall. He died at Hackney,
July 14, 1699, in the 74th year of his age. After his death,
his works, which had been separately printed, were collected into one volume fol. besides which a posthumous
piece of his appeared in 8vo, containing some “Sermons
on the everlasting rest of the Saints.
” He wrote, likewise,
in conjunction with Mr. Howe, a prefatory epistle to Mr.
Chaffy’s treatise of the Sabbath, on its being reprinted;
and another before lord Stair’s vindication of the Divine
Attributes. Dr. Bates is universally understood to have
been the politest writer among the nonconformists of the
seventeenth century. It is reported, that when his library
came to be disposed of, it was found to contain a great
number of romances; but, adds his biographer, it should
be remembered that the romances of that period, though
absurd in several respects, had a tendency to invigorate
s, the case, as he alledged, not being bailable, but one of high-treason. Fulk Basset, however, then bishop of London, and a great many of De Bathe’s friends interceding,
, a learned knight, and eminent justiciary of the thirteenth century, was a younger brother of an ancient family of that name, and born, most probably, at the ancient seat of the family, called Bathe house, in the county of Devon. Being a younger brother, he was brought up to the profession of the law, in the knowledge of which he so distinguished himself, that he was advanced by king Henry III. in 1238, to be one of the justices of the common pleas; and in 1240, was constituted one of the justices itinerant (as they were then called), for the county of Hertford; and in 1248 he was appointed the same for Essex and Surrey; in 1249 for Kent, Berks, Southampton, and Middlesex; and in 1250 for Lincolnshire; at which time he had allowed him out of the exchequer, by a peculiar favour, an hundred pounds a year for his sustentation in the discharge of his office. But the year following he lost the king’s favour, owing to the following crimes being laid to his charge, viz. That he had not exercised his office uprightly, but to his own private gain, having perverted justice through bribes, in a suit betwixt him and one Everard Trumpirigton; and this charge was chiefly supported against him by one Philip de Arcis, knt. who also added treason to that of infidelity in his office. The accused was attached in the king’s court; but one Mansel, who was now become a great favourite at court, offered bail for his appearance: king Henry refused this, the case, as he alledged, not being bailable, but one of high-treason. Fulk Basset, however, then bishop of London, and a great many of De Bathe’s friends interceding, the king at last gave orders that he should be bailed, twenty-four knights becoming sureties for his appearing and standing to the judgment of the court. But De Bathe seems to have been conscious of his own dements, or the prejudices of his judges against him, for he was no sooner set at liberty, than he wrote to all his relations either by blood or marriage, desiring that they would apply to the king in his favour, at first by fair speeches and presents, and if these did not prevail, they should appear in a more warlike manner, which they unanimously promised to do, upon the encouragement given them by a bold knight, one Nicholas de Sandford. But the king, confiding in his own power and the interest of De Bathe’s accusers, appeared inexorable, and rejected all presents from the friends of the accused. De Bathe, convinced that, if Henry persisted in his resolution, he himself must perish, had recourse to the bishop of London, and other special friends, and with a great posse of these went to Richard earl of Cornwall (afterwards king of the Romans), whom by prayer and promises he won over to his interest. The king remaining inflexible, about the end of February, De Bathe was obliged to appear to answer what should be laid to his charge. This he accordingly did, but strongly defended by a great retinue of armed knights, gentlemen, and others, viz. his own and his wife’s friends and relations, among whom was the family of the Bassets and the Sandfords. The assembly was now divided between those who depended upon the king for their preferments, and those who (though a great majority) were so exasperated at the measures of the court, that they were resolved not to find De Bathe guilty. It was not long before the king perceived this, and proclaimed that whosoever had any action or complaint against Henry de Bathe, should come in and should be heard. A new charge was now brought against De Bathe: he was impeached (not only on the former articles, but particularly) for alienating the affections of the barons from his majesty, and creating such a ferment all over the kingdom, that a general sedition was on the point of breaking out; and Bathe’s brotherjusticiary declared to the assembly, that he knew the accused to have dismissed without any censure, for the sake of lucre, a convicted criminal. Many other complaints were urged against him, but they seem to have been disregarded by all, except the king and his party, who was so much exasperated to see De Bathe likely to be acquitted, that he mounted his throne, and with his own mouth made proclamation, That whosoever should kill Henry de Bathe, should have the royal pardon for him and his heirs; after which speech he went out of the room in a great passion. Many of the royal party, upon this savage intimation, were for dispatching De Bathe in court: but his friend Mansel, one of the king’s counsel, and Fulk Basset, bishop of London, interposed so effectually, that he was saved; and afterwards, by the powerful mediation of his friends (among whom was the earl of Cornwall, the king’s brother, and the bishop of London), and the application of a sum of money, viz. 2,000 marks to the king, he obtained not only pardon, but all his former places and favour with the king, who re-established him in the same seat of judicature as he was in before, and rather advanced him higher; for he was made chief-justice of the king’s bench, in which honourable post he continued till the time of his death, as Dugdale informs us: for in 1260, we find that he was one of the justices itinerant for the counties of Huntingdon, Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridge, which was the year before he died. Browne Willis in h is Cathedrals (vol.ii. p. 410.) mentions that he was buried in Christ church, Oxford, but the editor of Wood’s colleges and halls, asks how any one can conceive the effigy of a man in armour to have been intended for a justiciary of England? This, however, is not decisive against the effigies on this tomb being intended for Henry de Bathe, because from the king’s threat above, which might be executed by any assassin, it is very probable that he might have been obliged to wear armour, even after the king was reconciled to him.
March 2, 1644, conformably to the statutes of his college, he was ordained priest by Robert Skinner, bishop of Oxford, and read some theological lectures in the college
, a distinguished wit, and Latin
poet, was descended of an ancient family, and was born at
Howthorpe, a small hamlet in Northamptonshire, in the parish of Thedingworth, near Market-Harborough in Leicestershire, in 1620. He received the first part of his education at the free-school in Coventry, where his father
seems to have resided in the latter part of his life. His
mother was Elizabeth Villiers, daughter and coheir of Edward Villiers, esq. of the same place. They had issue
thirteen sons, and four daughters. Six of the sons lost
their lives in the service of king Charles I. during the grand
rebellion: the rest, besides one who died young, were
Ralph (of whom we now treat), Villiers, Edward, Moses,
Henry, and Benjamin, father of the late earl Bathurst, the
subject of the preceding article. At Coventry school our
author made so quick a progress in the classics, that at the
age of fourteen he was sent to Oxford, and entered October 10, 1634, in Gloucester hall, now Worcester college;
but was removed in a few days to Trinity college, and probably placed under the immediate tuition of his grandfather Dr. Kettel, then president, in whose lodging he
resided (still known by the name of Kettel-hall), and at
whose table he had his diet, for two years. He was elected
scholar of the house, June 5., 1637, and having taken the
degree of A. B. January 27th following, he was appointed
fellow June 4, 1640. He commenced A. M.April 17, 1641,
and on March 2, 1644, conformably to the statutes of his
college, he was ordained priest by Robert Skinner, bishop
of Oxford, and read some theological lectures in the college hall in 1649. These, which he called “Diatribae
theologicEc, philosophies, et philological,
” are said to discover a spirit of theological research, and an extensive
knowledge of the writings of the most learned divines. He
likewise kept his exercise for the degree of B. D. but did
not take it. The confusion of the times promising little
support or encouragement to the ministerial function, like
his friend, the famous Dr. Willis, he applied himself to
the study of physic, and accumulated the degrees in that
faculty, June 21, 1654. Before this time he had sufficiently recommended himself in his new profession, and
had not been long engaged in it, when he was employed
as physician to the sick and wounded of the navy, which
office he executed with equal diligence and dexterity, to
the full satisfaction of the sea-commanders, and the commissioners of the admiralty. We find him soon after settled at Oxford, and practising physic in concert with his
friend Dr. Willis, with whom he regularly attended Abingdon market every Monday. He likewise cultivated every
branch of philosophical knowledge: he attended the lectures of Peter Sthael, a chymist and rosicrucian, who had
been invited to Oxford by Mr. R. Boyle, and was afterwards operator to the royal society about 1662. About the
same time he had also a share in the foundation of that society; and when it was established, he was elected fellow,
and admitted August 19, 1663. While this society was at
Gresham college in London, a branch of it was continued
at Oxford, and the original society books of this Oxford
department are still preserved there in the Ashmolean Museum, where their assemblies were held. Their latter Oxford meetings were subject to regulations made among
themselves; according to which Dr. Bathurst was elected
president April 23, 1688, having been before nominated
one of the members for drawing up articles, February
29, 1683-4. Nor was he less admired as a classical scholar;
at the university a.cts, in the collections of Oxford verses,
and on every public occasion, when the ingenious were
invited to a rival display of their abilities, he appears to
have been one of the principal and most popular performers. Upon the publication of Hobbes’s treatise of “Human Nature,
” &c. Splendid Shilling
” was a piece of solemn ridicule suited to his
taste. Among his harmless whims, he delighted to surprize the scholars, when walking in the grove at unseasonable hours; on which occasions he frequently carried a
whip in his hand, an instrument of academical correction,
then not entirely laid aside. But this he practised, on account of the pleasure he took in giving so odd an alarm,
rather than from any principle of reproving, or intention
of applying an illiberal punishment. In Latin poetry, Ovid
was his favourite classic. One of his pupils having asked
him what book among all others he chose to recommend
he answered, “Ovid’s Metamorphoses.
” The pupil, in
consequence of this advice, having carefully perused the
Metamorphoses, desired to be informed what other proper
book it wouldbe necessary to read after Ovid, and Dr.
Bathurst advised him to read “Ovid’s Metamorphoses
” a
second time. He had so mean an opinion of his performances in divinity, that in his will he enjoins his executors
entirely to suppress all his papers relating to that subject,
and not to permit them to be perused by any, excepting
a very few such friends as were likely to read them with
candour. We are told, however, that on Sunday, March
20, 1680, he preached before the house of commons at St.
Mary’s, the university church, and gave much satisfaction.
His manner was nearly that of Dr. South, but with more
elegance and felicity of allusion. His Life, written by
Mr. Thomas Warton, is perhaps one of the most correct
of that author’s performances, and contains Dr. Bathurst’s
miscellaneous works, which, though they have great merit
in their particular way, and may be read with much pleasure, are not written in such a taste as entitles them to
imitation. This is acknowledged by Mr. Warton. “His
Latin orations,
” says that ingenious Biographer, “are wonderful specimens of wit and antithesis, which were the delight of his age. They want upon the whole the purity
and simplicity of Tully’s eloquence, but even exceed the
sententious smartness of Seneca, and the surprising turns
of Pliny. They are perpetually spirited, and discover an
uncommon quickness of thought. His manner is concise
and abrupt, but yet perspicuous and easy. His allusions
are delicate, and his observations sensible and animated.
His sentiments of congratulation or indignation are equally
forcible: his compliments are most elegantly turned, and
his satire is most ingeniously severe. These compositions
are extremely agreeable to read, but in the present improwriiient of classical taste, not so proper to be imitated.
They are moreover entertaining, as a picture of the times,
and a history of the state of academical literature. This
smartness does not desert our author even on philosophical
subjects.
” Among Dr. Bathurst’s Oratiuncuhe, his address to the convocation, about forming the barbers of Oxford into a company, is a most admirable specimen of his
humour, and of that facetious invention, with which few
vice-chancellors would have ventured to enforce and
eiiliven such a subject. We doubt, indeed, whether a parallel to this exquisite piece of humour can be found. With
regard to the doctor’s Latin poetry, though his hexameters
have an admirable facility, an harmonious versification,
much terseness and happiness of expression, and a certain
original air, they will be thought, nevertheless, too pointed
and ingenious by the lovers of Virgil’s simple beauties.
The two poems which he hath left in iambics make it to
be wished tiiat he had written more in that measure. “That
pregnant brevity,
” says Mr. Warton, “/which constitutes
the dignity and energy of the iambic, seems to have been
his talent.
” Dr. Bathurst’s English poetry has that roughness of versification which was, in a great degree, the fault
of the times.
t person; born for disputing and wrangling; and adds, that Erasmus, in one of his letters to Richard bishop of Winchester, styles him an ignorant fellow, encouraged by
, a Roman catholic divine of the
sixteenth century, was at first a monk, and afterwards
prior of the Carthusian monastery or Charter-house, in the
suburbs of London. For some time he studied divinity at
Oxford; but it does not appear that he took any degree in
that faculty. He was intimately acquainted with, and a
great favourite of, Edward Lee, archbishop of York; at
whose request he wrote against Erasmus and Luther. He
died on the 16th of November 1531, and was buried in the
chapel belonging to the Charter-house. Pits gives him
the character of a man of quick and discerning genius; of
great piety and learning, and fervent zeal; much conversant in the study of the scriptures; and that led an angelical life among men. Bale, on the contrary, represents
him as a proud, forward, and arrogant person; born for
disputing and wrangling; and adds, that Erasmus, in one
of his letters to Richard bishop of Winchester, styles him
an ignorant fellow, encouraged by Lee, and vain-glorious
even to madness, but Bale allows that he was a very clear
sophist, or writer. “John Batmanson,
” Mr. Warton observes, “controverted Erasmus’s Commentary on the New
Testament with a degree of spirit and erudition, which was
unhappily misapplied, but would have done honour to the
cause of his antagonist, in respect to the learning displayed.
”
Dodd says that he revised the two works against Erasmus
and Luther, and corrected several unguarded expressions.
Others say that he retracted both, the titles of which were,
1. “Animadversiones in Annotationes Erasrni in Novum
Testamentum.
” 2. “A Treatise against some of M. Luther’s writings.
” The rest of his works were, 3. “Commentaria in Proverbia Salomonis.
” 4. “in Cantica Canticorum.
” 5. “De unica Magdalena, contra Fabrum Stapulensem.
” 6. “Institutiones Noviciorum.
” 7. “De contemptu Mundi.
” 8. “De Christo duodenni;
” A Homily
on Luke ii. 42. 9. “On the words Missus est,
” &c. None
of his biographers give the dates of these publications, and
some of them, we suspect, were never printed.
vernor of various towns, the last of which was Fabriano. In 1690, pope Alexander VIII. appointed him bishop of Nocera, and in 1703 Clement XL commissioned him to visit
was born at Rimini, March 25,
1645, of a noble family, and studied at Cesena, under the
most celebrated professors, and such was his proficiency,
that he was honoured with a doctor’s degree at the age of
sixteen. He next went to Rome, where Caspar de Carpegna, then auditor of the Rota, wished him to accept an
office in that tribunal, and employed him in some negotiations, but the air of Rome proving unfavourable to his
health, he removed to Ancona, where for five years he
filled the office of civil lieutenant of that city. He was
afterwards governor of various towns, the last of which was
Fabriano. In 1690, pope Alexander VIII. appointed him
bishop of Nocera, and in 1703 Clement XL commissioned
him to visit several dioceses. After being employed in
this for two years, the pope made him assistant prelate,
and gave him the abbey of St. Benedict of Gualdo. In
1716 he was translated to the see of Cesena, which he enjoyed but a short time, dying at St. Mauro, Sept. 19, 1717.
He wrote in Italian, 1. “II Legista Filosofo,
” Rome,
1680, 4to. 2. “Istoria universale di tutti i Concili Geiierali,
” Venice, Annali del
Sacerdozio,
” 4 vols. fol. Venice, 1701, 1704, 1709, 1711He wrote, also, some devotional tracts.
n the library of the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, at Paris, among the collection of M. de Coislin, bishop of Metz; and that this history was translated and published
, of Langnedoc, historiographer
of France under Louis XIII. was one of the most fertile
and heavy writers of his time, but we have no particulars
of his life. He left behind him many works composed
without either method or taste, but which Abound in particulars not to be found elsewhere. 1. “Histoire generale
tie la Religion desTurcs, avec la Viede leurpropht-te Mahomet, et des iv premiers califes;
” also, “Le Livre et la
Theologie de Mahomet,
”
Histoire du Cardinal d'Amboise,
” Paris, 1651, in 8vo. Sirmond, of the Academie Franchise, one of the numerous
flatterers of the cardinal de Richelieu, formed the design
of elevating that minister at the expence of all those who
had gone before him. He began by attacking d'Amboise,
and failed not to sink him below Richelieu. Baudier, by
no means a courtier, avenged his memory, and eclipsed
the work of his detractor. 3. “Histoire du Marechal de
Toiras,
” The Lives of the Abbé Suger, and of
Cardinal Ximenes, &c.
” The facts that Baudier relates in
these different works are almost always absorbed by his reflections, which have neither the merit of precision nor
that of novelty to recommend them. Moreri informs us
that he wrote a history of Margaret of Anjou, queen of
Henry VI. of England, that the manuscript was in the
library of the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, at Paris,
among the collection of M. de Coislin, bishop of Metz;
and that this history was translated and published in English, without any acknowledgment by the translator, or any
notice of the original author.
nd composed his geographical dictionary in Latin. In 1691 he attended the cardinal of Camus, who was bishop of Grenoble, to Rome, and went with him into the conclave on
, a celebrated French geographer, was born at Paris the 28th of July, 1633. His father, Stephen Baudrand, was first deputy of the procurator-general of the court of aids, treasurer of France for Montauban, and master of the requests of his royal highness Gaston of France, and his mother’s name was Frances Caule. He began his studies in the year 1640. His inclination for geography was first noticed when he studied at the Jesuits college of Clermont under father Briet, who was famous for his geography, which was then printing, the proof sheets of which were corrected by our author. After he had finished his course of philosophy at the college of Lisieux under Mr. Desperier, cardinal Antonio Barberini took him as his secretary at Rome, and he was present with his eminence at the conclave, in which pope Alexander VII. was elected; and afterwards at thaHn which Clement IX. was chosen pope. Upon his return to France, he applied himself to the revisal of Ferrarius’s Geographical Dictionary, which he enlarged by one half, and published at Paris, 1671, fol. In the same year he attended the marquis of Dangeau, who was employed by the king in the management of his affairs in Germany, and also went to England with the duchess of York, who was afterwards queen of England. His travels were of great advantage to linn in furnishing him with a variety of observations in geography. He returned to France in 1677, and composed his geographical dictionary in Latin. In 1691 he attended the cardinal of Camus, who was bishop of Grenoble, to Rome, and went with him into the conclave on the 27th of March, where he continued three months ancha half, till the election of pope Innocent XII. on July 12th, the same year. Upon his return to Paris he applied himself to the completing of his French geographical dictionary, but he was prevented from publishing it by his death, which happened at Paris the 29th of May 1700. He had been prior of Rouvres and Neuf-Marche. He left all his books and papers to the Benedictine monks of the abbey of St. Germain des Prez.
the Bodleian library, and becoming acquainted with Henry Justel, the king’s librarian, and Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford. After having twice visited England, he returned to
, surnamed D'!Berville, professor of
ecclesiastical history at Utrecht, was born at Rouen in
1639. His father, a Protestant and a man of opulence, had
him educated with great care. He was first instructed in
classical learning at Quevilli, a village near Rouen, where
the Protestants had a college and church. Thence ne
went to Saumur, where he learned Hebrew under Louis
Cappel, and improved his knowledge of Latin and Greek
under Tanaquil le Fevre, who was particularly attached to
him, corresponded with him after he left Saumur, and dedicated to him one of his works. Bauldri also studied divinity in this university, and afterwards went to England,
and resided some years at Oxford, passing most of his time
in the Bodleian library, and becoming acquainted with
Henry Justel, the king’s librarian, and Dr. Fell, bishop of
Oxford. After having twice visited England, he returned
to his own country, and gave himself up to study, enlarging his library by a judicious selection of valuable books.
He brought from England an Arabian, with whom he studied that language. In 1682 he married, at Rouen, Magdalen Basnage, the daughter of Henry. After the revocation
of the edict of Nantz, he intended to have taken refuge in
England, but his friends and admirers in Holland invited
him thither, and by their interest he was, in 1685, appointed professor of ecclesiastical history in the university of
Utrecht. In 1692 he published, 1. A new edition of Lac tantius “De mortibus persecutorum,
” with learned notes.
He published also, 2. A new edition of Furetiere’s “Nouvelle allegorique, ou, Histoire des derniers troubles arrives
au royaume d'eloquence,
” Utrecht, Critical remarks on the book of Job,
” inserted in Basnage’s
memoirs of the works of the learned, August 1696. 4. A
letter on the same subject, July 1697, and some other dissertations in the literary journals. The states of Utrecht
endeavoured to obtain for M. Bauldri the restitution of his
property at the treaty of Ryswick, but did not succeed.
He died at Utrecht, highly esteemed, Feb. 16, 1706.
are particularly mentioned Mr. Pointz, preceptor to the late duke of Cumberland, and-,Dr. Warburton, bishop of Gloucester. His wife, by whom he had one son and three daughters,
The learning and abilities of Mr. Baxter are sufficiently displayed in his writings, which, however, were of much more note in the literary world during his own time, than now. He was very studious, and sometimes sat up whole nights reading and writing. His temper was cheerful, and in his manners, he appeared the gentleman as well as the scholar, but in conversation he was modest, and not apt to make much shew of the extensive knowledge of which he was possessed. In the discharge of the several social and relative duties of life, his conduct was exemplary. He had the most reverential sentiments of the Deity, of whose presence and immediate support he had always a strong impression upon his mind; and the general tenour of his life appears to have been conformable. Mr. Baxter paid a strict attention to ceconomy, but was not parsimonious in his expences. It is known, also, that there were several occasions, on which he acted with remarkable disinterestedness; and so far was he from courting preferment, that he has repeatedly declined considerable offers of that kind which were made him, if he would have taken orders in the Church of England. His friends and correspondents were numerous and respectable; and among them are particularly mentioned Mr. Pointz, preceptor to the late duke of Cumberland, and-,Dr. Warburton, bishop of Gloucester. His wife, by whom he had one son and three daughters, all of whom were lately living, survived him ten years, and was buried in the church of Linlithgow, in 1760.
Bishop Warburton has characterised Mr. Baxter’s treatise on the Soul,
Bishop Warburton has characterised Mr. Baxter’s treatise on the Soul, as “containing the justest and most'precise
notions of God and the soul, and as altogether one of the
most finished of its kind,
” an encomium too unqualified,
although it certainly discovers great metaphysical acuteness. The great principle on which Baxter builds his reasoning, is the vis inertia of matter. The arguments he
hath founded upon this principle, and the consequences
he hath drawn from it, have, in the opinion of several persons, been carried too far. Mr. Hume made some objections to Mr. Baxter’s system, though without naming him,
in his Enquiry concerning Human Understanding. It is
probable that Mr. Baxter did not think Mr. Hume to be
enough of a natural philosopher to merit particular notice;
or he might not have seen Mr. Hume’s Philosophical Essays, which were first published only two years before our
author’s death. He had a much more formidable antagonist in Mr. Colin Maclaurin. This ingenious gentleman,
in his account of sir Isaac Newton’s philosophical discoveries, had started various difficulties with regard to what
had been urged concerning the vis inertia of matter; and
it was to remove these difficulties, and still farther to confirm his own principles, that Mr. Baxter wrote the Appendix.
ot only towards the church, but towards his brethren, the nonconformists. In 1638, he applied to the bishop of Winchester for orders, which he received, having at that
In 1633, Mr. Wickstead persuaded him to lay aside his
studies, and to think of making his fortune at court. Mr.
Wickstead, we have said, was not a scholar, nor certainly
a judge of character, when he fancied he saw the materials
of a courtier in Richard Baxter’s mind. Baxter, however,
who probably did not know what a courtier was, came to
Whitehall, and was recommended to sir Henry Herbert,
master of the revels, by whom he was very kindly received;
but, in the space of a month, being tired of a court life,
he returned to the country, where he resumed his studies,
and Mr. Richard Foley of Stourbridge got him appointed
master of the free-school at Dudley, with an assistant under him. During this time he imbibed many of those sentiments of piety, neither steady, nor systematic, which
gave a peculiar bias to his future life and conduct, not
only towards the church, but towards his brethren, the
nonconformists. In 1638, he applied to the bishop of
Winchester for orders, which he received, having at that
time no scruples about conformity to the Church of England. The “Et caetera
” oath was what first induced him
to examine into this point. It was framed by the
convocation then sitting, and all persons were thereby enjoined
to swear, “That they would never consent to the alteration of the present government of the church by archbishops, bishops, deans, archdeacons, &c.
” There were
many persons who thought it hard to swear to the continuance of a church government which they disliked; and yet
they would have concealed their thoughts, had not this
oath, imposed under the penalty of expulsion, compelled
them to speak. Others complained of the “Et caetera,
”
which they said contained they knew not what. Mr. Baxter studied the best books he could find upon this subject,
the consequence of which was, that he utterly' disliked
the oath.
ng the Lord’s supper to all comers, though ever so unqualified, if they were not excommunicated by a bishop or chancellor who knows nothing of them, were the only things
Before this, however, he seems to have been in some
measure, prepared for dissent, and Mr. Calarny has given
us an account of the means by which he first came to alter,
his opinions, which is too characteristic of the man to be
omitted. “Being settled at Dudley, he fell into the acquaintance of several nonconformists, whom though he
judged severe and splenetic, yet he found to be both godly
and honest men. They supplied him with several writings
on their own side, and amongst the rest, with Ames’s Fresh
Suit against Ceremonies, which he read over very distinctly, comparing it with Dr. Burgess’s Rejoyncler. And,
upon the whole, he at that time came to these conclusions;
Kneeling he thought lawful, and all mere circumstances
determined by the magistrate, which God in nature or
scripture hath determined on only in the general. The
surplice he more doubted of, but was inclined to think it
lawful: and though he intended to forbear it till under necessity, yet he could not see how he could have justified
the forsaking his ministry merely on that account, though
he never actually wore it. About the ring in marriage he
had no scruple. The cross in baptism he thought Dr.
Ames had proved unlawful; and though he was not without some doubting in the point, yet because he most inclined to judge it unlawful, he never once used it. A
Form of Prayer and Liturgy he judged to be lawful, and
in some cases lawfully imposed. The English Liturgy in,
particular he judged to have much disorder and defectiveness in it, but nothing which should make the use of it in
the ordinary public worship to be unlawful to them who
could not do better. He sought for discipline in the
Church, and saw the sad effects of its neglect; but he was
not then so sensible as afterwards, that the very frame of
diocesan prelacy excluded it, but thought it had been
chargeable only on the personal neglects of the bishops.
Subscription he began to think unlawful, and repented his
rashness in yielding to it so hastily. For though he could
use the Common-prayer, and was not yet against diocesans, yet to subscribe ex animo, that there is nothing in
the three books contrary to the word of God, was that which
he durst not do, had it been to be done again. So that subscription and the cross in baptism, and the promiscuous
giving the Lord’s supper to all comers, though ever so
unqualified, if they were not excommunicated by a bishop
or chancellor who knows nothing of them, were the only
things in which as yet he inclined to nonconformity, and
even in these he kept his thoughts to himself. He continued to argue with the nonconformists, about the pointy
they differed in, and particularly kneeling at the Sacrament, about which he had a controversy with some of
them, which they did not think it proper to continue anyfarther. He also, with equal candour and spirit, reproved
them for the bitterness of their language against the bishops and churchmen, and exhorted them to patience and
charity.
”
t. Being thus disappointed, he preached occasionally about the city of London, having a licence from bishop Sheldon, upon his subscribing a promise not to preach any thing
Mr. Baxter came to London a little before the depositioa
of Richard Cromwell, and preached before the parliament
the day preceding that on which they voted the king’s return. He preached likewise before the lord mayor at St.
Paul’s a thanksgiving sermon for general Monk’s success.
Upon the king’s restoration he was appointed one of his
chaplains in ordinary, preached once before him, liad frequent access to his majesty, and was always treated by him
with peculiar respect. He assisted at the conference at
the Savoy, as one of the commissioners, and drew up a
reformed Liturgy, which Dr. Johnson pronounced “one
of the finest compositions of the ritual kind he had ever
seen.
” He was offered the bishopric of Hereford by the
lord chancellor Clarendon, which he refused, and gave
his lordship his reasons for not accepting of it, in a letter;
he required no favour but that of being permitted to continue minister at Kidderminster, but could not obtain it.
