, a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609. He became celebrated
, a Benedictine of the congregation
of St. Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609.
He became celebrated as the editor of valuable manuscripts
which lay buried in libraries. The first piece he published
was the epistle ascribed to St. Barnabas. Father Hugh
Menard, a monk of the same congregation, intended to
publish this epistle, and for that purpose had illustrated it
with notes, but having been prevented by death, D'Acheri
gave an edition of it under the title of “Epistola Catholica S. Barnabas Appstoli, Gr. & Lat. cum notis Nic. Hug.
Menardi, et eiogio ejusdem auctoris,
” Paris, Life and Works
of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury,
” Paris, fol. The
Life is taken from an ancient manuscript in the abbey of
Bee; and. the works are, Commentaries on the epistles of
St. Paul, taken from a manuscript in the abbey of St.
Melaine de Rennes, and a treatise on the Sacrament,
against Berenger. The appendix contains the Chronicle
of the Abbey of Bee from its foundation in 1304 to 1437;
the life of St. Herluinus, founder and first abbot, of some
of his successors, and of St. Austin the apostle of England,
and some treatises on the eucharist. His catalogue of ascetic works appeared the same year, entitled “Asceticorum, vulgo spiritual] nm opusculorum, quae inter Patrum
opera reperiuntur, Indiculus,
” Paris, Life and Works
of Guibert, abbot of Nogent-sous-Couci,
” and the lives of
some saints, and other pieces, Paris, fol. There is much
antiquarian knowledge in this work, respecting the foundation, Sac. of abbeys, but the dates are not always correct. In 1653 he republished father Grimlaic’s “Regie
des Solitaires,
” 12mo, Paris, with notes and observations.
His most considerable work is “Veterum aliquot scriptorum, qui in Gallice bibliothecis, rnaxime Benedictinorum, latuerunt, Spieilegium, &c.
” Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti,
” &c.
He lived a life of much retirement, seldom going out, or
admitting trifling visits, and thus found leisure for those
vast labours already noticed, and which procured him the
esteem of the popes Alexander VII. and Clement X. who
honoured him with medals. Although of an infirm habit,
he attained the age of seventy-six, and died in the abbey
of St, Germain-des-Pres, April 29, 1685. He was interred under the library of which he had had the care for
so many years, and where his literary correspondence is
preserved. There is a short eloge on him in the Journal
de Trevoux for Nov. 26, 1685; but that of Maugendre,
printed at Amiens in'1775, is more complete. Dupin says
he was one of the first learned men that the congregation
of St. Maur produced.
, a learned Englishman of the thirteenth century, was born at St. Alban’s, and as Fuller conjectures, in the parish
, a learned Englishman of the thirteenth century, was born at St. Alban’s, and as Fuller conjectures, in the parish of St. Giles’s in that town, now destroyed. He was educated at Paris, where he became eminent in logic and philosophy. He then turned his studies to medicine, and became not only professor of that faculty in the university, but a celebrated practitioner in the city, and was employed about the person of Philip the French king. From Paris he removed to Montpellier, where he studied the diseases of the mind; and on his return to Paris, confined himself entirely to the study of divinity, and soon became a doctor in that faculty, and a professor in the schools. In 1223 he joined the Dominicans, and was the first Englishman of that order. This occasioned his removal to Oxford, where the Dominicans had two schools, in which he became a professor and lecturer both in the arts and in divinity, and was of great service to the Dominicans by his personal credit and reputation. A close intimacy took place between him and the celebrated Grossetete, bishop of Lincoln, who obtained leave of the general of the Dominicans that Ægidius might reside with him as an assistant in his diocese, at that time the largest in England. Leland, Bale, and Pitts ascribe some writings to him, but they seem to be all of doubtful authority.
, commonly known by the name of Richard de Bury, was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, in 1281. His father, sir
, commonly known by the name of Richard de Bury, was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, in 1281. His father, sir Richard Aungervyle, knt. dying when he was young, his uncle John de Willowby, a priest, took particular care of his education and when he was fit sent him to Oxford, where he studied philosophy and divinity, and distinguished himself by his learning, and regular and exemplary life. When he had finished his studies there, he became a Benedictine monk at Durham. Soon after he was made tutor to prince Edward, afterwards king Edward III. Being treasurer of Guienne in 1325, he supplied queen Isobel, when she was plotting against her husband king Edward II. with a large sum of money out of that exchequer, for which being questioned by the king’s party, be narrowly escaped to Paris, where he was forced to hide himself seven days in the tower of a church. When king Edward III. came to the crown, he loaded his tutor Aungervyle with honours and preferments, making him, first, his cofferer, then treasurer of the wardrobe, archdeacon of Northampton, prebendary of Lincoln, Sarum, and Lichfield, and afterwards keeper of the privy seal. This last place he enjoyed five years, and was in that time sent twice ambassador to the pope. In 1333 he was promoted to the deanery of Wells, and before the end of the same year, being chosen bishop of Durham, he was consecrated about the end of December, in the abbey of the black canons of Chertsey in Surrey. He was soon afterwards enthroned at Durham, on which occasion he made a grand festival, and entertained in the hall of his palace at Durham, the king and queen of England, the queen-dowager of England, the king of Scotland, the two archbishops, and five bishops, seven earls with their ladies, all the nobility north of Trent, with a Tast concourse of knights, esquires, and other persons of distinction. The next year he was appointed high-chancellor, and in 1336, treasurer of England. In 1338 he was twice sent with other commissioners to treat -of a peace with the king of France, though to no purpose.
, an eminent Italian physician, was born at St. Elpidio, in the march of Ancona. He became professor
, an eminent Italian physician, was
born at St. Elpidio, in the march of Ancona. He became
professor of medicine at Rome, and first physician to pope
Sixtus V. and was celebrated for great skill and his works
prove that he had great learning. The time of his death
is uncertain, but he was alive in 1596. His works are,
1. “DeThermis, libri septem,
” Venice, De Naturali Vinorum Historia,
” Rome,
De Venenis et Antidotis Prolegomena,
” Rome, De Gemmis
ac lapidibus pretiosis in S. Scriptura relatis,
” Rome, Tabula simplicium Medicamentorum,
” Rome, De Conviviis Antiquorum.
”
, a French antiquary, was born at St. Fargeau in Puisay, in the diocese of Auxerre, in
, a French antiquary, was born
at St. Fargeau in Puisay, in the diocese of Auxerre, in
1696, and died at Paris in 1770, after having passed the
greater part of his life in the study of the ancient French
writers, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. This
pursuit recommended him to many of the literati, who invited him to Paris, and there the abbe La Porte and Graville
engaged him to assist them, in a prolix, but curious work,
entitled “Recueil alphabetique depuis la lettre C jusqu‘a
la fin de l’alphabet,
” which was begun by the abbe Perau,
and printed in 24 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1745, &c. He published afterwards, 1. “Fabliaux et contes des poetes Franc,ais des 12, 13, 14,et 15 siecles,
” Paris, L'Ordene de chivalerie,
” ib. Le Castoiement, ou instructions d' une pere a son fils,
”
a moral work of the thirteenth century, ib. Glossaire du nouveau
tresor de Borel,
” the manuscript of which is in the library
of the French arsenal, with the exception of the first part,
which has been lost.
du Fraqueny, second son of Benjamin, was born at St. Mere Eglise in Lower Normandy, Oct. 16, 1615. He
du Fraqueny, second son of Benjamin, was born at St. Mere Eglise in Lower Normandy,
Oct. 16, 1615. He was admitted an advocate in the parliament of Normandy in 1636, and proved one of the most
learned and eloquent of his order, and was employed in a
great many causes, as well as political affairs of importance,
in all which he gave the greatest satisfaction. As a writer,
likewise, he stood very high in the opinion of his countrymen. His “Commentiiire sur la Continue de Normandie,
”
or common law of Normandy, was first published in 1678,
and was so much approved, that a new edition was published in 1694, 2 vols. fol. His “Traite des Hypotheques,
”
or Mortgages, was also so popular as to go through three
editions before the above year. Notwithstanding his religion, persons of rank and influence in the Romish church,
testified the highest esteem for him. He died at Roan,
Oct. 20, 1695.
, an English antiquary, was born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, in 1647. He was some
, an English antiquary, was
born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, in 1647. He was
some time fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, and chaplain to archbishop Sancroft, afterwards, by his grace’s favour, rector of Adisham, in Kent, prebendary of Canterbury, and archdeacon of the diocese, and died Oct. 10,
1708. Dr. Thomas Terry, canon of Christ-church, Oxford, published Dr. Battely’s “Antiquitates Rutupinae,
”
in Antiquitates
St. Edmondburgi,
” an unfinished history of his native
place, and its ancient monastery, down to the year 1272.
This was published by his nephew, Oliver Battely, with
an appendix also, and list of abbots, continued by sir
James Burrough, late master of Caius college, Cambridge.
The doctor’s papers are said, in the preface, to remain in
the hands of his heirs, ready to be communicated to any
who will undertake the work. In 1774, Mr. John Duncombe published a translation of the “Antiquitates Rutupinae,
” under the title of “The Antiquities of Richborough and Reculver, abridged from the Latin of Mr.
Archdeacon Battely,
” Lond. Somner’s Antiquities of Canterbury,
” and wrote some
papers and accounts of Eastbridge hospital, in Canterbury,
which are printed in Strype’s life of Whitgift.
, a Jesuit, was born at St. Flour in Auvergne in 1674, and died at Toulouse
, a Jesuit, was born at St. Flour
in Auvergne in 1674, and died at Toulouse at a very advanced age in 1758. Preaching, the composition of some
literary works, and the direction of a number of pious votaries, for which he had uncommon attractions and a peculiar talent, took up almost the whole of his life. The
pieces he published are, 1. “Several funeral discourses/'
2. The
” Life of Madame de Lestonac.“3. The life of
” Madame de Chantal“and, 4.
” Letters on the government of Religious Houses," Paris, 1740, 12mo.
, a French miscellaneous writer, entitled to some notice, was born at St. Paul in Artois, July 9, 1728, and became noted at
, a French miscellaneous writer, entitled to some notice, was born at St. Paul
in Artois, July 9, 1728, and became noted at Paris for hi
oddities and his numerous writings. He affected great
singularity in dress, and was not less remarkable for his bons
mots and tart replies. When asked why he followed no
profession, he said, “I have been too long enamoured of
goodness and honour, to fix my affections on fortune.
