“That he had a design to write an epic poem, and was to call it Chorologia, of the worthies of his country raised
“That he had a design to write an epic poem, and was
to call it Chorologia, of the worthies of his country raised
by Fame, and was to dedicate it to his country. It is all
in couplets, for he detested all other rhimes. He said
he had written a discourse of poetry both against Campion
and Daniel, especially the last, where he proves couplets
to be the best sort of verses, especially when they are
broke like hexameters, and that cross rhimes and stanzas,
because the purpose would lead beyond eight lines, were
all forced.
”
Ben Jonson, continues Drummond, “ was a great lover and praiser of himself, a contemner and scorner
Ben Jonson, continues Drummond, “was a great lover
and praiser of himself, a contemner and scorner of others,
given rather to lose a friend than a jest; jealous of every
word and action of those about him, especially after drink,
which is one of the elements in which he lived a dissembler of the parts which reign in him a bragger of some
good that he wanted, thinking nothing well done, but what
either be himself or some of his friends have said or done.
He is passionately kind and angry, careless either to gain
or keep; vindictive, but if he be well answered at himself,
interprets best sayings and deeds often to the worst. He
was for any religion, as being versed in both oppressed
with fancy, which hath over- mastered his reason, a general disease in many poets. His inventions are smooth and
easy, but above all he excelleth in a translation. When
his play of the Silent Woman was first acted, there were
found verses after on the stage against him, concluding,
that that play was well named the Silent Woman, because
there was never one man to say plaudite to it.
” Drummond
adds, “In short, he was in his personal character the very
reverse of Shakspeare, as surly, ill-natured, proud, and
disagreeable, as Shakspeare with ten times his merit was
gentle, good-natured, easy, and amiable.
”
did exceedingly exalt the English language in eloquence, propriety, and masculine expressions, so he was the best judge of, and fittest to prescribe rules to poetry
Lord Clarendon’s character of our author is more favourable, and from so accurate a judge of human nature, perhaps more valuable. “His name,
” lord Clarendon says,
<l can never be forgotten, having by his very good learning, and the severity of his nature and manners, very much
reformed the stage; and indeed the English poetry itself.
His natural advantages were, judgment to order and govern
fancy, rather than excess of fancy, his productions being
slow and upon deliberation, yet then abounding with great
wit and fancy, and will live accordingly; and surely as he
did exceedingly exalt the English language in eloquence,
propriety, and masculine expressions, so he was the best
judge of, and fittest to prescribe rules to poetry and poets,
of any man who had 'lived with, or before him, or since:
if Mr. Cowley had not made a flight beyond all men, with
that modesty yet, as to ascribe much of this to the example
and learning of Ben Jonson. His conversation was very
good, and with the men of most note; and he had for
many years an extraordinary kindness for Mr. Hyde (lord Clarendon), till he found he betook himself to business,
which he believed ought never to be preferred before his
company. He lived to be very old, and till the palsy made
a deep impression upon his body and his mind."
s merit, that an age of more refinement cannot find enough to justify the superior light in which he was contemplated. It is sufficient that he did what had not been
From these accounts it may surely be inferred that Jonson in his life-time occupied a high station in the literary
world. So many memorials of character, and so many
eulogiums on his talents, have not fallen to the lot of many
writers of that age. His failings, however, appear to have
been so conspicuous as to obscure his virtues. Addicted to
intemperance, with the unequal temper which habitual
intemperance creates, and disappointed in the hopes of
wealth and independence, which his high opinion of his
talents led him to form, degenerating even to the resources
of a libeller who extorts from fear what is denied to genius,
he became arrogant, and careless of pleasing even those
with whom he associated. Of the coarseness of his manners
there can be no doubt, but it appears at the same time that
his talents were such as made his temper be tolerated for
the sake of his conversation. As to his high opinion of
himself, he did not probably differ from his contemporaries, who hailed him as the reformer of the stage, and
as the most learned of criticsand it is no great diminution of his merit, that an age of more refinement cannot
find enough to justify the superior light in which he was
contemplated. It is sufficient that he did what had not
been done before, that he displayed a judgment to which
the stage had been a stranger, and furnished it with examples of regular comedy which have not been surpassed.
His memory was uncommonly tenacious, and his learning
certainly superior to that of most of his contemporaries.
Pope gives him the praise of having “brought critical
learning into vogue,
” and having instructed both the actors
and spectators in what was the proper province of the dramatic muse. His “English Grammar,
” and his “Discoveries,
” both written in his advanced years, display a-n attachment to the interests of literature, and a habit of reflection, which place his character as a scholar in a very
favourable point of view. The editor of a recent edition:
of his Discoveries, justly attributes to them “a closeness
and precision of style, weight of sentiment, and accuracy
of classical learning.
”
nt, considers Jonson as the greatest man of his age, and observes, that “if we look upon him when he was himself (for his last plays were but his dotages) he was the
Yet whatever may be thought of his learning, it is
greatly over-rated, when opposed or preferred to the
genius of his contemporary Shakspeare. Jonson 1 s learning
contributed very little to his reputation as a dramatic poet.
Where he seems to have employed it most, as in his “Cataline,
” it only enables him to encumber the tragedy with
servile versifications of Sallust, when he should have been
studying nature and the passions. Dry den, whose opinions
are often inconsistent, considers Jonson as the greatest
man of his age, and observes, that “if we look upon him
when he was himself (for his last plays were but his dotages)
he was the most learned and judicious writer any theatre
ever had.