Being thus disappointed, he preached occasionally about
the city of London, having a licence from bishop Sheldon,
upon his subscribing a promise not to preach any thing
against the doctrine or ceremonies of the church. May 15,
1662, he preached his farewell sermon at Blackfriars, and
afterwards retired to Acton in Middlesex. In 1665, during
the plague, he went to Richard Hampden’s, esq. in Buckinghamshire; and when it ceased, returned to Acton. He
continued here as long as the act against conventicles was
in force, and, when that was expired, had so many auditors
that he wanted room: but, while thus employed, by a.
warrant signed by two justices, he was committed for six
months to New Prison gaol; having, however, procured an
habeas corpus, he was discharged, and removed to Totteridge near Barnet. In this affair, he experienced the sincerity of many of his best friends. As he was going to
prison, he called upon serjcant Fountain for his advice,
who, after perusing the mittimus, said, that he might be
discharged from his imprisonment by law. The earl of
Orrery, fche earl of Manchester, the earl of Arlington, and
the duke of Buckingham, mentioned the affair to the king,
who was pleased to send sir John Baber to him, to let him
know, that though his majesty was not willing to relax the
law, yet he would not be offended, if by any application
to the courts in Westminster-hall he could procure his
liberty; upon this an habeas corpus was demanded at the
bar of the common pleas, and granted. The judges were
clear in their opinion, that die mittimus was insufficient,
and thereupon discharged him. This exasperate;! the justices who committed him; and therefore they made a
new mittimus in order to hn.ve sent him to the connty-gnol
of Newgi-te, which he avoided by keeping out of the way.
After the indulgence in 1672, he returned to London, and
preached on week-days at Pinner’s hall, at a meeting in.
Fetter-lane, and in St. James’s market house and the times
appearing more favourable about two years after, he built
a meeting-house in Oxenden-street, where he had preached
but once, when a resolution was formed to take him by surprise, and send him to the county gaol, on the Oxford act;
which misfortune he escaped, but the person who happened
to preach for him was sent to the Gate-house, where he
was confined three months. After having been three years
kept out of his meeting-house, he took another in Swallow-street, but was likewise prevented from preaching there,
a guard having been placed for many Sundays to hinder
his entrance. Upon the death of Mr. Wadsworth, he
preached to his congregation in South wark.
t, doubtless owing to his peculiar notions on points about which the orthodox dissenters are agreed. Bishop Burnet, in the History of his own times, calls him “a man of
In 1632, he was seized by a warrant, for coming within
five miles of a corporation and five more warrants were
served upon him to distrain for 195l. as a penalty for five
sermons he had preached, so that his books and goods were
sold. He was not, however, imprisoned on this occasion,
which was owing to Dr. Thomas Cox, who went to five
justices of the peace, before whom he swore that Mr. Baxter was in such a bad state of health, that he could not go
to prison without danger of death. In the beginning of
1685, he was committed to the king’s bench prison, by a
warrant from the lord chief justice Jefferies, for his paraphrase on the New Testament; and on May 18, of the
same year, he was tried in the court of king’s bench, and
found guilty. He was condemned to prison for two years;
but, in 1686, king James, by the mediation of the lord
Powis, granted him a pardon; and on Nov. 24, he was discharged out of the king’s bench. After which he retired
to a house in Charterhouse-yard, where he assisted Mr.
Sylvester every Sunday morning, and preached a lecture
every Thursday.
Mr. Baxter died Dec. the 8th, 1691, and was interred in
Christ-church, whither his corpse was attended by a numerous company of persons of different ranks, and many
clergymen of the established church. He wrote a great
number of books. Mr. Long of Exeter says fourscore;
Dr. Calamy, one hundred and twenty; but the author of
a note in the Biographia Britannica tells us he had seen an.
hundred and forty-rive distinct treatises of Mr. Baxter’s:
his practical works have been published in four volumes
folio. Of these his “Saint’s Everlasting Rest,
” and his
“Call to the Unconverted,
” are the most popular, but excepting the last, we know not of any of his works that have
been reprinted for a century past, doubtless owing to his
peculiar notions on points about which the orthodox dissenters are agreed. Bishop Burnet, in the History of his
own times, calls him “a man of great piety
” and says,
“that if he had not meddled with too many things, he
would have been esteemed one of the most learned men of
the age; that he had a moving and pathetical way of writing, and was his whole life long a man of great zeal and
much simplicity, but was unhappily subtle and metaphysical in every thing.
” This character may be justly applied
to Mr. Baxter, whose notions agreed with no church, and
no sect. The consequence was, that no man was ever
more the subject of controversy. Calamy says that about
sixty treatises were opposed to him and his writings. What
his sentiments were, will appear from the following sketch,
drawn up by the late Dr. Kippis. “His Theological System has been called Baxterianism, and those who embrace
his sentiments in divinity, are styled Baxterians. Baxterianism strikes into a middle path between Calvinism and
Arminianism, endeavouring, in some degree, though perhaps not very consistently, to unite both schemes, and to
avoid the supposed errors of each. The Baxterians, we
apprehend, believe in the doctrines of election, effectual
calling, and other tenets of Calvinism, and, consequently,
suppose that a certain number, determined upon in the
divine counsels, will infallibly be saved. This they think
necessary to secure the ends of Christ’s interposition. But
then, on the other hand, they reject the doctrine of reprobation, and admit that our blessed Lord, in a certain sense,
died for all; and that such a portion of grace is allotted to
every man, as renders it his own fault, if he doth not attain
to eternal happiness. If he improves the common grace
given to all mankind, this will be followed by that special
grace which will end in his final acceptance and salvation.
Whether the Baxterians are of opinion, that any, besides
the elect, will actually make such a right use of common
grace, as to obtain the other, and, at length, come to
heaven, we cannot assuredly say. There may possibly be
a difference of sentiment upon the subject, according as
they approach nearer to Calvinism or to Arminianism. Mr.
Baxter appears likewise to have modelled the doctrines of
justification, and the perseverance of the saints, in a manner which was not agreeable to the rigid Calvinihts. His
distinctions upon all these heads we do not mean particularly to inquire into, as they would not be very interesting
to the generality of our readers. Some foreign divines, in
the last century, struck nearly into the same path; and
particularly, in France, Mons. le Blanc, Mr. Cameron, and
the celebrated Mons. Amyrault. For a considerable time,
the non-conformist clergy in England were divided into
scarcely any but two doctrinal parties, the Calvinists and
the Baxterians. There were, indeed, a few direct Arminians among them, whose number was gradually increasing. Of late, since many of the dissenters have become
more bold in their religious sentiments, the Baxterians
among them have been less numerous. However, they
are still a considerable body; and several persons are fond
of the name, as a creditable one, who, we believe, go
farther than Mr. Baxter did. The denomination, like other
theological distinctions which have prevailed in the world,
will probably, in a course of time, sink into desuetude, till
it is either wholly forgotten, or the bare memory of it be
only preserved in some historical production.
”
o have been consulted by Baxter. On the appearance of this last edition, Dr. Lowth, the late learned bishop of London, pronounced it the best edition of Horace ever yet
In 1701 Mr. Baxter’s celebrated edition of Horace made
its appearance, of which it is said that a second edition was
finished by him a few days before his death, and published
by his son John, but not until 1725. In it there were
some corrections, alterations, and additions introduced. Dr.
Harwood bestows the highest praise on it, as “by far the
best edition of Horace ever published.
” He adds, “I have
read it many times through, and know its singular worth,
England has not produced a more elegant or judicious crU
tic than Baxter.
” Gesner, entertaining the same sentiments, when he was requested to give an edition of
made Baxter’s labours the foundation of his own, and published his edition, thus improved in 1752, and again in
1772, the latter still move improved by a collation of some
Mss. and some very early editions which do not appear to
have been consulted by Baxter. On the appearance of
this last edition, Dr. Lowth, the late learned bishop of London, pronounced it the best edition of Horace ever yet
delivered to the world. In 1788, Zeunius republished it,
preserving all Baxter’s and Gesner’s observations, adding
a few of his own, and availing himself of the labours of
Jani and Wieland. Of this a very elegant edition was
published in 1797, by Mr. Payne, of Pall Mall, printed
by Mundell of Glasgow, in 8vo. But what can we say to
the uncertainties of criticism? Harles and Mitscherlich.
do not concur with Dr. Harwood in his opinion of Baxter’s
edition of 1725, and they both under-rate his labours,
Harles blaming him for his “ribaldry and abuse of Bentley.
”
Baxter was certainly irritated against Bentley, probably
on account of some remarks introduced by Bentley into
his edition of Horace, which had been published in the
interval between 1701 and the time of his death. Gesner
makes all the apology that can now be offered: he thinks
that Baxter might feel Bentley' s contempt, than whom no
man could deal out contempt more severely, or Baxter
might himself be affected with somewhat of the irritability
of age.
His father, affected and delighted with this answer, sent next day to the bishop of Grenoble, his brother-in-law, and requested him to present
His father, affected and delighted with this answer, sent
next day to the bishop of Grenoble, his brother-in-law,
and requested him to present young Bayard to the duke of
Savoy, in the quality of his page. His clothes and equipage being prepared in a lew hours, he mounted a horse,
which having never before felt a spur, gave three or four
springs, which greatly alarmed the company; but the
young hero, without being at all disconcerted, fixed himself in the saddle, and repeated the discipline of his heel
until his steed submitted to his direction. The parting of
the father and the son was affecting, and, his biographer
observes, is a lively picture of that noble simplicity of
manners, from which his nation has so much degenerated,
by the false refinements of an effeminate politeness. His
mother recommended three things to him the first was,
“to fear, and love, and to serve God
” the second, “to
be gentle and courteous to the nobility, without pride or
haughtiness to any;
” and the third was, “to be generous
and charitable to the poor and necessitous;
” adding, that
“to give for the love of God never made any man poor.
”
Bayard promised to follow these good precepts, and although his deviations were not unfrequent, he preserved a
sense of religion which led him to fulfil all its external duties at least with exemplary punctuality and zeal: neither
his youth, nor the tumults and hurry of a military life, nor
the dissolute company into which he naturally fell, nor
even the failings, from which he was not himself exempt,
could ever extinguish in his breast a certain veneration for
the religion in which he had been brought up.
braced the Roman catholic religion. This gave much uneasiness to all his relations, and Mr. Bertier, bishop of Rieux, rightly judging, that after this step young Bayle
, a French writer who once made a great figure in the literary world, was born Nov. 18, 1647, at Carla, a small town in the county of Foix, the son of John Bayle, a Protestant minister. Peter gave early proofs of genius, which his father cultivated with the utmost care; he himself taught him the Latin and Greek languages, and sent him to the Protestant academy at Puylaurens in 1666. The same year, when upon a visit to his father, he applied so closely to his studies, that it brought upon him an illness which kept him at Carla above eighteen, months. On his recovery he returned to Puylaurens to prosecute his studies, and afterwards he went to Toulouse in 1669, where he attended the lectures in the Jesuits’ college. The controversial books which he read at Puylaurens raised several scruples in his mind in regard to the Protestant religion, and his doubts were increased by some disputes he had with a priest, who lodged in the same house with him at Toulouse. He thought the Protestant tenets were false, because he could not answer all the arguments raised against them; so that about a month after his arrival at Toulouse, he embraced the Roman catholic religion. This gave much uneasiness to all his relations, and Mr. Bertier, bishop of Rieux, rightly judging, that after this step young Bayle had no reason to expect any assistance from them, took upon him the charge of his maintenance. They piqued themselves much, at Toulouse, upon the acquisition of so promising a young man. When it came to his turn to defend theses publicly, the most distinguished persons of the clergy, parliament, and city, were present; so that there had hardly ever been seen in the university a more splendid and numerous audience. The theses were dedicated to the Virgin, and adorned with her picture, which was ornamented with several emblematical figures, representing the conversion of the respondent.
&c.” published in 8vo, 1672, asserts, that “this book was written by a Puritan minister, and that a bishop, whose life was not very chaste and regular, after the author’s
, an English prelate, was born at Caermarthen in Whales, and educated at the university of Oxford;
but in what college, or what degrees he took is uncertain.
We find only that he was admitted, as a member of Exeter college, to be reader of the sentences in 1611; about
which time he was minister of Evesham in Worcestershire,
chaplain to prince Henry, and rector of St. Matthew’s,
Friday-street, in London. Two years after he took his degrees in divinity; and being very much celebrated for his
talent in preaching, was appointed one of the chaplains to
king James I. who nominated him to the bishopric of Bangor in the room of Dr. H. Rowlands, in which see he was
consecrated at Lambeth, Dec. 8, 1616. On the 15th of
July 1621, he was committed to the Fleet, but was soon
after discharged. It is not certain what was the reason of
his commitment, unless, as Mr. Wood observes, it was on
account of prince Charles’s intended marriage with the Infanta of Spain. He died in the beginning of 1632, and
was interred in the church of Bangor. His fame rests
chiefly on his work entitled “The practice of Piety,
” of
which there have been a prodigious number of editions in
12mo and 8vo, that of 1735 being the fifty-ninth. It was
also translated into Welsh and French in 1633, and such
was its reputation, that John D'Espagne, a French writer,
and preacher at Somerset-house chapel in 1656, complained, that the generality of the common people paid
too great a regard to it, and considered the authority of it
as almost equal to that of the Sqriptures. This book was
the substance of several sermons, which Dr. Bayly preached while he was minister of Evesham. But Lewis du Moulin, who was remarkable for taking all opportunities of
reflecting upon the bishops and church of England, in his
“Patronus Bonce Fidei, &c.
” published in 8vo, this book was written by a Puritan minister,
and that a bishop, whose life was not very chaste and regular, after the author’s death, bargained with his widow
for the copy, which he received, but never paid her the
money; that he afterwards interpolated it in some places,
and published it as his own.
” It is not very probable, however, that a man “whose life was not very chaste and regular,
” should have been anxious to publish a work of this
description; but Dr. Kennet, in his Register, has very
clearly proved that bishop Bayly was the real author.
, the fourth and youngest son of bishop Bayly, was educated at Cambridge, and having commenced B. A.
, the fourth and youngest son of
bishop Bayly, was educated at Cambridge, and having
commenced B. A. was presented to the subdeanery of
Wells by Charles I. in 1638. In 1644, he retired with
other loyalists to Oxford, where, proceeding in his degrees
he was created D. D. and two years after wle find him with
the marquis of Worcester, in Ragland castle, after the battle of Naseby. When this was surrendered to the parliament army, on which occasion he was employed to draw
up the articles, he travelled into France and other countries; but returned the year after the king’s death, and
published at London, in 8vo, a book, entitled “Certamen
Religiosum, or a conference between king Charles I. and
Henry late marquis of Worcester, concerning religion, in
Ragland castle, anno 1646.
” But this conference was believed to have no real foundation, and considered as nothing
else than a prelude to the declaring of himself a papist.
The same year, 1649, he published “The Royal Charter
granted unto kings by God himself, &c. to which is added,
a treatise, wherein is proved, that episcopacy is jure dvvino
” 8vo. These writings giving offence, occasioned him
to be committed to Newgate whence escaping, he re^
tired to Holland, and became a zealous Roman catholic.
During his confinement in Newgate, he wrote a piece entitled, “Herba Parietis, or the wall-flower, as it grows
out of the stone-chamber belonging to the metropolitan
prison; being an history, which is partly true, partly romantic, morally divine; whereby a marriage between
reality and fancy is solemnized by divinity,
” Lond. The end to controversy between the Roman catholic and
Protestant religions, justified by all the several manner of
ways, whereby all kinds of controversies, of what nature
soever, are usually or can possibly be determined,
” Douay,
Dr. Bayly’s Challenge.
” At
last this singular person went to Italy, where he lived and
died extremely poor (although Dodd says that he died in cardinal Ottoboni’s family) for Dr. Trevor, fellow of
Merton college, who was in Italy in 1659, told Mr. Wood several times, that Dr. Bayly died obscurely in an hospital,
and that he had seen the place where he was buried.
Dr. Bayly’s name is likewise to a well-known “Life of bishop Fisher,” which is said to have been the production of Richard
Dr. Bayly’s name is likewise to a well-known “Life of
bishop Fisher,
” which is said to have been the production
of Richard Hall, D.D. of Christ church, Cambridge, and
afterwards canon and official of the cathedral church of
St. Omer’s, where he died in 1604. The manuscript, after
his death, came into the possession of the English monks of
Dieulwart, in Lorrain; from whence a copy fell into the
hands of one Mr. West, who presented it to Francis a St.
Clara, alias Francis Davenport, a Franciscan friar. Davenport gave it to sir Wingfield Bodenham, who put it
into the hands of Dr. Bayly. The doctor read it, took a
copy of it, and sold it to a bookseller who published it with
Dr. Bayly’s name. — Such is the account Wood gives, and
in which he is followed by Dodd, on which we have only
to remark that this life is preceded by a dedication signed
with the doctor’s initials, and avowing himself to be the
author.
s appealed, but in vain, to the archbishop. On another occasion he was summoned by Dr. Harsnet, then bishop of Chichester, to the privy-council, but acquitted himself so
, an English divine of considerable
eminence at Cambridge, was a native of London. He
received his school-education at Withersfield, in Essex,
and was afterwards admitted of Christ college, Cambridge,
where his behaviour was so loose and irregular that his
father left what he meant to bestow on him, in the hands
of Mr. Wilson, a tradesman of London, with an injunction
not to let him have it, unless he forsook his evil courses.
This happy change took place not long after his father’s
death, and Mr. Wilson delivered up his, trust. In the interim, although his moral conduct was censurable, such
was his proficiency in learning, that he was elected a fellow
of his college; and after his reformation, having been admitted into holy orders, he was so highly esteemed for
his piety, eloquence, and success, as a preacher, that he
was chosen to succeed the celebrated Perkins, as lecturer
of St. Andrew’s church. In this office he continued until
silenced for certain opinions, not favourable to the discipline of the church, by Abp. Bancroft’s visitor, Mr. (afterwards archbishop) Harsnet; and Mr. Baynes appealed, but in
vain, to the archbishop. On another occasion he was
summoned by Dr. Harsnet, then bishop of Chichester, to
the privy-council, but acquitted himself so much to the
satisfaction of all present, that he met with no farther
trouble. During his suspension from the regular exercise
of his ministry, he employed himself on his writings, none
of which, if we may judge from the dates of those we have
seen, were published in his life-time. He died at Cambridge, in 1617. His works are: 1. “A commentary on
the first chapter of the epistle to the Ephesians, handling
the controversy of Predestination,
” London, The Diocesan’s Trial, wherein all the sinews of Dr.
Downham’s defence are brought into three heads, and dissolved,
” Help to true happiness, explaining
the fundamentals of Christian religion,
” London, 12m'o.
3d edit. 1635. 4. “Letters of consolation, exhortation,
direction, with a sermon of the trial of a Christian’s estate,
1637, 12mo. 5.
” A Commentary on the epistle to the
Ephesians," Lond. fol. 1643.
ard VI. but upon the accession of queen Mary, with whose principles he coincided, he was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. When queen Elizabeth succeeded, he
, an English prelate, was a native of
Yorkshire, and educated in St. John’s college, Cambridge,
where he attained considerable reputation, as an expounder
of the Scriptures, and as a Greek and Hebrew scholar.
Having taken his degree of D. D. he went over to Paris,
and was for some time royal professor of Hebrew. He
remained abroad during the latter part of the reign of
Henry VIII. and the whole of Edward VI. but upon the
accession of queen Mary, with whose principles he coincided, he was consecrated bishop of Lichfield and Coventry. When queen Elizabeth succeeded, he was deprived, and for some time imprisoned, but lived afterwards
in the bishop of London’s house. He died in 1559, of
the stone. Fuller says, in allusion to the persecutions he
occasioned in his diocese, that although he was as bad as
Christopherson, he was better than Bonner. He wrote
“Prima Rudimenta in linguam Hebraicam,
” Paris, Comment, in proverbia Salomonis, lib. III.
”
ibid, and same year, fol.
y Mary, daughter to the duke of Guise and during his stay at the court of France, he was consecrated bishop of Mirepoix. All things being settled in regard to the marriage,
, archbishop of St. Andrew’s in Scotland, and cardinal of the Roman church, was born 1494, and educated in the university of St. Andrew’s. He was afterwards sent over to the university of Paris, where he studied divinity; and when he attained a proper age, entered into orders. In 1519 he was appointed resident at the court of France; about the same time his uncle James Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, conferred upon him the rectory of Campsay; and in 1523 this uncle, being then archbishop of St. Andrew’s, gave him the abbacy of Aberbrothock, or Arbroath. David returned to Scotland in 1525, and in 1528 was made lord privy seal. In 1533 he was sent again to France, in con-junction with sir Thomas Erskine, to confirm the leagues subsisting between the two kingdoms, and to bring about a marriage for king James V. with Magdalene, daughter of the king of France; but the princess being in a very bad state of health, the marriage could not then take effect. During his residence, however, at the French court, he received many favours from his Christian majesty. King James having gone over to France, had the princess Magdalene given him in person, whom he espoused on the first of January 1537. Beaton returned to Scotland with their majesties, where they arrived the 29th of May; but the death of the queen happening the July following, he was sent over again to Paris, to negotiate a second marriage for the king with the lady Mary, daughter to the duke of Guise and during his stay at the court of France, he was consecrated bishop of Mirepoix. All things being settled in regard to the marriage, in the month of June, he embarked with the new queen for Scotland, where they arrived in July: the nuptials were celebrated at St. Andrew’s, and the February following the coronation was performed with great splendour and magnificence in the abbey church of Holyrood -house.
sent for Mr. Seton, and reproved him sharply for having said, according to his information,” That a bishop who did not preach was but a dumb dog, who feel not the flock,
, archbishop of St. Andrew’s in the reign of James V. was uncle to
the preceding. We have no certain account of his birth,
or of the manner of his education, except that, being a
younger brother, he was from his infancy destined for the
church. He had great natural talents, and having improved them by the acquisition of the learning fashionable
in those times, he came early into the world, under the
title of Provost of Both well; a preferment given him
through the interest of his family. He received his first
benefice in 1503, and next year was advanced to the rich
preferment of abbot of Dumferling. In 1505, upon the
death of sir David Beaton, his brother, his majesty honoured him with the staff of high-treasurer, and he was
thenceforward considered as one of the principal statesmen.
In 1508 he was promoted to the hishopric of Galloway, and
before he had sat a full year in that cathedral chair, he
was removed to the archiepiscopal see of Glasgow, on
which he resigned the treasurer’s staff, in order to be more
at leisure to mind the government of his diocese: and indeed it is universally acknowledged, that none mflffe carefully attended the duties of his functions than archbishop
Beaton while he continued at Glasgow; and he has left
there such marks of concern for that church, as have baffled time, and the rage of a distracted populace: the
monuments of his piety and public spirit which he raised
at Glasgow, still remaining to justify this part of his character. It does not appear that he had any hand in the
counsels which drove king James IV. into a fatal war with
England. On the death of this monarch in the battle of
Flodden-field, the regent John duke of Albany appointed
our prelate to be high-chancellor. In 1523 he became
archbishop of St. Andrew’s, not only by the favour of the
regent, but with the full consent of the young king, who
was then, and all his life, much under the influence of the
archbishop’s nephew David, the subject of the preceding
article. The power of the regent, “however, being abrogated by parliament, and the earl of Angus haying placed
himself at the head of government, our archbishop was
dismissed the court, and obliged to resign the office of
chancellor; but when the Douglases were driven from
court, and the king recovered his freedom, the archbishop
came again into power, although he did not recover the
office of chancellor. He now resided principally at the palace of St. Andrew’s, and, as some say, at the instigation
of his nephew, the cardinal, proceeded with great violence against the protestants, and is particularly accountable for the death of Patrick Hamilton, the protomartyr of
Scotland, a young man of piety, talents, and high birth,
whom he procured to be burnt to death, although it is but
justice to add that the same sentence was subscribed by
the other archbishop, three bishops, six abbots and friars,
and eight divines. He is even said to have had some degree of aversion to such proceedings. The clergy, however, were for stopping the mouths of such as preached
what they disliked, in the same manner as they had done
Hamilton’s. The archbishop moved but heavily in these
kind of proceedings; and there are two very remarkable
stories recorded to have happened about this time, which
very plainly shew he was far enough from being naturally
inclined to such severities. It happened at one qf their
consultations, that some who were most vehement pressed
for going on with the proceedings in the Archbishop’s
court, when one Mr. John Lind$ey, a man in great credit
with the archbishop, delivered himself to this purpose
” If you burn any more of them, take my advice, and burn
them in cellars, for I dare assure you, that the smoke of
Mr. Patrick Hamilton has infected all that it blew upon.“The other was of a more serious nature; one Alexander
Seton, a black friar, preached openly in the church of St.
Andrew’s, that, according to St. Paul’s description of bishops, there were no bishops in Scotland, which being reported to the archbishop, not in very precise terms, he
sent for Mr. Seton, and reproved him sharply for having
said, according to his information,
” That a bishop who
did not preach was but a dumb dog, who feel not the flock,
but fed his own belly.“Mr. Seton said, that tho.se vvho
had reported this were liars, upon which witnesses were
produced, who testified very positively to the fact. Mr.
Seton, by way of reply, delivered himself thus:
” My
lord, you have heard, and may consider, what ears these
asses have, who cannot discern between Paul, Isaiah, Zachariah, Malachi, and friar Alexander Seton. In truth,
my lord, I did preach that Paul saith, it hehoveth a bishop
to be a teacher. Isaiah saith, that they that feed not the
flock are dumb dogs; and the prophet Zachariah saith,
that they are idle pastors. Of my own head I affirmed nothing, but declared what the Spirit of God before pronounced; at whom, my lord, t if you be not offended, you
cannot justly be offended with me.“How much soever the
bishop might be incensed, he dismissed friar Seton without hurt, who soon afterwards fled out of the kingdom.
It does not appear, that from this time the archbishop
acted much in these measures himself, but chose rather to
grant commissions to others that were inclined to proceed
against such as preached the doctrines of the reformation,
a conduct which seems very fully to justify the remark of
archbishop Spotswood upon our prelate’s behaviour.
” Seventeen years,“says he,
” he lived bishop of this see, and
was herein most unfortunate, that under the shadow of his
authority many good men were put to death for the cause
of religion, though he himself was neither violently set,
nor much solicitous (as it was thought) how matters went in
the church."
to London he was solicited by a very flattering proposal sent through the hands of Dr. Porteus, late bishop of London, to enter into the church of England. A similar offer
Soon after this visit to London he was solicited by a very
flattering proposal sent through the hands of Dr. Porteus,
late bishop of London, to enter into the church of England. A similar offer had been made some time before by
the archbishop of York, but declined. It was now renewed
with more importunity, and produced from him the important reasons which obliged him still to decline an offer
which he could not but consider as “great and generous.
”
By these reasons, communicated in a letter to Dr. Porteus,
we find that he was apprehensive of the injury that might
be done to the cause he had espoused, if his enemies should
have any ground for asserting that he had written his Essay
on Trutn, with a view to promotion: and he was likewise
of opinion, that it might have the appearance of levity and
insincerity, and even of want of principle, were he to quit,
without any other apparent motive than that of bettering
his circumstances, the church of which he had hitherto
been a member. Other reasons he assigned, on this occasion, of some, but less weight, all which prevailed on his
friends to withdraw any farther solicitation, while they honoured the motives by which he was influenced. In the
same year he refused the offer of a professor’s chair in the
university of Edinburgh, considering his present situation
as best adapted to his habits and to his usefulness, and apprehending that the formation of a new society of friends
might not be so easy or agreeable in a place where theenemies of his principles were numerous. To some of his
friends, however, these reasons did not appear very convincing.
During a visit to the metropolis in 1784, Dr. Beattie submitted to the late bishop of London, with whose friendship he had long been honoured,
During a visit to the metropolis in 1784, Dr. Beattie
submitted to the late bishop of London, with whose friendship he had long been honoured, a part of a work which
at that excellent prelate’s desire he published in 1786, entitled “Evidences of the Christian Religion briefly and
plainly stated,
” 2 vols. 12mo. This likewise formed part
of his concluding lectures to his class, and he generally
tlictated an abstract of it to them in the course of the session. From a work of this kind, and on a subject which
had employed the pens of the greatest and best English
writers, much novelty was not to be expected, nor in its
original form was any novelty intended. It must be allowed, however, that he has placed many of the arguments
for the evidences of Christianity in a very striking and persuasive light, and it is not too much to suppose that if he
could have devoted more time and study to a complete review and arrangement of what had, or might be advanced
on these evidences, he would have produced a work worthy
of his genius, and worthy of the grandeur and importance
of the subject.