”
He used to say that “Hfe was a continual epigram, to which
death furnished the point.
” There is perhaps not much in
these, and probably the other witticisms we have seen attributed to him derived their principal effect from his manner, or from the person or occasion when applied. He was,
however, a man of great humanity, and particularly attached
to children, employing himself for many years in instructing them, and at last he procured admission to the Normal
school, that he might contribute his share to the general
plan of public education. His writings are, 1. “L'Heureux citoyen,
” Cours d'Histoire sacree
et profane,
” Abreg6
de Phistoire des Insectes,
” Paris, L'Heureux viellard,
” a pastoral drama, Cour*
d'histoire naturelle,
” Paris, Varletes Litteraires,
” De Talaitement et
de la premiere Education des Enfans,
” L'Eleve de la Nature,
” Geneva, L‘Accord parfait, ou l’Equilibre
physique et morale,
” Paris, Le Port-feuille
Francais,
” &c. By all these literary labours, however, the
author appears to have profited little, as he died in an hospital at Paris, Oct. 5, 1795.
urteenth century, was a monk of the order of St. Augustin at Clare, and surnamed de Bury, because he was born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk. Having from his youth
, a celebrated preacher in the fourteenth century, was a monk of the order of St. Augustin
at Clare, and surnamed de Bury, because he was born at St.
Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk. Having from his youth shewn
a quick capacity, and a great inclination to learning, his
superiors took care to improve these excellent faculties,
by sending him not only to our English, but also to foreign
universities; where closely applying himself to his studies,
and being a constant disputant, he acquired such fame,
that at Paris he became a doctor of the Sorbonne. Not
long after he returned to England, where he was much
followed, and extremely admired for his eloquent way of
preaching. This qualification, joined to his remarkable
integrity, uprightness, and dexterity in the management
of affairs, so recommended him to the esteem of the world,
that he was chosen provincial of his order throughout England, in which station he behaved in a very commendable
manner. He wrote several things, as 1 “Lectures
upon the master of the sentences, i. e. Peter Lombard, in
four books.
” 2. “Theological Questions,
” in one book.
3. “Sermons upon the blessed Virgin.
” 4. " A course of
sermons for the whole year. Besides several other things
of which no account is given. He flourished about the
year 1380, in the reign of Richard II.
, of the French academy, was born at St. Flour, in Ativergne, in 1727, and educated at Paris
, of the
French academy, was born at St. Flour, in Ativergne, in
1727, and educated at Paris under one of his uncles, a
distinguished advocate of parliament. After having finished
his studies with applause at the College-Mazarin, he took
to the bar; or rather, in entering on this profession, he
followed his uncle’s inclinations in opposition to his own.
Captivated bv an ardent passion for literature, and despairing of ever being able to move his benefactor, a man
severe and absolute in all his determinations, he expatriated himself, and went to Russia, to exercise the profession of a comedian, that he might be dispensed from exercising that of a lawyer at Paris. Being returned to that
capital in 1758, he brought upon the stage his tragedy of
“Titus,
” imitated from the Clemenza di Tito of Metastasio. This copy of a piece barely tolerable, is only a
very faint sketch of the nervous manner of Corneille, whose
style the author strove to resemble. Du Belloi afterwards
wrote “Zelmire,
” wherein he accumulated the most
forced situations and the most affecting strokes of the dramatic art. It was attended with success in representation,
but will not bear examination in the closet. The “Siege
of Calais,
” a tragedy which he brought out in Gaston and Bayard,
” in the plan
of which are several faults against probability, did not excite so lively emotions as the mayor of Calais; yet still
the public admired the honest and steady character, and
the sublime virtues, of the “CheValier sans peur et sans
reproche.
” His two pieces, “Peter the cruel,
” and “Gabrielle de Vergi,
” the former of which was immediately
condemned, and the latter applauded without reason, are
much inferior to Bayard. The author understood the proper
situations for producing a grand effect; but he wanted the
art to prepare them, and to bring them on in a natural
manner. He substituted extraordinary theatrical efforts for
the simple and true pathetic, and the little tricks of oratory
for the eloquence of the heart; and by this means he contributed not a little to degrade and debase the French drama. The fall of “Peter the cruel
” was a fatal stroke to
his extreme sensibility, and it is said hastened the term of
his life. He was attacked by a lingering distemper, which
lasted for several months, and exhausted his very moderate
share of bodily strength. A beneficent monarch (Louis XVI.)
before whom the Siege de Calais was performed the first
time, being informed of the lamentable condition of the author, sent him a present of fifty louis d'ors, and the players,
from motives of a laudable generosity, gave a representation of the same tragedy for the benefit of the dying poet.
He expired shortly after, on the 5th of March 1775, justly
regretted by his friends, who loved him for goodness of
disposition and warmth of friendship. M. Gaillard, of the
acaclemie Fransoise, published his works in 1779, in 6 vols.
8vo. In this edition are contained his theatrical pieces,
three of which are followed by historical memoirs of a very
superior kind, with interesting observations by the editor;
divers fugitive pieces in poetry, for the most part produced
in Russia, but very unworthy of his pen, and the life of
the author by M. Gaiilard.
, was born at St. Denis near Paris, and was educated at the college
, was born at
St. Denis near Paris, and was educated at the college of
the cardinal Lemoine, where he made great proficiency in
the learned languages, and became an able theologian,
mathematician, philosopher, and historian. In 1550 he was
at Agen as preceptor to Hector Fregosa, afterwards bishop
of that city, and here he was converted to the Protestant
religion along with Scaliger and other learned men. When
he arrived at Paris in 1558, he was chosen preceptor to
Theodore Agrippa d' Aubigne“but the persecution arising,
he was arrested at Constance and condemned to be burnt,
a fate from which he was preserved by the kindness of an
officer who favoured his escape. He then went to Orleans,
Rochelle, and Sancerre, and distinguished himself by his
courage during the siege of this latter place by the marshal
de Lachatre. In 1574 we find him at Geneva, officiating
as minister and professor of philosophy. His death is
supposed to have taken place in 1576. He wrote a curious
book entitled
” Chronicon, sacrse Scripture auctoritate
constitutnm,“Geneva, 1575, fol. In this he maintains that
all chronological authorities must be sought in the holy
scriptures Vossius and Scaliger speak highly of his talents. Draudius, in his
” Bibliotheca Classica,“mentions
another work in which he was concerned,
” G. Mercatoris
et Matthei Beroaldi chronologia, ab initio mundi ex eclipsis et observationibus astronomicis demonstrata," Basil,
1577, Cologne, 1568, fol. We have some doubts whether
this is not the same as the work mentioned above.
, an eminent mineralogist, was born at St. Gall, Oct. II, 1740, and died March 8, 1798. He
, an eminent mineralogist, was born at St. Gall, Oct. II, 1740, and died March
8, 1798. He was a canon of Hildesheim and Osnaburgh,
a member of several literary societies, and had travelled
into various countries, to investigate the nature of the
soil, the structure of mountains, and their mineral productions. By this means he accumulated a great stock of information which has given a value to his works, notwithstanding his inclination to hypotheses, and the indulgence
of certain prejudices. All his works are in German. Their
subjects are, 1. “Observations, doubts, and questions on
Mineralogy, &c.
” 2 vols. 1778 1793, 8vo. 2. “Observations made during a tour to the quicksilver mines of
the Palatinate, &c.
” Berlin, 1788, 8vo. 3. “The Volcanos of ancient and modern times considered physically
and mineralogically,
” Manheim, Anew
theory on the Basaltes,
” printed in Crell’s supplement to
the annals of Chemistry. 5. “A description of the fountain of Dribourg,
” Hildesheim,
, a canon of St. Sepulchre’s at Caen, and a member of the academies of Caen and Cherburgh, was born at St. Malo, and died at Caen, Dec. 1782. He published,
, a canon of St. Sepulchre’s at
Caen, and a member of the academies of Caen and Cherburgh, was born at St. Malo, and died at Caen, Dec. 1782.
He published, 1. “Chronologic historique des baillis et
des gouverneurs de Caen,
” Histoire
sommaire de la ville de Bayeux,
” Memoires historiques sur l'origine et le fondateur de la coHegiale du St. Sepulcre a Caen, avec le catalogue de ses
doyens.
” 4. Various dissertations in the literary Journals,
in D'Expilly’s “Dictionnaire de France,
” and in that of
the nobility, &c.
, the historian of the university of Paris, was born at St. Ellier or Helier, and became professor of rhetoric
, the historian of the university of Paris, was born at St. Ellier or Helier, and became professor of rhetoric in the college of Navarre, and
afterwards register, historiographer, and rector of the university of Paris, where he died Oct. 16, 1678. Of all his
works, his history of the university of Paris, “Historia
Universitatis Parisiensis,
” 6 vols. 1665 1673, fol. contributed most to his fame. The publication of this vast undertaking was at first interrupted by some objections from
the theological faculty of Paris, who carried their remonstrances to the king; but the commissioners, whom his
majesty employed to inspect the work, having reported
that they saw no reason why it should not be continued, he
proceeded to its completion, and in 1667 published an answer to their objections, entitled “Notue ad censuram.
”
Not entirely satisfied with this triumph, he also published
a poetical satire against them, with the title of “Ad Zoilosycopuantam, sive Bulaeistarum obtrectatorem,
” a work of
considerable spirit and elegance of style. His history is
an useful repository of facts and lives of learned men connected with the revival of literature, and especially the progress of learning in that eminent university, and is blameable only for the fabulous accounts, in which our own university-historians have not been wanting, respecting the
early history of schools of learning. Boulai’s other writings are, 1. “Tresor des antiquues Romanies,
” Paris,
Speculum eloquentia?,
” ibid. De Patronis quatuor nationum universitatis Parisiensis,
” Paris, Remarques sur la dignite,
rang, preseance, autorite, et jurisdiction du recteur de Tuniversite de Paris,
” ibid. Recueil des Privileges de PUniversite de Paris accordes par les rois de
France depuis sa fondation., &c.
