, usually called Giraldus Cambrensis, or Girald of Wales, was born at
, usually called Giraldus Cambrensis, or Girald of Wales, was born at the castle of Mainaper, near Pembroke, in 1146. By his mother he was descended from the princes of South Wales and his father,
William Barry, was one of the chief men of that principality. Being a younger brother, and intended for the
cburch, he was sent to St. David’s, and educated in the
family of the bishop of that see, who was his uncle. He
acknowledges in his history of his own life and actions,
that in his early youth he was too negligent and playful;
but his uncle and his masters remonstrated with him so
sharply, that he became diligent, and soon excelled his
school-fellows. When about twenty years of age, he was
sent to the university of Paris, where he continued for
three years, acquiring great fame by his skill in rhetoric,
and on his return he entered into holy orders, and obtained several benefices in England and Wales. Finding
that the Welch were very reluctant in paying tidies of
wool and cheese, he applied to Richard, archbishop of
Canterburv, and was appointed his legate in Wales for
rectifying that disorder, and for other purposes. He
executed this commission with great spirit, excommunicating
all without distinction, who neglected to pay. He also
informed against the old archdeacon of Brechin for being
married, and procured him to be deprived of his archdeaconry, which was bestowed on this officious legate. In
otherwise discharging the duties of this new office, he
acted with great vigour, which involved him in many quarXels; but, according to his own account, he was always in
the right, and always victorious. On his uncle’s death,
he was elected by the chapter of St. David’s, bishop of
that see, but he declined accepting it, owing to the informality of not applying to the king for his licence, although
in reality he knew that the king, Henry II. would never
have confirmed such an election, and did in fact express
his displeasure at it, in consequence of which another person was chosen. Girald, however, was not reconciled to
the disappointment, and determined to get rid of his chagrin by travelling, and studying for some time longer at
Paris. Here he pursued the civil and canon law, and with
his usual vanity he boasts what a prodigious fame he acquired, especially in the knowledge of papal constitutions,
or decretals, as they are called. In 1179, he was elected
professor of the canon law in the university of Paris; but
rejected the honour, expecting more solid advantages in
his own country. In 1180, he returned home through
Flanders and England, and in his way stopped at Canterbury, where he emphatically describes (what may be well allowed him) the great luxury of the monks of that place.
At length he got home, where he found the whole country
in a flame, the canons and archdeacons of Menevia having
joined with the inhabitants in driving out the bishop of
that see, the administration of which was committed to our
author, by the archbishop of Canterbury. Under this authority he governed the see of St. David’s for three or four
years, and made wonderful reformations in it. The abdicated bishop, whose name was Peter, did not acquiesce in
the conduct of his clergy, but by letters suspended and
excommunicated the canons and archdeacons, uncited and
unheard: and at length, Girald, not having power to redress them, resigned his charge to the archbishop, who
absolved the excommunicated. Bishop Peter imputed his
disgrace, or at least the continuance of it, to Girald; great
contests arose, and appeals were made to Rome: but at
length they were reconciled, and the bishop restored.
About the year 1184, king Henry II. invited Girald to
court, and made him his chaplain, and at times he attended the king for several years, and was very useful to
him in keeping matters quiet in Wales’. Yet though the
king approved of his services, and in private often coinmended his prudence and fidelity, he never could be
prevailed on to promote him to any ecclesiastical benefices, on account of the relation he bore to prince Rhees,
and other grandees of Wales. In 1185, the king sent him
to Ireland with his son John, in quality of secretary and
privy-counsellor to the young prince: but the expedition
did not meet with success, because earl John made use
only of youthful counsels, and shewed no favour to the
old adventurers, who were men experienced in the affairs
of Ireland. While Girald thus employed himself in Ireland, the two bishoprics of Ferns and Leighlin fell vacant, which earl John offered to unite, and confer on him;
but he rejected the promotion, and employed himself in
collecting materials for writing his Topography and history
of the conquest of Ireland, which he compiled and published a few years after. In the spring of the year 1186,
John Comyn, archbishop of Dublin, convened a synod of
his clergy, in Christ-church of that city, at which Girald
was one of the preachers, but by the account of it in his
life, it appears to have been a turbulent assembly. Having obtained great fame in Ireland, as he tells us himself,
between Easter and Whitsuntide 1187, he returned to
Wales, and employed all his time in writing and revising
his Topography, to which, when he had put, the last hand,
he took a journey to Oxford, and repeated it in a public
audience of the university; and as it consisted of three
distinctions, he repeated one every day of three successively; and in order to captivate the people, and secure
their applause, the first day he entertained all the poor of
the town, the next day the doctors and scholars of fame
and reputation, and the third day the scholars of the
lower rank, the soldiers, townsmen, and burgesses. In
the year 1188, he accompanied Baldwin, archbishop of
Canterbury, in a journey through the rough and mountainous parts of Wales, in order to preach up to the
people the necessity of taking the cross, and engaging
in an expedition in defence of the Holy Land. Here our
author shews the vast success his eloquence met with, in
persuading the greatest part of the country to engage in
this adventure, when the archbishop was able to do nothing. Girald himself took the cross at this time, and it
afforded him the opportunity of writing his “Itinerarium
Cambriae.
” The same year he went over into France,
in the retinue of king Henry If, which he did by the advice of the archbishop of Canterbury, and Ranulph de
Glanville, chief-justice of England; but the king dying
the year after, he was sent back by Richard I. to preserve
the peace of Wales, and was even joined with the bishop
of Ely, as one of the regents of the kingdom. After refusing one or two bishoprics, in hopes to succeed to St.
David’s, which was his favourite object, this latter became
vacant in 1198, and he was unanimously elected by the
chapter. Yet here again he was disappointed, owing to
the opposition of Hubert archbishop of Canterbury, and
was involved in a contest, which lasted five years, during
which he took three journies to Rome, and was at last
defeated. Soon after this, he retired from the world, and
spent the last seventeen years of his life in study, composing many of his writings. He was unquestionably a
man of genius and learning, but as a historian, full of
credulity and fable; and as a man, one of the most vain
upon record. Ware, and the editor of the Biog. Britannica, have given a long list of his manuscript works, which
are in the Cotton and Harleian libraries in the British
museum, the archbishop’s library at Lambeth, the
Bodleian, Oxford, and the public library and Bene't college library, Cambridge. Those printed are: 1. “Topographia Hibernioe,
” Francfort, Historia Vaticinalis, de expugnatione Hiberniae,
” Francfort, Itinerarium Cambriae,
” published with annotations
by David Powel, De laudibus Carnbrorum,
” also published by Powel. 5. “Gemma Ecclesiastica,
” Mentz, Gemma animoe,
” without the author’s name. 6. “Liber secundus de descriptione Wallise,
” published by Wharton,
in Anglia Sacra, part II. p, 447. Camden every where
quotes Giraldus as an author of undoubted credit and
reputation.