, in Latin Belcarius Plguilio, bishop of Metz, a man of some note in the sixteenth century, was born
, in Latin Belcarius Plguilio, bishop of Metz, a man of some note
in the sixteenth century, was born April 15, 1514, of one
of the most ancient families of the Bourbonnois. The progress he male in polite literature induced Claude de Lorraine, the h'rst duke of Guise, to choose him to be preceptor to cardinal de Lorraine, his second son, an appointment which very naturally, we will not say very justly, attached him to the family of Guise, and made him too partial in his writings to their character. He attended his
pupil to Rome, where he became acquainted with Paul
Jovius, in whose history he afterwards pointed out some
errors. On his return from Italy, the cardinal of Lorraine
procured him in 1555 the bishopric of Metz, but according
to Beza (Hist. Ecclesiast. lib. xvi. p. 439), this was little
more than a titular preferment, the cardinal reserving the
revenues, or the greater part of them, to himself. According to the same author, Beaucaire, with two other
bishops, came to Metz, and occasioned an alarm among
the inhabitants of the reformed religion, some of whom
thought proper to retire for safety from the city. Beza,
however, adds that Beaucaire only wrote a small tract in
Latin on “Sanctification,
” and “The Baptism of Infants,
” which was soon answered. Some time after his
promotion, his patron, the cardinal, carried him with him
to the council, on the day that the fathers of the council
had appointed as a thanksgiving for the battle of Dreux,
fought Jan. 3, 1563, and here Beaucaire pronounced an
oration, which was much applauded, and is inserted at the
end of the thirtieth book of his “History of his own times.
”
This work he began in Rerum Gallicarum Coramentaria, ab. A. 1462 usque ad A. 1566,
” Lyons, Traité des enfans morts dans le sein de
leurs meres,
”
duced him to become the pupil of Lalande, and one of the ablest of his scholars. His uncle Miroudat, bishop of Babylonia, having-appointed him his vicar-general, he left
, a member of the national
Institute of France, and an astronomer of considerable fame,
was born at Vesoul, June 29, 1752. He was originally intended for the church, and in 1767, entered the order of
the Bernardines, but his turn for astronomy induced him
to become the pupil of Lalande, and one of the ablest of
his scholars. His uncle Miroudat, bishop of Babylonia,
having-appointed him his vicar-general, he left France in
1781, to exercise the functions of that office in the Levant, and at the same time to take astronomical observations. He went first to Aleppo, thence to Bagdad, Bassora, and Persia. On the eve of the revolution, he returned to France, after having contributed very essentially
to the promotion of the sciences of astronomy and geography,
as may appear by his communications in the “Journal deaf
Savans
” for
, bishop of Winchester, and cardinal priest of the church of Rome, was
, bishop of Winchester, and
cardinal priest of the church of Rome, was the son of
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his third wife, Catherine S win ford. He studied for some years both at Cambridge and at Oxford, in the latter in Queen’s college, and
was afterwards a benefactor to University and Lincoln colleges, but he received the principal part of his education at
Aix la Chapelle, where he was instructed in civil and common law. Being of royal extraction, he was very young when
advanced to the prelacy, and was made bishop of Lincoln
in 1397, by an arbitrary act of Boniface IX. John Beckingham, bishop of that see, being, contrary to his wishes,
translated to Lichfield, to make room for Beaufort, but Beckingham, with becoming spirit, refused the proffered diocese, and chose to become a private monk of Canterbury.
In 1399 Beaufort was chancellor of the university of Oxford, and at the same time dean of Wells. He was lord
high chancellor of England in 1404, and in some years afterwards. The following year, upon the death of the celebrated Wykeham, he was, at the recommendation of the
king, translated to the see of Winchester. In 1414, the
second of his nephew Henry V. he went to France, as one
of the royal ambassadors, to demand in marriage Catherine,
daughter of Charles VI. In 1417 he lent the king twenty
thousand pounds (a prodigious sum in those days), towards
carrying on his expedition against France, but had the
crown in pawn as a security for the money. This year also
he took a journey to the Holy Land and in his way, being
arrived at Constance, where a general council was held, he
exhorted the prelates to union and agreement in the election of a pope; and his remonstrances contributed not a
little to hasten the preparations for the conclave, in which
Martin III. was elected. We have no farther account of
what happened to our prelate in this expedition. In 1421,
he had the honour to be godfather, jointly with John duke
of Bedford, and Jacqueline, countess of Holland, to prince
Henry, eldest son of his nephew Henry V. and Catherine
of France, afterwards Henry VI. M. Aubery pretends,
that James, king of Scots, who had been several years a
prisoner in England, owed his deliverance to the bishop of
Winchester, who prevailed with the government to set him
free, on condition of his marrying his niece, the granddaughter of Thomas Beaufort, earl of Somerset. This prelate
was one of king Henry Vlth’s guardians during his minority; and in 1424, the third of the young king’s reign, he
was a fourth time lord-chancellor of England. There were
perpetual jealousies and quarrels, the cause of which is not
very clearly explained, between the bishop of Winchester,
and the protector, Humphrey duke of Gloucester, which
ended in the ruin and death of the latter. Their dissensions
began to appear publicly in 1425, and to such a height,
that Beaufort thought it necessary to write a letter to his
nephew the duke of Bedford, regent of France, which is
extant in Holinshed, desiring his presence in England,
to accommodate matters between them. The regent accordingly arriving in England the 20th of December, was
met by the bishop of Winchester with a numerous train,
and soon after convoked an assembly of the nobility at St.
Alban’s, to hear and determine the affair. But the animosity on this occasion was so great on both sides, that it
was thought proper to refer the decision to the parliament,
which was to be held at Leicester, March 25, following.
The parliament being met, the duke of Gloucester produced six articles of accusation against the bishop, who
answered them severally, and a committee appointed for
the purpose, having examined the allegations, he was acquitted. The duke of Bedford, however, to give some satisfaction to the protector, took away the great seal from
his uncle. Two years after, the duke of Bedford, returning into France, was accompanied to Calais by the bishop
of Winchester, who, on the 25th of March, received there
with great solemnity, in the church of Our Lady, the cardinal’s hat, with the title of St. Eusebius, sent him by pope
Martin V. In September 1428, the new cardinal returned
into England, with the character of the pope’s legate lately
conferred on him; and in his way to London, he was met
by the lord-mayor, aldermen, and the principal citizens
on horseback, who conducted him with great honour and respect to his lodgings in Southwark; but he was forced, for
the present, to wave his legatine power, being forbidden
the exercise of it by a proclamation published in the king’s
name. Cardinal Beaufort was appointed, by the pope’s
bull, bearing date March 25, 1427-8, his holiness’s legate
in Germany, and general of the crusade against the Hussites, or Heretics of Bohemia. Having communicated the
pope’s intentions to the parliament, he obtained a grant of
money, and a considerable body of forces, under certain
restrictions; but just as he was preparing to embark, the
duke of Bedford having sent to demand a supply of men
for the French war, it was resolved in council, that cardinal Beaufort should serve under the regent, with the
troops of the crusade, to the end of the month of December,
on condition that they should not be employed in any siege.
The cardinal complied, though not without reluctance, and
accordingly joined the duke of Bedford at Paris. After a
stay of forty-five days in France, he marched into Bohemia, where he conducted the crusade till he was recalled
by the pope, and cardinal Julian sent in his place with a
larger army. The next year, 1430, the cardinal accompanied king Henry into France, being invested with the
title of the king’s principal counsellor, and bad the honour
to perform the ceremony of crowning the young monarch
irt the church of Notre Dame at Paris; where he had some
dispute with James du Chastellier, the archbishop, who
claimed the right of officiating on that occasion. During
his stay in France he was present at the congress of Arras
for concluding a peace between the kings of England and
France, and had a conference for that purpose with the
dutchess of Burgundy, between Calais and Gravelines,
which had no effect, and was remarkable only for the cardinal’s magnificence, who came thither with a most splendid train. In the mean time the duke of Gloucester took
advantage in England of the cardinal’s absence to give him
fresh mortification. For, first, having represented to the
council, that the bishop of Winchester intended to leave
the king, and come back into England to resume his seat
in council, in order to excite new troubles in the kingdom,
and that his intentions were the more criminal, as he made
use of the pope’s authority to free himself from the obligations of assisting the king in France; he procured an order
of council forbidding all the king’s subjects, of what condition soever, to accompany the cardinal, if he should leave
the king, without express permission. The next step the
protector took against him, was an attempt to deprive him
of his bishopric, as inconsistent with the dignity of cardinal; but the affair having been a long time debated in
council, it was resolved that the cardinal should be heard,
and the judges consulted, before any decision. Being returned into England, he thought it necessary to take some
precaution against these repeated attacks, and prevailed
with the king, through the' intercession of the commons,
to grant him letters of pardon for all offences by him committed contrary to the statute of provisors, and other acts
of prsemunire. This pardon is dated at Westminster, July
19, 1432. Five years after, he procured another pardon
under the great-seal for all sorts of crimes whatever, from
the creation of the world to the 26th of July 1437. Notwithstanding these precautions, the duke of Gloucester, in
1442, drew up articles of impeachment against the cardinal, and presented them with his own hands to the king,
but the council appointed to examine them deferred their
report so long that rhe protector discontinued the prosecution. The cardinal died June 14, 1447, having survived
the duke of Gloucester not above a mouth, of whose
murder he was suspected to have been one of the contrivers,
and it is said that he expressed great uneasiness at the approach of death, and died in despair; but for this there does
not appear much foundation, and we suspect the commonlyreceived character of Beaufort is mostly credited by those
who have considered Shakspeare as an authentic historian.
We rather agree with the historian of Winchester, that
there is no solid ground for representing him as that ambitious, covetous, and reprobate character which Shakspeare
has represented, and who has robbed his memory, in order
to enrich that of his adversary, popularly termed the “good
duke Humphrey
” of Gloucester. Being involved in the
vortex of worldly politics, it is true, that he gave too much
scope to the passions of the great, and did not allow himself sufficient leisure to attend to the spiritual concerns of
his diocese. He possessed, however, that munificent spirit,
which has cast a lustre on the characters of many persons
of past times, whom it would be difficult otherwise to present as objects of admiration. It he was rich, it must be
admitted that he did not squander away his money upon
unworthy pursuits, but chiefly employed it in the public
service, to the great relief of the subjects, with whom, and
with the commons’ house of parliament, he was popular.
He employed his wealth also in finishing the magnificent
cathedral of Winchester, which was left incomplete by his
predecessor, in repairing Hyde-abbey, relieving prisoners,
and other works of charity. But what, Dr. Milner says, has
chiefly redeemed the injured character of cardinal Beaufort, in Winchester and its neighbourhood, is the new foundation which he made of the celebrated hospital of St. Cross.
Far the greater part of the present building was raised by
him, and he added to the establishment of his predecessor,
Henry de Blois, funds for the support of thirty-five more
brethren, two chaplains, and three women, who appear to
have been hospital nuns. It appears also, says the same
writer, that he prepared himself with resignation and contrition for his last end; and the collected, judicious, and
pious dispositions made in his testament, the codicil of
which was signed but two days before his dissolution, may
justly bring into discredit the opinion that he died in despair. He was buried at Winchester in the most eleg-ant
and finished chantry in the kingdom.
g, whether sleeping or waking she could not tell, there appeared unto her somebody in the habit of a bishop, and desired she would accept of Edmund for her husband. Whereupon
, the foundress of Christ’s and St. John’s colleges in Cambridge, was the only daughter and heir of John Beaufort, duke of Somerset (grandson of John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster), and of Margaret Beauchamp his wife. She was born at Bletshoe in Bedfordshire) in 1441. About the fifteenth year of her age, being a rich heiress, the great duke of Suffolk, minister to Henry the Vlth. solicited her in marriage for his son; while the king wooed her for his half-brother Edmund, then earl of Richmond. On so nice a point the good young lady advised with an elder gentlewoman; who, thinking it too great a decision to take upon herself, recommended her to St. Nicholas, the patron of virgins. She followed her instructions, and poured forth her supplications and prayers with such effect, that one morning, whether sleeping or waking she could not tell, there appeared unto her somebody in the habit of a bishop, and desired she would accept of Edmund for her husband. Whereupon she married Edmund earl of Richmond; and by him had an only son, who was afterwards king Henry the VI 1th. Edmund died, Nov. 3, 1456, leaving Henry his son and heir but fifteen weeks old: after which Margaret married sir Henry Stafford, knight, second son to the duke of Buckingham, by whom she had no issue. Soon after the death of sir Henry Stafford, which happened about 1482, she was married again to Thomas lord Stanley, who was created earl of Derby, Oct. 27, 1485, which was the first year of her son’s reign; and this noble lord died also before her in 1504.
end them, and be their laundress in the camp.” For her chastity, the rev. Mr. Baker, who republished bishop Fisher’s “Funeral Sermon” on her, in 1708, informs us in a preface,
The virtues of this lady are exceedingly celebrated. Her
humility was such, that she would often say, “on condition that the princes of Christendom would combine themselves, and march against the common enemy the Turks,
she would most willingly attend them, and be their laundress in the camp.
” For her chastity, the rev. Mr. Baker,
who republished bishop Fisher’s “Funeral Sermon
” on
her, in To her daughter Richmond, a book of English,
being a legend of saints; a book of French, called Lucun
another book of French, of the epistles and gospels and
a primer with clasps of silver gilt, covered with purple velvet.
” This was a considerable legacy of its kind at that
time, when few of her sex were taught letters; for it has
often been mentioned as an extraordinary accomplishment
in Jane Shore, the darling mistress of Edward IV. that she
could write and read.
rned with gilded brass, arms, and an epitaph round the verge, drawn up by Erasmus, at the request of bishop Fisher, for which he had twenty shillings given him by the university
Lady Margaret, however, could do both; and there are
some of her literary performances still extant. She published, “The mirroure of golde for the sinful 1 soule,
”
translated from a French translation of a book called, * Speculum aureum peccatorum,' very scarce. She also translated out of French into English, the fourth book of Gerson’s treatise “Of the imitation and following the blessed
life of our most merciful Saviour Christ,
” printed at the
nd of Dr. William Atkinson’s English translation of the three
first books, 1504. A letter to her son is printed in Howard’s “Collection of Letters.
” She also made, -by her
son’s command and authority, the orders, yet extant, for
great estates of ladies and noble women, for their precedence, &c. She was not only a lover of learning, but a
great patroness of learned men; and did more acts of real
goodness for the advancement of literature in general, than
could reasonably have been expected from so much superstition. Erasmus has spoken great things of her, for the
munificence shewn in her foundations and donations of
several kinds; a large account of which is given by Mr.
Baker, in the preface prefixed to the “Funeral Sermon.
”
What adds greatly to the merit of these donations is, that
some of the most considerable of them were performed in
her life-time; as the foundation of two colleges in Cambridge.
Her life was checquered with a variety of good and' bad
fortune: but she had a greatness of soul, which seems to
have placed her above the reach of either; so that she wasneither elated with the former, nor depressed with the
latter. She was most affected with what regarded her
only child, for whom she had the most tender affection.
She underwent some hardships on his account. She saw
him from an exile, by a wonderful turn of fortune, advanced
to the crown of England, which yet he could not keep
without many struggles and difficulties; and when he had
reigned twenty-three years, and lived fifty-two, she saw him
carried to his grave. Whether this might not prove too great
a shock for her, is uncertain; but she survived him only
three months, dying at Westminster on the 29th of June,
1509. She was buried in his chapel, and had a beautiful
monument erected to her memory, adorned with gilded
brass, arms, and an epitaph round the verge, drawn up by
Erasmus, at the request of bishop Fisher, for which he had
twenty shillings given him by the university of Cambridge.
Upon this altar-tomb, which is enclosed with a grate, is
placed the statue of Margaret countess of Richmond and
Derby, in her robes, all of solid brass, with two pillars on
each side of her, and a Latin inscription, of which the following is a translation: “To Margaret of Richmond, the
mother of Henry VII. and grandmother of Henry VIII.
who founded salaries for three monks in this convent, for a
grammar-school at Wymborn, and a preacher of God’s
word throughout England; as also for two divinity-lecturers, the one at Oxford, the other at Cambridge; in
which last place she likewise built two colleges, in honour
of Christ and his disciple St. John. She died in the year
of our Lord 1509, June the 29th.
” This lady was the
daughter and sole heiress of John Beaufort duke of Somerset, who was grandson to John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, fourth son of Edward the Third. Her mother, Margaret Beauchamp, was daughter and heiress of the lord
Beauchamp of Powick. Bishop Fisher observes, “that by
her marriage with the earl of Richmond, and by her birth,
she was allied to thirty kings and queens, within the fourth
degree either of blood or affinity; besides earls, marquisses, dukes, and princes: and since her death,
” as Mr.
Baker says, “she has been allied in her posterity to thirty
more.
” Her will, which is remarkably curious, is printed
at length in the “Collectioii of Royal and Noble Wills,
”
n Fletcher, which caused that dearness of friendship between them. I have heard Dr. John Earl, since bishop of Sarum, say, who knew them, that his (Beaumont’s) main business
Their connection, from similarity of taste and studies,
was very intimate, and it would appear, at one time, very
Œconomical. Aubrey informs us, that “There was a wonderful consimility of fancy between Mr. Francis Beaumont
and Mr. John Fletcher, which caused that dearness of
friendship between them. I have heard Dr. John Earl,
since bishop of Sarum, say, who knew them, that his
(Beaumont’s) main business was to correct the super-overflowings of Mr. Fletcher’s wit. They lived together on
the Bankside, not far from the play-iiouse, both bachelors;
had one bench in the house between them, which they
did so admire the same cloaths, cloak, &c. between
them.
” With respect to the specific share he had in the
plays which have been published as the joint production of
Beaumont and Fletcher, the reader may find much information, and perhaps all that can now be ascertained on
this subject, in the preliminary matter of the edition published in 1778, 10 vols. vo, or more briefly in a note in
Mr. Malone’s life of Dryden, vol. II. p. 100—101. Sir
Egerton Brydges, whose judgment is of sterling value in
matters of literary antiquity, suspects that great injustice
has been generally done to Beaumont, by the supposition
of Langbaine and others that his merit was principally
confined to lopping the redundancies of Fletcher. He acquits, however, the editors of the Biographia Dramatica
of this blame. They say, “It is probable that the forming
of the plots, and contriving the conduct of the fable, the
writing of the more serious and pathetic parts, and lopping
the redundant branches of Fletcher’s wit, whose luxuriances, we are told frequently, stood in need of castigation, might
be, in general, Beaumont’s portion of the work.
” This,“adds Mr. Brydges,
” is to afford him very high praise,"
and the authorities of sir John Birkenhead, Jasper Mayne,
sir George Lisle, and others, amount to strong proof that
he was considered by his contemporaries 'in a superior
light, (and by none more than by Jonson), and that this
estimation of his talents was common in the life-time of
his colleague, who, from candour or friendship, appears
to have acquiesced in every respect paid to the memory of
Beaumont.
rly deportment, acquiring the high esteem of Dr. Cosins, then master of that college, and afterwards bishop of Durham. After taking his degree of A. B. he was elected fellow,
, D. D. master of Peter-house,
Cambridge, and king’s professor of divinity, was a descendant of the ancient family of Beaumont in Leicestershire.
His father, who died in 16 53, had been a woollen manufacturer
at Hadleigh in Suffolk, where our author, his eldest son, was
born March 13, 1615. His father, who discovered in him
a turn for letters, placed him at the grammar school of his
native place, where he made uncommon proficiency in
classical learning, and in his sixteenth year was removed to
Peterhouse in Cambridge, and distinguished himself, not
more by his literary acquirements than by his pious and
orderly deportment, acquiring the high esteem of Dr. Cosins, then master of that college, and afterwards bishop of
Durham. After taking his degree of A. B. he was elected
fellow, and afterwards tutor and moderator. In 1643, as
he adhered loyally to his sovereign, he was obliged to leave
the university, then in possession of the usurping powers,
and being ejected from his fellowship, he retired to Hadleigh, where he associated with some other persons of his
own sentiments, chiefly his former pupils and the sons of
his friend and patron bishop Wren; and here he appears
to have amused himself in writing his “Psyche,
” which
was begun in April Intercourse between Christ and the Soul,
”
which was much admired in his time, but has not preserved
its popularity. Pope is reported to have said of it, that
“there are in it a great many flowers well worth gathering,
and a man who has the art of stealing wisely will find his
account in reading it.
” His biographer, however, confesses that he has generally preferred the effusions of fancy to
the corrections of judgment, and is often florid and affected,
obscure and perplexed. His Latin poems, although
perhaps superior in style, are yet below the purity of
the Augustan age. All his poetical efforts were the
amusement of his leisure hours during the rebellion, by
which he lost, besides his fellowship, some preferments
which bishop Wren had bestowed on him, as the rectory of
Kelshall in Hertfordshire in 1643, that of Elm with the
chapel of Emneth in 1646, and the seventh canonry and
prebend in the cathedral of Ely in 1647. And so zealous
was bishop Wren for his interest and happiness, that he
took him into his house as his domestic chaplain, and married him to his step-daughter in 1650. With her Mr.
Beaumont retired to Tatingston-place, where they lived in
a private manner until the restoration. On that event he
took possession of his former livings, and was also admitted
into the first list of his majesty’s chaplains, and by his majesty’s mandamus was created D. D. in 1660. In 1661 he
removed, at bishop Wren’s desire, to Ely, where he had the
misfortune to lose his wife in 1662. In April of that year,
on the resignation of Dr. Pearson, master of Jesus’ college,
Cambridge, the bishop of Ely appointed him successor,
and in 1663, on the death of Dr. Hale, master of Peterhouse, he was removed to the headship of that college,
which he governed with great care and liberality. The
same year he was instituted to the rectory of Teversham
near Cambridge, and in 1664 to that of Barley in Hertfordshire, where he alternately resided in the vacation
months every summer, feeding the poor, instructing the
ignorant, and faithfully discharging his pastoral charge. In
1665 he was drawn into a controversy with Dr. Henry
More, who had advanced some doctrines in his “Mystery
of Godliness,
” which our author thought subversive of our
constitution in church and state, and productive of manyevils to the Christian religion; Dr. More replied to
this charge, but Dr. Beaumont received the thanks of the
university for his services on this occasion. In 1670 he
was elected to the divinity chair. In the course of his
leetures, which he read for twenty-nine years, he went through
the two epistles to the Romans and Colossians, with a view
to explain the difficulties and controversies occasioned by
some passages hi them. In 1689, when the Comprehension was attempted, in order to unite the church and dissenters, he was one of the commissioners appointed for that
purpose, but never took his place at the board, convinced
of the little probability that such a scheme should succeed.
He continued to discharge the several duties of his office,
even when advanced to his eighty-fourth year, and preached
before the university in turn, Nov. 5, 1699; but a high fever came on the same evening, which, with the addition of
the gout in his stomach, proved fatal on the 23d of the same
month. His biographer sums up his character in these
words “He was religious without bigotry, devout without superstition, learned without pedantry, judicious without censoriousness, eloquent without vanity, charitable
without ostentation, generous without profusion, friendly
without dissimulation, courteous without flattery, prudent
without cunning, and humble without meanness.
” Mr.
Cole informs us, that in Psyche
” was reprinted, with many
of the author’s corrections, and the addition of four cantos,
in 1702, by his son Charles Beaumont, A.M. of Peterhouse, who informs us that his father left all his works, critical and polemical, to the college, strictly forbidding the
printing of any of them. In 1749 was published his lesser
“Poems in English and Latin, with an appendix, containing some dissertations and remarks on the Epistle to the
Colossians,
” 4to. To this is prefixed an account of his
life, from which the present sketch has been taken.
troduction” was published separately at Cambridge (translated into English) in 1779; and Dr. Watson, bishop of Llandaff, who inserted it in the third volume of his “Theological
As soon as Beausobre became settled at Berlin, he resumed his favourite studies, and particularly his “History
of the Reformation,
” which he carried down to the Augsburgh confession, and left it in manuscript. In this state
it remained until 1784, when it was published at Berlin in
4 vols. 8v6. Its principal object is the origin and progress,
of Lutheranism, in treating of which the author has availed
himself of Seckendorfl’s history, but has added many vainable materials. It contains also very curious and ample
details relative to the progress of the reformation in France
and Swisserland; but it nevertheless is not free from objections, both on the score of impartiality and accuracy.
In the mean time, the Prussian court having desired M.
Beausobre and his friend M. Lenfant to prepare a translation of the New Testament, they shared the labour between
them, M. Lenfant taking the Evangelists, Acts, Catholic
epistles, and the Apocalypse, and M. Beausobre the epistles
of St. Paul. The whole was published in 2 vols. 4to, Amst.
1718, with prefaces, notes, c. A second edition appeared in 1741, with considerable additions and corrections.
Their “Introduction
” was published separately at Cambridge (translated into English) in 1779; and Dr. Watson,
bishop of Llandaff, who inserted it in the third volume of
his “Theological Tracts,
” pronounces it a work of extraordinary merit, the authors Laving left scarcely any togic
untouched, on which the voting student in divinity may he
supposed to wunt information. Their only opponent, at
the time of publication, was a Mr. Dartis, formerly a minister at Berlin, from which he had retired, and who published a pamphlet, to which Beausobre and Lenfant made
separate replies. Beausobre was one of the principal members of a society of literary men of Berlin, who called them
the “Anonymi,
” and this connection led 'him to be a contributor to the “Bibliothcque Gcrmanique,
” of which he
was editor from vol. IV. to the time of his death, excepting vol. XL. One of the pieces he wrote for this journal
was translated into English, and published at London,
1735, 8vo, under the title of “St. Jatzko, or a commentary on a passage in the plea for the Jesuits of Thorn
”.
But his most celebrated work was his “Histoire critique
de Mauicheisme,
” Amst. it
is a treasure of ancient philosophy and theology. The
learned historian spins, with incomparable art, the systematic thread of opinion, and transforms himself by turns into the person of a saint, a sage, or an heretic. Yet his refinement is sometimes excessive: he betrays an amiable
partiality in favour of the weaker side, and while he guards
against calumny, he does not allow sufficient scope for superstition and fanaticism,
” things, or rather words, which
Gibbon js accustomed to use without much meaning. The
journalists of Trevoux having attacked this work, gave Mr.
IjJeausobre an opportunity of showing his superiority in ecclesiastical history, by an answer published in the BibL
Germanique, which perhaps is too long. He wrote also a
curious preface to the “Memoirs of Frederick-Henry,
prince of Orange,
” Amst. History of the Reformation,
” already noticed. M. Beausobre reached the period
of old age, without experiencing much of its influence.
He preached at the age of eighty with vigour and spirit.
His last illness appears to have come on in October 1737,
and although it had many favourable intermissions, he died
June 5, 1738, in the full possession of his faculties and recollection, and universally regretted by his Hock, as well as
by the literary world. The most remarkable encomium
bestowed on him, is that of the prince, afterwards Frederick king of Prussia, in a letter to Voltaire, published in
the works of the latter. “We are -about to lose one of the
greatest men of Germany. This is the famous M. de Beausobre, a man of honour and probity, of great genius, a taste
exquisite and delicate, a great orator, learned in the history of the church and in general literature, an implacable
enemy of the Jesuits, the best writer in Berlin, a man full
of fire and vivacity, which eighty years of life have not
chilled; has a little of the weakness of superstition, a fault
common enowgh with people of his stamp, and is conscious
enough of his abilities to be affected by applause. This
loss is irreparable. We have no one who can replace M.
de Beausobre; men of merit are rare, and when nature
sows them they do not always come to maturity.
” The
applause of such a man as Beausobre, from Frederick of
Prussia to Voltaire, is a curiosity.
as the friend and follower of Bellarmin, and supported him in his controversy with king James I. and bishop Andrews (see Andrews). It may supply a small defect in bishop
, an eminent Jesuit, born in 156J,
at Hilvarenbec, a small village of Brabant, entered the
society of Jesuits in 1583. He taught philosophy four
years, and divinity twenty-two years, at Mentz, Wirtzburgh, and Vienna, and was reckoned one of the ablest
professors of his time. The emperor Matthias maintained
him at Vienna, and he was made confessor to the emperor
Ferdinand II. The popish historians say he was happy in
a clear conception, and could express himself so intelligibly to his scholars, even upon the most intricate points,
that several universities contended which shoiil.l receive
him. He published a tract upon scholastic divinity, which
Dupin says is short and clear, and has been much esteemed,
and several treatises of controversy. He was the friend
and follower of Bellarmin, and supported him in his controversy with king James I. and bishop Andrews (see Andrews). It may supply a small defect in bishop Andrews’s
life, to note here that Becan wrote “Refutatio Apologias et Monitorix prefationis Jacobi regis Anglian,
”
Mentz, Refutatio Torturae Torti (bishop Andrews’s book. See his life, p. 219.) ibid. 1610, 8vo.