” ibid. Fondation de l'universite, &e,
”
, esq. a very ingenious but unfortunate writer, was born at St. Thomas, near Exeter, about 1685, and educated at
, esq. a very ingenious but unfortunate writer, was born at St. Thomas, near Exeter,
about 1685, and educated at Christ-church, Oxford. His
father, Gilbert Budgell, D. D. descended of an ancient
family in Devonshire; his mother, Mary, was only
daughter of Dr. William Gulston, bishop of Bristol, whose
sister Jane married dean Addison, and was mother to the
famous Addison. After some years stay in the university,
Mr. Budgell went to London, and was entered of the Inner Temple, in order to study law, for which his father
always intended him; but his inclinations led him more to
study polite literature, and keep company with the genteelest persons in town. During his stay at the Temple,
he contracted a strict intimacy and friendship with Addison, who was first cousin to his mother; and when Addison was appointed secretary to lord Wharton,
lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he offered to make his friend Eustace one of the clerks of his office, which Mr. Budgell
readily accepted. This was in April 1710, when he was
about twenty-five years of age. He had by this time read
the classics, the most reputed historian^ and the best
French, English, and Italian writers, and became concerned with Steele and Addison, not in writing the Tatler,
as has been asserted, but the Spectator, which was begun
in 1711. Ail the papers marked with an X were written
by him, and the whole eighth volume is attributed to Addison and himself, without the assistance of Steele. Several little epigrams and songs, which have a good deal of
wit in them, together with the epilogue to the “Distressed
Mother,
” which had a greater run than any thing of the
kind before, were also written by Mr. Budgell near this
time; all which, together with the known affection of Addison for him, raised his character so much as to give him
considerable consequence in the literary and political
world. Upon the laying down of the Spectator, the
Guardian was set up; and to this work our author contributed, along with Addison and Steele. In the preface it
is said, that those papers marked with an asterisk were
written by Mr. Budgell.
, eldest son of the preceding, was born at St. Edmund’s-Bury, in Suffolk, about the year 1635.
, eldest son of the preceding, was born at St. Edmund’s-Bury, in Suffolk, about the year 1635. In h,is junior years he was carefully instructed by his father, and when he had acquired a sufficient fund of learning, he was transferred to the university of Cambridge, where he was entered of Sidney college, March 28, 1651. He took the degree of bachelor of arts in 1654-5. Then be removed to Pembroke-hall, where he took the degree of master of arts in 1658. He became afterwards fellow of that colleg e; and on April 20, 1659, was presented to the living of Moreton in Essex, which he held till he was removed by f;he act of uniformity in 1G62. After his ejectment he ret ired to London, and kept a meeting privately in his house in Aldermanbury. When Charles II. published his declarati< >n for indulgence, he set up a public meeting in Curriers-hall, near Cripplegate. But when the dissenters were again persecuted, he had recourse to his former methodl and though he was very assiduous in his duty, yet he escaped imprisonment, notwithstanding warrants were frequently out against him but he had the misfortune, with several other of his brethren, to fall under a crown-office prosecution, which put him to a great deal of trouble and expence. As he was a person of much learning and unaffected piety, so he was very careful to avoid whatever might draw upon him the imputation of party. In the earlier part of life he declined taking the covenant, and through the whole course of it shewed a spirit of moderation and charity agreeable to his calling. He was, though a nonconformist, a man of very free notions, and one who never pretended to confine the church of Christ within the bounds of any particular sect. He had a great contempt for the goods of this world, and was such a lover of obscurity and retirement, that though he was a very able preacher, and was known to have done much good in the space of three and twenty years that he exercised the ministry in London, yet he would never be prevailed on to appear in print, but satisfied himself with the consciousness of having performed his duty. Having thus led a private and peaceable, though not a quiet life, he exchanged it for a better in the month of May 1685, being taken off by a consumption. He left behind him a son and four daughters.
, duchess of Newcastle, and second wife of the preceding, was born at St. John’s, near Colchester in Essex, about the latter
, duchess of Newcastle, and second wife of the preceding, was born at St. John’s, near Colchester in Essex, about the latter end of the reign of James I. Her father, of whom she was the youngest daughter, was sir Charles Lucas, a gentleman of a very ancient and honourable family, and who was himself a man of great spirit and fortune. Dying young, he left the care of his children to his widow, a lady of exquisite beauty and admirable accomplishments, who took upon herself the education of her daughters, and instructed them in needlework, dancing, music, the French tongue, and other things that were proper for women of fashion. As, however, she had from her infancy an inclination for literature, and spent much of her time in study and writing, her biographers have lamented that she had not the advantage of an acquaintance with the learned languages, which might have improved her judgment, and have been of infinite service to her in the numerous productions of her pen. In 1643 she obtained permission from her mother to go to Oxford, where the court then resided, and where she could not fail of meeting with a favourable reception, on account of the distinguished loyalty of her family, as well as of her own accomplishments. Accordingly, she was appointed one of the maids of honour to Henrietta Maria, the royal consort of Charles I.; and in that capacity accompanied her majesty to France, when the queen was obliged by the civil war to quit England. At Paris Miss Lucas first saw the marquis of Newcastle, then a widower, who admiring her person, disposition, and ingenuity, was married to her at that place, in 1645. The marquis had heard of the lady’s character before he met with her in France; for having been a friend and patron of her gallant brother lord Lucas, he took occasion one day to ask his lordship in what respect he could promote his interest. To this his lordship replied, that he was not solicitous about his own affairs, as being prepared to suffer either exile or death in the royal cause; but that he was chiefly concerned for his sister, on whom he could bestow no fortune, and whose beauty exposed her to danger. At the same time, he represented her other amiable qualities in so striking a light, as raised the marquis’s curiosity to see her. After their marriage, the marquis and marchioness of Newcastle went from Paris to Rotterdam, where they resided six months, and from that to Antwerp, which they fixed upon as the place of their residence during the time of their exile. In this city they enjoyed as quiet and pleasant a retirement as their ruined fortunes would permit. Though the marquis had much respect paid him by all men, as well foreigners as those of his own country, he principally confined himself to the society of his lady, who, both by her writings and her conversation, proved a most agreeable companion to him during his melancholy recess. The exigency of their affairs obliged the marchioness once to come over to England. Her view was to obtain some of the marquis’s rents, in order to supply their pressing necessities, and pay the debts they had contracted; but she could not procure a grant from the rulers of those times, to receive one penny out of her noble husband’s vast inheritance: and had it not been for the seasonable generosity of sir Charles Cavendish, she and her lord must have been exposed to extreme poverty. At length, however, having obtained a considerable sum from her own and the marquis’s relations, she returned to Antwerp, where she continued with him till the restoration, and employed herself in writing several of her works.
, a learned and industrious French Jesuit, was born at St. Quintin in 1684, and died in 1761, aged 78. His
, a learned
and industrious French Jesuit, was born at St. Quintin in
1684, and died in 1761, aged 78. His fame rests chiefly
on the histories of his travels, which were extensive, and
his accounts, although diffuse, are in general reckoned
very godd authority. They consist of: 1. “Histoire et
description gene*rale du Japon,
” Histoire de PIsle de St. Dominique,
” Histoire generale de la
Nouvelle France,
” Histoire générale du Paraguay,
” Journal of a Voyage to North America,
” Letters
to the duchess of Lesdiguieres, giving an account of a
voyage to Canada,
” &c. The History of
Paraguay,
” 1769, 2 vols. 8vo. Charlevoix also published in
1724, “Vie de Mere Marie de l'Incarnation,
” 12mo; and
he was for twenty-four years employed on the “Journal
de Trevoux,
” which he enriched with many valuable articles.
, eldest son of the preceding, was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, September 14, 1646, and
, eldest son of the preceding,
was born at St. Edmundsbury, in Suffolk, September 14,
1646, and educated in the free-school there, under the
care of Dr. Thomas Stephens, author of the notes on Statius’s Sylvse, who took very early notice of the promising
parts of his scholar. Before he was full thirteen years of
age, he was admitted a pensioner in Emanuel-college, in
Cambridge, September 5, 1659, under the tuition of Mr.
Thomas Jackson, where he took his degree of A. B. 1663,
A.M. 1667, and commenced D. D. in 1683. He was
then chosen one of the preachers of St. Edmundsbury,
which office he discharged for seven years with universal
reputation. From thence, at the instance of some considerable men of the long robe, whose business at the assizes there gave them opportunities of being acquainted
with his great worth and abilities, he was thought worthy
by the society of Gray’s-inn, to succeed the eminent Dr.
Cradock, as their preacher, which he continued to be all
the remaining part of his life, much to the satisfaction of
the society. He was also presented by the lord keeper
North (who was his wife’s kinsman) to the rectory of Farnham-royal, in Buckinghamshire, into which he was instituted May 14, 1683; but what he most valued next to his
preacher’s place at Gray’s-inn, was the lectureship of St.
Michael Bassishaw, to which he was elected by that parish
about two years before his death. He was also chaplain in
ordinary to his majesty. He was cut off, however, in the
prime of life. He was seized with the small-pox on a
Sunday evening, March the 16th, after having preached
at St. Martin in the Fields, in his Lent course there; and
died March 28, 1638. He was buried in a vault under part
of the church of St. Michael Bassishaw, in the grave
with his wife, Mrs. Thornasin North, a most virtuous and
accomplished woman, who died eighteen days after him,
of the same disease. We are assured by the testimony of
Dr. Sharp, that no man of a private condition, in the last
age, died more lamented, and his private virtuesand
public services are spoken of by all his contemporaries in
the highest terms. Bishop Burnet ranks him among those
worthy and eminent men whose lives and labours in a great
measure rescued the church from those reproaches that
the follies of others drew upon it; nor ought it to be forgotten, that he was one of those excellent divines who
made that noble stand against popery in the reign of king
James II. which will redound to their immortal honour.
The several things published by Dr. Clagett, are as follows: 1. “A Discourse concerning the Operations of the
Holy Spirit; with a confutation of some part of Dr. Owen’s
book upon that subject,
” Part I. Lond. A Reply to a pamphlet called
The Mischief of Impositions, by Mr. Alsop, which pretends to answer the dean of St. Paul’s (Dr. Stillingfleet’s)
Sermon concerning the Mischief of Separation,
” Lond.
An Answer to the Dissenters’ Objections
against the Common Prayers, and some other parts of the
divine service prescribed in the Liturgy of the Church of
England,
” Lond. The Difference of the
Case between the Separation of Protestants fromthe
Church of Rome, and the Separation of Dissenters from
the Church of England,
” Lond. The
State of the Church of Rome when the Reformation began, as it appears by the advices given to pope Paul III.
and Julius III. by creatures of their own.
” 6. “A Discourse concerning the Invocation of the Blessed Virgin
and the Saints,
” Lond. A Paraphrase,
with notes, upon the sixth Chapter of St. John, shewing
that there is neither good reason, nor sufficient authority
to suppose that the Eucharist is discoursed of in that
chapter, much less to infer the doctrine of Transubstantiation from it.
