Adoption Controversy

Elipand, Archbishop of Toleʹdo, and Felix, Bishop of Urgel, maintained that Jesus Christ in his human nature was the son of God by adoption only (Rom. viii. 29), though in his pre-existing state he was the “begotten Son of God” in the ordinary catholic acceptation. Duns Scotus, Durandus, Calixtus, and others supported this view.