This was answered by Robert Burhill, in
” Responsio pro
Torlura Torti, contra M. Becanum,“Lond. 1611, 8vo.
3.
” Controversia Anglicana de potestate regis et pontificis, contra Lancelotum Andream,“Mentz, 1612, 8vo.
All Becan’s works were published at Mentz, 1630, 2 vols.
fol.; and at Doway, 1641, but in this collection his
” Analogy of the Old and New Testament," one of the most
esteemed of his productions, is omitted. He died at Vienna, Jan. 24, according to Dnpin, but in May, according to others, 1624. The fate of his works has been somewhat singular. In his opposition to king James and the
bishop of Ely, he carried the power of the pope so far,
that Paul V. was obliged to have his book condemned at
Rome, Jan. 3, 1613; and a century and a half after this,
in 1762, the parliament of Paris ordered the whole of his
works to be burnt.
lord Lyttelton in his History of Henry II. and it stands contradicted by the affirmation of Foliot, bishop of London, and ill agrees with the measures which were taken
It has been said that it was with the utmost difficulty
Becket could be prevailed upon to accept of this dignity,
and that he even predicted it would be the cause of a
breach between the king and him. But this is greatly
doubted by lord Lyttelton in his History of Henry II. and
it stands contradicted by the affirmation of Foliot, bishop
of London, and ill agrees with the measures which were
taken to procure Becket' s election. His biographers themselves acknowledge, that one reason which induced Henry
to promote him to Canterbury, was, “because he hoped,
that, by his means, he should manage ecclesiastical, as
well as secular affairs, to his own satisfaction.
” Indeed,
no other reasonable motive can be found. Nothing could
incline that prince to make so extraordinary and so exceptionable a choice, but a firm confidence, that he should be
most usefully assisted by Becket, in the important reformation he meant to undertake, of subjecting the clergy
to the authority of the civil government. Nor is it credible
that he should not have revealed his intention, concerning
that affair, to a favourite minister, whom he had accustomed to trust, without reserve, in his most secret counsels.
But if such a declaration had been made by that minister,
as is related by the historians, it is scarcely to be supposed,
that a king so prudent as Henry would have forced him into
a station, in which he certainly might have it in his power
to be exceedingly troublesome, instead of being serviceable
to his royal master. It was by a different language that the
usual sagacity of this prince could have been deceived.
Nor, indeed, could the most jealous and penetrating eye
have discovered in Becket, after he was elected archbishop
of Canterbury, any marks of an enthusiastic or bigotted
zeal. That several indications of a contrary temper, and
different principles, had appeared in his conduct, is shewn
by lord Lyttelton, who produces two remarkable instances
in support of his assertion. The same noble writer hath
brought, likewise, satisfactory evidence, to prove that
Becket was almost as eager for procuring the archbishopric,
as his master could be to raise him to that dignity.
After he had received his pall from pope Alexander III.
then residing in France, he immediately sent messengers
to the king in Normandy, with his resignation of the seal
and office of chancellor. This displeased the king; so that
upon his return to England, when he was met at his landing by the archbishop, he received him in a cold and indifferent manner.
ived to high favour with that prince, and was made secretary of state, keeper of the privy seal, and bishop of Bath and Wells. On Sunday, Oct. 13, 1443, he was consecrated
, an English prelate, was born in the parish of Beckington, in Somersetshire, or according to Dr. Chandler at Wallinoford in Berkshire, towards the close of the fourteenth century. He was educated in grammar learning at Wyk chain’s school near Winchester, while that great prelate was living, and proceeded to his college (New College) in Oxford in 1403, the year before Wykeham died, and there became doctor of laws, and continued in his fellowship about twelve years. Within this period, most probably, he was presented to the rectory of St. Leonard’s, near Hastings in Sussex, and to the vicarage of Sutton Courtney in Berkshire. He was also prebendary of Bedwin, York, and Lichfield, archdeacon of Buckingham, and master of St. Catherine’s hospital near the Tower in London. About 1429, he was dean of the court of arches, and a synod being then held in St. Paul’s church, London, which continued above six months, Beckington was one of three appointed to draw up a form of law, according to which the Wickliffites were to be proceeded against. Having been once tutor to Henry VI. and written a book, in which, in opposition to the Salique law, he strenuously asserted the right of the kings of England to the crown of France, he arrived to high favour with that prince, and was made secretary of state, keeper of the privy seal, and bishop of Bath and Wells. On Sunday, Oct. 13, 1443, he was consecrated by the bishop of Lincoln in the old collegiate church of St. Mary of Eton; and after the ceremony, celebrated his first mass in his pontificals in the new church of St. Mary? then erecting, and not half finished, under a pavilion provided for the purpose at the altar, directly over the spot where king Henry had laid the first stone.
Bishop Beckington was well skilled in polite learning and history,
Bishop Beckington was well skilled in polite learning and history, and very conversant in the holy Scriptures; a goo-d preacher, and so generous a patron and favourer of all learned and ingenious men, that he was called the Mxcenas of his age. His works of munificence and charity were numerous. He contributed to the completion of Lincolncollege, which had been left imperfect by its founder, Richard Flemming, bishop of Lincoln, and got the manor of Newton-Longueviile settled upon New college, Oxford, in 1440. He also laid out six thousand marks upon the houses belonging to his see; built an edifice, called New-buildings, and the west side of the cloisters at Wells; and erected a conduit in the market-place of that city. By his will, dated Nov. 3, 1464, and procured to be confirmed under the great seal, he left several charitable legacies. He died at Wells, Jan. 14, 1464-5, and was buried in his cathedral, where his monument is still to be seen. His panegyric was written by Thomas Chandler, warden of New college, who had been preferred by him to the chancellorship of Wells. He does not appear to have ever been chancellor of the university of Oxford. His book on the right of the kings of England to the crown of France is in the Cottonian library, with some other of his pieces, and a large collection of his letters is in the Lambeth library.
ordained deacon, and in the year 702, being then thirty, he was ordained priest by John of Beverley, bishop of Hagulstad or Hexham, who had been formerly one of his preceptors.
, or Bede, the brightest ornament of the eighth century, and one of the most eminent fathers of the English church, whose talents and virtues have procured him the name of the Venerable Bede, was born in the year 672, or according to some in the year 673, on the estates belonging afterwards to the abbies of St. Peter and St. Paul, in the bishopric of Durham, at Wermouth and Jarrow, near the mouth of the river Tyne. Much difference of opinion prevails among those who have treated of this illustrious character, respecting the place of his birth, some even contending that he was a native of Italy; but we shall confine ourselves to such facts as seem to be clearly ascereertained by the majority of historians. These are indeed but few, for the life of a studious, recluse, and conscientious ecclesiastic, cannot be supposed to admit of many of the striking varieties of biographical narrative. At the age of seven years, or about the year 679, he was brought to the monastery of St. Peter, and committed to the care of abbot Benedict, under whom and his successor Ceolfrid, he was carefully educated for twelve years, a favour which he afterwards repaid by writing the lives of these his preceptors, which were first published by sir James Ware at Dublin in 1664, 8vo. At the age of nineteen he was ordained deacon, and in the year 702, being then thirty, he was ordained priest by John of Beverley, bishop of Hagulstad or Hexham, who had been formerly one of his preceptors. It was probably from Beverley, a person of high character for piety and learning, that JBede imbibed his opinions concerning the monastic state, and the duties of such as embraced it. The bishop thought that in all professions men ought to labour for their own maintenance, and for the benefit of the society. He was consequently averse to the great errors of this institution, ease and indolence. He inculcated upon Beda’s mind, that the duties of this life consisted in a fervent and edifying devotion, a strict adherence to the discipline of the house, an absolute selfdenial with respect to the things of this world, an obedience to the will of his abbot, and a constant prosecution of his studies in such a way as might most conduce to the benefit of his brethren, and the general advantage of the Christian world.
h reputation as to be consulted by the most eminent churchmen of his age, and particularly by Egbert bishop of York, who was himself a very learned man. To him Beda wrote
Nor were these lessons thrown away. Beda became so
exemplary for his great diligence and application, and his
extensive and various learning, that his fame reached the
continent, and particularly Rome, where pope Sergius
made earnest applications to the abbot Ceolfrid, that Beda
might be sent to him; but Beda, enamoured of his studies,
remained in his monastery, exerting his pious labours only
in the Northumbrian kingdom, although tradition, and
nothing but tradition, insinuates that he at one time resided at the university of Cambridge, a place which in his
day probably had no existence, or certainly none that deserved the name of university. Remaining thus in his own
country, and improving his knowledge by all the learning
his age afforded, animated at the same time with a wish to
contribute to the improvement of his brethren and countrymen, he concentrated his attentions to that point in which
he could be most useful. The collections he made for his
“Ecclesiastical History
” were the labour of many years, a
labour scarcely conceivable by modern writers in the amplitude and facilities they possess for acquiring information.
This history was in some respects a new work, for although,
as he owns, there were civil histories from which he could
borrow some documents, yet ecclesiastical affairs entered
so little into their plan, that he was obliged to seek for
materials adapted to his object, in the lives of particular
persons, which frequently included contemporary history:
in the annals of their convents, and in such chronicles as
were written before his time. He also availed himself of
the high character in which he stood with many of the prelates, who procured for him such information as they possessed or could command. They foresaw, probably, what
has happened, that this would form a lasting record of
ecclesiastical affairs, and making allowance for the legendary matter it contains, without a mixture of which it
is in vain to look back to the times of Beda, few works
have supported their credit so long, or been so generally
known, and consulted by the learned world. He published
this history in the year 731, when as he informs us, he was
fifty-nine years of age, but before this he had written many
other books on various subjects, a catalogue of which he
subjoined to this history. By these he obtained such reputation as to be consulted by the most eminent churchmen
of his age, and particularly by Egbert bishop of York, who
was himself a very learned man. To him Beda wrote an
epistle, which illustrates the state of the church at that
time. It was one of the last, and indeed probably the very
last of Beda’s writings, and in it he expresses himself with
much freedom, both in the advice he gave to Egbert, and
with respect to the inconveniencies which he wisely foresaw would arise from the multiplication of religious houses,
to the prejudice both of church and state.
ures; and that an order of court should be procured to pitch upon some monastery, ani turn it into a bishop’s see and to prevent opposition; from the religious of that
As this epistle throws much light on the state of ecclesiastical affairs at the time, and, what is more important for our present purpose, affords many proofs of the superior wisdom and good sense of Beda, we shall avail ourselves of the following sketch of it. Amongst other heads of advice, he recommends the finishing St. Gregory’s model to this prelate, by virtue of which York was to have' been a metropolis with twelve Suffragans. He insists upon this plan, the rather, because in some woody, and almost impassable, parts of the country, there were seldom any bishops came either to confirm, or any priests to instruct the people; and, therefore, he is of opinion that the erecting new sees would be of great service to the church. For this purpose he suggests the expedient of a synod to form: the project, and adjust the measures; and that an order of court should be procured to pitch upon some monastery, ani turn it into a bishop’s see and to prevent opposition; from the religious of that house, they should be softened with some concessions, and allowed to choose the bishop out of their own society, and that the joint government of the monastery and diocese should be put into his hands. And if the altering the property of the house should make the increasing the revenues necessary, he tells him there are monasteries enough that ought "to spare part of their estates for such uses; and, therefore, he thinks it reasonable that some of their lands should be taken from them, 'and laid to the bishopric, especially since many of them full short of the rules of their institution. And since it is commonly said, that several of these places are neither serviceable to God nor the commonwealth, because neither the exercises of piety and discipline are practised, nor the estates possessed by men in a condition to defend the country; therefore if the houses were some of them turned into bishoprics, it would be a seasonable provision for the church* and prove a very commendable alteration. A little after he intreats Egbert to use his interest with king Ceolwulf, to reverse the charters of former kings for the purposes above-mentioned: For it has sometimes happened, says he, that the piety of princes has been over-lavish, and directed amiss. He complains farther, that the monasteries were frequently filled with people of unsuitable practices; that the country seemed over-stocked with those foundations; that there were scarcely estates enough left /or the laity of condition; and that, if this humour increased, the country would grow disfurnished of troops to defend their frontiers. He mentions another abuse crept in of a higher nature: that some persons of quality of the laity, who had neither fancy nor experience for this way of living, used to purchase some of the crown-lands, under pretence of founding a monastery, and then get a charter of privileges signed by the king, the bishops, and other great men in church and state; and by these expedients they worked up a great estate, and made themselves lords of several villages, And thus getting discharged from the service of the commonwealth, they retired for liberty, took the range of their fancy, seized the character of abbots, and governed the monks without any title to such authority; and, which is still more irregular, they sometimes do not stock these places with religious, properly so called, but rake together a company of strolling monks, expelled for their misbehaviour; and sometimes they persuade their own retinue to take the tonsure, and promise a monastic obedience. And having furnished their religious houses with such ill-chosen company, they live a life perfectly secular under a monastic character, bring their wives into the monasteries, and are husbands and abbots at the same time. Thus for about thirty years, ever since the death of king Alfred, the country has run riot in this manner; insomuch, that there are very few of the lord-lieutenants, or governors of towns, who have not seized the religious jurisdiction of a monastery, and put their ladies in the same post of guilt, by making them abbesses without passing through those stages of discipline and retirement that should qualify them for it; and as ill customs are apt to spread, the king’s menial servants have taken up the same fashion: and thus we find a great many inconsistent offices and titles incorporated; the same persons are abbots and ministers of state, and the court and cloister are unsuitably tacked together; and men are trusted with the government of religious houses, before they have practised any part of obedience to them. To stop the growth of this disorder, Beda advises the convening of a synod; that a visitation might be set on foot, and all such unqualified persons thrown out of their usurpation. In short, he puts the bishop in mind, that it is part of the episcopal office to inspect the monasteries of his diocese, to reform what is amiss both in head and members, and not to suffer a breach of the rules of the institution. It is your province, says he, to take care that the devil does not get the ascendant in places consecrated to God Almighty; that we may not have discord instead of quietness, and libertinism instead of sobriety.
, bishop of Kilmore in Ireland, and one of the most pious and exemplary
, bishop of Kilmore in Ireland, and
one of the most pious and exemplary prelates of the seventeenth century, was descended from a good family, and
born in the year 1570, at Black Notley in Essex, and being designed for the church, was sent to Emanuel college
in Cambridge, where he was matriculated pensioner, March
12, 1584. He was placed under the care of Dr. Cbadderton, who was for many years head of that house, made
great progress in his studies, and went early into holy
orders. In 1593 he was chosen fellow of his college, and
in 1599 took his degree of bachelor in divinity. He then
removed from the university to St. Ednmndsbury in Suffolk, where he had a church, aud by an assiduous application to the duties of his function, was much noticed by
many gentlemen who lived near that place. He continued
there for some years, till an opportunity offered of his
going as chaplain with sir Henry Wotton, whom king James
had appointed his ambassador to the state of Venice, about
the year 1604. While he resided in that city, he became
intimately acquainted with the famous father Paul Sarpi,
who took him into his confidence, taught him the Italian
language, of which he became a perfect master, and translated into that tongue the English Common Prayer Book,
which was extremely well received by many of the clergy
there, especially by the seven divines appointed by the
republic to preach against the pope, during the time of
the interdict, and which they intended for their model, in
case they had broken absolutely with Rome, which was
what they then sincerely desired. In return for the favours he received from father Paul, Mr. Bedell drew up
an English grammar for his use, and in many other respects assisted him in his studies. He continued eight
years in Venice, during which time he greatly improved
himself in the Hebrew language, by the assistance of the
famous rabbi Leo, who taught him the Jewish pronunciation, and other parts of rabbinical learning; and by his
means it was that he purchased a very fair manuscript of
the Old Testament, which he bequeathed, as a mark of
respect, to Emanuel-college, and which, it is said, cost
him its weight in silver. He became acquainted there
likewise, with the celebrated Antonio de Dominis, archbishop of Spalata, who was so well pleased with his conversation, that he communicated to him his secret, and
shewed him his famous book “de Kepublica Ecclesiastica,
”
which he afterwards printed at London. The original ms.
is, if we mistake not, among bishop Tanner’s collections
in the Bodleian. Bedell took the freedom which he allowed him, and corrected many misapplications of texts
of scripture, and quotations of fathers; for that prelate,
being utterly ignorant of the Greek tongue, committed
many mistakes, both in the one and the other; and some
escaped Bedell’s diligence. De Dorninis took all this in
good part from him, and entered into such familiarity with
him, and found liis assistance so useful, and indeed so necessary to himself, that he used to say, he could do nothing
without him. At Mr. Bedell’s departure from Venice,
father Paul expressed great concern, and assured him, that
himself and many others would most willingly have accompanied him, if it had been in their power. He, likewise,
gave him his picture, a Hebrew Bible without points, and
a small Hebrew Psalter, in which he wrote some sentences
expressing the sincerity of his friendship. He gave him,
also, the manuscript of his famous “History of the Council of Trent,
” with the Histories of the Interdict and Inquisition, all written by himself, with a large collection of
letters, which were written to him weekly from Rome,
during the dispute between the Jesuits and Dominicans,
concerning the efficacy of grace, which it is supposed are
lost. On his return to England, he immediately retired
to his charge at St. Edmundsbury, without aspiring to any
preferment, and went on in his ministerial labours. It was
here he employed himself in translating the Histories of
the Interdict and Inquisition (which he dedicated to the king); as also the two last books of the History of the
Council of Trent into Latin, sir Adam Newton having
translated the two first. At this time, he mixed so seldom
with the world, that he was almost totally forgotten. So
little was he remembered, that, some years after, when the
celebrated Diodati, of Geneva, came over to England, he
could not, though acquainted with many of the clergy, hear
of Mr. Bedell from any person with whom he happened to
converse. Diodati was greatly amazed, that so extraordinary a man, who was so much admired at Venice by the
best judges of merit, should not be known in his own country; and he had given up all hopes of finding him out,
when, to their no small joy, they accidentally met each
other in the streets of London. Upon this occasion, Diodati presented his friend to Morton, the learned and ancient bishop of Durham, and told him how highly he had
been valued by father Paul, which engaged the bishop to
treat Mr. Bedell with very particular respect. At length
sir Thomas Jermyn taking notice of his abilities, presented
him to the living of Horingsheath, A. D. 1615: but he
found difficulties in obtaining institution and induction from
Dr. Jegon, bishop of Norwich, who demanded large fees
upon this account. Mr. Bedell was so nice in his sentiments
of simony, that he looked upon every payment as such,
beyond a competent gratification, for the writing, the wax,
and the parchment; and, refusing to take out his title
upon other terms, left the bishop and went home, but in a
few days the bishop sent for him, and gave him his title
without fees, and he removed to Horingsheath, where he
continued unnoticed twelve years, although he gave a singular evidence of his great capacity, in a book of controversy with the church of Rome, which he published and
dedicated to king Charles I. then prince of Wales, in 1624.
It is now annexed to Burnet’s Life of our author". However neglected he lived in England, yet his fame had reached
Ireland, and he was, in 1627, unanimously elected provost
of Trinity-college in Dublin, but this he declined, until
the king laid his positive commands on him, which he
obeyed, and on August 16th of that year, he was sworn
provost. At his first entrance upon this scene, he resolved
to act nothing until he became perfectly acquainted with
the statutes of the house, and the tempers of the people
whom he was appointed to govern; and, therefore,
carTied himself so abstractedly from all affairs, that he passed
some time for a soft and weak man, and even primate
Usher began to waver in his opinion of him. When he
went to England some few months after, to bring over his
family, he had thoughts of resigning his new preferment,
and returning to his benefice in Suffolk: but an encouraging letter from primate Usher prevented him, and he
applied himself to the government of the college, with
a vigour of mind peculiar to him.
o years in this employment, when, by the interest of sir Thomas Jermyn, and the application of Laud, bishop of London, he was advanced to the sees of Kilmore and Ardagh,
His first business was to compose divisions among the
fellows, to rectify disorders, and to restore discipline; and
as he was a great promoter of religion, he catechised the
youth once a week, and divided the church catechism into
fifty -two parts, one for every Sunday, and explained it in a
way so mixed with speculative and practical matters, that
his sermons were looked upon as lectures of divinity. He
continued about two years in this employment, when, by
the interest of sir Thomas Jermyn, and the application of
Laud, bishop of London, he was advanced to the sees of
Kilmore and Ardagh, and consecrated on the 13th of September, 1629, at Drogheda, in St. Peter’s church, in the
fifty-ninth year of his age. In the letters for his promotion, the king made honourable mention of the satisfaction
he took in the services he had done, and the reformation he
had wrought in the unirersity. He found his dioceses
tinder vast disorders, the revenues wasted by excessive dilapidations, and all things exposed to sale in a sordid manner. The cathedral of Ardagh, and the bishop’s houses,
were all flat to the ground, the parish churches in ruins, and
the insolence of the Popish clergy insufferable; the oppressions of the ecclesiastical courts excessive; and pluralities and non-residence shamefully prevailing. Yet he had
the courage, notwithstanding these difficulties, to undertake a thorough reformation; and the first step he took
was, to recover part of the lands of which his sees had been
despoiled by his predecessors, that he might be in a condition to subsist, while he laboured to reform other abuses.
In this he met with such success, as encouraged him to
proceed upon his own plan, and to be content with nothing
less than an absolute reformation of those which he esteemed
capital and enormous abuses, particularly with regard to
pluralities, showing an example in his own case by resigning the bishopric of Ardagh, which he had the satisfaction to see followed in instances of a more flagrant
nature. On the arrival of the lord-deputy Wentworth
in 1633, our prelate had the misfortune to fall under
his displeasure, for setting his hand to a petition for redress of grievances and so high and open was the lorddeputy’s testimony of this displeasure, that the bishop
did not think fit to go in person to congratulate him (as others did) upon his entering into his government. It
is, however, very improbable, that he should write over to
sir Thomas Jermyn and his friends in England, or procure,
by their interest, injunctions to the lord-deputy, to receive
him into favour, a report which suits very ill with the character either of the men or of the times. On the contrary,
it appears from his own letter to the lord deputy, that it
was he, not the bishop, who had complained in England;
that he meant to justify himself to the deputy, and expected, on that justification, he should retract his complaints.
One may safely affirm, from the perusal of this single
epistle, that our prelate was as thorough a statesman as the
deputy, and that he knew how to becurne all things to all
men, without doing any thing beneath him, or inconsistent
with his dignity. This conduct had its effect, and in three
weeks it appears that he stood well with the deputy, and
probably without any interposition but his own letter before
mentioned. He then went on cheerfully in doing his duty,
and for the benefit of the church, and was very successful.
His own example did much: he loved the Christian power
of a bishop, without affecting either political authority or
pomp. Whatever he did was so visibly for the good of his
fiock, that he seldom failed of being well supported by his
clergy; and such as opposed him did it with visible reluctance, for he had the esteem of the good men of all parties,
and was as much reverenced as any bishop in Ireland. In
1638 he convened a synod, and made some excellent canons that are yet extant, and when offence was taken at
this, the legality of the meeting questioned, and the bishop
even threatened with the star-chamber, archbishop Usher,
who was consulted, said, “You had better let him alone,
for fear, if he should be provoked, he should say much
more for himself than any of his accusers can say against
him.
” Amongst other extraordinary things he did, there
was none more worthy of remembrance than his removing
his lay-chancellor, sitting in his own courts, hearing causes,
and retrieving thereby the jurisdiction which anciently belonged to a bishop. The chancellor upon this filed his bill
in equity, and obtained a decree in chancery against the
bishop, with one hundred pounds costs. But by this time
the chancellor saw so visibly the difference between the
bishop’s sitting in that seat and his own, that he never
called for his costs, but appointed a surrogate, with orders
to obey the bishop in every thing, and so his lordship went
on in his own way. Our bishop was no persecutor of Papists, and yet the most successful enemy they ever had;
and if the other bishops had followed his example, the Protestant religion must have spread itself through every part
of the country. He laboured to convert the better sort of
the Popish clergy, and in this he had great success. He
procured the Common-prayer, which had been translated
into Irish, and caused it to be read in his cathedral, in his
own presence, every Sunday, having himself learned that
language perfectly, though he never attempted to speak it.
The New Testament had been also translated by William.
Daniel, archbishop of Tuam, but our prelate first procured
the Old Testament to be translated by one King; and because the translator was ignorant of the original tongues,
and did it from the English, the bishop himself revised and
compared it with the Hebrew, and the best translations,
He caused, likewise, some of Chrysostom’s and Leo’s homilies, in commendation of the scriptures, to be rendered
both into English and Irish, that the common people might
see, that in the opinion of the ancient fathers, they had not
only a right to read the scriptures as well as the clergy, but
it was their duty so to do. He met with great opposition
in this work, from a persecution against the translator,
raised without reason, and carried on with much passion by
those from whom he had no cause to expect it. But, however, he got the translation finished, which he would have
printed in his own house, and at his own charge, if the
troubles in Ireland had not prevented it; and as it was, his
labours were not useless, for the translation escaped the
hands of the rebels, and was afterwards printed at the expence of the celebrated Robert Boyle.
The bishop was very moderate in his sentiments, and in. his methods of
The bishop was very moderate in his sentiments, and in.
his methods of enforcing them; he loved to bring men into
the communion of the church of England, but he did not
like compelling them; and it was his opinion, that Protestants would agree well enough if they could be brought to
understand each other. These principles induced him to
promote Mr. Drury’s design, of endeavouring to reconcile
the Lutherans to the Calvinists, a project which had beea
encouraged by many other worthy persons, and towards
which he subscribed twenty pounds a year, to defray the
expences of Mr. Drury’s negociations. The bishop himself, it must be mentioned, was a Calvinist, which Burnet
thinks was the cause of his having so little preferment in
England. He gave another instance, not only of his charity towards, but his ability in, reconciling those of other
communions, to the churches of England and Ireland.
There were some Lutherans at Dublin, who, for not coming to church and taking the sacrament, were cited into the
archbishop’s consistory, upon which they desired time to
write to their divines in Germany, which was given them,
and when their answers came, they contained some exceptions to the doctrine of the church, as not explaining the
presence of Christ in the sacrament, suitable to their sentiments; to which bishop Bedell gave so full and clear, and
withal so moderate and charitable, an answer, as entirely
satisfied their objections, insomuch that those divines advised their countrymen to join in communion with the
church, which they accordingly did. In this mild and prudent way our prelate conducted his charge, with great reputation to himself, and with the general approbation of all
good men, who were perfectly pleased with his doctrine,
and edified by his example. When the bloody rebellion
broke out in October 1641, the bishop did not at first feel
the violence of its effects; for even those rebels, who in
their conduct testified so little of humanity, professed a
great veneration for him, and openly declared he should be
the last Englishman they would drive out of Ireland. His
was the only English house in the county of Cavan that was
unviolated, notwithstanding that it, and its out-buildings,
the church, and the church-yard, were filled with people
who fled to him for shelter, whom, by his preaching and
prayers, he encouraged to expect and endure the worst
with patience. In the mean time, Dr. Swiney, the Popish
titular bishop of Kilmore, came to Cavan, and pretended
great concern and kindness for bishop Bedell. Our prelate had converted his brother, and kept him in his house
till he could otherwise provide for him; and Dr. Swiney
desired likewise to lodge in his house, assuring him in the
strongest terms of his protection. But this bishop Bedell
declined, in a very civil and well-written Latin letter, urging the smallness of his house, the great number of people
that had taken shelter with him, the sickness of some of his
company, and of his son in particular, but above all, the
difference in their ways of worship, which could not but be
attended with great inconveniency. This had some effect
for a time; but about the middle of December, the rebels,
pursuant, to orders they had received from their council of
state at Kilkenny, required him to dismiss the people that
were with him, which he absolutely refused to do, declaring that he would share the same fate with the rest. They
signified to him upon this, that they had orders to remove
him; to which he answered, in the words of David, “Here
I am, the Lord do unto me as seemeth good to him; the
will of the Lord be done.