” Lond. 1686, 4to. Reprinted in 1689,
8vo, at the end of his second volume of sermons. 8. “Of
the Humanity and Chanty of Christians. A Sermon
preached at the Suffolk Feast, at St. Michael, Cornhill,
London, November 30, 1686.
” 9. “A Discourse concerning the pretended Sacrament of Extreme Unction,
&.c.
” in three parts. “With a letter to the Vindicator of
the bishop of Condom,
” Lond. A second letter to the Vindicator of the bishop of Condom,
”
Lond. Authority of Councils, and the
Rule of Faith, with an answer to the Eight Theses laid
down for the Trial of the English Reformation.
” The first
part, about Councils, by Hutchinson, esq. the rest
by Dr. Clagett, 4to. 12. “Notion of Idolatry considered
and confuted,
” Lond. Cardinal Bellarmine’s
seventh note, of the Union of the Members among themselves, and with the Head.
” 14. “His twelfth note, Of
the Light of Prophecy, examined and confuted.
” 15. “A
View of the whole Controversy between the Representer
and the Answerer; in which are laid open some of the
methods by which Protestants are misrepresented by Papists,
” Lond. An Answer to the Representer’s Reflections upon the State and View of the Controversy. With a Reply to the Vindicator’s full Answer;
shewing that the Vindicator has utterly ruined the new
design of expounding and representing Popery,
” London,
Several captious Queries concerning
the English Reformation, first in Latin, and afterwards by
T. W. in English, briefly and fully answered,
” Lond.
A Preface concerning the Testimony of
Miracles, prefixed to The School of the Eucharist established upon the miraculous respects and acknowledgements,
which Beasts, Birds, and Insects, upon several occasions,
have rendered to the Sacrament of the Altar.
” Translated
by another hand, from the original French of F. Toussain
Bridoul, a Jesuit," Lond. 1687, 4to. Besides these, after
his decease, his brother, Mr. Nicolas Clagett, published
four volumes of his sermons: the first in 1689, contained seventeen sermons; one of which was greatly admired by
queen Mary, who desired to have it read more than once
during her last illness: Text, Job ii. 10. The second
volume, printed in 1693, contained eleven sermons; a Paraphrase and Notes upon the first, second, third, fourth, fifth,
seventh, and eighth Chapters of the Gospel of St. John.
The Paraphrase, and Notes on the sixth Chapter, which had
been published before: A Discourse of Church- Unity, with
Directions now, in this divided State of Christendom, to keep
within the Unity of the Church A Discourse of Humanity
and Charity And a Letter concerning Protestants Charity
to Papists published by Dr. Clagett. The third and fourth
volumes did not come out till 1720, at so great a distance
of tune from the two former volumes, that the booksellers
would not call them the third and fourth volumes, but the
first and second volumes, as well as the former; only notice was given, that they were never before published.
, a learned Dominican, and bishop of Dardania in partibus, was born at St. Calais on the Maine, in 1574. He rose by his merits
, a learned Dominican, and
bishop of Dardania in partibus, was born at St. Calais on
the Maine, in 1574. He rose by his merits to the first
charges of his order, and died in 1623, after having been
named to the bishopric of Marseilles, by Lewis XIII. He
was eloquent in his sermons, and wrote ^Hh purity, considering the age. His principal pieces are a Roman history from Augustus to Constantine, folio, which was read
with pleasure in the seventeenth century. It was published
in 1647, fol. He translated Florus, and was chosen by
Henry IV. of Francej at the recommendation of cardinal du
Perron, to answer the book which James I. of England had
published; and at the instance of Gregory XV. he wrote
against Duplessis Mornay, and Marc. Anton, de Dominis,
archbishop of Spalatro his answer to the latter was entitled
“Pro sacra monarchia ecclesiae catholic^, &c. libri quatuor
Apologetici, adversus Rempublicam M. A. de Dominis,
&c.
” Paris,
skill in treating disorders in the urethra, particularly for his improved method of making bougies, was born at St. Frajon in Gascony March 6, 1701, and after studying
, a French military surgeon, who acquired much celebrity for his skill in treating disorders in
the urethra, particularly for his improved method of
making bougies, was born at St. Frajon in Gascony March
6, 1701, and after studying the art, became surgeon-major
of the imperial troops, and afterwards practised at Milan,
and at Turin, where the king Victor Amadeus promised
him great encouragement if tie would remain; but at that
time he wished to travel for improvement, and after visiting Rome and Vienna, continued some time at Messina,
where he exerted his skill and humanity with great success.
Having devoted much of his attention to the disorders of
the bladder, he published in 1745, “Recueil d‘Observations Chirurgicales sur les Maladies de l’Urethra,
” which
has been several times reprinted, and in Journeaux de Medicine,
” there is a communication by
Daran, in which he makes mention of a tube he had invented for drawing off the urine. This he describes more
particularly in his “Treatise on the Gonorrhoea Virulenta,
”
first published in Composition
du remede de Daran, &c.
” 12mo, when he could derive
no benefit except from the sale of his book. His other
publications were, 1. “Reponse a la Brochure de Bayet
sur la defense et la conservation des parties les plus essentielles de l'homme,
” Lettre sur ua
article des Tumeurs.
”
, a learned Jesuit, was born at St. Omer’s in 1566, and became canon, of Tournay, where
, a learned
Jesuit, was born at St. Omer’s in 1566, and became canon,
of Tournay, where he died Jan. 17, 1644. He was an excellent Greek and Latin scholar, and a good critic, but
wrote in an affected and obscure style. Some of his works
are still valued, although their rarity prevents their being
generally known. Among these are, 1. “Antiqui novique Latii Orthographies,
” Tournay, Terra
et aqua, seu terrae fiuctuantes,
” Tournay, Orations of St. Basil of Seleucia,
” with notes,
, a painter and engraver, was born at St. Quentin, in France, in 1617, and manifesting an
, a painter and engraver, was born
at St. Quentin, in France, in 1617, and manifesting an early
inclination for the arts, was placed under Simon Vonet, a
painter at that time of great reputation, whose daughter he
married, and whose manner as a painter he copied, but is better known as an engraver. He performed his plates chiefly
with the point, in a bold, powerful style: the lights are broad
and massy, especially upon the figures. But the marking
of the folds of the draperies, and the shadows upon the outlines of the flesh, are frequently so extravagantly dark, as to
produce a harsh, disagreeable effect, and sometimes to destroy the harmony of the engraving entirely. Although
he understood the human figure, and in some instances it
was correctly drawn; yet by following the manner of
Vouet, instead of the simple forms of nature, his outlines
were affected, and the extremities of his figures too much
neglected. This artist was made professor of the royal
academy of painting at Paris, where he died in 1665, aged
forty- eight. His works are said by abbe Marolles to have
consisted of 105 prints. Amongst these were, “the Adoration of the Magi,
” the “Nativity of Christ,
” “Venus at
her toilet,
” “Venus, Hope, and Love, plucking the
feathers from the wings of Time,
” “Mercury and ther
Graces,
” and “the Rape of Europa,
” all from pictures of
Vouet. He also engraved from Le Seur, Sarasin, and other
masters.
, professor of civil law at Bourges, was born at St. Brien, a city of Bretagne, in France, 1509. He was
, professor of civil law at Bourges, was born at St. Brien, a city of Bretagne, in France, 1509. He was the son of John Duaren, who exercised a place of judicature in Bretagne; in which place he succeeded his father, and performed the functions of it for some time. He read lectures on the Pandects, at Paris, in 1536; and, among other scholars, had three sons of the learned Budaeus. He was sent for to Bourges in 1538, to teach civil law, three years after Alciat had retired, but quitted his place in 1548, and went to Paris, being very desirous to join the practice to the theory of the law. He accordingly attended the bar of the parliament of Paris, but conceived an unconquerable aversion to the chicanery of the court, and fortunately at this time advantageous offers were made him by the duchess of Berri, sister of Henry II. which gave him a favourable opportunity to retire from the bar, and to resume with honour the employment he had at Bourges. He returned to his professorship of civil law there, in 1551; and no professor, except Alciat, had ever so large a stipend in the university as himself, nor more reputation, being accounted the first of the French civilians who cleared the civil-law-chair from the barbarism of the glossators, in order to introduce the pure sources of the ancient jurisprudence. It was however his failing to be unwilling to share this honour with any person; and he therefore viewed with an envious eye his colleague Eguinard Baron, who blended likewise polite literature with the study of the law. This jealousy prompted him to write a book, in which he endeavoured to lessen the esteem the world had for his colleague, yet, as if ashamed of his weakness, after the death of Baron, he shewed himself one of the most zealous to immortalize his memory 7 and erected a monument to him at his own expence. He had other colleagues, who revived his uneasiness; and Duaren may serve as an example to prove that some of the chief miseries of human life, which we lament so much, and are so apt to charge on the nature and constitution of things, arise merely from ur own ill-regulated passions. He died at Bourses in 1559, without having ever married. He had great learning and judgment, but so bad a memory, that he was obliged always to read his lectures from his notes. Although a protestant, he never had the courage to separate from the church of Home. His treatise of benefices, published in 15 Jo, rendered him suspected of heresy, and Baudouin, with whom he had a controversy, accused him of being a prevaricator and dissembler, which, however, appears to have been unjust.
divine in the seventeenth century, who wrote several pieces in vindication of the Church of England, was born at St. Helier’s in the Isle of Jersey, in 1625. About the
, a learned divine in the seventeenth
century, who wrote several pieces in vindication of the
Church of England, was born at St. Helier’s in the Isle of
Jersey, in 1625. About the end of 1640, he was entered
of Merton-college in Oxford; but when that city came
to be garrisoned for king Charles I. he retired into France:
and, having studied for some time at Caen in Normandy,
took the degree of master of arts, in the Sylvanian college
of that place, on the 8th of July 1664. Then he applied
himself to the study of divinity, for above two years, at
Saumur, under the celebrated Amyrault, divinity reader in
that Protestant university. In 1647 he returned to Jersey,
and continued for some time until the reduction of that
island by the parliament-forces in 1651, when on account of his being in the defence of it for the king, he was
forced to withdraw, or rather was expelled thence. He
then went to Paris, and received episcopal ordination in
the chapel of sir Richard Browne, knt. his majesty’s resident in France, from the hands of Thomas, bishop of Galloway. From Paris, he removed to St. Malo’s, whence the
reformed church of Caen invited him to be one of their
ministers, in the absence of the learned Samuel Bochart,
who was going into Sweden. Not long after, the landgrave of Hesse having written to the ministers of Paris, to
send him a minister to preach in French at his highness’s
court, he was by them recommended to that prince, but
preferred being chaplain to the duke de la Force, father to
the princess of Turenne; in which station he continued
above eight years. Upon the restoration he came over to
England, and was very instrumental in setting up the new
episcopal French church at the Savoy in London, in which
he officiated first on Sunday, 14 July, 1661, and continued
there for some years after, much to the satisfaction of his
hearers. In April 1663, he was made prebendary of North
Auiton, in the cathedral of Salisbury, being then chaplain
in ordinary to his majesty; and, the llth of February following, succeeded to a canonry of Windsor. On the 1st
of July, 1668, he was installed into the fourth prebend of
Durham, and had a rich donative conferred on him. The
28th of February, 1669-70, he was actually created doctor
of divinity, by virtue of the chancellor’s letters. In 1677,
king Charles II. gave him the deanery of Windsor, vacant
by the death of Dr. Bruno Ryves, into which he was installed July 27. He had also the great living of Witney in
Oxfordshire conferred on him, all which preferments he
obtained, partly through his own qualifications, being not
only a good scholar, but also “a perfect courtier, skilful
in the arts of getting into the favour of great men;
” and
partly through his great interest with king Charles II., to
whom he was personally known both in Jersey and France.
