, the greatest astronomer perhaps that any age has produced, was born
, the greatest astronomer perhaps that
any age has produced, was born at Wiel in the dutchy of
Wirtemberg, Dec. 27, 1571. His father, Henry Kepler,
was descended from a family which had raised themselves
under the emperors by their military services, and was
himself an officer of rank in the army; but afterwards, experiencing ill fortune, was obliged to sell all he had, and
support himself and his family by keeping a public-house.
He died in 1590, and' left his son John without provision.
His education had be^n therefore neglected, but, by the
favour of his prince, he was enabled to enter upon his
studies in philosophy at Tubingen, immediately upon his
father’s death, and, two years after, pursued the mathematics in the same university, under the famous Michael
Maestlinus, an astronomer of eminence, and of the Copernican school, but at this time Kepler informs us he had. no
particular predilection for astronomy. His passion was rather for studies more fluttering to the ambition of a youthful mind; and when his prince selected him, in 1591, to
fill the vacant astronomical chair, it was purely from deference to his authority, and the persuasions of Masstlinu,
who had high expectations from his talents, that he reluctantly accepted of the office. He appears to have thought
it unsuitable to his pretensions; and the state of astronomy
was besides so low, uncertain, and in many respects visionary, that he had no hope of attaining to eminence in it.
But what he undertook with reluctance, and as a temporary provision conferred on a dependant by his prince,
soon engaged his ardour, and engrossed almost his whole
attention. The first fruit? of his application to astronomical studies appeared in his “Mysterium Cosmographicum,
”
published about two years after his settlement in Gratz;
and hasty and juvenile as this production was, it displayed
so many marks of genius, and such indefatigable patience
in the toil of calculation, that on presenting it to Tycho
Brahe, it procured him the esteem of that illustrious astronomer, and even excited his anxiety for the proper direction of talents go uncommon. Accordingly, not contented
with exhorting Kepler to prefer the road of observation to
the more uncertain one of theory, Tycho added an invitation to live with him at Uraniburg, where his whole observations should be open to Kepler’s perusal, and those advantages provided for making others, which his situation
at Gratz denied. This after some time was accepted.
In 1597, Kepler entered into the married state, which
at first created him great uneasiness, from a dispute which
arose about his wife’s fortune; and, the year after, he was
banished from Gratz on account of his religion, but afterwards recalled, and restored to his former dignity. However, the growing troubles and confusions of that place
inclined him to think of a residence elsewhere; and he
now determined to accept T. Brahe’s invitation, and accordingly left the university of Gratz, and removed into
Bohemia with his family in 1600. In his journey he was
seized with a quartan ague, which continued seven or eight
months; and prevented his profiting by Tycho’s kindness,
and, what was worse, some petty differences interrupted
their connection. Kepler was offended at Tycho, for refusing some services to his family, which he had occasion
for: he was also dissatisfied with his reserved ness; for,
Tycho did not communicate to him all that he knew; and,
as he died in 1601, he did not give Kepler time to be very
useful to him, or to receive any considerable advantages
from him. Before his death, however, he introduced him
to the emperor Rodolphus at Prague (for, it was upon this condition that Kepler had consented to leave Gratz),
who received him very kindly, and made him his mathematician, upon condition that he should serve Tycho as an
arithmetician. From that time Kepler enjoyed the title of
mathematician to the emperor all his life, and gained more
and more reputation every year by his works. Rodolphus
ordered him to finish the tables begun by Tycho, which
were to be called the “Rodolphine Tables
” and he applied himself very vigorously to this work but such difficulties arose in a short time, partly from the nature
of it, and partly from the delay of the treasurers, that
the tables were not finished and published till 1627.
He complained, that, from 1602 and 1603, he. was looked
upon by the treasurers with a very invidious eye; and
when, in 1609, he had published a noble specimen o/
the work, and the emperor had given orders that, besides
the expence of the edition, he should immediately be
paid the arrears of his pension, which, he said, amounted
to 2000 crowns, and likewise 2000 more; yet, that it was
not till two years after, that the generous orders of Rodolphus, in his favour, were put in execution. He met with
no less discouragement from the financiers under the emperoc Matthias, than under Rodolphus; and therefore,
after struggling with poverty for ten years at Prague, began to think of quitting his quarters again. He was then
fixed at Lints by the emperor Matthias, who appointed
him a salary from the states of Upper Austria, which was
paid for sixteen years. In 1613 he went to the assembly
at Ratisbon, to assist in the reformation of the calendar;
but returned to Lints, where he continued to 1626. In
November of that year, he went to Ulm, in order to publish the “Rodolphine Tables;
” and afterwards, in Ephemerides;
” fot
the first had been published at Lints in