ummoned Luther to appear before the court of Rome. Permission was, however, granted for the cardinal of Gaeta to hear his defence at Augsburg. Nothing satisfactory
was a pontiff whose history is so connected with
that of literature and the reformation, that more notice
of him becomes necessary than we usually allot to his
brethren, although scarce any abridgment of his life will
be thought satisfactory, after the very luminous and interesting work of Mr. Roscoe. Leo was born at Florence
in December 1475, the second son of Lorenzo de Medici,
the Magnificent, and was christened John. Being originally destined by his father for the church, he was prorooted before he knew what it meant, received the tonsure
at the age of seven years, two rich abbacies, and before
he ceased to he a boy, received other preferments to the
number of twenty-nine, and thus early imbibed a taste for
aggrandizement which never left him. Upon the accession of Innocent VIII. to the pontificate, John, then thirteen years of age only, was nominated to the dignity of
cardinal. Having now secured his promotion, his father
began to think of his education, and when he was nominated to the cardinalate, it was made a condition that he
should spend three years at the university of Pisa, in professional studies, before he was invested formally with the
purple. In 145>2 this solemn act took place, and he immediately went to reside at Rome as one of the sacred
college. His father soon after died, and was succeeded
in his honours in the Florentine republic by his eldest son
Peter. The young cardinal’s opposition to the election of
pope Alexander VI. rendered it expedient for him to withdraw to Florence, and at the invasion of Italy by Charles
VIII. he and the whole family were obliged to take refuge
in Bologna. About 1500 he again fixed his residence at
Rome, where he resided during the remainder of Alexander’s pontificate, and likewise in the early part of that of
Julius II. cultivating polite literature, and the pleasures of
elegant society, and indulging his taste for the fine arts,
for music, and the chase, to which latter amusement he
was much addicted. In 1505 he began to take an active
part in public affairs, and was appointed by Julius to the
government of Perugia. By his firm adherence to the
interest of the pope, the cardinal acquired the most unlimited confidence of his holiness, and was entrusted with
the supreme direction of the papal army in the Holj
League against the French in 1511, with the title of legate of Bologna. At the bloody battle of Ravenna, in
1512, he was made prisoner, and wos conveyed to Milan,
but afterwards effected his escape. About this time he
contributed to the restoration of his family at Florence, by
overthrowing the popular “constitution of that republic,
and there he remained until the death of Julius II. in 1513,
when he was elected pope in his stead, in the thirty-eighth
year of his age. He assumed the name of Leo X. and
ascended the throne with greater manifestations of goodwill, both from Italians and foreigners, than most of his
predecessors had enjoyed. One of his first acts was to interpose in favour of some conspirators against the house of
Medici, at Florence, and he treated with great kindness
the family of Sodorini, which had long been at the head
of the opposite party in that republic. He exhibited his
taste for literature by the appointment of two of the most
elegant scholars of the age, Bembo and Sadoleti, to the
ffice of papal secretaries. With regard to foreign politics,
he pursued the system of his predecessor, in attempting
to free Italy from the dominion of foreign powers: and
in order to counteract the antipapal council of Pisa, which
was assembled at Lyons, he renewed the meetings of
the council of Lateran, which Julius II. had begun, and
he had the good fortune to terminate a division which
threatened a schism in the church. Lewis XII. who had
incurred ecclesiastical censure, made a formal submission,
and received absolution. Having secured external tranquillity, Leo did not delay to consult the interests of literature by an ample patronage of learned studies. He restored to its former splendour the Roman gymnasium or
university, which he effected by new grants of its revenues
and privileges, and by filling its professorships with eminent
men invited from all quarters. The study of the Greek
language was a very particular object of his encouragement. Under the direction of Lascaris a college of noble
Grecian youths was founded at Rome for the purpose of
editing Greek authors; and a Greek press was established
in that city. Public notice was circulated throughout Europe, that all persons who possessed Mss. of ancient authors would be liberally rewarded on bringing or sending
them to the pope. Leo founded the first professorship in
Italy of the Syriac and Chaldaic languages in the university
of Bologna. With regard to the politics of the times, the
pope had two leading objects in view, viz. the maintenance
of that balance of power which might protect Italy from
the over-bearing influence of any foreign potentate; and
the aggrandizement of the house of Medici. When Francis I. succeeded to the throne of France, it was soon apparent that there would necessarily be a new war in the
north of Italy.' Leo attempted to remain neuter, winch.