” Upon this they seized him, his
two sons, and Mr. Clogy, who had married his step-daughter, and carried them prisoners to the castle of Cloughboughter, surrounded by a deep water, were they put
them all but the bishop in irons. They did not suffer any
of them to carry any thing with them; and the moment the
bishop was gone, Dr. Swiney took possession of his house
and all that belonged to it, and said mass in the church the
Sunday following. After some time the rebels abated of
their severity, took the irons off the prisoners, and suffered
them to be as much at their ease as they could be in so
wretched a place; for the winter was very rigorous, and
the castle being old and ruinous, they would have been exposed to all the severity of the weather, if it had not been
for an honest carpenter who was imprisoned there before
them, and who made use of a few old boards he found there,
to mend a part of the roof, the better to defend them from
the snow and sleet. While thus confined, the bishop, his
sons, and Mr Clogy, preached and prayed continually to
their small and afflicted congregation, and upon Christmas
day his lordship administered the sacrament to them. It is
very remarkable, that.rude and barbarous as the Irish were,
they gave them no disturbance in the performance of divine
service, and often told the bishop they had no personal
quarrel to him, but that the sole cause of their confining
him was, his being an Englishman. After being kept in
this manner for three weeks, the bishop, his two sons, and
Mr. Clogy, were exchanged for two of the O'Rourkes; but
though it was agreed that they should be safely conducted
to Dublin, yet the rebels would never suffer them to be
carried out of the country, but sent them to the house of
Dennis Sheridan, an Irish minister, and convert to the
Protestant religion, to which though he steadily adhered,
and relieved many who fled to him for protection, yet the
Irish suffered him to live quietly among them, on account
of the great family from which he was descended. While
our prelate remained there, and enjoyed some degree of
health, he every Sunday read the prayers and lessons, and
preached himself, though there were three ministers with
him. The last Sunday he officiated was the 30th of Jan.
and the day following he was taken ill. On the second day
it appeared that his disease was an ague; and on the fourth,
apprehending a speedy change, he called for his sons and
his sons’ wives, spoke to them a considerable time, gave
them much spiritual advice, and blessed them, after which
he spoke little, but slumbered out most of his time, only
by intervals he seemed to awake a little, and was then very
cheerful. At length, on the 7th of February, 1641, about
midnight, he breathed his last, in the seventy-first year of
his age, his death being chiefly occasioned by his late imprisonment, and the weight of sorrows which lay upon his
mind. The only care now remaining to his friends was, to
see him buried according to his desire; and since that
could not be obtained but by the new intruding bishop’s
leave, Mr. Clogy and Mr. Sheridan went to ask it, and Mr.
Dillon was prevailed with by his wife, to go and second
their desire. They found the bishop in a state of beastly
intoxication, and a melancholy change in that house, which
was before a house of prayer. The bishop, when he was
awakened out of his drunkenness, excepted a little to their
request, and said the church-yard was holy ground, and
was no more to be defiled with heretics’ bodies; yet he
consented to it at last. Accordingly, February L>, he was
buried next his wife’s coffin. The Irish did him unusual
honours at his burial, for the chief of the rebels gathered
their forces together, and with them accompanied his body
from Mr. Sheridan’s house to the church-yard of Kilmore in
great solemnity, and they desired Mr. Clogy to bury him
according to the office prescribed by the church. But
though the gentlemen were so civil as to offer it, yet it was
not thought advisable to provoke the rabble so much, as
perhaps that might have done; so it was passed over. But
the Irish discharged a volley of shot at his interment, and
cried out in Latin, “Requiescat in pace ultimus Anglorum,
” ‘ May the last of the English rest in peace;’ for
they had often said, that as they esteemed him the best of
the English bishops, so he should be the last that should be
left among them. What came from Edmund Farilly, a Popish priest, at the interment of the bishop, is too remarkable, and is too well attested, to be passed over, who cried
out, “O sit anima mea cum Bedello,
” ‘ I would to God
my soul were with Bedell’s.’ Our prelate had long before
prepared for death, as appears by his will, dated the 15th of
February, 1640, in which there are several legacies, that
shew he had recollected all the memorable passages of his
life before he made it, and seriously considered the several
blessings which God had bestowed upon him. He married
a lady of the ancient and honourable family of L‘Estrange,
who was the widow of the recorder of St. Edmundsbury, a
woman exemplary in her life, humble and modest in her
behaviour, and singular in many excellent qualities, particularly in an extraordinary reverence to him. She bore
him three sons and a daughter. One of the sons and the
daughter died young; only William and Ambrose survived,
for whom he made no provision, but a benefice of eighty
pounds a-year for the eldest and worthy son of such a father, and an estate of sixty pounds a-year for the youngest,
who did not take to learning. This was the only purchase
he made. His wife died three years before the rebellion
broke out, and he preached her funeral sermon himself,
with such a mixture both of tenderness and moderation,
that he drew tears from all his auditors. He was an enemy
to burying in the church, thinking that there was both superstition and pride in it, and believing it was a great annoyance to the living, to have so much of the steam of dead
bodies rising about them. One of the canons in his synod
was against burying in churches, and he often wished that
burying’ places were removed out of all towns. He chose
the least frequented place of the church-yard of Kilmore
for his wife to lie in, and by his will ordered, that he should
be placed next to her, with this inscription:
net’s life, drawn up partly by Burnet, and partly by his son-inlaw Mr. Clogy, is highly interesting. Bishop Bedell was tall and graceful, and had something in his looks
The character given of this amiable prelate in Burnet’s life, drawn up partly by Burnet, and partly by his son-inlaw Mr. Clogy, is highly interesting. Bishop Bedell was tall and graceful, and had something in his looks and carriage that created a veneration for him. His deportment was grave without affectation; his apparel decent with simplicity he wore no silks, but plain stuffs and had a long and broad beard, and grey and venerable hair. His strength continued firm to the last, so that the week before his last sickness, he walked as vigorously ad nimbly as any of the company, and leaped over a broad ditch, insomuch that his sons, who were amazed at it, had enough to do to follow him. He never used spectacles. By a fall in his childhood he had unhappily contracted a deafness in his left ear. He had great strength and health of body, excepting that a few years before his death he had some severe fits of the stone, occasioned by his sedentary life, which he bore with wonderful patience. The remedy he used for it was to dig in the garden (in which he much delighted) until he heated himself, and that mitigated the pain. His judgment and memory remained with him to the last. He always preached without notes, but often wrote down his meditations after he had preached them. He shewed no other learning in his sermons but in clearing the difficulties of his text, by comparing the originals with the most ancient versions.
d good liquor in him.” Upon which the person proposed a question in divinity, in answering which the bishop shewed his abilities so well, and puzzled the other so much,
His style was clear and full, but plain and simple. He
read the Hebrew and Septuagint so much, that they were
as familiar to him as the English translation. He had
gathered a vast heap of critical expositions, which, with
a trunk full of other manuscripts, fell into the hands of the
Irish, and were all lost, except his great Hebrew manuscript, which was preserved by a converted Irishman, and
is now in Emanuel college, in Cambridge. Every day
after dinner and supper a chapter of the Bible was read at
his table, whether Papists or Protestants were present;
and Bibles were laid before every one of the company, and
before himself either the Hebrew or the Greek, but in his
last years, the Irish translation; and he usually explained the occurring difficulties. He wrote much in controversy,
occasioned by his engagements to labour the conversion of
those of the Roman communion, which he looked on as
idolatrous and antichristian. He wrote a large treatise on
these two questions: “Where was our religion before
Luther? And what became of our ancestors who died in Popery?
” Archbishop Usher pressed him to have printed it,
and he resolved to have done so; but that and all his other
works were swallowed up in the rebellion. He kept a
great correspondence not only with the divines of England, but with others over Europe. He observed a true
hospitality in house-keeping; and many poor Irish families
about him were maintained out of his kitchen; and in
Christmas the poor always eat with him at his own table,
and he had brought himself to endure both their rags and
rudeness. At public tables he usually sat silent. Once
at the earl of Strafford’s table, one observed, that while
they were all talking, he said nothing. The primate answered, “Broach him, and you will find good liquor in
him.
” Upon which the person proposed a question in
divinity, in answering which the bishop shewed his abilities
so well, and puzzled the other so much, that all, at last,
except the bishop, fell a laughing at the other. The
greatness of his mind, and undauntedness of his spirit,
evidently appeared in many passages of his life, and that
without any mixture of pride, for he lived with his clergy
as if they had been his brethren. In his visitation he would
accept of no invitation from the gentlemen of the country,
but would eat with his clergy in such poor inns, and of
such coarse fare, as the places afforded. He avoided all
affectation of state in his carriage, and, when in Dublin,
always walked on foot, attended by one servant, except
on public occasions, which obliged him to ride in procession among his brethren. He never kept a coach, his
strength suffering him always to ride on horseback. He
avoided the affectation of humility as well as pride; the
former often flowing from the greater pride of the two.
He took an ingenious device to put him in mind of his
obligations to purity: it was a flaming crucible, with this
motto: “Take from me all my Tin,
” the word in Hebrew
signifying Tin, being Bedil, which imported that he thought
every thing in him but base alloy, and therefore prayed
God would cleanse him from it. He never thought of
changing his see, but considered himself as under a tie to
it that could not easily be dissolved; so that when the
translating him to a bishopric in England was proposed to
him, he refused it; and said, he should be as troublesome
a bishop in England as he had been in Ireland. He had
a true and generous notion of religion, and did not look
upon it as a system of opinions, or a set of forms, but as a
divine discipline that reforms the heart and life. It was
not leaves, but fruit that he sought. This was the true
principle of his great zeal against Popery. He considered
the corruptions of that church as an effectual course to
enervate the true design of Christianity. He looked on
the obligation of observing the Sabbath as moral and perpetual, and was most exact in the observation of it.
He became B.A. in Feb. 1687, and M.A. July, 1691. In 1688 he received holy orders from Dr. Frampton, bishop of Gloucester, and about this time removed to Bristol, and became
, a pious and learned clergyman
of the church of England, and many years chaplain to the
Haberdashers’ hospital at Hoxton, was the son of Richard
Bedford, and was born at Tiddenham, in Gloucestershire,
Sept. 1668. Having received the rudiments of learning
from his father, he was in 1684, at the age of sixteen,
admitted commoner of Brasen-nose college, Oxford, where
he acquired some reputation as an Orientalist. He became B.A. in Feb. 1687, and M.A. July, 1691. In 1688
he received holy orders from Dr. Frampton, bishop of
Gloucester, and about this time removed to Bristol, and
became curate to Dr. Read, rector of St. Nicholas church,
with whom he continued till 1692, when, having taken
priest’s orders from Dr. Hall, bishop of Bristol, the mayor
and corporation of the city presented him to the vicarage
of Temple church. From this he was removed to Newtou
St. Loe, a private living in Somersetshire, soon after
which, as he himself informs us, he was prompted to undertake a work on “Scripture Chronology,
” by reading
over the preface to Abp. Usher’s Annals, in which the primate
gave his opinion concerning a more exact method of “A
chronological system of the sacred Scriptures, by the help
of astronomy and a competent skill in the Jewish learning.
”
After many difficulties, Mr. Bedford flattered himself that
he had succeeded, and then digested his thoughts into
some method. Soon after this, coming to London, to assist in the correction of the Arabic Psalter and New Testament, for the benefit of the poor Christians in Asia, he
shewed his thoughts to some friends, who advised him to
publish them; with which he complied, with a design not
to have exceeded fourscore or an hundred pages in the
whole. A few sheets were printed off, but the author having
received information that a work of a similar nature was
intended to be published from the papers of sir Isaac
Newton, and being advised by some friends, contrary to
his first intention, to publish the work on a more extensive
plan, he suppressed his papers. In the mean time, in
1724, he was chosen chaplain to Haberdashers hospital,
(founded in 1690, by alderman Aske), and continued to
reside there for the remainder of his life. In 1728 he
published “Animadversions upon sir Isaac Newton’s book
entitled The chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended,
”
8vo, in which he attempts to prove that sir Isaac’s system
entirely contradicts the scripture history, and he appeals,
as his supporters in this opinion, to Bochart, Dr. Prideaux,
archbishop Usher, and the bishops Lloyd, Cumberland,
Beveridge, &c.
tque procursu Dunhelmensis ecclesiae;” with a continuation to 1154, and an account of the hard usage bishop William received from Rufus; which was printed by subscription
, second son of Hilkiah, was educated at Westminster-school; and was afterwards admitted
of St. John’s college, Cambridge; became master’s sizar
to Dr. Robert Jenkin, the master; and was matriculated
Dec. 9, 1730. Being a nonjuror, he never took a degree;
but going into orders in that party, officiated amongst the
people of that mode of thinking in Derbyshire, fixing his
residence at Compton, near Ashbourne, where he became
much acquainted with Ellis Farueworth; and was reputed
a good scholar. Having some original fortune, and withal
being a very frugal man, and making also the most of his
money for a length of years, Mr. Bedford died rich at
Compton, in Feb. 1773, where he was well respected.
Having a sister married to George Smith, esq. near Durham (who published his father Dr. John Smith’s fine edition of Bede), Mr. Bedford went into the north, and there
prepared his edition of “Symeonis monacal Durihelmensis
libellus de exordio atque procursu Dunhelmensis ecclesiae;
” with a continuation to
, bishop of Durham in the reigns of Edward I. and II. was advanced, with
, bishop of Durham in the reigns of Edward I. and II. was advanced, with
the king’s consent, from the archdeaconry of Durham and
other preferments to the bishopric. Of his extraction and
education we have no account. He was elected by the
monks on the 9th of July 1283, and consecrated, in the
presence of the king and several of the nobles, by William
Wicwane, archbishop of York, on the 9th of January following. At the time of his consecration, the archbishop,
having had a dispute, during the vacancy of the see, with
the chapter of Durham, obliged the prior to go out of the
church; and the next day enjoined the new bishop, upon
his canonical obedience, to excommunicate the superior
and several of the monks: but Bek refused to obey the
archbishop, saying, “I was yesterday consecrated their
bishop, and shall 1 excommunicate them to-day? 110 obedience shall force me to this.
” He was enthroned on
Christmas eve,
fourteenth century, wrote a chronicle of his church, embracing its history from St. Willibrod, first bishop of Utrecht, to 1346. There are various editions of this chronicle,
, in Latin, Becanus, a
canon of the church of Utrecht, who lived about the middle of the fourteenth century, wrote a chronicle of his
church, embracing its history from St. Willibrod, first
bishop of Utrecht, to 1346. There are various editions of
this chronicle, continued down by another hand to 1393,
the worst of which, according to Vossius, is that of Furmerius, and the best that of Buchellius, Utrecht, 1643, fol.
entitled “De Episcopis Ultrajectinis.
”
iciae,” Parisiis, 1654, 8vo. He wrote also a vindication of himself against Nicholas French, titular bishop of Ferns, under the title of “Innocentiae suae impetitae per
, was born in 1613, atBelingstown, in the barony of Balrothery in the county of Dublin,
the son of sir Henry Beling, knight, and was educated in
his younger years at a grammar-school in the city of Dublin, but afterwards put under the tuition of some priests of
his own religion, which was Popish, who so well cultivated
his good genius, that they taught him to write in a fluent
and elegant Latin style. Thus grounded in the polite
parts of literature, his father removed him to Lincoln’s Inn,
to study the municipal laws of his country, where he abode
some years, and returned home a very accomplished
gentleman, but it does not appear that he ever made the
law a profession. His natural inclination inclining him to
arms, he early engaged in the rebellion of 1641, and though
but about twenty-eight years old, was then an officer of
considerable rank. He afterwards became a leading member in the supreme council of the confederated Roman
catholics at Kilkenny, to which he was principal secretary, and
was sent ambassador to the pope and other Italian princes in
1645, tocraveaid for the support of their cause. He brought
back with him a fatal present in the person of the nuncio,
John Baptist Rinuccini, archbishop and prince of Fermo;
who was the occasion of reviving the distinctions between
the old Irish of blood, and the old English of Irish birth,
which split that party into factions, prevented all peace
with the marquis of Ormond, and ruined the country he
was sent to save. When Mr. Beling had fathomed the
mischievous schemes of the nuncio and his party, nobody
was more zealous than he in opposing their measures, and
in promoting the peace then in agitation, and submitting
to the king’s authority, which he did with such cordiality,
that he became very acceptable to the marquis of Ormond,
who intrusted him with many negociations. When the
parliament army had subdued the royal army, Mr. Beling
retired to France, where he continued several years. His
account of the transactions of Ireland during the period of
the rebellion, is esteemed by judicious readers more worthy
of credit than any written by the Romish party, yet he is
not free from a partiality to the cause he at first embarked
in. He returned home upon the restoration, and was repossessed of his estate by the favour and interest of the duke
of Ormond. He died in Dublin in September 1677, and
was buried in the church-yard of Malahidert, about five
miles from that city. During his retirement in France, he
wrote in Latin, in two books, “Vindiciarum Catholicorum
Hiberniae,
” under the name of Philopater Irenacus, the first
of which gives a pretty accurate history of Irish affairs, from
1641 to 1649, and the second is a confutation of an epistle
written by Paul King, a Franciscan friar and a nunciotist,
in defence of the Irish rebellion. This book of Mr. Beling’s being answered by John Ponce, a Franciscan friar
also, and a most implacable enemy to the Protestants of
Ireland, in a tract entitled “Belingi Vindiciae eversae,
”
our author made a reply, which he published under the
title of “Annotationes in Johannis Poncii librum, cui titulus, Vindiciae Eversae: accesserunt Belingi Vindiciae,
” Parisiis, Innocentiae suae impetitae per Reverendissimum
Fernensem vindiciae,
” Paris, The Eighth Day,
” which has escaped our searches.
When a student, however, at Lincoln’s Inn, he wrote and
added a sixth book to sir Philip Sidney’s Arcadia, which
was printed with that romance, London, 1633, folio, with
only the initials of his name.
devinctum esse gratus agnosco.” He also furnished him with a transcript, in his own hand-writing, of bishop Godwin’s catalogue of the bishops of Bath and Wells, from the
The late Mr. Cole, of tke Fen-office, editor of the second
edition of sir William Dugdale’s “History of Embanking,
”
a diligent and learned antiquary, who had also made some corrections in his own copy,
now in Trinity college library.
” See his letters, dated
Beaupré hall, May 11, and July 30, 1731, to T. Hearne,
about the pedlar in Swaffham church, a rebus on the name
of Chapman, prefixed to Hemingford, p. 180, and preface,
p. 113. See also, on the same subject, preface to Caius,
p. xlvii. and lxxxiv. and the speech of Dr. Spencer, vicechancellor of Cambridge, to the duke of Monmouth, when
he was installed chancellor, 1674,ib.lxxxvi. In p. lii, Hearne
styles him “Amicus eruditus, cui et aliis nominibus me
devinctum esse gratus agnosco.
” He also furnished him
with a transcript, in his own hand-writing, of bishop Godwin’s catalogue of the bishops of Bath and Wells, from the
original in Trinity college library; App. to Ann. de Dunstable, 835, 837. A charter relating to St. Edmund’s
Bury abbey. Bened. Abbas, p. 865. The epitaph of E.
Beckingham, in Bottisham church, in Cambridgeshire,
Pref. to Otterbourue’s Chron. p. 82. App. to Trokelow,
p. 378. Papers, &c. of his are mentioned in Bibl. Top.
Brit. No. II. p. 57, 58, 62. Walsingham church notes, p. 59,
entered in the Minutes; a paper on the Clepsydra, p. 60;
and five of his letters to Mr. Blomfield are printed, pp. 290,
465 472; one to Dr. Z. Grey, p. 147; one to Mr. N.
Salmon, p. 150; others to Mr. Gale, pp. 169, 191, 302
305; to Dr. Stukeley, p. 176, 178. See also pp. 176, 178,
181, 465, 469, 470, 471. In, Archaeologia, vol. VI. pp.
133, 139, 141, 143, are some letters between him and Mr.
Gale, on a Roman horologium mentioned in an inscription
found at Taloire, a poor small village in the district and on
the lake of Annecey, &c. communicated to him by Mr.
Cramer, professor of philosophy and mathematics.
. Sepulchre’s, London, and in 1665 was promoted to a prebendal stall in St. Paul’s, by Dr. Henchman, bishop of London. In 1667 he was farther promoted to the archdeaconry
, archdeacon of St. Alban’s, was born, in the parish of St. Dunstan’s in the West, London, Feb. 4, 1625, and educated at Merchant Taylor’s school, whence he was elected scholar of St. John’s college, Oxford, in 1643, and afterwards fellow. In 1648, before which he had taken his bachelor’s degree, he was ejected by the republicans (who then took possession of the university), and afterwards travelled for some time in France. About 1655 he had a small benefice in Norfolk conferred upon him, but was not admitted by the triers, or persons appointed by the ruling party, to examine the qualifications of the clergy. At the restoration, however, he became chaplain in the Tower of London, and the year after was created B. D. In 1662 he was presented, by St. John’s college, to the vicarage of St. Sepulchre’s, London, and in 1665 was promoted to a prebendal stall in St. Paul’s, by Dr. Henchman, bishop of London. In 1667 he was farther promoted to the archdeaconry of St. Alban’s by the same patron, and appointed one of his Majesty’s chaplains in ordinary. In 1668 he proceeded D. D. and for his learning and oratory was preferred to be one of the lecturers of the Temple. In his parish he was highly popular, and his death, which took place July 19, 1683, was deeply regretted by his flock. His only publications were a few occasional sermons enumerated by Anth. Wood.
of irreligion and these mortifications brought on him again his old complaints. Eustache du Bellay, bishop of Paris, moved at his misfortunes, and sensible of his merit,
, a celebrated French poet,
cousin to the Bellays to be noticed afterwards, was born
about 1524 at Lire, a town about eight leagues from
Angers. Being left an orphan at a very early age, he was
committed to the guardianship of his elder brother, who
neglected to cultivate the talents he evidently possessed,
and although he soon discovered an equal turn for literature and for arms, he was kept in a sort of captivity, which
prevented him from exerting himself with effect; and the
death of his brother, while it freed him from this restraint,
threw him into other embarrassments. No sooner was he
out of the care of a guardian himself, than he was charged
with the tuition of one of his nephews, and the misfortunes
of his family, which had brought it to the brink of ruin,
and certain law-suits in which he was forced to engage,
occasioned solicitudes and vexations but little suited to the
studies he wished to pursue, while a sickness no less dangerous than painful confined him two years to his bed. Nevertheless he courted the muses; he studied the works of
the poets, Latin, Greek, and French; and the fire of their
genius enkindled his own. He produced several pieces
that procured him access to the court, where Francis I.
Henry II. and Margaret of Navarre, admired the sweetness,
the ease, and the fertility of his vein. He was unanimously called the Ovid of France. The cardinal John du Bellay, his near relation, being retired to Rome, in 1547, after
the death of Francis I. our poet followed him thither within two years afterwards, where he enjoyed both the charms
of society and those of study. The cardinal was a man of
letters, and the hours they passed together were real parties of pleasure. His stay in Italy lasted but three years,
as his illustrious kinsman wanted him in France, where he
gave him the management of his affairs; but his zeal, his
fidelity, and attachment to his interests, were but poorly
repaid; some secret enemies having misrepresented him to
his patron. His most innocent actions were turned to his
reproach sinister meanings were given to his verses; and
at length he was accused of irreligion and these mortifications brought on him again his old complaints. Eustache
du Bellay, bishop of Paris, moved at his misfortunes, and
sensible of his merit, procured him, in 1555, a canonry of
his church, which, however, he enjoyed not long; a stroke
of apoplexy carried him off in the night of the 1st of Jan.
1560, at the age of thirty-seven. Several epitaphs were
made on him, in which he is styled “Pater elegantiarum,
Pater omnium leporum.
” His French poems, printed at
Paris in
d elegance, that he was marked, from that time, as a man of the first genius in France. He was first bishop of Bayonne, and afterwards of Paris in 1532. The year following,
, cardinal, was born in 1492, and made early proficiency in learning. Francis I. who highly esteemed him, bestowed many preferments on him. He owed this favour to an accidental circumstance: The night before the pope made his public entrance into Marseilles, to meet the French king, it was discovered that the president of the parliament, who had been appointed to receive him with a Latin oration, had unluckily chosen a subject which would certainly give the pontiff offence; and yet there was no tune for a new composition. In this extremity, when the whole business of the ceremonial was deranged, Bellay offered his services to speak extempore, and did it with such uncommon propriety and elegance, that he was marked, from that time, as a man of the first genius in France. He was first bishop of Bayonne, and afterwards of Paris in 1532. The year following, Henry VIII. of England having raised just apprehensions of a schism on account of a quarrel with his queen, du Bellay, who had been sent to him in 1527, in quality of ambassador, and who is said to have managed his boisterous temper with great address, was dispatched to him a second time. He obtained of that prince that he would not yet break with Rome, provided time was granted him to make his defence by proxy. Du Bellay set out immediately, to ask a respite of pope Clement VII. which he obtained, and sent a courier to the king of England for his procuration, but the courier not returning, Clement VII. fulminated the bull of excommunication against Henry VIII. and laid an interdict on his dominions. It was this bull that furnished Henry with an opportunity, fortunately for England, of withdrawing that nation from the church of Rome, and a great source of revenue from the coffers of the pope. Du Bellay continued to be entrusted with the affairs of France under the pontificate of Paul III. who made him cardinal in 1535. The year afterwards, Charles V. having entered Provence with a numerous army, Francis I. in order to appose so formidable an enemy, quitted Paris, whither du Bellay was just returned, and the king appointed him his lieutenant-general, that he might have a watchful eye over Picardy and Champagne. The cardinal, no less intelligent in matters of war than in the intrigues of the cabinet, undertook to defend Paris, which was then in confusion, and fortified it accordingly with a rampart and boulevards, which are still to be seen. He provided with equal promptitude for the security of the other towns, which important services procured him new benefices, and the friendship and confidence of Francis I. After the death of that prince, the cardinal de Lorraine became the channel of favour at the court of Henry II., but du Bellay, too little of a philosopher, and too much affected by the loss of his influence, could no longer endure to remain at Paris. He chose rather to retire to Rome, where the quality of bishop of Ostia procured him, under Paul IV. the title of dean of the sacred college, and where his riches enabled him to build a sumptuous palace; but by some means he took care to keep the bishopric of Paris in his family, obtaining that see for Eustache du Bellay, his cousin, who was already provided with several benefices, and president of the parliament. The cardinal lived nine years after his demission; and, whether from patriotism or from the habit of business, he continued to make himself necessary to the king. He died at Rome, Feb. 16, 1560, at the age of 68, with the reputation of a dexterous courtier, an able negociator, and a great wit. Literature owed much to him. He concurred with his friend Budæus in engaging Francis I. to institute the college royal. Rabelais had been his physician. Of his writing are Several harangues, An apology for Francis I. Elegies, epigrams, and odes, collected in 8vo, and printed by Robert Stephens in 1546.
arge. Our author’s work was afterwards taken into the largest of our British histories, of which the bishop of Carlisle has given us the following account: “R. Holinshed
,
an elegant Scottish writer of the sixteenth century, was
descended from an ancient and very honourable family in
that kingdom, where his father, Mr. Thomas Bellenden of
Auchiiioul, was director to the chancery in 1540, and clerk
of accounts in 1541. It does not appear when our author
was born, or where educated but from his writings (frequently intermixed with words of Gallic derivation) it was
probably in France. In his youth he served in the court,
and was in great favour with king James V. as himself informs us, which he might very probahly owe to his fine vein
in poetry, that prince being a great admirer, and a proficient in poetical studies. Having this interest with his
prince, he attained extraordinary preferment in the church,
being made canon of Ross, and archdeacon of Murray, to
which last dignity perhaps he opened his passage, by
taking the degree of doctor of divinity at the Sorbonne.
He likewise obtained his father’s employment of clerk of
accounts, which was very considerable, in the minority of
the king before mentioned; but he was afterwards turned
out by the struggle of factions, in the same reign. We have
no direct authority to prove that he had any share in the
education of king James V. but from some passages in his
poems, and from his addressing many of them to that king,
he appears to have been in some measure particularly attached to his person; and from one of them, we may infer
that he had an interest beyond that of bare duty, in forming a right disposition, and giving wholesome instructions
to that prince. But the work which has transmitted his
name to posterity, is his translation of Hector Boethius,
or, as his countrymen call him, Hector Boeis’s History,
from the Latin into the Scottish tongue, which he performedat the command of his royal master admirably, but
with a good deal of freedom, departing often from his
author, although generally for the sake of truth, and sometimes also adding circumstances, which perhaps might not
be known to Hector Boece. This version, as he called it,
was very well received both in Scotland and England. It
does not appear either from his own writings or otherwise,
how he came to lose his office of clerk of accounts; but he
certainly recovered it in the succeeding reign, was likewise made one of the lords of session; and had credit then
at court, perhaps from his zeal in respect to his religion,
for he was a very warm and inflexible Romanist, and laboured assiduously, in conjunction with Dr. Laing, to impede the progress of the reformation. It may with great
probability be conjectured, that the disputes into which he
plunged himself on this subject, made him so uneasy, that
he chose to quit his native country, that he might reside in
a place, where that disposition, instead of being an hindrance, would infallibly recommend him. This (as it is supposed) carried him to Rome, where, as Dempster tells
us, he died in 1550. He was unquestionably a man of
great parts, and one of the finest poets his country had to
boast, and notwithstanding the obsolete language of his
works, they are not slightly imbued with that enthusiasm
which is the very soul of poesy. His great work appeared
in folio at Edinburgh, in 1536, entitled “The History and
Chronicles of Scotland, compilit and newly correctit and
amendit be the reverend and noble clerk Mr. Hector Boeis,
chanon of Aberdene, translated lately be Mr. John Bellenden, archdene of Murray, and chanon of Rosse, at command of James the Fyfte, king of Scottis, imprintet in
Edinburgh be Thomas Davidson, dwelling fornens the
Fryere-Wynde.
