A big-wig, the great boss of the place. It is a Spanish word for “his excellency” (adelantar, to excel), and is given to the governor of a province.
“Open no door. If the adelantado of Spain were here he should not enter.”—Ben Jonson: Every Man out of his Humour, v. 4.
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Entry taken from Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by the Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL.D. and revised in 1895.