being found to be impracticable, he joined the emperor,
the Swiss, and other sovereigns against the French king
and the state of Venice. The rapid successes of the French
arms soon brought him to hesitate, and after the Swiss
army had been defeated, the pope thought it expedient to
abandon his allies, and form an union with the king of
France. These two sovereigns, in the close of 1515, had
an interview at Bologna, when the famous Pragmatic
Sanction was abolished, and a concordat established in it
stead. The death of Leo’s brother left his nephew Lorenzo the principal object of that passion for aggrandizing
his family, which this pontiff felt full as strongly as any
one of his predecessors, and to gratify which he scrupled
no acts of injustice and tyranny. In 1516 he issued a monitory against the duke of Urbino, and upon his non-appearance, an excommunication, and then seized his whole
territory, with which, together with the ducal title, he
invested his nephew. In the same year a general pacification took place, though all the efforts of the pope were
made to prevent it. In 1517 the expelled duke of Urbino
collected an army, and, by rapid movements, completely
regained his capital and dominions. Leo, excessively chagrined at this event, would gladly have engaged a crusade
of all Christian princes against him. By an application,
which nothing could justify, of the treasures of the church,
he raised a considerable army, under the command of his
nephew, and compelled the duke to resign his dominion,
upon what were called honourable terms. The violation of
the safe conduct, granted by Lorenzo to the duke’s secretary, who was seized at Rome, and put to torture, in order
to oblige him to reveal his master’s secrets, imprints on the
memory of Leo X. an indelible stain. In the same year
his life was endangered by a conspiracy formed against
him, in which the chief actor was cardinal Petrucci. The
plan failed, and the cardinal, being decoyed to Rome,
from whence he had escaped, was put to dt-ath; and his
agents, as many as were discovered, were executed with
horrid tortures. The conduct of Leo on this occasion was
little honourable to his fortitude or clemency, and it was
believed that several persons suffered as guilty who were
wholly innocent of the crimes laid to their charge. To
secure himself for the future, the pope, by a great stretch
of his high authority, created in one day thirty-one nevr
cardinals, many of them his relations and friends, who had
not even risen in the.church to the dignity of. the episcopal
office; but many persons also, who, from their talents and
virtues, were well worthy of his choice. He bestowed
upon them rich benefices and preferments, as well in the
remote parts of Christendom, as in Italy, and thus formed
a numerous and splendid court attached to his person, and
adding to the pomp and grandeur of the capital. During
the pontificate of Leo X. the reformation under Luther
took its rise, humanly speaking, from the following circumstances. The unbounded profusion of this pope had rendered it necessary to devise means for replenishing his exhausted treasury; and one of those which occurred was the
sale of indulgences, which were sold in Germany with
such ridiculous parade of their efficacy, as to rouse the
spirit of Luther, who warmly protested against this abuse
in his discourses, and in a letter addressed to the elector
of Mentz. He likewise published a set of propositions, in
which he called in question the authority of the pope to
remit sins, and made some very severe strictures on this
method of raising money. His remonstrances produced
considerable effect, and several of his cloth undertook to
refute him. Leo probably regarded theological quarrels
with contempt, and from his pontifical throne looked down
upon the efforts of a German doctor with scorn; even
when his interference was deemed necessary, he was inclined to lenient measures. At length, at the express desire of the emperor Maximilian, he summoned Luther to
appear before the court of Rome. Permission was, however, granted for the cardinal of Gaeta to hear his defence at
Augsburg. Nothing satisfactory was determined, and the
pope, in 1518, published a bull, asserting his authority to
grant indulgences, which would avail both the living, and
the dead in purgatory. Upon this, the reformer appealed
to a general council, and thus open war was declared, in
which the abettors of Luther appeared with a strength
little calculated upon by the court of Rome. The sentiments of the Christian world were not at all favourable to
that court.
” The scandal,“says the biographer,
” incurred by the infamy of Alexander VI., and the violence
of Julius II., was not much alleviated in the reign of a
pontiff who was characterized by an inordinate love of
pomp and pleasure, and whose classical taste even caused
him to be regarded by many as more of a heathen than a
Christian."
, of Gaeta, born in 1550, was educated in the school of del Conte.
, of Gaeta, born in 1550, was educated in the school of del Conte. Though he died young, he left a great name for excellence in portraitpainting. He made numbers for the popes and the nobility of his time, with a power which acquired him the name of the Roman Vandyck; but he is more elaborate, or what the Italians call ‘leccato,’ and preluded to the style of Seybolt in the extreme finish of hair, and the representation of windows and other objects in the pupil of the eyes. His historic subjects partake of the same minute attention: such is his Crucifix in the Vallicella, and the Assumption in St. Silvestro, on Monte Cavallo; a work of correct design, graceful tints, and sweet effect. The Borghese palace, and the gallery at Florence, possess two paintings of his. His cabinet pictures are as scarce as precious. He died in 1588, in the thirty-eighth year of his age.