” This translation, as has been observed,
was very far from being close, our author taking to himself the liberty of augmenting and amending the history he
published as he thought proper. He, likewise, distinguished
it into chapters as well as books, which was the only distinction employed by Boethius; which plainly proves, that it
was this translation, and not the original, that Richard
Grafton made use of in penning his chronicle, which Buchanan could scarcely avoid knowing, though he never
misses any opportunity of accusing Grafton, as if he had
corrupted and falsified this author, in order to serve his
own purposes and abuse the people of Scotland; 1 which,
however, is a groundless charge. Our author’s work was
afterwards taken into the largest of our British histories, of
which the bishop of Carlisle has given us the following account: “R. Holinshed published it in English, but was
not the translator of it himself: his friend began the work
and had gone a good way in it, but did not, it seems, live
to finish it. In this there are several large interpolations
and additions out of Major, Lesley, and Buchanan, by
Fr. Thinne, who is also the chief author of the whole story
after the death of king James the First, and the only penman of it from 1571 to 1586. Towards the latter end,
this learned antiquary occasionally intermixes catalogues
of the chancellors, archbishops, and writers of that kingdom.
”
charged him with being a heretic, and an incendiary, and the year before they had prevailed with the bishop to prefer an information against him, as the author of a book
, advocate general of
the parliament of Toulouse, of the sixteenth century, was
born at Montauban, and descended from a gentleman’s
family originally of Brittany. At the age of twenty-one
he was appointed regent in the university of Toulouse,
and after having pleaded four or five years at the bar, he
was made a counsellor, or member of the presidiai court of
Toulouse. Notwithstanding his being a Roman catholic,
his regard for his king and country brought him into danger. His declaring against the league made the heads of
that party his enemies, and king Henry III. to gratify the
Guises, ordered him to be imprisoned. This happened in
1587. They charged him with being a heretic, and an incendiary, and the year before they had prevailed with the
bishop to prefer an information against him, as the author
of a book which Thuanus says was written by one Breton,
who was hanged for it. Belloy’s work against the league,
entitled “Apologie Catholique conti'e les libelles, &c. publiées par les Liguez,
” was published in Declaration du droit de légitime Succession
sur le royaume de Portugal apartenant a la reine mere
du roi très Christien,
” à Anvers et à Paris, Panégyric ou Remonstrance pour les Sénéchal, Juges
mage et criminel de Tolose, contre les Notaires et Sécrétaires du Roi de la dite Ville,
” Paris, Requeste verbale pour susdits Seigneurs et Officiers de
Tolose, contenantune Apologie et Defence a PAdvertissement, public
” au nom des Docteurs Regents de l'Universite
de Tolose,“Paris, 1583, 8vo. 4.
” Brieve Explication de
Tan courant Paris,
1583, 8vo. 5.
” Supputation des temps depuis la Creation du Monde jusqu'en 1582, separee en deux colomnes
diverses,“Paris, 1584. 6.
” Petri Beloii Variorum Juris
Civilis Libri IV, et Disputatio de Successione ab intestato,“&c. Paris, 1583. 7.
” La Conference des Edits de
Pacification et Explication des Edits,“Paris, 1600, 8vo.
3.
” Exposition de la Prophetic de l'Ange Gabriel touchant les septante semaines descrites par le Prophetc Daniel
au Chap. iy. de ses Prophecies,“Tolose, 1605, 8vo. 9.
” De l'Origine et Institution de divers Ordres de Chevalerie, taut EccleViastiques que Profanes, dédié a Monsigneur le Dauphin de Viennois, Due de Bretagne,“Montauban, 1604, 8vo. 10. Arrest de ia Cour de Parlemeul
de Tolos6 prononce
” en TAppellation comme d‘Abus rolevée par frere Jean Journé, religieux ue l’ordre de St.
Dominique, et provincial du dit ordre en la Province de
Tolose, sur la procedure contre lui ordonnce par les sieurs
Evesques de Condon et d'Aure, contenarit le Plaidoye sur
ce fait, par Mr. Pierre de Beloy, conseiller et avocat general du roi au dit Parlemenr, Tolose, 1612, 8vo.
I. bishop of London in the reign of Henry I. was advanced to that sea
I. bishop of London in the reign of Henry I. was advanced to that sea through the interest of Roger Montgomery, earl of Shropshire, and consecrated 26th July, 1108. Immediately after his consecration, he was appointed, by the king, warden of the marches between England and Wales, and lieutenant of the county of Salop which offices he held about three years, residing for the most part of the time at Shrewsbury. This prelate expended the whole revenues of his bishopric in the structure of St. Paul’s cathedral, for which purpose he purchased several adjoining houses of the owners, which he pulled down, and converted the ground they stood upon into a church-yard, and this he surrounded with a very high wall. Bishop Godwin thinks this wall remained entire in his time, though no part of it was to be seen by reason of the houses, with which it was on all sides covered. Despairing, however, of seeing it finished, he turned the stream of his liberality another way; and, exchanging the manor of Landsworth for a place in the diocese of London called St. Osith de Chich, near Colchester in Essex, he built there a convent of regular canons. Being seized with a dead palsy, and thereby disqualified for the exercise of his episcopal functions, he intended to have resigned his bishopric, and to have spent the remainder of his life in the monastery of his own foundation: but whilst he delayed his purpose from day to day, he died Jan. 16, 1127 and he was buried in the convent of St. Osith. Tanner informs us, that, in the monastery of Peterborough there was formerly a treatise, written in verse, by bishop Belmeis, and addressed to Henry I.
II. bishop of London in the reign of king Stephen, was nephew to the preceding,
II. bishop of
London in the reign of king Stephen, was nephew to the
preceding, and son of Walter de Belmeis. Before he
came of age, he was appointed by his uncle archdeacon of
Middlesex: but the bishop was prevailed upon by William,
dean of London, his nephew by his sister Adelina, and by
the prior of Chich, to commit the administration of the
archdeaconry, during Richard’s minority, to Hugh, one
of his chaplains. It was with no small difficulty that
Richard afterwards recovered his archdeaconry out of the
hands of this faithless guardian. In the beginning of October 1151, he was advanced to the see of London, in the
room of Robert de Sigillo, and consecrated at Canterbury
by archbishop Theobald, in the presence of all the bishops
of England, excepting Henry of Winchester, who excused his absence, but warmly approved the choice of
Richard, in a letter to the archbishop. This prelate died
4th May, 1162, leaving behind him a reputation for singular eloquence. According to Dr. Richardson, whose authority is a manuscript of the late Roger Gale, esq. our
prelate was the writer of the “Codex niger,
” or Black
Book of the Exchequer.
ope Adrian IV. who was an Knglishman by birth. Alexander III. who succeeded Adrian in 1159, made him bishop of Poitou in France, and he was consecrated at the abbey of
, commonly called Joannes Eboracensis, or John of York, an eminent divine in the twelfth century, was born of a good family. After having laid the foundation of learning in his own country, he travelled abroad, and visited the most famous universities of France and Italy, where he acquired the reputation of being the most learned man of his age. He then returned home, and was made a canon, and treasurer of the cathedral church of York: but he soon quitted this post, and went back again into Italy, lived a considerable time at Rome, and had the honour of conversing familiarly with pope Adrian IV. who was an Knglishman by birth. Alexander III. who succeeded Adrian in 1159, made him bishop of Poitou in France, and he was consecrated at the abbey of Dole, in the diocese of Berry. He sat there above twenty years, and was translated to the archbishopric of Lyons, and became thereby primate of all France. He was archbishop of that city nearly eleven years. It is said, he returned into England in 1194, being then a very old man; but we are not told when or where he died. Bale informs us, that he vehemently opposed archbishop Becket in the contests he had with king Henry II. and that he was very expert in controversial writing. Bale and Pits mention the titles of some of his works, but it does not appear that any of them are extant. Leland could not discover any thing certainly written by him.
, bishop of Marseilles. This illustrious prelate was of a noble family
, bishop of
Marseilles. This illustrious prelate was of a noble family in
Guienne, had been of the order of Jesuits, and was made bishop of Marseilles in 1709. The assistance he gave his flock
during the plague of 1720, that desolated the city of Marseilles, deserves to be commemorated. He was seen every
where during that terrible calamity, as the magistrate, the
physician, the almoner, the spiritual director of his flock. In
the town-house of Marseilles there is a picture representing
him giving his benediction to some poor wretches who are
dying at his feet; in this he is distinguished from the rest
of his attendants by a golden cross on his breast. Louis
the XVth, in 1723, in consideration of his exemplary behaviour during the plague, made him an offer of the bishopric of Laon, in Picardy, a see of greater value and of higher
rank than his own. Of this, however, he would not accept, saying, that he refused this very honourable translation that he might not leave a church already endeared to
him by the sacrifices of life and property which he had
offered. The pope honoured him with the pallium (a mark of distinction in dress worn only by archbishops), and Louis
XV. insisted upon his acceptance of a patent, by which,
even in the first instance, any law-suit he might be so unfortunate as to have, either for temporal or spiritual matters, was permitted to be brought before the parliament of
Paris. He died in 1755, closing a life of the most active
benevolence with the utmost devotion and resignation. He
founded at Marseilles a college, which still bears his name.
He wrote “L'histoire des Eveques de Marseille;
” “Des
Instructions Pastorales;
” and in La vie de Mademoiselle de Foix
andale,
” a relation of his, who had been eminent for her
piety. A particular account of the exertions of this benevolent prelate during the terrible calamity that afflicted
Marseilles is to be found in the *' Relation de la Peste de
Marseilles, par J. Bertrand,“12mo, and in
” Oratio funebris illust. domini de Belsunce Massiliensium episcopi,"
with the translation by the abbe Lanfant, 1756, 8vo.
The following letter from this excellent bishop to the bishop of Soissons speaks so much in his favour, that
The following letter from this excellent bishop to the bishop of Soissons speaks so much in his favour, that we shall make n,o apology for inserting it.
s reduced almost to the last penny. I am labouring to get money for bills for 1000 livres, which the bishop of Frejus was pleased to send us, and six more of Mr. Fontanteu,
"I wish, my lord, I were as eloquent as you are full of zeal and charity, to testify my grateful acknowledegment of your liberality, aqd the charities you have procured us; but in our present consternation, we are not in a condition to express any other sentiment than that of grief. Your alms came at a very seasonable time, for I was reduced almost to the last penny. I am labouring to get money for bills for 1000 livres, which the bishop of Frejus was pleased to send us, and six more of Mr. Fontanteu, though just upon the decay of the bills of 1000 livres, they are not very current, yet I hope I shall succeed. You, my lord, have prevented these difficulties, and we are doubly obliged to you for it. Might I presume to beg the favour of you to thank, in my name, cardinal de Rohan, M. and Madame Dangeau, and the curate of St Sulpice, for their charities.
“Henry, bishop of Marseilles.”
Henry, bishop of Marseilles.
”
les I. was born about the year 1650, at Coton-hill, Shrewsbury, an ancient house now occupied by Mr. Bishop, a maltster of that place. His father, colonel John Benbow,
, a brave English admiral, descended
of an ancient Shropshire family, reduced in fortune by its
adherence to Charles I. was born about the year 1650,
at Coton-hill, Shrewsbury, an ancient house now occupied
by Mr. Bishop, a maltster of that place. His father, colonel John Benbow, dying when he was very young, this
son had no other provision than being bred to the sea, a
profession which he eagerly adopted, and in which he was
so successful, that before he was thirty he became master,
and partly owner, of a ship called the Benbow frigate,
employed in the Mediterranean trade, in which he would
have probably acquired a good estate, if an accident had
not brought him to serve in the British navy. In the year
1686, he was attacked in his, passage to Cadiz by a Sallee
rover, against whom he defended himself, though very
unequal in' the number of men, with the utmost bravery,
and, although the Moors boarded him, they were quickly
beat out of the ship again, with the loss of thirteen men,
whose heads captain Benbow ordered to be cut off, and
thrown into a tub of pork pickle. When he arrived at
Cadiz, he went ashore, and ordered a negro servant to
follow him, with the Moors heads in a sack. He had
scarcely landed before the officers of the revenue inquired
of his servant, what he had in his sack? The captain answered, “Salt provisions for his own use.
” The officers
insisted upon seeing them, which captain Benbow refused.
The officers told him that the magistrates were sitting,
and he might appeal to them, but that it was not in their
power to act otherwise. The captain consented to the
proposal, and the magistrates treated him with great civility, told him they were sorry to make a point of such a
trifle, but that since he had refused to shew the contents
of his sack to their officers, the nature of their employments obliged them to demand a sight of them; and that
as they doubted not they were salt provisions, the shewing
them could be of no great consequence. “I told you,
”
said the captain sternly, “they were salt provisions for my
own use. Caesar, throw them down upon the table, and,
gentlemen, if you like them, they are at your service.
”
The Spaniards were exceedingly struck at the sight of the
Moors’ heads, and no less astonished at the account of the
captain’s adventure, who with so small a force had been
able to defeat such a number of barbarians. This anecdote, in our opinion, reflects but little credit on the
feelings of our seaman, nor does it clearly appear why he
should think this barbarous display necessary for his reputation. These magistrates, however, sent an account of
the matter to the court of Madrid, and Charles II. then
king of Spain, invited Benbow to court, where he was received with great respect, dismissed with a handsome
present, and his Catholic majesty wrote a letter in his
'behalf to king James, who, upon the captain’s return,
gave him a ship, which was his introduction to the royal
navy. After the revolution he was constantly employed,
and frequently at the request of the merchants, was appointed to cruize in the channel, where he ably protected
our own trade, and annoyed and distressed that of the
enemy. He was likewise generally made choice of for
bombarding the French ports, in which he shewed the
most intrepid courage, by going in person in his boat to
encourage and protect the engineers, sharing in all their
hardships. It is certain that several of those dreadful bombardments spoiled several ports, and created a terror on the
French coast, notwithstanding all the precautions their government could take to keep up their spirits. This vigour
and activity recommended Benbow so effectually to king
William, that he was very early promoted to a flag, and
intrusted with the care of blocking up Dunkirk; the privateers from thence proving extremely detrimental to our
trade during all that war. In 1695, we find him thus employed with a few English and Dutch ships, when the famous Du Bart had the good luck to escape him, with nine
sail of clean ships, with which he did a great deal of mischief, both to our trade and to that of the Dutch. Rearadmiral Benbow, however, followed him as well as he
could; but the Dutch ships having, or pretending to have
no orders, quitted him, which hindered from going to the
Dogger-bank, as he intended, and obliged him to sail to
Yarmouth roads; and here he received advice that Du Bart
had fallen in with the Dutch fleet of seventy merchantmen,
escorted by five frigates, and that he had taken all the latter,
and thirty of the vessels under their convoy; which might
probably have been prevented, if the rear-admiral could
have persuaded the Dutch to have continued with him.
As it was, he safely convoyed a great English fleet of
merchantmen to Gottenburgh, and then returned to Yarmouth roads, and from thence to the Downs, for a supply
of provisions. He afterwards resumed his design of seeking
Du Bart; but his ships being much cleaner than the
rear-admiral’s, he escaped him a second time, though
once within sight of him. In 1697, he sailed the 10th of
April, from Spithead, with seven third-rates and two fireships, and after some time returned to Portsmouth for
provisions; after which he had the good fortune to convoy
the Virginia and West-India fleets safe into port. He
then repaired to Dunkirk, where he received from captain
Bowman two orders or instructions from the lords of the
admiralty; one to pursue M. Du Bart, and to destroy his
ships if possible, at any place, except under the forts in
Norway and Sweden; the other to obey the king’s commands, pursuant to an order from his majesty for that
purpose. On the 30th of July, rear-admiral Vandergoes
joined him with eleven Dutch ships, when he proposed
that one of the squadrons should be so placed, as that
Dunkirk might be south of them, and the other in or near
Ostend road, that if Du Bart should attempt to pass, they
might the better discover him: but the Dutch commander
objected that his ships being foul, they were not in a condition to pursue him. Rear-admiral Benbow being disappointed in this project, immediately formed another; for,
observing in the beginning of August that ten French frigates were hauled into the bason to clean, he judged their
design was to put to sea by the next spring-tide; and therefore, as his ships were all foul, he wrote up to the board, to
desire that four of the best sailers might be ordered to Sheerness to clean, and that the others might come to the Downs,
not only to take in water, but also to heel and scrub, which
he judged might be done before the next spring-tide gave
the French an opportunity of getting over the bar. But
this was not then thought advisable, though he afterwards
received orders for it, when it was too late. By this unlucky accident, the French had an opportunity of getting
ut with five clean ships; which, however, did not hinder
the admiral from pursuing them as well as he was able,
and some ships of his squadron had the good luck to take a
Dunkirk privateer of ten guns and sixty men, which had done
a great deal of mischief. This was one of the last actions
of the war, and the rear-admiral soon after received orders
to return home with the squadron under his command. It
is very remarkable, that as the disappointments we met
with in the course of this war occasioned very loud complaints against such as had the direction of our maritime
affairs, and against several of our admirals, there was not
one word said, in any of the warm and bitter pamphlets
of those times, to the prejudice of Mr. Benbow. On the
contrary, the highest praises were bestowed upon him in
many of those pieces, and his vigilance and activity made
him equally the favourite of the seamen and the merchants; the former giving him always the strongest marks
of their affection, and the latter frequently returning him
thanks for the signal services he did them, and for omitting
no opportunity that offered of protecting their commerce,
even in cases where he had no particular orders. With
respect to political parties, he never seems to have had
any attachments, which probably made him be respected
by them all. On one occasion king William consulted
him about a question agitated in those times, respectingthe expediency of preferring tars, as they were called, or
gentlemen in the navy; and though Mr. Benbow considered himself, and was considered by all the world, as
one of the former, yet he told the king it was safest to
employ both, and that the danger lay in preferring gentlemen without merit, and tars beyond their capacities.
mention of our Benedict in this list; so that either the doctor is mistaken in his assertion, or the bishop is not exact in his account of the authors from whence the Quadrilogus
, abbot of Peterborough in the twelfth
century, was educated at Oxford, became a monk in the
monastery of Christ’s church, Canterbury, and some time
after was chosen prior by the members of that society.
Though he had been a great admirer of archbishop Becket,
and wrote a life of that prelate, he was so much esteemed
by Henry II. that by the influence of that prince he was
elected abbot of Peterborough, in 1177. He assisted at
the coronation of Richard I. 1189, and was advanced to
be keeper of the great seal in 1191, but he did not long
enjoy this high dignity, as he died on Michaelmas day,
1193. He composed a history of Henry II. and Richard I.
from 1170 to 1192, which has been esteemed by many of
our antiquaries, as containing one of the best accounts of
the transactions of those times. A beautiful edition of this
work was published at Oxford by Hearne, 1735, 2 vols. 8vo.
With respect to his life of Becket, Bale and Pits speak of
two pieces, which probably are but one the first entitled
“Vita Thomae Cantuariensis
” the other, “Miracula
Thomae Marty ris.
” Leland, who mentions only “the
Life of Becket
” as written by our author, gives it the character of an elegant performance. But Bale treats it as a
mere heap of lies and forgeries, in order to palm Becket
on the multitude for a first-rate saint, and intercessor with
God. Nor is this author’s zeal confined to Benedict, but
extends itself to the monks of those times in general, whom
he represents as a set of debauchees and impostors, concealing their vices under a mask of piety, and cheating
the people with the most diabolical illusions. Dr. Cave
tells us, that the author of the “Quadrilogus
” transcribed
a great part of Benedict’s Life of Becket into the third and
fourth books of his work. This “Quadrilogus, or De Vita
et Processu S. Thomse Cantuariensis et Martyris super
Libertate ecelesiastica
” (Nicolson tells us), is collected out
of four historians, who were contemporary and conversant
with Becket, in his height of glory, and lowest depression; namely, Herbert de Hoscham, Johannes Carnotensis, William of Canterbury, and Alan of Teuksbury;
who are brought in us so many several relaters of matters
of fact, interchangeably. Here is no mention of our Benedict in this list; so that either the doctor is mistaken in
his assertion, or the bishop is not exact in his account of the
authors from whence the Quadrilogus was compiled.
rity among his order, that in 1298 he was appointed general; and, by Boniface VIII. created cardinal bishop of Sabina, from which he was soon after translated to that of
, was a native of Trevigi, belonging to the state of Venice, and the son of a shepherd,
or, as some say, of a notary. His name was Nicholas
Bocasini. For some time he earned a livelihood by teaching children at Venice, but becoming afterwards a Dominican, he applied himself diligently to his studies, and
acquired such superiority among his order, that in 1298
he was appointed general; and, by Boniface VIII. created
cardinal bishop of Sabina, from which he was soon after
translated to that of Ostia. He discharged likewise several embassies with great reputation, and having returned
from Hungary when Boniface was taken and imprisoned in
his own palace at Anagni, he was one of the two cardinals
who remained with him, when all the others fled. On the
death of that pope, in 1303, our cardinal bishop was
chosen to succeed him, and took the name of Benedict,
the Christian name of his predecessor, in honour of him
who had been the cause of his advancement from a low
station. Among his first measures he granted absolution
to the king of France, and annulled the decrees of Boniface against him, which restored peace to that country, and
this he farther promoted by reinstating the Colonna family
in all their honours and possessions. He made it his study
to quiet the disturbances that his predecessor had raised,
not only in France, but in most other kingdoms, and to
regain by conciliatory measures those whom the haughty
and imperious behaviour of his predecessor had alienated
from the apostolic see; but his pontificate was short. He
died the year following his election, July 6, 1304, not
without suspicion of poison, administered, as some think,
by the relations of Boniface? in revenge for his having received that pope’s enemies into favour, but others impute
this crime to the Florentines, whose city he had laid under
an interdict, when it was distracted by two barbarous factions, called the Neri and the Bianchi. The writers of
Benedict’s time concur in reporting that he was a man
exemplary in every respect, inclined to peace and conciliation, and one who had no desire to enrich his family.
One trait of his character seems to support this last instance
of forbearance. His mother approaching him in a very
rich dress to congratulate him on his promotion, he affected to consider her as an impostor, and said: “My
mother is not a princess, but a poor woman;
” but next
day, when she returned in her ordinary dress, he embraced
her with affection, and treated her with every mark of respect. He wrote comments on the gospel of St. Matthew,
the book of Job, and the Revelations, besides several
sermons, and letters to the king of France and other
princes, concerning the reformation of abuses that had
crept into the church in their respective kingdoms; but of
his works, the only one printed is a comment on the fifth
chapter of Matthew, and some letters in Rainald, Wadding, and Cherubini.
bonne, and when he had governed that monastery for six years, with great applause, he was made first bishop of Pamiers, and nine years after translated to Mirepoix. In
, whose name was James
Fournier, was a native of Saverdun, in the diocese of Pamier, the son of a miller, or of an obscure person; but
some are of opinion that he was descended of a noble family. He embraced a religious Hie when young, among
the Cistertians, and having afterwards received the degree
of master of divinity in the university of Paris, he was
made abbot of Fontfroide, in Narbonne, and when he had
governed that monastery for six years, with great applause,
he was made first bishop of Pamiers, and nine years after
translated to Mirepoix. In December 1327, pope John
XXII. created him cardinal presbyter of St. Prisca, and in
1334, he was elected pope, contrary to all expectation.
The conclave had chosen Comminge, cardinal bishop of
Porto, as the most proper person, but the French cardinal
insisting that he should promise never to go to Rome, he
refused to accept the office on a condition so prejudicial to
the church. In this dilemma, the cardinals being at a loss
whom to nominate, some of them proposed James Fournier, the most inconsiderable of the whole college, “omnium infimus,
” and he was unanimously elected: this
unexpected turn gave occasion to some of the writers of
his days to attribute the whole to divine inspiration, with
as good reason, no doubt, as in the case of any of his predecessors or successors.
canon of the Basilicon, or great church of St. Peter, then successively archbishop of Theodosia, and bishop of Ancona. He received the cardinal’s hat in 1728, was deputy
, whose name was Prosper Lambertini, was
born in 1675, at Bologna. He was appointed canon of the Basilicon, or great church of St. Peter, then successively archbishop of Theodosia, and bishop
of Ancona. He received the cardinal’s hat in 1728, was
deputy of the congregation of the holy office the same year,
became archbishop of Bologna in 1731, and succeeded
pope Clement XII. August 17, 1740. He then took the
name of Benedict XIV. zealously endeavoured to calm the
dissensions which had arisen in the church, patronised arts
and sciences, founded several academies at Rome, and declared openly in favour of the Thomists. This pope did
justice to the memory of the celebrated cardinal Noris; published the bull “Omnium sollicitudinum
” against certain
ceremonies, and addressed a brief to cardinal Saldanha for
the reformation of the Jesuits, which was the foundation
of their destruction. He had also established a congregation to compose a body of doctrine, by which the troubles
of the church might be calmed. This pontiff was a very
able canonist, and well acquainted with ecclesiastical history and antiquities. Though he governed with great wisdom, and was very zealous for religion, he was lively in his
conversation, and fond of saying bonmots. He died 1758,
aged 83. His works were published before his death in
16 vols. 4to, by Azevedo. The four last contain his briefs,
bulls, &c. The five first are, “A treatise on the Beatification and Canonization of haints,
” in which the subject is exhausted; an abridgement of it was published in
French, 1759, 12mo. The sixth contains the actions of
the saints whom he canonized. The two next consist of
supplements, and remarks on the preceding ones. The
ninth treats on the “Sacrifice of the Mass,
” and the tenth
on the “Festivals instituted in honour of Jesus Christ and
the Holy Virgin.
” The eleventh is entitled “Ecclesiastical Institutions;
” an excellent work, containing his instructions, mandates, letters, &c. while he was hishop of
Ancona, and afterwards archbishop of Bologna. The
twelfth is a “Treatise on Diocesan Synods.
” All the above
are in Latin. Caraccioli published his life at Paris, 1784,
12mo. It was begun in the life time of Benedict, and part
of it submitted to him by the author, to whom the pope
said, “If you were a historian, instead of a panegyrist, I
should thank you for the picture you have drawn, and with
which I am perfectly satisfied.
”
doctrinal Calvinist. He has been branded likewise with the character of a schismatic: but Dr. Ravis, bishop of London, acquitted him of this imputation, and declared him
, an eminent divine of the
seventeenth century, was born August 12, 1559, at Prestonbury in Gloucestershire. He was admitted, at seventeen
years of age, a scholar of Corpus Christi college, Oxford,
and probationer-fellow of the same house, April 16, 1590.
After he had taken the degree of master of arts, he went
into holy orders, and distinguished himself as a preacher.
In 1599, he was appointed rhetoric -reader of his college,
and the year following was admitted to the reading of the
sentences. In 1608, he took the degree of doctor in
divinity, and five years after was chosen Margaret professor
in that university. He filled the divinity chair with great
reputation, and after fourteen years resigned it. He had
been presented, several years before, to the rectory of
Meysey-Hampton, near Fairford in Gloucestershire, upon
the ejection of his predecessor for simony and now he
retired to that benefice, and spent there the short remainder of his life (about four years) in a pious and devout retreat from the world. Dr. Benefield was so eminent a
scholar, disputant, and divine, and particularly so well
versed in the fathers and schoolman, that he had not his
equal in the university. He was strongly attached to the
opinions of Calvin, especially that of predestination; insomuch that Humphrey Leach calls him a downright and
doctrinal Calvinist. He has been branded likewise with
the character of a schismatic: but Dr. Ravis, bishop of
London, acquitted him of this imputation, and declared
him to be “free from schism, and much abounding in
science.
” He was remarkable for strictness of life and
sincerity; of a retired and sedentary disposition, and consequently less easy and affable in conversation. This worthy divine died in the parsonage house of Meysey-Hampton, August 24, 1630, and was buried in the chancel of
his parish church, the 29th of the same month. His works
are, 1. “Doctrinac Christianas sex Capita totidem praelectionibus in schola theologica Oxoniensi pro forma habitis discussa et disceptata,
” Oxon. Appendix ad Caput secundum de consiliis Evangelicis, &c.
adversus Humphredum Leach.