Mr. Wood thinks, that, had he lived some years longer,
he would undoubtedly have been promoted to a bishopric.
He published several things; and, among the rest, 1. “The
Liturgy of the Church of England asserted, in a Sermon,
preached [in French] at the chapel of the Savov, before
the French Congregation, which usually assembles in that
place, upon the first day that divine service was there celebrated according to the Liturgy of the Church of England.
” Translated into English by G. B. doctor in physic,
Lond. 1662, 4to. 2. “A View of the Government and
public Worship of God in the reformed churches of England, as it is established by the act of uniformity,
” Lond.
Apologia
pro ministris trt Anglia (vulgo) noneonformistis,
” by an
anonymous author, supposed to be Henry Hickman, he
published, 3. “Sanctae Ecclesise Anglicanao ad versus iniquas atque inverecundas Schismaticorum Criminationes,
Vindiciae.
” The presbyterians, taking great offence at it,
published these answers: 1. “Bonasus Vapulans or some
castigations given to Mr. John Durel for fouling himself
and others in his English and Latin book,
” Loud. The Nonconformists
vindicated from the Abuses put upon them by Mr. Durel
and Mr. Scrivner.
” 2. Dr. Lewis Du Moulin published
also this answer thereto: “Patronus bonre fidei, in causa
Puritanorum,
” &c Lond. Theoremata philosophise,
” consisting of some theses maintained at the university of Caen;
a French and Latin edition of the Common Prayer Book;
and a French translation of the Whole Duty of Man,
partly written by his wife.
lf by his talents and productions in polite literature, and who was many years resident in England,. was born at St. Denis le Guast, in Lower Normandy, April 1, 1613.
, a writer, who distinguished himself by his talents and productions in polite
literature, and who was many years resident in England,.
was born at St. Denis le Guast, in Lower Normandy, April
1, 1613. He was the third son of Charles de St. Denis,
castellan or baron of St. Denis le Guast; and took the
name of St. Evremond from a manor which was part of the
estate of his father, and of which he was sometimes styled
lord. He was intended, by his father, for the profession
of the law; and, when he was nine years of age, he was
sent to Paris to be bred a scholar. He was entered in the
second form in the college of Ciermont; and continued
there four years, during which he went through a course
of grammar learning and rhetoric. He was next sent to
the university of C;ien, in order to study philosophy but
he continued there one year only, and then returned to
Paris, where he pursued the same study a year longer in
the college of Harcourt. He distinguished himself not
only by his application to literature, but by other accomplishments; and he particularly excelled in fencing, so
that “St. Evremond’s pass
” was famous among those who
were skilled in that art. When he had passed through a
course of philosophy, be began to study the law: but
whether his relations had then other views for him, or that
his inclination led him to a military life, he quitted that
study after he had prosecuted it somewhat more than a
jear, and was made an ensign before he hud quite attained
to the age of sixteen. After he had served two or three
campaigns, he obtained a lieutenant’s commission; and,
after the siege of Laiidvecy, in 1637, he had the command
of a company of foot.
, a French writer, and canontreasurer of the chapter of St. Marine at Tarascon, was born at St, llemy in Provence, of an obscure family, in 1719.
, a French writer, and canontreasurer of the chapter of St. Marine at Tarascon, was
born at St, llemy in Provence, of an obscure family, in
1719. He was educated for the church, but his course of
studies was general, and he early manifested a taste for
voyages and works of geography, and expended all he was
worth in gratifying this inclination, by travelling over part
of Europe and the coasts of Africa to verify the relative
situations of places, and correct the errors of former geographers. On his return, he employed himself in arranging and methodizing the observations and information he
had collected on the climate, manners, population, and 1
political interests of the different countries he had visited.
These labours appeared so meritorious, that he was elected
a member of the academies of Madrid, Stockholm, and
Berlin. He died about the commencement of the French
revolution, after having passed his life in successful study,
and established an excellent character for benevolence.
He published, as the result of his travels, 1. “Cosrnographie,
” Delia casa Milano,
” Polychorographie,
” Avignon, Topographic de
TUnivers,
” Description de l‘Angleterre, de l’Ecosse, et de Irelande,
” De la population de la
France,
” Dictionnaire geographique des Gaules et de la France,
” Manuel
geographe,
”
, a learned Jesuit, and secretary to the Chinese missionaries, was born at St. Malo in 1653, and having been educated in the academies
, a learned Jesuit, and secretary
to the Chinese missionaries, was born at St. Malo in 1653,
and having been educated in the academies belonging to
his order, was made professor of philosophy and classics,
which he taught for eight years with reputation. He then
came to Paris, where he was appointed secretary and procurator to the Chinese missionaries. He died May 1708.
He wrote many tracts on the progress of religion in China,
and entered warmly into the disputes between the missionaries on the worship of Confucius. The best known of
his works are, his “Lettres sur les Progres de la Religion a
la Chine,
” Hist, de PEditde P empereur
de la Chine en faveur de la religion Chretienne,
” Hist, des Isles Mariannes,
” Lettres edifiantes et
curieuses,
” written by the Chinese missionaries. Of these
letters there was afterwards a collection made, extending
to 34 vols. 12mo; and in 1780, the abbe de Querbeuf published a new edition in 26 vols. They are still consulted
as affording information respecting the natural history,
geography, and politics of the countries which the Jesuits
had explored, although they are not unfrequently mixed
with improbable tales.
, was born at St Eulalia, near Toledo, in 1515, and was educated at
, was born at St Eulalia,
near Toledo, in 1515, and was educated at Alcala, where
he obtained a high character for diligence and learning.
He was patronized by Philip II. who engaged him to prepare an edition of the works of Isidore, which death prevented him from completing. It was afterwards finished
and published by John Grialus. He was author of many
works; but the most esteemed is a “Life of Cardinal
Ximenes,
”
, a learned French divine, was born at St, Quentin, Nov. 11, 1604, and was educated ia classic.il
, a learned French divine, was
born at St, Quentin, Nov. 11, 1604, and was educated ia
classic.il learning at Noyon and Amiens. At the age of
seventeen he came to Paris, where he studied divinity
under the Jesuit Mairat, and afterwards taught a course of
philosophy in the college of cardinal Le Moine. He was
then admitted a doctor of the Sorbonne, and in 1638
appointed professor of divinity, which office he retained
until his death, Nov. 16, 1691. He was a man of piety
and talents, and an elegant and correct speaker. His
course of theological lectures was published by M. du
Plessis d'Argemre, 1710—1712, in 6 vols. 4to, under the
title of “Opera Theoiogica.
”
ieux, so justly celebrated for his humanity at the time of the dreadful massacre of St. Bartholomew, was born at St. Quintin in Picardy, in 1497. He was confessor to
, the bishop of Lisieux, so justly celebrated for his humanity at the time of the dreadful massacre of St. Bartholomew, was born at St. Quintin in Picardy, in 1497. He was confessor to Henry II. of France, and bishop of Lodeve. In the reign of Charles IX. when the royal lieutenant of his province communicated to him the order to massacre all the protestants in the diocese of Lisieux, he signed a formal and official opposition to the order; for which striking act of clemency, it is wonderful to say, he was not censured or persecuted by the bigotry of the court. The beauty of virtue exacted respect. He died in 1577, universally respected, having gained over more by his mildness than any bigot by his fury.
, rector of Chelsea, was born at St. Columb in Cornwall, May 1, 1652. He was educated
, rector of Chelsea, was born at St. Columb in Cornwall, May 1, 1652. He was educated at Exeter college, Oxford, but took the degree of D. D. at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, where his friend sir William
Dawes was master. When first in orders, he had the curacy of Bray, in Berkshire. By his second wife he acquired the patronage of Pertenhall, in Bedfordshire, and
was instituted to that rectory in June 1690; but in 1694,
exchanged it for Chelsea, the value of which he considerably advanced by letting out the glebe on lives for building.
In 1731 he was collated to the prebend of Wighton in
York cathedral^ by sir William Dawes, archbishop. He
died May 30, 1732, and was buried at Pertenhall. Besides
two occasional sermons, he published, 1 “Animadversions
on a pamphlet entitled A Letter of advice to the churches
of the Nonconformists of the English nation; endeavouring their satisfaction in that point, Who are the true church
of England?
” 2d edit. 1702, 4to. 2. “The case of John
Atherton, bishop of Waterford in Ireland, fairly represented against a partial edition of Dr. Barnard’s relation
and sermon at his funeral, &c.
” Tolando-Pseudologo-mastix, or a currycomb for a lying coxcomb. Being an answer to a late
piece of Mr. Toland’s called Hypatia,
” Lond.
