, the most remarkable of this family, was born at Paris in 1715, and
, the most remarkable
of this family, was born at Paris in 1715, and was son of
the preceding Helvetius. He studied under the famous
father Pon'e in the college of Louis the Great, and his
tutor, discovering in his compositions remarkable proofs of
genius, was particularly attentive to his education. An
early association with the wits of his time gave him the
desire to become an author, but his principles unfortunately became tainted with false philosophy. He did not
publish any thing till 1758, when he produced his celebrated book “DeTEsprit,
” which appeared first in one
volume 4to, and afterwards in three volumes, 12mo. This
work was very justly condemned by the parliament of Paris, as confining the faculties of man to animal sensibility,
and removing at once the restraints of vice and the encouragements to virtue. Attacked in various ways at home, on
account of these principles, he visited England in 1764,
and the next year went into Prussia, where he was received with honourable attention by the king. When he
returned into France, he led a retired and domestic life on
his estate at Vore. Attached to his wife and family, and
strongly inclined to benevolence, he lived there more
happily than at Paris, where, as he said, he “was obliged to
encounter the mortifying spectacle of misery that he could
not relieve.
” To Marivaux, and M. Saurin, of the French
academy, he allowed pensions, that, for a private benefactor, were considerable, merely on the score of merit;
which he was anxious to search out and to assist. Yet,
with all this benevolence of disposition, he was strict in
the care of his game, and in the exaction of his feudal
rights. He was maltre-d'hotel to the queen, and, for a
time, a farmer-general, but quitted that lucrative post to
enjoy his studies. When he found that he had bestowed
his bounty upon unworthy persons, or was reproached with
it, he said, “If I was king, I would correct them; but I
am only rich, and they are poor, my business therefore is
to aid them.
” Nature had been kind to Helvetius; she
had given him a fine person, genius, and a constitution
which promised long life. This last, however, he did not
attain, for he was attacked by the gout in his head and stomach, under which complaint he languished some little
time, and died in December 1771. His works were, 1.
the treatise “De l'Esprit,
” “on the Mind,
” already mentioned: of* which various opinions have been entertained,
It certainly is one of those which endeavour to degrade the
nature of man too nearly to that of mere animals; and
even Voltaire, who called the author at one time a true
philosopher, has said that it is filled with common-place
truths, delivered with great parade, but without method,
and disgraced by stories very unworthy of a philosophical
production. The ideas of virtue and vice, according to
this book, depend chiefly upon climate. 2. “Le Bonheur,
” or “Happiness,
” a poem in six cantos; published
after his death, in 1772, with some fragments of epistles.
His poetical style is still more affected than his prose, and
though he produces some fine verses, he is more frequently
stiff and forced. His poem on happiness is a declamation,
in which he makes that great object depend, not on virtue,
but on the cultivation of letters and the arts. 3. “De
l'Homme,
” 2 vols. 8vo, another philosophical work, not
less bold than the first. A favourite paradox, produced in
this book, under a variety of different forms, is, “that all
men are born with equal talents, and owe their genius
solely to education.
” This book is even more dangerous
than that on the mind, because the style is clearer, and the
author writes with less reserve. He* speaks sometimes of
the enemies of what he called philosophy, with an asperity
that ill accords with the general mildness of his character.