” This is printed with the
foregoing treatise. 3. “Eight sermons publicly preached
in the university of Oxford, the second at St. Peter’s in the
East, the rest at St. Mary’s church. Began Dec. 14, 1595,
”
Oxford, The sin against the Holy Ghost
discovered, and other Christian doctrines delivered, in
twelve Sermons upon part of the tenth chapter of the epistle to the Hebrews,
” Oxford, A commentary or exposition upon the first chapter of Amos, delivered in twenty-one sermons in the parish-church of
Meysey-Hampton in the diocese of Gloucester,
” Oxford,
Several Sermons, on occasional
subjects.
” 7. “A commentary, or exposition upon the
second chapter of Amos, delivered in twenty-one sermons,
in the parish-church of Meysey-Hampton, &c.
” London,
Prselectiones de perseverantia Sanctorum,
”
Francfort, A commentary, or exposition
on the third chapter of Amos, &c.
” London,
He was, according to bishop Burnet, a proud man; and his parts were solid, but not quick.
He was, according to bishop Burnet, a proud man; and his parts were solid, but not quick. He had the art of observing the king’s temper, and managing it beyond all the men of that time. He was believed a papist, for he had once professed it, and at his death again reconciletl himself to the church of Rome. Yet in the whole course of his ministry, he seemed to have made it a maxim, that the king ought to shew no favour to popery, since all his. affairs would be ruined, if ever he turned that way: which made the papists become his mortal enemies, and accuse him as an apostate, and the betrayer of their interests. His character is drawn by Mr. Macpherson, in his History of Great Britain, with conciseness, spirit, and justice. *' Arlington supplied the place of extensive talents by an artful management of such as he possessed. Accommodating in his principles, and easy in his address, he pleased when he was known to deceive; and his manner acquired to him a kind of influence where he commanded no respect. He was little calculated for bold measures, on account of his natural timidity; and that defect created an opinion of his moderation, that was ascribed to virtue. His facility to adopt new measures was forgotten in his readiness to acknowledge the errors of the old. The deficiency of his integrity was forgiven in the decency of his dishonesty. Too weak not to be superstitious, yet possessing too much sense to own his adherence to the church of Rome, he lived a Protestant, in his outward profession; but he died a Catholic. Timidity was the chief characteristie of his mind; and that being known, he was even commanded by cowards. He was the man of the least genius of the parry; but he had most experience in that slow and constant current of business, which perhaps, suits affairs of state better than the violent exertions of men of great parts."
roved of by the parishioners, that their recommendation was no small inducement to Dr. Compton, then bishop of London, to present him to that living. He had institution
, an eminent divine in the
eighteenth century, was born at Salisbury, May 7, 1673,
and educated in the free-school there; where he made so
great a progress in learning, that he was sent to St. John’s
college, Cambridge, in the beginning of 1688, before he
was full fifteen years of age. He regularly took the degrees of bachelor and master of arts; the latter in 1694,
when but twenty-one years old; and was chosen fellow of
his college. In 1695, he wrote a copy of Hebrew verses
on the death of queen Mary, printed in the collection of
poems of the university of Cambridge upon that occasion.
The first of his publications was “An answer to the dissenters pleas for Separation, or an abridgment of the London cases; wherein the substance of those books is digested into one short and plain discourse,
” Lond. A confutation of Popery, in three parts,
”
Canibr. 8vo. About the same time, he was engaged in
a controversy with some dissenters, which produced
the following book of his, “A discourse of Schism
shewing, 1 What is meant by schism. 2. That schism is
a damnable sin. 3. That there is a schism between the
established church of England and the dissenters. 4. That
this schism is to be charged on the dissenters’ side. 5. That
the modern pretences of toleration, agreement in fundamentals, &c. will m;t excuse the dissenters from being
guilty of schism. Written by way of letter to three
dissenting ministers in Essex, viz. Mr. Gilson and Mr. Gledhili ol Colchester, and Mr. Shepherd of Brain tree. To
which is annexed, an answer to a book entitled
” Thomas
against Bennet, or the Protestant dissenters vindicated from
the charge of schism,“Cambr. 1702, 8vo. This book
being animadverted upon by Mr. Shepherd, our author
published
” A defence of the discourse of Schism; in
answer to those objections which Mr. Shepherd has made in
his three sermons of Separation, &c.“Cambr. 1703, 8vo.
And, towards the end of the same year,
” An answer to
Mr. Shepherd’s considerations on the defence of the discourse of Scnism,“Cambr. 8vo. As also a treatise entitled
” Devotions, viz. Confessions, Petitions, Intercessions, and
Thanksgivings, for every day in the week and also before,
at, and after, the Sacrament with occasional prayers for
all persons whatsoever,“8vo. In 1705, he published
” A
confutation of Quakerism; or a plain proof of the falsehood of what the principal Quaker writers (especially Mr. R. Barclay, in his Apology and other works) do
teach concerning the necessity of immediate revelation
in order to a saving Christian faith, &c.“Cambr. 8vo.
In 1707 he caused to be printed in a small pamphlet,
12mo,
” A discourse on the necessity of being baptized
with Water and receiving the Lord’s Supper, taken out of
the confutation of Quakerism,“Cambr. For the sake of
those who wanted either money to purchase, or time to peruse, the Confutation of Quakerism, the year following he
published
” A brief history of -the joint use of precomposed set forms of Prayer,“Cambr. 8vo. The same year
he published likewise
” A discourse of joint Prayer,“Cambr. 8vo. Towards the end of the same year he published
” A paraphrase with annotations upon the book of
Common Prayer, wherein the text is explained, objections
are answered, and advice is humbly offered, both to the
clergy and the laity, for promoting true devotion in the use
of it,“Lond. 8vo. The next thing he printed was
” Charity Schools recommended, in a sermon preached in St.
James’s church in Colchester, on Sunday, March 26, 1710,“8vo. The same year he wrote
” A letter to Mr. B. Robinson, occasioned by iiis * Review of the case of Liturgies,
and their imposition';“and
” A second letter to Mr. B.
Robinson, &c. on the same subject,“Lond. 1710, 8vo. In
17 11 he published
” The rights of the Clergy of the Christian church; or, a discourse shewing that God has given and
appropriated to the clergy, authority to ordain, baptize,
preach, preside in church-prayer, and consecrate the Lord’s
supper. Wherein also the pretended divine right of the
laity to elect either the persons to be ordained, or their own
particular pastors, is examined and disproved,“London,
1711, 8vo. He had begun a second part of this work, but
it was never published, in which he intended to shew, that
the clergy are, under Christ, the sole spiritual governors of
the Christian church, and that God has given and appropriated to them authority to enact laws, determine controversies, inflict censures, and absolve from them. The pre^tended divine institution of lay elders was also disproved,
and the succession of the present clergy of the established
church vindicated. And to this was annexed a
” Discourse
of the Independency of the Church on the State, with an
account of the sense of our English laws, and the judgment
of archbishop Cranmer touching that point.“About this
time he took the degree of D. D. In 1714 he published
<c Directions for studying, I. A general system or body of
divinity; II. The thirty-nine articles of religion. To which
is added St. Jerom’s epistle to Nepotianus,
” London, 8vo.
The year following was published his “Essay on the thirty-nine articles of Religion, agreed on in 1562, and revised
in 1571, wherein (the text being first exhibited in Latin and English, and the minutest variations of eighteen the most ancient and authentic copies carefully noted) an account is given of the proceedings of convocation in framing
and settling the text of the articles, the controverted clause
of the twentieth article is demonstrated to be genuine, and
the case of subscription to the articles is considered in point
of law, history, and conscience; with a prefatory epistle to
Anthony Collins, esq. wherein the egregious falsehoods and
calumnies of the author of ‘Priestcraft in perfection’ are
exposed,
” London, The Non juror’s separation
from the public assemblies of the church of England examined, and proved to be schismatical upon their own
principles,
” London, 8vo. And “The case of the Reformed Episcopal Churches in Great Poland and Polish
Prussia, considered in a sermon preached on Sunday, November 18, 1716, at St. Lawrence-Jewry, London, in the
morning, and St. Olave’s, Southwark, in the afternoon,
”
London, 8vo. Soon after, he was presented by the dean
and chapter of St. Paul’s, to the vicarage of St. Giles’s,
Cripplegate, London, which afforded him a plentiful income of nearly five hundred pounds a-year. But he had
little quiet enjoyment of it; for, endeavouring to recover
some dues that unquestionably belonged to that church,
he was obliged to engage in tedious law-suits, which, hesides the immense charges they were attended withal, gave
him a great deal of vexation and uneasiness, and very much
embittered his spirits; however, he recovered a hundred
and fifty pounds a-year to that living. After he was settled
in it, in 1717, he married Mrs. Elizabeth Hunt of Salisbury,
a gentlewoman of great merit, and by her he had three
daughters. The same year he published “A Spital sermon preached before the lord mayor, aldermen. &c. of
London, in St. Bridget’s church, on April 24, 1717,
” London, 8vo; and in A discourse of the ever-blessed
Trinity in Unity, with an examination of Dr. Clarke’s Scripture doctrine of the Trinity,
” London, 8vo. But, from this
time, the care of his large parish, and other affairs, so engrossed his thoughts, that he had no time to undertake any
new work, except an Hebrew grammar, which was published at London in 1726, 8vo, a,ud is reckoned one of the
best of the kind. He mentions, indeed, in one of his books
written about 1716, that he had then “several tasks
” in
his hands, “which would find him full employment for
many years;
” but whatever they might be, none of them
were ever finished or made public. He died of an apoplexy at London, October 9th, 1728, aged fifty-live years,
five months, and two days, and was buried in his own
church.
It is much to the honour both of Dr. Bennet and bishop Hoadly, that the latter contributed to the preferment of the
It is much to the honour both of Dr. Bennet and bishop Hoadly, that the latter contributed to the preferment of the former. Few persons could be more different in their theological and other sentiments. Dr. Bennet’s character, therefore, must have been very excellent to excite such an instance of regard in Dr. Hoadly; and the bishop’s candour and liberality of mind must have been equally laudable, in overlooking the most striking disparity of opinions.
lic when he was very young; and when about seven or eight years of age, he went to be confirmed, the bishop who performed the ceremony asked him “if he was not willing
, a French poet and wit of
the seventeenth century, was born at Lyons-la-Foret, a
small town in Upper Normandy, in 1612. He was born
but not educated a Protestant, his father having turned
Catholic when he was very young; and when about seven
or eight years of age, he went to be confirmed, the bishop
who performed the ceremony asked him “if he was not
willing to change his name of Isaac for one more Christian.
”
*' With all my heart,“replied he,
” provided I get any
thing by the exchange.“The bishop, surprized at such
a ready answer, would not change his name.
” Let his
name be Isaac still,“said he,
” for whatever it is, he will
make the most of it." Benserade lost his father when he
was very young; and being left with little fortune, and
this much involved in law, he chose rather to give it up
than sue for it. His mother’s name, however, being Laporte, he claimed relationship to the cardinal Richelieu,
who without examining too nicely into the matter, had him
educated, and would have provided for him in the church
if he had not preferred the court, where he soon became
famous for his wit and poetry; and Richelieu granted him
a pension, which was continued till the death of this cardinal. It is probable that Benserade would have found the
same protection in the duchess of Aiguillon, if the following four verses, which he had made on the death of the
cardinal, had not given her great offence:
ich he resigned in 1736, on being made minor canon in the church of Ely. In 1767 he was presented by bishop Mavvson to the vicarage of Wymondharn in Norfolk, which he resigned
, M. A. and F. A. S. prebendary of
Ely, rector of Bow-brick-hill in the county of Bucks, and
domestic chaplain to the right-hon. lord Cadogan, was the
brother of the above-mentioned Edward. Having received
the rudiments of classical learning in the grammar-school
of Ely, he was admitted of Trinity college, Cambridge,
March 26,1727, where he proceeded B. A. 1730, and M. A.
1738, and was elected F. A. S. 1767. In the year 1733 he
was presented to the vicarage of Stapleford in Cambridgeshire, which he resigned in 1736, on being made minor
canon in the church of Ely. In 1767 he was presented by
bishop Mavvson to the vicarage of Wymondharn in Norfolk,
which he resigned in the year following for the rectory of
Feltwell St. Nicholas, in the same county. This he resigned in 1774 for the rectory of Northwold, which in 1779
he was induced by bishop Keene to change for aprebendal
stall in the church of Ely, though he was far from improving his income by the change. But his attachment to his
native place, with which church the family had been connected without any intermission for more than 100 years,
surmounted every other consideration. In 1783 he was
presented to the rectory of Bow-brick-hill, by the rev.
Edward Guellaume. From his first appointment to an office in the church of Ely, he seems to have directed his
attention to the study of church architecture. It is probable that he was determined to the pursuit of ecclesiastical antiquities by the eminent example of bishop Tanner
(a prebendary of the same stall which Mr. Bentham afterwards held), who had honoured the family with many marks
of his kindness and friendship. For researches of this kind
Mr. Bentham seems to have been excellently qualified.
To a sound judgment and a considerable degree of penetration, accompanied by a minuteness and accuracy of inquiry altogether uncommon, Mr. Bentham added the most
patient assiduity and unwearied industry. The history of
the church with which he was connected afforded him full
scope for the exercise of his talents. It abounds with almost all the various specimens of church architecture used
in England to the time of the reformation. Having previously examined with great attention every historical monument and authority which could throw any light upon
his subject, after he had circulated, in 1756, a catalogue
of the principal members of this church (Ely), viz. abbesses, abbots, bishops, priors, deans, prebendaries, and
archdeacons, in order to collect further information concerning them, he published “The History and Antiquities
of the conventual and cathedral Church of Ely, from the
foundation of the monastery, A. D. 675, to the year 1771,
illustrated with copper-plates,
” Cambridge,
to establish turnpike roads. By the liberal example of lord-chancellor Hardwicke, lord Royston, and bishop Mawson, and the seasonable bequest of 200l. by Geo. Riste, esq.
In the introduction the authorthought it might be useful
to give some account of Saxon, Norman, and what is usually
called Gothic architecture. The many novel and ingenious
remarks, which occurred in this part of the work, soon attracted the attention of those who had turned their thoughts
to the subject. This short essay was favourably received
by the public, and has been frequently cited and referred
to by most writers on Gothic architecture. By a strange
mist-ike, these observations were hastily attributed to the
celebrated Mr. Gray, merely because Mr. Bentham has
mentioned his name among that of others to whom he conceived himself indebted for communications and hints. Mr.
Bentham was never informed of this extraordinary circumstance till the year 1783, when he accidentally met with it
in the Gentleman’s Magazine for the month of February
in that year; upon which he immediately thought it necessary to rectify the mistake, and to vindicate his own
character and reputation as an author from the charge of
having been obliged to Mr. Gray for that treatise, when
he had published it as his own; and this he was enabled to
do satisfactorily, having fortunately preserved the only letter which he had received from Mr. Gray on the subject.
The truth was, that Mr. Bentham had written the treatise
long before he had the honour of any acquaintance with
Mr. Gray, and it was that which first introduced him to
Mr. Gray. What his obligations were will appear by reference to a copy of that letter, which he received from
Mr. Gray when he returned the six sheets which Mr. Bentham had submitted to him at his own request. It happened
that the two last sheets, though composed, were not worked off, which gave Mr. Bentham an opportunity of inserting some additions alluded to in Mr. Gray’s letter. In the
Magazine for July 1784, may be seen the full and handsome apology which this explanation produced from a correspondent, who, under the signature of S. E. had inadvertently ascribed these remarks to Mr. Gray. These remarks have been since printed in an excellent collection
of “Essays on Gothic Architecture,
” published by Mr.
Taylor, of Holborn. When the dean and chapter of Ely
had determined upon the general repair of the fabric of
their church, and the judicious removal of the choir from
the dome to the presbytery at the east end, Mr. Bentham
was requested to superintend that concern as clerk of the
works. With what indefatigable industry and attention he
acquitted himself in that station, and how much he contributed to the improvement and success of the publ.c works
then carrying on, appears as well by the minutes of those
transactions, as by the satisfaction with which the body
recognized his services. This employment gave him a
thorough insight into the principles and peculiarities of
these antient buildings, and suggested to him the idea of
a general history of antient architecture in this kingdom,
which he justly considered a desideratum of the learned
and inquisitive antiquary. He was still intent upon this
subject, and during the amusement of his leisure hours
continued almost to the last to make collections with a view
to some further illustration of this curious point, though his
avocations of one kind or another prevented him from reducing them to any regular form or series. But he did
not suffer these pursuits to call him off from the professional duties of his station, or from contributing his endeavours towards promoting works of general utility to the
neighbourhood. To a laudable spirit of this latter kind,
animated by a zeal for his native place, truly patriotic, is
to be referred his steady perseverance in recommending
to his countrymen, under all the discouragements of obloquy and prejudice, the plans suggested for the improvement of their fens by draining, and the practicability of
increasing their intercourse with the neighbouring counties by means of turnpike roads; a measure till then unattempted, and for a long time treated with a contempt
and ridicule due only to the most wild and visionary projects, the merit of which he was at last forced to rest upon
the result of an experiment made by himself. With this
view, in 1757, he published his sentiments under the title
of “Queries offered to the consideration of the principal
inhabitants of the city of Ely, and towns adjacent, &c.
” and
had at length the satisfaction to see the attention of the
public directed to the favourite object of those with whom
he was associated. Several gentlemen of property and
consideration in the county generously engaged in contributing donations towards setting on foot a scheme to establish turnpike roads. By the liberal example of lord-chancellor Hardwicke, lord Royston, and bishop Mawson, and
the seasonable bequest of 200l. by Geo. Riste, esq. of
Cambridge, others were incited to additional subscriptions.
In a short time these amounted to upwards of 1000l. and
nearly to double that sum on interest. The scheme being
thus invigorated by these helps, and by the increasing
loans of those whose prejudices began now to wear away,
an act was obtained in 1763 for improving the road from
Cambridge to Ely. Similar powers and provisions were in
a few years obtained by subsequent acts, and the benefit
extended to other parts of the isle in all directions, the success of which hath answered the most sanguine expectations
of its advocates. With the same beneficent disposition,
Mr. Bentham in 1773 submitted a plan for inclosing and
draining a large tract of common in the vicinity of Ely,
called Gruntiten, containing near 1300 acres, under the
title of “Considerations and Reflections upon the present
state of the fens near Ely,
” &c. Cambridge, Finis hie officii
atque laboris.
” A fourth brother, the Rev. Jeffery Bentham, precentor of the church of Ely, &c. died in 1792,
aged seventy two. A fifth, the Rev. Edmund Bentham, B.D.
rector of Wootton-Courtnay, Somersetshire, died in Oct.
1781, at Moulsey Grove, near Hampton. Mr. Cole, who
in his ms Athenae, gives some account of the Benthams,
with a mixture of spleen and respect, remarks that this Edmund died in a parish in which he was not buried, was
buried in a parish with which he had no connexion, and
has a monument in a church (Sutton) where he was not
buried, but of which he had been curate for near forty
years.
, a learned and pious English divine, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry in the sixteenth century, was born
, a learned and pious English divine, bishop of Litchfield and Coventry in the sixteenth
century, was born about the year 1513, at Shirebourne in
Yorkshire, and educated at Magdalen-college in Oxford.
He took his bachelor’s degree in arts, Feb. 20, 1543, and
was admitted perpetual fellow of that college, November
16, 1546, and took his master’s degree in arts the year
following, about which time he applied himself wholly to
the study of divinity and the Hebrew language, in which
he was extremely well skilled, as well as in the Latin and
Greek tongues. The compiler of “Anglorum Speculum
”
tells us, that he was converted from popery in the first
year of queen Mary; but we find him very zealous
against the popish religion during the reign of king Edward VI. upon which account, and his assisting one Henry
Bull of the same college, in wresting the censer out of the
bands of the choristers, as they were about to offer their
superstitious incense, he was ejected from his fellowship
by the visitors appointed by queen Mary to regulate the
university; soon after which he retired to Zurich, and afterwards to Basil in Switzerland, and became preacher to
the English exiles there, and expounded to them the entire
book of the Acts of the Apostles; a proper subject and
portion of scripture, Fuller observes, to recommend patience to his banished countrymen; as the apostle’s sufferings so far exceeded theirs. This exposition was left by
him at the time of his death, very fairly written, and
fit for the press, but it does not appear to have been
printed. In exile, as at home and in college, he led a
praise-worthy, honest, and laborious life, with little or no
preferment. Afterwards, being recalled by some of his
brethren, he returned to London under the same queen’s
reign, where he lived privately and in disguise, and was
made superintendent of a protestant congregation in that
city; whom Bentham, by his pious discipline, diligent care
and tuition, and bold and resolute behaviour in the protestant cause, greatly confirmed in their faith and religion;
so that they assembled with the greatest constancy to divine worship, at which there often appeared an hundred,
sometimes two hundred persons; no inconsiderable congregation this to meet by stealth, notwithstanding the
danger of the times, daily, together at London, in spite
of the vigilant and cruel Bonner. At length, when queen
Elizabeth came to the throne, he was, in the second year
of her reign, nominated for the see of Litchfield and Coventry, upon the deprivation of Dr. Ralph Bayne, and had
the temporalities of that see restored to him, Feb. 20, 1559,
being then about forty-six years of age. On the 30th of
October 1556, he was created, with some others, professor of divinity at London, by Laurence Humphrey, S.T.P.
and John Kenal, LL. D. who were deputed by the university of Oxford for that purpose; and in the latter end of
October 1568, he was actually created doctor of divinity,
being then highly esteemed on account of his distinguished
learning. He published a Sermon on Matth. iv. 1—11,
printed at London, 8vo. Bishop Burnet, in his History of
the Reformation, tells us, that our author translated into
English the Book of Psalms, at the command of queen
Elizabeth, when an English version of the Bible was to
be made, and that he likewise translated Ezekiel and
Daniel. He died at Eccleshal in Staffordshire, the seat belonging to the see, Feb. 19, 1578, aged sixty-five years,
and was buried under the south wall of the chancel of that
church.
loyments, after which he was never more in favour, though the king always shewed an esteem for him.” Bishop Burnet says “That the earl of Portland observed the progress
, earl of Portland, &c. one of the greatest statesmen of his time, and
the first that advanced his family to the dignity of the
English peerage, was a native of Holland, of an ancient
and noble family in the province of Guelderland. After a
liberal education, he was promoted to be page of honour
to William, then prince of Orange (afterwards king William III. of England), in which station his behaviour and
address so recommended him to the favour of his master,
that he preferred him to the post of gentleman of his bedchamber. In this capacity he accompanied the prince into
England, in the year 1670, where, going to visit the university of Oxford, he was, together with the prince, created
doctor of civil law. In 1672, the prince of Orange being
made captain-general of the Dutch forces, and soon after
Stadtholder, M. Bentinck was promoted, and had a share
in his good fortune, being made colonel and captain of the
Dutch regiment of guards, afterwards esteemed one of the
finest in king William’s service, and which behaved with
the greatest gallantry in the wars both in Flanders and
Ireland. In 1675, the prince falling ill of the small-pox,
M. Bentinck had an opportunity of signalizing his love and
affection for his master in an extraordinary manner, and
thereby of obtaining his esteem and friendship, by one of
the most generous actions imaginable: for the small-pox
not rising kindly upon the prince, his physicians judged it
necessary that some young person should lie in the same
bed with him, imagining that the natural heat of another
would expel the disease. M. Bentinck, though he had
never had the small-pox, resolved to run this risque, and
accordingly attended the prince during the whole course
of his illness, both day and night, and his highness said
afterwards, that he believed M. Bentinck never slept; for
in sixteen days and nights, he never called once that he
was not answered by him. M. Bentinck, however, upon
the prince’s recovery, was immediately seized with the
same distemper, attended with a great deal of danger, but
recovered soon enough to attend his highness into the field,
where he was always next his person; and his courage and
abilities answered the great opinion his highness had formed of him, and from this time he employed him in his most
secret and important affairs. In 1677, M. Bentinck was
sent by the prince of Orange into England, to solicit a
match with the princess Mary, eldest daughter of James,
at that time duke of York (afterwards king James II.) which
was soon after concluded. And in 1685, upon the duke
of Monmouth’s invasion of this kingdom, he was sent over
to king James to offer him his master’s assistance, both of
his troops and person, to head them against the rebels,
but, through a misconstruction put on his message, his
highness’s offer was rejected by the king. In the year
1688, when the prince of Orange intended an expedition
into England, he sent M. Bentinck, on the elector of Brandenburgh'a death, to the new elector, to communicate to
him his design upon England, and to solicit his assistance.
In this negociation M. Bentinck was so successful as to
bring back a more favourable and satisfactory answer than
the prince had expected; the elector having generously
granted even more than was asked of him. M. Bentincfc
had also a great share in the revolution; and in this difficult and important affair, shewed all the prudence and sagacity of the most consummate statesman. It was he that
was applied to, as the person in the greatest confidence
with the prince, to manage the negociations that were set
on foot, betwixt his highness and the English nobility and
gentry, who had recourse to him to rescue them from the
danger they were in. He was also two months constantly
at the Hague, giving the necessary orders for the prince’s
expedition, which was managed by him with such secrecy,
that nothing was suspected, nor was there ever so great a
design executed in so short a time, a transport fleet of
500 vessels having been hired in three days. M. Bentinck
accompanied the prince to England, and after king James’s
abdication, during the interregnum, he held the first place
among those who composed the prince’s cabinet at that
critical time, and that, in such a degree of super-eminence,
as scarcely left room for a second: and we may presume
he was not wanting in his endeavours to procure the crown
for the prince his master; who, when he had obtained it,
was as forward on his part, in rewarding the faithful and
signal services of M. Bentinck, whom he appointed groom
of the stole, privy purse, first gentleman of the royal bedchamber, and first commoner upon the list of privy counsellors. He was afterwards naturalised by act of parliament; and, by letters patent bearing date the 9th of April
1689, two clays before the king and queen’s coronation, he
was created baron of Cirencester, viscount Woodstock,
and earl of Portland. In 1690, the earl of Portland,
with many others of the English nobility, attended king
William to Holland, where the earl acted as envoy for his majesty, at the grand congress held at the
Hague the same year. In 1695, king William made this
nobleman a grant of the lordships of Denbigh, Bromtield,
Yale, and other lands, containing many thousand acres, in
the principality of Wales, but these being part of the
demesne thereof, the grant was opposed, and the house
of commons addressed the king to put a stop to the passing
it, which his majesty accordingly complied with, and recalled the grant, promising, however, to find some other
way of shewing his favour to lord Portland, who, he said,
had deserved it by long and faithful services. It was to
this nobleman that the plot for assassinating king William
in 1695 was first discovered; and his lordship, by his indefatigable zeal, was very instrumental in bringing to light
the whole of that execrable scheme. The same year another affair happened, in which he gave such a shining proof
of the strictest honour and integrity, as has done immortal
honour to his memory. The parliament having taken into
consideration the affairs of the East India company, who,
through mismanagement and corrupt dealings, were in
danger of losing their charter, strong interest was made
with the members of both houses, and large sums distributed, to procure a new establishment of their company by
act of parliament. Among those noblemen whose interest
was necessary to bring about this affair, lord Portland’s was
particularly courted, and an extraordinary value put upon
it, much beyond that of any other peer; for he was offered no less than the sum of 50,000l. for his vote, and his
endeavours with the king to favour the design. But his
lordship treated this offer with all the contempt it deserved, telling the person employed in it, that if he ever
so much as mentioned such a thing to him again, he would
for ever be the company’s enemy, and give them all the
opposition in his power. This is an instance of public
spirit not often mst with, and did not pass unregarded;
for we find it recorded in an eloquent speech of a member
of parliament, who related this noble action to the house
of commons, much to the honour of lord Portland. It was
owing to this nobleman, also, that the Banquetting-house at
Whitehall was saved, when the rest of the Palace was destroyed by fire. In February 1696, he was created a knight
of the garter, at a chapter held at Kensington, and was installed at Windsor on the 25th of March, 1697, at which
time he was also lieutenant-general of his majesty’s forces:
for his lordship’s services were not confined to the cabinet;
he likewise distinguished himself in the field on several
occasions, particularly at the battle of the Boyne, battle of
Landen, where he was wounded, siege of Limerick, Namur, &c. As his lordship thus attended his royal master
in his wars both in Ireland and Flanders, and bore a principal command there, so he was honoured by his majesty
with the chief management of the famous peace of Ryswick; having, in some conferences with the marshal
BoufHers, settled the most difficult and tender point, and
which might greatly have retarded the conclusion of the
peace. This was concerning the disposal of king James;
the king of France having solemnly promised, in an open
declaration to all Europe, that he would never lay down his
arms tilt he had restored the abdicated king to his throne,
and consequently could not own king William, without
abandoning him. Not long after the conclusion of the
peace, king William nominated the earl of Portland to be
his ambassador extraordinary to the court of France; an,
honour justly due to him, for the share he had in bringing
about the treaty of Hysvvick; and the king could not have
fixed upon a person better qualified to support his high
character with dignity and magnificence. The French
likewise had a great opinion of his lordship’s capacity and
merit; and no ambassador was ever so respected and caressed in France as his lordship was, who, on his part, filled
his employment with equal honour to the king, the British
nation, and himself. According to Prior, however, the
earl of Portland went on this embassy with reluctance, having been for some time alarmed with the growing favour of
a rival in king William’s affection, namely, Keppel, afterwards created earl of Albermarle, a DutchmLin, who had
also been page to his majesty. “And,
” according to Prior,
“his jealousy was not ill-grounded for Albemarle so prevailed in lord Portland’s absence, that he obliged him, by
several little affronts, to lay down all his employments,
after which he was never more in favour, though the king
always shewed an esteem for him.