, a celebrated English traveller, was born at St. Alban’s, in the beginning of the fourteenth century,
, a celebrated English traveller, was born at St. Alban’s, in the beginning of the fourteenth century, of a family whose ancestor is said to have come into England with William the Conqueror. Leland, who calls this knight Magdovillanus, affirms that he was a proficient in theology, natural philosophy, and physic, before he left England, in 1322, to visit foreign countries. He returned, after having been long reputed dead, at the end of thirty-four years, when very few people knew him; and went afterwards to Liege, where it seems he passed under the name of Joannes de Barbam, and where he died, according to Vossius, who has recorded the inscription on his tomb, Nov. 17, 1372. His design seems to have been to commit to writing whatever he had read, or heard, or knew, concerning the places which he saw, or has mentioned in his book. Agreeably to this plan, he has described monsters from Pliny, copied miracles from legends, and related, without quotation, stories from authors who are now ranked among writers of romances and apocryphal history, so that many or most of the falsehoods in. his work properly belong to antecedent relators, but who were certainly considered as creditable authors at the time he wrote.
, a Benedictine monk, who distinguished himself by an edition of St. Jerome, was born at St. Sever, a village in Gascony, in 1647. He entered
, a Benedictine monk, who distinguished himself by an edition of St. Jerome, was born
at St. Sever, a village in Gascony, in 1647. He entered
into the congregation of St. Maur at twenty years of age;
and applied himself to the study of the Latin, Greek, and
Hebrew languages. He read lectures upon the holy scriptures in several monasteries, at x\rles, at Avignon, at Bourdeaux: in the last of which places he accidentally met
with father Pezron’s book called “The antiquity of time
re-established;
” “L'Antiquite du temps retablie.
” The
authority of the Hebrew text, and the chronology of the
Vulgate, being attacked in this work, Martianay resolved
to defend them in two or three pieces, published against
Pezron and Isaac Vossius, who maintained the Septuagint
version. This monk died of an apoplexy in 1717, after
having spent fifty years in a scrupulous observance of all
the duties belonging to his order, and in writing more than
twenty works, of which the most distinguished is his edition of the works of St. Jerome, in 5 vols. folio; the first
of which was published at Paris in 1693, the second in
1699. In his notes on these two volumes he criticized
several learned men, as well papists as protestants,
with much severity, and even contumely; which
provoked Le Clerc, who was one of them, to examine the
merits of this edition and of the editor. This he did in a
volume published in 12mo, at Amsterdam, in 1700, with
this title, “Quaestiones Hie,ronymianae, in qnibus expenditur Hieronymi nupera editio Parisina, &c.
” in which he
endeavours to shew that Martianay, notwithstanding the
indecent petulances he had exercised towards other critics,
had none of the requisites to qualify him for an editor of
St. Jerome; that he had not a competent skill either in
the Latin, Greek, and Hebrew languages, or in the ancient interpreters of scripture, or in profane authors, or
in the science of manuscripts, for this work. Martianay
published the third volume in 1704, the fourth in 1705,
and the fifth in 1706; and Le Clerc published, in the
seventeenth tome of his “Bibliotheque choisee,
” some
copious remarks upon these three last volumes, in order
to confirm the judgment he had passed on the two first.
Nevertheless, Martianay’s edition of Jerome was by many
thought the best, even after the appearance of Vallarsius’s
edition.
, or Tomaso Da San Giovanni, an eminent artist, was born at St. Giovanni di Valdarno, in 1401, and was the disciple
, or Tomaso Da San Giovanni,
an eminent artist, was born at St. Giovanni di Valdarno,
in 1401, and was the disciple of Masolino da Panicale; but
he proved as much superior to his master, as his master
was superior to all his contemporaries: and is accounted
the principal artist of the second or middle age of modern
painting, from its revival under Cimabue. His genius was
very extensive, his invention ready, and his manner of
design had unusual truth and elegance. He considered
painting as the art of representing nature with truth, by
the aid of design and colouring: and therefore he made
nature his most constant study, till he excelled in a perfect
imitation of it. He is accounted the first who, from judicious observations, removed the difficulties that impeded
the study and the knowledge of the art, by setting the
artists an example in his own works, of that beauty which
arises from a proper and agreeable choice of attitudes and
motions, and likewise from such a spirit, boldness, and
relief, as appears truly just and natural. He was the first
among the painters who studied to give the draperies of
his figures more dignity, by omitting the multitude of small
folds, so customarily practised by the preceding artists,
and by designing them with greater breadth and fulness.
He was also the first who endeavoured to adapt the colour
of his draperies to the tint of his carnations, so as to make
the one harmonize with the other. He was uncommonly
^killed in perspective, which he had learned from P. Brujielleschi. His works procured him universal approbation:
but the very same merit which promoted his fame, excited
envy; and he died, to the regret of every lover of the art,
not without strong suspicions of having been poisoned.
Most writers agree that this event happened in 1443, but
Sandrart fixes his death in 1446. Fuseli says, “Masaccio
was a genius, and the head of an epoch in the art. He
may be considered as the precursor of Raphael, who imitated his principles, and sometimes transcribed his figures.
He had seen what could be seen of the antique, at his time
at Rome: but his most perfect work are the frescoes of S,
Pietro al Carmine at Florence; where vigour of conception, truth and vivacity of expression, correctness of design, and breadth of manner, are supported by truth and
surprising harmony of colour.
”
, a celebrated French mathematician and philosopher, was born at St. Malo in 1698, and at first educated there. In 1714
, a celebrated French mathematician and philosopher, was born at St. Malo in 1698, and at first educated there. In 1714 he studied in the college of La Marche, at Paris, where he discovered a strong inclination for mathematics. He fixed, however, on no profession until he arrived at his twentieth year, when he entered into the army, and during the space of five years in which he remained in it, pursued his mathematical studies with great vigour. In 1723 he was received into the royal academy of sciences, and read his first performance, a memoir upon the construction and form of musical instruments. When he commenced his travels, his first visit was to England, and during his residence at London he became a zealous admirer and follower of Newton. His next excursion was to Basil in Switzerland, where he formed a friendship with the celebrated John Bernouilli and his family, which continued till his death. At his return to Paris he applied himself to his favourite studies with greater zeal than ever. And how well he fulfilled the duties of an academician, may be seen in the Memoirs of the academy from 1724 to 1744; where the most sublime questions in the mathematical sciences, received from his hand that elegance, clearness, and precision, so remarkable in all his writings. In 1736 he was sent to the polar circle to measure a degree of the meridian, in order to ascertain the figure of the earth; in which expedition he was accompanied by Messrs. Clairault, Camus, Monnier, Outhier, and Celsus, the celebrated professor of astronomy at Upsal. This business rendered him so famous, that on his return he was admitted a member of almost every academy in Europe.
, a very eccentric French author and physician, was born at St. Maloes in 1709. He studied physic under Boerhaave,
, a very eccentric
French author and physician, was born at St. Maloes in
1709. He studied physic under Boerhaave, after which
he removed to Paris, and became an army-surgeon in the
French guards. The duke of Grammont, who was his protector, being taken very ill at the siege of Fribourg, he
began, in his attendance upon him, to speculate upon the
nature of the soul, and to perceive, as he fancied, that it
is mortal. He wrote “The Natural History of the Soul,
”
which being highly impious in its doctrines, raised a storm
against him from which his patron with difficulty could
defend him. He then turned his pen against his brethren,
and wrote “Penelope, or the Machiavel in medicine,
” in
3 vols. 12mo. The rage of the faculty, in consequence of
this satire, drove him out of France; and he retired to
Leyden, where he published “L'Homme Machine,
” a
treatise of materialism, in which the philosophy is as incorrect and ill argued as it is pernicious. But he declaims
with an ardour too likely to captivate weak minds, and
draw them over to his opinions. This book could not obtain toleration even in Holland; it was publicly burnt, and
the author obliged, in 1748, to fly for refuge to Berlin,
and at this court he was protected, made a member of the
academy, and honoured with places under the king. Here
he lived in tranquillity, till his violent system of bleeding,
very like that of Dr. Sangrado, put an early period to his
life, as it had to those of several patients; and he died in
1.751, being then only 48. His works were published collectively at Berlin the same year, in one vol. 4to, and two
12mo. The same kind of false philosophy pervades them
all. The king of Prussia, however, conferred on him a
very singular honour, even after his death; for he wrote
his funeral oration, which he caused to be pronounced in
the academy by one of his secretaries. Voltaire said of
him, that he was a madman who wrote in a state of intoxication.
M. A. and F. S. A. a learned and indefatigable antiquary and biographer, the son of Stephen Morant, was born at St. Saviour’s in the isle of Jersey, Oct. 6, 1700; and,
, M. A. and F. S. A. a learned and
indefatigable antiquary and biographer, the son of Stephen Morant, was born at St. Saviour’s in the isle of Jersey, Oct. 6, 1700; and, after finishing his education at
Abingdon-school, was entered Dec. 16, 1717, of Pembrokecollege, Oxford, where he took the degree of B. A. June
10, 1721, and continued till Midsummer 1722; when he
was preferred to the office of preacher of the English
church at Amsterdam, but never went to take possession.
He took the degree of M. A. in 1724, and was presented
to the rectory of Shellow Bowells, April 20, 1733; to the
vicarage of Bromfield, Jan. 17, 1733-4; to the rectory of
Chicknal Smeley, Sept. 19, 1735; to that of St. Mary’s,
Colchester, March 9, 1737; to that of Wickham Bishops,
Jan. 21, 1742-3; and to that of Aldham, Sept. 14, 1745.
All these benefices are in the county of Essex. In 1748
he published his “History of Colchester,
” of which only
An Introduction to
the Reading of the New Testament, being a translation
of that of Mess, de Beausobre and Lenfant, prefixed to
their edition of the New Testament,
” The Translation of the Notes of Mess, de Beausobre
and Lenfant on St. Matthew’s Gospel,
” The
Cruelties and Persecutions of the Romish Church displayed, &c.
” 1 epitomised those Speeches, Declarations,
&c. which Rapin had contracted out of Rushworth in the
Life of King James I. King Charles I. &c.
” 1729, 1730.
5. “Remarks on the 19th Chapter of the Second Book of
Mr. Selden’s Mare Clausum.
” Printed at the end of Mr.
Fallens “Account of Jersey,
” 1 compared
Rapin’s History with the 20 volumes of Rymer’s Fcedera,
and Acta Publica, and all the ancient and modern Historians,
and added most of the notes that were in the folio edition,
”
1728, 1734. This is acknowledged at the end of the preface in the first volume of Rapin’s History. 7. “Translation of the Notes in the Second Part of the Othman History,
by Prince Cantemir,
” The History of England, by way of Question and
Answer,
” for Thomas Astley, Hearne’s Ductor Historicus,
” and made
large additions thereto, for J. Knapton. 10. “Account
of the Spanish Invasion in 1588, by way of illustration to
the Tapestry Hangings in the House of Lords and in the
King’s Wardrobe. Engraved and published by J. Pine,
”
1739, folio. 11. “Geographia Antiqua & Nova; taken
partly from Dufresnoy’s ‘ Methode pour etudier la Geographic;’ with Ceilarius’s Maps,
” A
Summary of the History of England,
” folio, and “Lists at
the end of Mr. TindaPs Continuation of Rapin’s History,
in vol. III. being 55 sheets. Reprinted in three volumes,
”
8vo. 13. “The History and Antiquities of Colchester,
”
All the Lives
in the Biographia Britannica marked C. 1739, 1760, 7 vols.
folio. I also composed Stiliingfleet, which hath no mark
at the end.
” 15. “The History of P:ssex,
” I prepared the Rolls of Parliament for
the Press
” (as far as the 16 Henry IV.) Other works in
ms.: 17. “An Answer to the first Part of the Discourse
of the Grounds and Reasons of the Christian Religion, in
a Letter to a Friend, 1724. Presented in ms. to Edmund
Gibson, bishop of London.
” Never printed. This was
the beginning of Mr. Morant’s acquaintance with the bishop, whom he acknowledged as his only patron, and who
gave him several livings in the county of Essex. 18. “The
Life of King Edward the Confessor.
” 19. About 150
Sermons.
dvocate, counsellor of the aides of Provence, historiographer of France, and librarian to the queen, was born at St. Florentine, Dec. 20, 1717. Of his early life we
, a French advocate, counsellor of the aides of Provence, historiographer of France,
and librarian to the queen, was born at St. Florentine,
Dec. 20, 1717. Of his early life we have little account,
but it appears that he quitted his professional engagements
in the country when young, and came to Paris to indulge
his taste for study and speculation. Having acquired considerable fame by his writings, he was appointed historiographer of France, and was long employed in collecting
and arranging all the charters, historical documents, and
edicts and declarations of the French legislature from the
time of Charlemagne to the present day. This vast collection being reduced to order was put under his especial
care, under the title of “Depot des chartres et de legislation:
” whether it was dispersed at the revolution does not
appear. He also employed his pen on a variety of subjects,
some arising from temporary circumstances, and others
suggested probably in the course of his researches. Among
these are: 1. “Observateur Holiandais,
” a kind of political journal, consisting of forty-five papers, written against
the measures of the English court, at what period we know
not, as our authority does not specify its date. 2. “Memoire pour servir a l'histoire des Cacouac,
” Memoires pour servir a Phistoire de riotre
temps,
” Devoirs d'un prince,
”
Principes de morale politique et du droit public, ou Discours sur l'histoire de France,
”
th and eighteenth centuries. He flourished about 1670, but attained less fame than his son John, who was born at St. Quentin in 1661. The grandson John Baptist Michel
, was one of a family of engravers
on wood, who obtained considerable reputation in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. He flourished about
1670, but attained less fame than his son John, who was
born at St. Quentin in 1661. The grandson John Baptist Michel was the most successful in his art, especially
in those engravings which represent foliage and flowers,
many beautiful specimens of which are inserted in his publication on the art of engraving in wood; and the whole
prove that he was a very skilful master in every branch of
the art he professed. The human figure he seems to have
been the least acquainted with, and has consequently failed
most in those prints into which it is introduced. He died
in 1776; about ten years before which event he published
in 2 vols. 8vo, his “Traite historique et pratique de la
gravure en bois,
” a work of great merit as to the theory of
an art, which, it is almost needless to add, has of late
years been brought to the highest perfection by some
ingenious men of our own country, led first to this pursuit by the excellent example and success of the Messrs.
Bewickes.
, a French writer of considerable, but temporary celebrity, was born at St. Genies in the Rovergue, in 1713. He was educated
, a French writer of considerable, but temporary celebrity, was born at St. Genies
in the Rovergue, in 1713. He was educated among the
Jesuits, and became one of their order. The learning of
that society is universally known, as well as the happy talents which its superiors possessed, of assigning to each
member his proper employment. Raynal, after having
acquired among them a taste for literature and science, and
being ordained a priest, displayed such talents in the pulpit, that his preaching attracted numerous audiences. Hi*
love of independence, however, induced him, in 1748, to
dissolve his connexion with the Jesuits, and to take up his’
residence at Paris. Such is the account given by our principal authority; but, according to the abbe Barruel, he
was expelled the society for his impiety. With this circumstance Barruel may be much better acquainted than
we can be: but it seems probable that his impieties had not
then reached much farther than to call in question the supreme authority of the church; for Raynal himself assures
us, that he did not utter his atrocious declarations against
Christianity till he had ceased to be a member of the order
of Jesuits. He then associated himself with Voltaire,
D'Alembert, and Diderot, and was by them employed to
furnish the theological articles for the “Encyclopedic.
”
But though his religious opinions were certainly lax, he
could not even then be what, in a Protestant country,
would be deemed a man remarkable for impiety; for he
employed the abbe Yvon, whom Barruel calls an old metaphysician, but an inoffensive and upright man, to write
the articles which he was engaged to furnish. In this
transaction, indeed, he shewed that he possessed not a proper sense of honour, for he paid poor Yvon with twentyrive louis d'ors for writing theological articles, for which
he received himself six times that sum; and the trick
being discovered, Raynal was disgraced, and compelled
to pay up the balance to the abbe Yvon; but though he
had thus shewn himself to be without honour, it is difficult to believe he had yet proceeded so far as blasphemy,
of which he has been accused, since he had employed
a Christian divine to supply his place in the “Encyclopedic.
”
, a celebrated French protestant divine, was born at St. Maxeut, in Poitou, Aug. I, 1572, and after some
, a celebrated French protestant divine, was born at St. Maxeut, in Poitou, Aug. I, 1572, and
after some school education near home, was sent to Rochelle in 1585, where he studied the learned languages and
philosophy. In 1590 he was removed to the college at
Beam, where he took his master’s degree, and began the
study of divinity. Having finished that course, he was in
1595 appointed minister of the church of Thoars, and chaplain to the duke of Thoars, who admitted him into his confidence, and frequently employed him in matters of importance. While in this situation he married the daughter
of a divine at Thoars. He was frequently the
representative of the protestant churches in national conventions and
synods, and in some of these filled the chair of president,
particularly in that of Vitry, in 1617. In 1620 he was appointed professor of divinity at Leyden, but about the same
time had the misfortune to lose his wife. In 1621 he visiteci England, and going to Oxford was incorporated doctor in divinity, which degree had been conferred on him at
Leyden just before. He gave, on this occasion, several
books to the Bodleian library. While in England he married, as his second wife, Maria, the sister of Peter du
Moulin, and widow of Anthony de Guyot, upon whose
death in the civil wars in France, she took refuge in England. What served to introduce him at Oxford was his
previous acquaintance wiih John Russe, or Rouse, who had
lodged some time with him at Thoars, and was now in the
situation of librarian of the Bodleian. After his return to
Leyden he resumed his professorship, and passed the rest
of his days in teaching and writing. He died in 1647, aged
seventy-five. His works, consisting of commentaries on
the scriptures, sermons, and controversial pieces, were
very numerous, but it is unnecessary to specify them separately, as they were collected in 3 vols. fol. and printed
at Rotterdam in 1651. His brother William, who was
likewise in the church, published on “Justification,
” and
on “Ecclesiastical liberty.
” We have in English,“A relation of the last hours of Dr. Andrew Rivet,
” 12mo, translated and published by Nehemiah Coxe, by which it appears that Dr. Rivet was not more a man of great learning
than of great piety.
, a French writer of more industry than genius, was born at St. Malu’s, in 1715. He entered for a time into the
, a French
writer of more industry than genius, was born at St. Malu’s,
in 1715. He entered for a time into the society of the
Jesuits, where he taught the learned languages. Returning into the world, he was employed with Messrs. Freron
and de la Porte, in some periodical publications. He was
also a member of the literary and military society of Besangon, and of the academy at Angers. He died April 17,
1759, at the age of forty-four. Besides his periodical
writings, he made himself known by several publications:
1. “An Abridgment of the History of England,
” 3 vols.
12mo, which has the advantages of a chronological abridgment, without its dry ness. The narration is faithful, simple, and clear the style rather cold, but in general, pure,
and of a good taste and the portraits drawn with accuracy yet the abridgment of the abbé Millet is generally
preferred, as containing more original matter. 2 “Histoire des Conjurations et des Conspirations celebres,
” 10
vols. 12 mo; an unequal compilation, but containing some
interesting matters. 3, The two last volumes of the “Bibliotfaeque amusante.
” 4. “L'Almanach des Beaux-Arts,
”
afterwards known by the title of te La France literaire.“He published a very imperfect sketch of it in 1752; but
it has since been extended to several vols, 8vo. 5.
” Memoires du Marquis de Choupes,“1753, 12mo. He had
also a hand in the
” History of Spain," published by M.
Desormaux.
Jonathan, our critic, was born at St. Ives, in December 1713. He received the first principles
Jonathan, our critic, was born at St. Ives, in December 1713. He received the first principles of his education in a grammar-school in that town, and was afterwards placed under the care of Mr. Gurney, master of a private school, in the parish of St. Merryn. He was removed from this school to Exeter college, Oxford, where he took his degree of batchelor of arts; but his master of arts degree was taken at Pembroke hall, Cambridge, in 1756. In 1750, he was appointed to the rectory of St. Martin’s, and, in 1774, was installed prebendary of Exeter. In 1776, he was instituted to the vicarage of St. Merryn’s. He owed these two last pieces of preferment to the patronage of Dr. Keppel, bishop of Exeter.
a French abb of temporary fame, but who is upon the whole rather faintly praised by his countrymen, was born at St. Malo in Dec. 1697. He was related to the celebrated
, a French
abb of temporary fame, but who is upon the whole rather
faintly praised by his countrymen, was born at St. Malo in
Dec. 1697. He was related to the celebrated Maupertuis,
who dedicated the third volume of his works to him. His
first appearance as an author was in 1717, in his twentieth
year, when he published in the French “Mercure,
” his
“Reflections on Telemachus,
” which served to introduce
him to La Motte and Fontenelle, who became afterwards
not only the objects of his constant esteem, but of a species of idolatry which exposed him to the ridicule of the
wits of his day. There are no memoirs of his education
and early progress, but it appears that he was treasurer of
the church of Nantes, and afterwards archdeacon and canon of St. Malo. For some time he lived in intimacy with
cardinal Tencin, and visited Rome with him, but having
no inclination to a life of dependence, whatever advantages
it might bring, he returned to Paris, and employed his
time in literary pursuits. His irreproachable conduct and
agreeable manners procured him very general esteem as a
man, but as a writer he never ranked high in the public
opinion, and although very ambitious of a seat in the
French academy, he did not reach that honour until 1761.