” Bishop Burnet says
“That the earl of Portland observed the progress of the
king’s favour to the lord Albemaiie with great uneasiness
they grew to be not only incompatible, as all rivals for favour must be, but to hate and oppose one another in every
thing; the one (lord Portland) had more of the confidence,
the other more of the favour. Lord Portland, upon his
return from his embassy to France, could not bear the visible superiority in favour that the other was growing up to;
so he took occasion, from a small preference given lord
Albemarle in prejudice of his own post, as groom of the
stole, to withdraw from court, and lay down all his employments. The king used all possible means to divert
him from this resolution, but could not prevail on him to
alter it: he, indeed, consented to serve his majesty still in
his state affairs, but would not return to any post in the
household.
” This change, says bishop Kennet, did at first
please the English and Dutch, the earl of Albermarle having cunningly made several powerful friends in both nations, who, out of envy to lord Portland, were glad to see
another in his place; and it is said that lord Albemarle was
supported by the earl of Sutherland and Mrs. Villiers to
pull down lord Portland: however, though the first became
now the reigning favourite, yet the latter, says bishop
Kennet, did ever preserve the esteem and affection of king
William. But king William was not one of those princes
who are governed by favourites. He was his own minister
in all the greater parts of government, as those of war and
peace, forming alliances and treaties, and he appreciated
justly the merit of those whom he employed in his service.
It is highly probable, therefore, that lord Portland never
Jost the king’s favourable opinion, although he might
be obliged to give way to a temporary favourite. The
earl of Albemarle had been in his majesty’s service from
a youth, was descended of a noble family in Guelderland, attended king William into England as his page of
honour, and being a young lord of address and temper,
with a due mixture of heroism, it is no wonder his majesty took pleasure in his conversation in the intervals of
state business, and in making his fortune, who had so
long followed his own. Bishop Burnet says, it is a difficult matter to account for the reasons of the favour shewn
by the king, in the highest degree, to these two lords,
they being in all respects, not only of different, but of
quite opposite characters; secrecy and fidelity being the
only qualities in which they did in any sort agree. Lord
Albetnarle was very cheerful and gay, had all the arts of
a court, was civil to all, and procured favours for many;
but was so addicted to his pleasures that he could scarcely
submit to attend on business, and had never yet distinguished himself in any thing. On the other hand, lord
Portland was of a grave and sedate disposition, and indeed,
adds the bishop, was thought rather too cold and dry, and
had not the art of creating friends; but was indefatigable
in business, and had distinguished himself on many occasions. With another author, Mackey, his lordship has the
character of carrying himself with a very lofty mien, yet
was not proud, nor much beloved nor hated by the people.
But it is no wonder if the earl of Portland was not acceptable to the English nation. His lordship had been for ten
years entirely trusted by the king, was his chief favourite
and bosom-friend, and the favourites of kings are seldom
favourites of the people, and it must be owned king William was immoderately lavish to those he personally loved.
But as long as history has not charged his memory with
failings that might deservedly render him obnoxious to the
public, there can be no partiality in attributing this nobleman’s unpopularity partly to the above reasons, and partly
to his being a foreigner, for which he suffered not a little
from the envy and malice of his enemies, in their speeches,
libels, &c. of which there were some levelled as well
against the king as against his lordship. The same avereion, however, to foreign favourites, soon after shewed itself
against lord Albemarle, who, as he grew into power and
favour, like lord Portland, began to be looked upon with
the same jealousy; and when the king gave him the order
of the garter, in the year 1700, we are told it was generally disliked, and his majesty, to make it pass the better,
at the same time conferred the like honour on Jord Pembroke (an English nobleman of illustrious birth). Yet it
was observed, that few of the nobility graced the ceremony
of their installation with their presence, and that many
severe reflections were then made on his majesty, for giving the garter to his favourite. The king had for a long
time given the earl of Portland the entire and absolute government of Scotland; and his lordship was also employed,
in the year 1698, in the new negociation set on foot for
the succession of the Crown of Spain, called by the name
of the partition treaty > the intention of which being frustrated by the treachery of the French king, the treaty itself fell under severe censure, and was looked upon as a
fatal slip in the politics of that reign; and lord Portland
was impeached by the house of commons, in the year
1700, for advising and transacting it, as were also the
other lords concerned with him in it. This same year,
lord Portland was a second time attacked, together with
lord Albemarle, by the house of commons, when the affair of the disposal of the forfeited estates in Ireland was
under their consideration; it appearing upon inquiry, that
the king had, among many other grants, made one to lord
Woodstock (the earl of Portland’s son) of 135,820 acres of
land, and to lord Albemarle two grants, of 108,633 acres
in possession and reversion; the parliament came to a resolution to resume these grants; and also resolved, that
the advising and passing them was highly reflecting on the
king’s honour; and that the officers and instruments concerned in the procuring and passing those grants, had
highly failed in the performance of their trust and duty;
and also, that the procuring or passing exorbitant grants,
by any member now of the privy-council, or by any other
that had been a privy -counsellor, in this, or any former
reign, to his use or benefit, was a high crime and misdemeanour. To carry their resentment still farther, the
commons, immediately impeached the earls of Portland and
Albemarle, for procuring for themselves exorbitant grants.
This impeachment, however, did not succeed, and then
the commons voted an address to his majesty, that no person who was not a native of his dominions, excepting his
royal highness prince George of Denmark, should be admitted to his majesty’s councils in England or Ireland, but
this was evaded by the king’s going the very next day to
the house of lords, passing the bills that were ready, and
putting an end to the session. The partition treaty was
the last public transaction we find lord Portland engaged
in, the next year after his impeachment, 1701, having
put a period to the life of his royal and munificent master,
king William III.; but not without having shewn, even in
his last moments, that his esteem and affection for lord
Portland ended but with his life: for when his majesty
was just expiring, he asked, though with a faint voice, for
the earl of Portland, but before his lordship could come,
the king’s voice quite failed him. The earl, however,
placing his ear as near his majesty’s mouth as could be, his
lips were observed to move, but without strength to express his mind to his lordship; but, as the last testimony
of the cordial affection he bore him, he took him by the
hand, and carried it to his heart with great tenderness,
and expired soon after. His lordship had before been a
witness to, and signed his majesty’s last will and testament,
made at the Hague in 1695; and it is said, that king
William, the winter before he died, told lord Portland, as
they were walking together in the garden at Hampton
court, that he found his health declining very fast, and
that he could not live another summer, but charged his
lordship not to mention this till after his majesty’s death.
We are told, that at the time of the king’s death, lord
Portland was keeper of Windsor great park, and was displaced upon queen Anne’s accession to the throne: we are
not, however, made acquainted with the time when his
lordship became first possessed of that post. After king
William’s death, the earl did not, at least openly, concern
himself with public affairs, but betook himself to a retired
life, in a most exemplary way, at his seat at Bulstrode in
the county of Bucks, where he erected and plentifully
endowed a free-school; and did many other charities.
His lordship had an admirable taste for gardening, and
took great delight in improving and beautifying his own
gardens, which he made very elegant and curious. At
length, being taken ill of a pleurisy and malignant fever,
after about a week’s illness he died, November 23, 1709,
in the sixty-first year of his age, leaving behind him a very
plentiful fortune, being at that time reputed one of the
richest subjects in Europe. His corpse being conveyed to
London, was, on the third of December, carried with,
great funeral pomp, from his house in St. James’s square
to Westminster-abbey, and there interred in the vault
under the east window of Henry the Seventh’s chapel.
ad into several languages. On the 2d of October, 1692, he was installed a prebendary of Worcester by bishop Stillingfleet. Upon the death of Mr. Justel, Mr. Bentley was
On the 4th of July, 1.689, being already M.A. in the
university of Cambridge, he was incorporated as such in
the university of Oxford, in Wadham college, and is mentioned by Anthony Wood (though then but a young man, a good deal under thirty) as a genius that was promising,
and to whom the world was likely to be obliged, for his future studies and productions. In 1691 he published a Latin epistle to John Mill, D.D. containing some critical
observations relating to Johannes Malala, Greek historiographer, published at the end of that author, at Oxon, in
1691, in a large 8vo. This was the first piece that our
author published. Nor was religion less indebted to him
than learning, for in 1691-2, he had the honour to be
selected as the first person to preach at Boyle’s lectures
(founded by that honourable gentleman, to assert and vindicate the great fundamentals of natural and revealed religion), upon which occasion he successfully applied sir Isaac
Newton’s “Principia Mathematica,
” to demonstrate the
being of God, and altogether silenced the Atheists, who, in
this country, have since that time, for the most part, sheltered themselves under Deism. The subject of his discourses was the folly of atheism, even with respect to the
present life, and that matter and motion cannot think; or a
confutation of atheism from the faculties of the soul, from
the structure and origin of human bodies, and the origin
and trame of the world itself; and though he was bnt
young, and even only in deacon’s orders, he laid the basis
and foundation upon which all the successors to that worthy
office have since built. Though this was a task of great
extent, and no small difficulty, yet Mr. Bentley acquitted
himself with so much reputation, that the trustees not only
publicly thanked him for them, but did moreover, by especial command and desire, prevail upon him to make the
said discourses public, upon which he gave the world a volume, 1693, 4to, containing eight sermons, which have not
only undergone a number of editions, but have been translated abroad into several languages. On the 2d of October, 1692, he was installed a prebendary of Worcester by
bishop Stillingfleet. Upon the death of Mr. Justel, Mr.
Bentley was immediately thought upon to succeed him, as
keeper of the royal library at St. James’s; and accordingly,
a few months after his decease, he had a warrant made out
for that place, from the secretary’s office, December 23,
1693, and had his patent for the same in April following.
Soon after he was nominated to that office, before his patent was signed, by his care and diligence he procured no
less than a thousand volumes of one sort or other, which
had been neglected to be brought to the library, according
to the act of parliament then subsisting, which prescribed
that one copy of every book printed in England, should
be brought and lodged in this library, and one in each
university library. It was about this time and upon this
occasion of his being made library-keeper, that the famous
dispute between him and the honourable Mr. Boyle, whether the epistles of Phalaris were genuine or riot, in some
measure, at first took rise, which gave occasion to so maiw
books and pamphlets, and has made so much noise in the
world. This controversy upon a point of learning, in itself
not very entertaining, was managed with a wit and humour
which rendered it interesting to the public. The world
was at that time a little biassed in favour of the production
of the young nobleman, at least as to the genteel raillery
of his pieces; for as to the dispute itself, viz. the genuineness of the Epistles of Phalaris, the best judge^s almost universally now give the preference to Dr. Bentley; nor does
he much, if at all, fall short of Mr. Boyle, in throwing a deal
of life and spirit into the controversy, particularly in his
answer to Mr. Boyle, which is interspersed, as well as Mr.
Boyle’s piece, with abundance of wit and humour, and is,
upon the whole, reckoned much the best book. When, in
1696, he was admitted to his degree of D. D. he preached,
on the day of the public commencement, from 1 Peter iii.
15. “Be ready always to give an answer to every man
that asketh you a reason of the hope that is in you.
”
About this time the university entered upon a design of
publishing some editions, in 4to, of some classic authors,
for the use of the duke of Gloucester. Dr. Bentley, who
was consulted upon the occasion, advised Laughton, to
whose care the edition of Virgil was committed, to follow
Heinsius very close, but his advice was not complied
with. Terence was published by Leng, Horace byTalbot,
and Catullus, Tibnllus, and Propertius, by Mr. Annesley,
afterwards earl of Anglesey. Dr. Bentley procurecUfrom
Holland the types with which these books were printed.
At the express desire of his friend Mr. Graevius, he published his “Animadversions and remarks on the poet Callimachus,
” making, at the same time, a collection of some
scattered pieces or fragments of that author. These he
finished and sent over to Mr. Grarmus, towards the latter
end of his dispute with Mr. Boyle, and Mr. Graevius published them abroad in 1697. in 1700, upon the death of
Dr. Montague, he was by the crown presented to the mastership of Trinity-college, Cambridge, which is reckoned
worth near 1000l. per annum, upon obtaining which preferment he resigned his prebend of Worcester; but June
12, 1701, on Dr. Say well’s death, he was collated archdeacon of Ely. What next employed his critical genius
were the two first comedies of Aristophanes. Upon these
he made some curious annotations, which were published at
Amsterdam in 1710; as was much about the same time, at
Rheims, his emendations, &c. on the fragments of
Menancler and Philemon, in the feigned name of “Philcleutherus
Lipsiensis.
” Under this character he appeared again, in
The odes and epodes of Horace
in Latin and English, with a translation of Dr. Bentley’s
notes. To which are added notes upon notes, done in the
Bentleian style and manner.
” In the preface they “humbly hope that the reader will encourage the following
essays, upon several accounts. First, as they are designed
to shew him the best author of Augustus’s age in his native
purity. Secondly, to give him a further proof how far all
attempts to render him into English, even after the best
version now extant has succeeded no better, must fall short
of the original. Thirdly, to convince him how ridiculous
it is to presume to correct Horace without authority, upon
the pretended strength of superior judgment in poetry.
And lastly, how easily such a presumption may be turned
upon the authors, and sufficiently expose them in their
own way.
” This last paragraph seems indeed to express
the greatest part of the design of this work, which is executed with a great deal of spirit and humour. On the 5th
of November, 1715, the doctor preached a sermon before
the university against popery, on which somebody soon
after published remarks, which occasioned Dr, Bentley’s
answer, entitled “Reflections on the scandalous aspersions
cast on the Clergy, by the author of the Remarks on Dr.
Bentley’s Sermon on Popery, &c.
” This was printed in
The time, manner, and
other circumstances of these proposals,
” says he, “make
it but too evident, that they were hastened out to serve
quite different ends than those of common Christianity;
and I think it my duty to obviate, as far as I am able, the
influence they might have on some, whom big words, and
bold attempts, are apt to lead implicitly into an high opinion and admiration of the merit and abilities of the undertaker.
” Dr. Middleton then proceeds to criticise, paragraph by paragraph, Dr. Bentley’s proposals. Soon after
these Remarks, paragraph by paragraph, the Proposals
appeared, with a pamphlet entitled “A full answer to all
the Remarks of a late pamphleteer, by a member of Trinity
college, Cambridge,
” Remarks, &c. containing a full answer to the editor’s late defence -of his
Proposals, as well as all his objections there made against
my former remarks, by Conyers Middleton, D. D.
” As
also, an anonymous letter to the reverend master of Trinity
college, Cambridge, editor of a new Greek Testament.
We also find, under the Catalogue of the doctor’s works in
the Bibliotheca Bodleiana,-much about this time, another
publication, somewhat analogous, and relating to this affair,
viz. “An enquiry into the authority of the primitive Complutensian edition of the New Testament, in a letter to
archdeacon Bentley,
” that some noise should be made
in the world in his favour, to support his declining character by something great and popular, to recover esteem and
applause to himself, and throw an odium and contempt
upon his prosecutors, &c.
” In 1725, at a public commencement on the 6th of July, the doctor made an elegant
Latin speech, on creating seven doctors of divinity, in
which, at the several periods, by little notes below, is set
forth the whole form of the creation of a doctor of divinity.
This piece is usually joined to his edition of Terence and
Phsedrus: at least it is added to the Amsterdam edition of
them in 1727, a very neat edition, corrected for the press by
the doctor. To these notes on Terence, he has also added
those of the learned Gabriel Faernius, and taken great
pains in amending and correcting the author, not only from
those ancient manuscripts which Gabriel Faernius had procured, but also from whatever manuscripts the royal library, those of Cambridge, or any of his friends, could
afford; some of which, he assures us, were of great antiquity, and at least next, and very little inferior, to those of
Faernius, the orthography of which, as the most ancient
manuscript, he altogether follows. He has likewise altered the text in abundance of places, and assigns in the
notes the reason for such alteration. Then follows the
Schediasma of the metre and accents of Terence, by which
the doctor proves that Terence is written all in Verse.
This, however', was a matter of some controversy betw-een
the learned bishop Hare and our author; and during the
warmth of the debate. Will. Whiston remarked how intolerable it was, that while Grotius, Newton, and Locke, all
laymen, were employing their talents on sacred studies, such
clergymen as Dr. Bentley and bishop Hare were fighting
about a play-book. About 1732, the doctor published his
Milton’s “Paradise Lost,
” when he was, as he says in his
preface, about seventy years old. This is a very elegant
and beautiful edition of that poem, but cannot be said to
have contributed much to the editor’s deputation. Dr.
Bentley tells us, that he had prepared a new edition of the
poet Manillas for the press, which he would have published,
had not the clearness of paper, and the want of good types,
and some other occasions, hindered him. He had also
some design of publishing an edition of Hesychius, as we
find by Mr. Graevius’s letter to him, and assured Dr. Mill,
he could, if he pleased, correct five thousand faults in that
author. His emendations on the Tusculan Questions of
Cicero are adjoined to Mr. Davis’s edition of that author.
From this produce of his studious, we must now pass to
that of his more active, life, in the memorable complaints
of rrial -administration urged against him by the college,
which were the occasion of a long suit, whether the Crown‘
or the bishop of Ely was general visitor. A party in the
college, displeased at some of his regulations, began to
talk of the fortieth statute, de Magistri (si res exigat)
Amotionc, and meditated a complaint to the bishop of Ely.
The master hearing this, went to bishop Patrick, then at
Ely, who told him, he had never heard before, that, as
bishop of Ely, he had any thing to do in the royal college
of Trinity; called his secretary to him, and bid him seek
if there was any precedent for it in the bishop’s archives;
but not one was found, nor so much as a copy of Trinity
college statutes. Upon that, the doctor lent him one; and
during that bishop’s time the matter was dropped. But in
his successor Dr. Moore’s time, the party were encouraged to apply to the bishop, in 1709, and avast number
of articles about dilapidations, but not one of immorality,
bribery, or fraud, were exhibited against the master.
These were, however, the subject of many pamphlets on
both sides. His lordship received the charge, intending
to proceed upon it, which he conceived himself sufficiently
authorised to do, and required Dr. Bentley’ s answer, which
he declined for some time to give, pleading want of form
in the charge; because other members of the college,
besides the seniors, had joined in the accusation, and the seniors themselves, as he alleged, had never yet admonished
him; from whence he inferred, that all proceedings on
such a charge, and whatsoever should follow on the same
foot, would be ipso facto null and void. The bishop, however, did not, it seems, think this plea to be material; for
he insisted upon Dr. Bentley’s answer to the charge; who,
upon that, began to question what authority his lordship had over him; and, by a petition presented to queen
Anne, prayed “that her majesty would take him and the
college into her protection, against the bishop’s pretensions, and maintain her sole power and jurisdiction
over her royal foundation, and the masters thereof.
”
This petition was referred to the then attorney and solicitor-general, and they were ordered fully to consider the
matter, and report their opinions. Notice was given at
the same time to the bishop, that her majesty having taken
this affair into her cognizance, his lordship was to stay
proceedings till the queen’s pleasure was farther known.
Mr. attorney and solicitor-general took some time to consider; and were of opinion, the bishop had power over the
master. But this report not proving satisfactory to some
persons then in administration, a letter was brought to the
bishop from Mr. secretary St. John, dated 18th June, 1711,
acquainting him, “that the matter of the petition of Dr.
Richard Bentley, master of Trinity-college in Cambridge,
together with the report of Mr. attorney and Mr. solicitorgeneral, being then before the queen, and ordered to be
taken into consideration by my lord keeper, assisted by
her majesty’s counsel learned in the law, her majesty
thought it to be a business of such weight and consequence,
that she had commanded him (the secretary) to signify her
pleasure to his lordship, that he should stop all further
proceedings, according to her majesty’s direction.
” But
the master seeing that all discipline and studies would be
lost in the college, if that controversy were not one way
or other decided, requested of the ministry that he might
be permitted to take his trial under any visitor the queen
should appoint; or if none could be so appointed, that he
might have leave, salvo jure regio, to be voluntarily tried
under the bishop. Upon this the inhibition was taken off
by Mr. secretary St. John, by order of the queen, signifying, “that his lordship was at liberty to proceed, so far as
by the law he might.
” But his lordship did not think fit to
proceed, till he was served uith a rule of court from the
king’s-bench, in Easter-term 1714, to shew cause why a
writ of mandamus should not issue out against him. The
bishop, being then at Ely, was applied to by joint messengers on both sides, to go to the college, where he might
have ended the matter in two days. But this was not
thought so proper, and Ely-house at London was pitched
on, where, instead of two days, the trial lasted at least six
weeks, and the college paid a thousand pounds for it;
three learned lawyers, who could know but very little of
the matter, being admitted on each side, to make eloquent
harangues, answers, and replies, upon questions arisingfrom above fifty articles, in which there was scarcely any
thing material that might not easily be determined upon a
bare inspection of the college statutes, registers, and books
of accounts. The trial being ended, and the cause ripe
for sentence, the bishop’s death prevented his giving judgment. Thus the matter dropped for the present; but was
afterwards revived in 1728, when new articles of complaint
against Dr. Bentley, charging him with having in many
instances made great waste of the college revenue, and
violated the statutes, all founded on the 40th of Elizabeth,
were again exhibited to the bishop of Ely, as specially authorised and appointed to receive the same, and to proceed thereupon; though the matter had been long before
decided in favour of the crown, as having the general visitatorial power. Upon this, a petition was subscribed by
the college, and presented to his majesty under the common-seal, the 10th of August 1728, and the cause carried
before the king in council for the college itself now engaged as party in the cause against the bishop, and above
fifteen hundred pounds out of the revenues of the college,
were spent in carrying it on. This being referred to a
committee of his majesty’s most honourable privy-council,
Dr. Fleetwood, the lord bishop of Ely, on the 2nd of November, 1728, also presented a petition to his majesty, to
be heard touching his right, which was likewise referred
to the said committee. The lords committee, just before
the clay appointed for a hearing, viz. March 13, 1728, had
a printed pamphlet put into their hands, entitled, “The
Case of Trinity-college; whether the Crown or the Bishop
of Ely be General Visitor;
” at the end of which, as well
as in their petition, the college applied to the king, to take
the visitatorial power (as by the opinion of council he might with their consent) into his own hands, that they might b0
only visited by the crown, but not with a view or intent of
avoiding a visitation or inquiry into the state of the society,
for which they were very pressing, both in their petition,
and at the end of this pamphlet. On the fifteenth the cause
came on before the lords of the committee of privy-council,
but was from thence referred to the king’s bench, where
the May following it was tried by way of prohibition, and
after a long pleading, the judges unanimously determined
it in favour of the bishop, as to his visitatorial power over
the doctor; and the June following, the fellows exhibited
their articles of complaint against him before the bishop of
Ely, his lordship having two assistants, viz. sir Henry Penrice, and Dr. Bettesworth. But it being urged, that the
bishop was going to exercise a general visitatorial power,
another petition was preferred to his majesty and council,
by the master and fellows, and a farther hearing appointed
in the cause, in the court of king’s bench, in November,
1729, &c. and in November, 1731, we find the cause had
gone against the bishop of Ely, by his taking out a writ of
error, for carrying the' cause by appeal into the house of
lords. The crown, however, at last, to put an end to the
dispute and disturbance, (as fully impowered to do) took
both college and master, according to their petition, into
its own jurisdiction and visitation, and here the matter
ended.
bination of certain wits and poets against Dr. Bentley, but to personal resentment. We are told that bishop Atterbury having Bentley and Pope both at dinner with him, insisted
The life of this eminent scholar and critic, as given in
the Biographia Britannica, although professedly corrected
from the first edition of that work, remains a confused collection of materials, from which we have found it difficult
to form anything like a regular sketch. Few names were
more familiar to the scholar and the wit in the first
three reigns of the eighteenth century, than that of Bentley, but no approach has yet been made to a regular and
impartial narrative of his life. This is the more to be regretted, because he occupied a large space of the literary
world, and was connected by friendship or controversy
with some of the most eminent writers of his age, both at
home and abroad. It has been justly observed, that when
we consider the great abilities and uncommon eruvlition of
Dr. Bentley, it reflects some disgrace on our country, that
even his literary reputation should so long be treated with
contempt, that he should be represented as a mere verbal
critic, and as a pedant without genius. The unjust light
in which he was placed, was not entirely owing to the able
men who opposed him in the Boylean controversy. It
arose, perhaps, principally from the poets engaging on
the same side of the question, and making him the object
of their satire and ridicule. The “slashing Bentley
” of
Pope will be remembered and repeated by thousands who
know nothing of the doctor’s real merit. Perhaps it may
be found that this asperity of Mr. Pope was not entirely
owing to the combination of certain wits and poets against
Dr. Bentley, but to personal resentment. We are told
that bishop Atterbury having Bentley and Pope both at
dinner with him, insisted on knowing what opinion the
doctor entertained of the English Homer; he for some
time eluded the question, but, at last, being urged to
speak out, he said: “The verses are good verses; but the
work is not Homer, it is Spondanus.
”
lebrated pastoral (first published in the Spectator), married the rev. Denison Cumberland, afterward bishop of Kilmore, in Ireland, and father, by this lady, of Richard
Dr. Bentley married a daughter of sir John Bernard, of Branapton, in Huntingdonshire, by whom he had one son, Richard, of whom in the next article, and two daughters, Elizabeth and Joanna. Elizabeth first married Humphrey Ridge, esq. and after his decease the rev. Dr, Favell, rector of Witton, near Huntingdon. Joanna, the Phebe of Dr. Byron’s celebrated pastoral (first published in the Spectator), married the rev. Denison Cumberland, afterward bishop of Kilmore, in Ireland, and father, by this lady, of Richard Cumberland, esq. the late dramatic and miscellaneous writer.
rder, until eighteen years afterwards. He had already published a funeral oration on Louis Ancajani, bishop of Spoleto, 1743, and a species of oratorio, to be set to music,
, an Italian Jesuit, physician,
and mathematician of considerable eminence, was born at
Leghorn, Feb. 8, 1716. He began his noviciate among
the Jesuits at the age of sixteen, but did not take the four
vows, according to the statutes of that order, until eighteen
years afterwards. He had already published a funeral oration on Louis Ancajani, bishop of Spoleto, 1743, and a
species of oratorio, to be set to music, entitled “Cristo
presentato al tempio,
” but it was neither as an orator or
poet that he was destined to shine. He became professor
of philosophy at Fermo, and when father Boscovich was
obliged to leave Rome to complete the chorographical
chart of the papal state, which he published some years
afterwards, Benvenuti succeeded him in the mathematical chair of the Roman college, and also resumed his lectures on philosophy in the same college. His first scientific
work was an Italian translation of Clairaut’s Geometry,
Rome, 1751, 8vo and he afterwards published two works,
which gained him much reputation: 1. “Synopsis Physics
generalis,
” a thesis maintained by one of his disciples,
the marquis de Castagnaga, on Benvenuti’s principles,
which were those of sir Isaac Newton, Rome, 1754, 4to.
2. “De Lumine dissertatio physica,
” another thesis maintained by the marquis, ibid. Riflessioni sur Gesuitismo,
” Irrefiessioni sur Gesuitismo
” but this answer gave so much
offence, that he was obliged to leave Rome and retire into
Poland, where he was kindly received by the king, and
became a favourite at his court. He died at Warsaw, in
September, 1789.