About six years afterwards he retired to his native place,
where he died in March 1770. His principal works were,
I. “Essais de litterature et de morale,
” 4 vols. 12mo, which
have been often reprinted and translated into other languages. These essays, although the author was neither
gifted with the elegance of La Bruyere, nor with the penetration of La Rochefoucault, contain much good sense and
knowledge of books and men. 2. “Panegyriques ties
Saints,
” a work feebly written, but to which he prefixed
some valuable reflections on eloquence. It was in this work
he incurred the displeasure of Voltaire. He in general
disliked the poetry of his country, and had not only the
courage and imprudence to say that he thought it in general monotonous, but that he was unable to read even the
“Henriade
” of Voltaire without yawning. Voltaire resented this in a satire, entitled “Le Pauvre Diable,
” but
afterwards became reconciled to the abbe. 3. “Memoires
pour servir a l'histoire de Messieurs de la Motte et de Fontenelle,
” Amst. Journal des Savans,
” and to the “Journal Chretien,
”
which was established in defence of religion against the
infidel writers of that time.
, in German Von Watte, one of the most learned men of his nation or time, was born at St. Gal, Nov. 29, 1484, of which city his father, Joachim
, in German Von Watte, one
of the most learned men of his nation or time, was born at
St. Gal, Nov. 29, 1484, of which city his father, Joachim
Von Watte, was a senator. After some education at home
he was sent to Vienna to pursue the higher studies, but
for some time entered more into the gaieties of the place,
and was distinguished particularly for his quarrels and his
duels, until by the sensible and affectionate remonstrances
of a merchant of that city, to whose care his father had
confided him, he was induced to devote his whole time and
attention to books, and never relapsed into his former follies. When he had acquired a competent share of learning
he wished to relieve his father from any farther expence,
and with that honourable view taught a school at Villach,
in Carinthia; but finding this place too remote from literary
society, he returned to Vienna, and in a short time was
chosen professor of the belles lettres, and acquitted himself with such credit, and gained such reputation by some
poetry which he published, that the emperor Maximilian
I. honoured him with the laurel crown at Lintz in 1514.
After some hesitation between law and physic, both of
which he had studied, he determined in favour of the
latter, as a profession, and took his doctor’s degree at Vienna
in 1518. He appears to have practised in that city, and
afterwards at St. Gal, until the controversies arose respecting the reformation. After examining the arguments of
the contending parties, he embraced the cause of the reformers; and besides many writings in favour of their principles, befriended them in his rank of senator, to which he
had been raised. In 1526 he was farther promoted to the
dignity of consul of St. Gal, the duties of which he performed
so much to the satisfaction of his constituents that he was
re-elected to the same office seven times. He died April
6, 1551, in his sixty-sixth year. He bequeathed his books
to the senate of St. Gal, which were ordered to be placed
in the public library of the city, with an inscription, honourable both to his character and talents. The latter were
very extensive, for he was well versed and wrote well on
mathematics, geography, philosophy, and medicine. He
was also a good Latin poet, and, above all, a sound divine
and an able controversial writer. Joseph Scaliger places
him among the most learned men of Germany. He was
intimate with our illustrious prelate, archbishop Cranmer,
but preceded him in some of the doctrines of the reformation. About 1536 he wrote a book entitled “Aphorismorum libri sex de consideratione Eucharistiae,
” &c. which
was levelled at the popish doctrine of the corporal presence,
and thinking it a proper work for the archbishop to patronize, presented it to him; but Cranmer had not yet considered the question in that view, and therefore informed
Vadian that his book had not made a convert of him, and
that he was hurt with the idea of being thought the patron
of such unscriptural opinions. Vadian therefore pursued
the subject at home, and wrote two more volumes on it.
The only medical work he published was his “Consilium
contra Pestem, Basil, 1546, 4to. Those by which he is
best known in the learned world, are, 1. A collection of
remarks on various Latin authors, in his
” Epistola responsoria ad Rudulphi Agricolas epistolam,“ibid. 1515, 4to.
2. His edition of
” Pomponius Mela,“first printed at Vienna in 1518, fol. and often reprinted. 3.
” Scholia qoaedam in C. Plinii de Nat. Hist, librum secundum,“Basil,
153 1, fol. 4.
” Chronologia Ablmtum Monasterii St.Galli“”De obscuris verborum significationibus epistola;“” Farrago antiquitatum Alamannicarum,“&c. and some other
treatises, which are inserted in Goldnst’s
” Alamanniae
Scnptores."
, an elegant historian, was born at St. Andrew’s in Scotland, about 1730. He was the son
, an elegant historian, was born at St. Andrew’s in Scotland, about 1730. He was the son of an apothecary of that place, who was also a brewer. Having gone through the usual course of languages and philosophy at the school and university of St. Andrew’s, and also entered on the study of divinity, a desire of being acquainted with a larger circle of literati, and of improving himself in every branch of knowledge, carried him, first, to the university of Glasgow, and afterwards to that of Edinburgh. The period of theological studies at the universities of Scotland is four years; but during that time young men of ingenious minds raid sufficient leisure to earry on and advance the pursuits of general knowledge. Few men studied more 'constantly than Mr. Watson. It was a rule with him to study eight hours every day; and this law he observed during the whole course of his life*. An acquaintance with the polite writers of England, after the union of the two kingdoms, became general in Scotland; and in Watson’s younger years, an emulation began to prevail of writing pure and elegant English. Mr. Watson applied himself with great industry to the principles of philosophical or universal grammar; and by a combination of these, with the authority of the best English writers, formed a course of lectures on style or language. He proceeded to the study of rhetoric or eloquence; the principles of which he endeavoured to trace to the nature of the human mind. On these subjects he delivered a course of lectures at Edinburgh, similar to what Dr. Adam Smith had delifered in the same city previous to his removal to Glasgow in 1751. To this he was encouraged by lord Kames, who judged very favourably of his literary taste and acquirements; and the scheme was equally successful in Watson’s as in Smith’s hands.
, a nonconformist divine, poet, and wit, was born at St. Ives in Huntingdonshire in 1609, and was educated
, a nonconformist divine, poet, and
wit, was born at St. Ives in Huntingdonshire in 1609, and
was educated at the university of Cambridge. In 1642 he
was created bachelor of divinity at Oxford, and, probably
had the degree of doctor there also, as he was generally
called Dr. Wild. In 1646 he was appointed rector of
Aynho in Northamptonshire, in the room of Dr. Longman,
ejected by the parliamentary visitors; and on this occasion Calamy’s editor gives us one of his witticisms. He
and another divine had preached for the living, and Wild
being asked whether he or his competitor had got it, he
answered “We have divided it; I have got the Ay, and
he the No.
” Wood says he was “a fat, jolly, and boon
presbyterian,
” but Calamy asserts that those who knew
him commended him not only for his facetiousness, but
also his strict temperance and sobriety; and he was serious,
where seriousness was wanted. He was ejected from
Aynho at the restoration. He died at Oundle, in Northamptonshire in 1679, aged seventy. His works afford a
curious mixture. 1. “The tragedy of Christopher Love
at Tower-hill,
” Lond. Iter Boreaie, attempting something upon the successful and matchless march of the L Gen. George Monk
from Scotland to London,
” ibid. A poem on the imprisonment of Mr. Edmund Calamy in Newgate,
” Antiboreale, an answer to a
lewd piece of poetry upon Mr. Calamy, &c.
” the other
“Hudibras on Calamy’s imprisonment and Wild’s poetry.
”
These, with his Iter Boreaie, and other pieces of a similar
cast and very indifferent poetry, but with occasional
flashes of genuine humour, were published together in
1668 and 1670. Wood mentions “The Benefice, a comedy,
” written in his younger years, but not printed till
1689. Wood adds, that there “had like to have been
” a
poetical war between Wild and Flaxman, but how it terminated he knows not. Wild had the misfortune to have
some of his poems printed along with some of lord Rochester’s. He has a few serrrjons extant.
, an eminent German divine, was born at St. Gall, in Switzerland, August 5, 1730.- His father,
, an eminent German divine, was born at St. Gall, in Switzerland, August
5, 1730.- His father, a worthy practitioner of the law,
withheld no expence in his education and, after the usual
progress through the school of his native town, being designed for the church, he was sent first to Bremen, and
thence to the university of Utrecht, where the divinity professors are said to have been in high repute. Zollikofer
was not, however, says his biographer, one of those who
adhere pertinaciously to every thing instilled into them
in a lecture-room, and are incapable of advancing a stej>
beyond the routine of opinions, to which, from custom
or articles, the tutors themselves are bound to accede. He
was obliged, indeed, to attend lectures, as he once mentioned to a friend, on a systematic theology, resting solely
on “unproved formularies, sophisms, technical and scholastic terms of the compendiums at that time in general
use, instead of a sound exposition of the Bible, in connection with a strict investigation of ecclesiastical history:
”
but his sermons and books of devotion did not receive the
least taint from the theology into which he became thus
initiated. “The little that I know,
” said he, “I was
obliged to teach myself chiefly after I was come to years
of maturity; for I had but a miserable education.
”
, an Italian painter, was born at St. Angelo in Vado, in the duchy of Urbino, in 1529;.
, an Italian painter, was born at St. Angelo in Vado, in the duchy of Urbino, in 1529;. and was initiated in his art by his father, who was an ordinary painter. At fourteen years of age he was carried to Home, and placed under Pietro Calabro, whose wife was so covetous, that she almost starved him, and forced him to look out for another master. However, he went to no other, but contented himself with contemplating Raphael’s works and the antique sculptures: he improved himself alsogreatly by the study of anatomy. He excelled chiefly in a florid invention, a genteel manner of design, and in the good disposition and teconomy of his pieces but was not so much admired for his colouring, which was generally unpleasant, and rather resembled the statues than the* life. He never worked out of Italy: Rome, Tivoli, Florence, Caparola, and Venice, were the places where he distinguished himself; but he left many pieces unfinished, being snatched away in his prime in 1566.