” In another place (preface to the “Mock Astrologer
”), he says “that almost all Jonson’s pieces were but
crambt his cocta, the same humour a little
” varied and
written worse."
, there are not above three which preserve his name on the stage, but these indeed are excellent. It was his misfortune to be obliged to dissipate on court masks and
It is certain that his high character as a dramatic writer
has not descended to us undiminished. Of his fifty dramas,
there are not above three which preserve his name on the
stage, but these indeed are excellent. It was his misfortune to be obliged to dissipate on court masks and pageants
those talents which concentrated might have furnished
dramas equal to his “Volpone,
” “Alchemist,
” and the
“Silent Woman.
” Contrasted with the boundless and
commanding genius of Shakspeare, Dr. Johnson has hit
his character with success in his celebrated prologue.
nderwoods,” are brightened by occasional rays of genius, and dignified simplicity, but in general he was led into glittering and fanciful thoughts, and is so frequently
Among his poems there are few which can be specified
as models of excellence. The “Hymn
” from “Cynthia’s
Ilevels,
” the “Ode to the Memory of sir Lucius Gary,
”
and “Sir H. Morison,
” one of the first examples of the
Pindaric, or irregular ode, and some of his songs, and
“Underwoods,
” are brightened by occasional rays of genius, and dignified simplicity, but in general he was led
into glittering and fanciful thoughts, and is so frequently
captivated with these as to neglect his versification. Although he had long studied poetry, it does not appear that
be could pursue a train of poetical sentiment or imagery
so far as to produce any great work. His best efforts were
such as he could execute almost in the moment of conception, and frequently with an epigrammatic turn which is
very striking. He once meditated an epic poem, but his
habitual irregularities and love of company denied the necessary perseverance.
, a painter of history and portraits, possessed of very superior abilities in his art, was born at Antwerp in 1594. He first studied with Adam Van Oort,
, a painter of history and portraits,
possessed of very superior abilities in his art, was born at
Antwerp in 1594. He first studied with Adam Van Oort,
whose daughter he married at an early period of his life
but it was to Rubens he stood indebted for the principal
part of his knowledge; though it is dubious whether he
ever was admitted into the school of that master. Certain
it is, however, that he more forcibly carried into effect his
principles than any of his disciples, except Vandyke. It
is said by Sandrart, that Rubens was jealous of him, but
this assertion is generally thought to be unfounded; yet
if so great a man were capable of that mean passion, certainly the talents of Jordaens might well excite it. He
painted with almost incredible force and brilliancy. Neither Rubens nor Tintoretto, in that respect, excel him; his
compositions are full of bustle, and designed with great
truth, even grandeur of form. His defect (and it must be allowed that it is a great one, in an art whose principal end is to adorn, to improve, to please mankind) is grossness of subject and of form; not indecent, but vulgar, low
common life. His power to give rotundity and relief to
his figures, is amazing; and his execution is of the most
masterly kind. The French have possessed themselves of
many of his principal works; two are particularly noticeable in the gallery of the Louvre, the Flemish celebration.
of Twelfth night, known by the appellation of “L'e Roi
boit,
” and Christ driving the money-changers from the
temple. He was remarkable for the rapidity of his execution, and appears to have studied his figures and effects by
candle-light, or in bright sun-shine. Having obtained
great renown and success, he died in 1678.
, a person distinguished more by his connections than by his works, was born at Berlin in 1702, and discovered early a taste for letters.
, a person distinguished
more by his connections than by his works, was born at
Berlin in 1702, and discovered early a taste for letters.
He was brought up to the church, but becoming acquainted with Frederic, then prince, and afterwards king
of Prussia, a friendship commenced between them of no
common sincerity; and when Frederic came to the throne,
he prevailed on Jordan to abandon the church and come to
court. Here he became the confidential friend of Frederic, and had the courage to give him on all occasions the
best advice, and to oppose to his face such measures as
he thought hurtful. Notwithstanding this freedom he was
advanced to several posts of profit and honour, and became
at length vice-president of the academy of sciences at
Berlin where he died in 1745. The king of Prussia erected a mausoleum over him, and also honoured him with the
following eloge “Jordan,
” says he, “was born with parts,
lively, penetrating, yet capable of application his memory
vast and retentive his judgment sure, his imagination
brilliant always governed by reason, yet without stiffness
in his morals; open in conversation, full of politeness and
benevolence; cherishing truth, and disguising it; humane,
generous, ready to serve; a good citizen; faithful to his
friends, his master, and his country.
” His merits as an
author do not give us so high an idea of him as the above
eloge, or as the more interesting account given by Thibault. His only writings were, “L‘Histoire d’un voyage
literaire,
” in France, England, and Holland. “Un Recueil de Littrature, de Philosophic, & de Histoire.
” A
Life of M. de la Croze, in French, &c.
, an English physician, and considerable writer on chemistry and mineralogy, was born in 1569, at High Halden in Kent, and probably educated
, an English physician, and considerable writer on chemistry and mineralogy, was born in 1569, at High Halden in Kent, and probably educated at Hart-hall, Oxford. He visited foreign universities, and took his degree of doctor in that of Padua. After his return, he practised in London, where he became a member of the college of physicians, and was in high reputation for learning and abilities. He injured his fortune by engaging in a project to manufacture alum. We are ignorant where his works were situated; but it is certain, he obtained a grant from James I. of the profits of them, which was revoked at the importunity of a courtier; and though he made application for redress, he never obtained it, notwithstanding the king appeared particularly sensible of the hardship of his case. He spent the latter part of his life at Bath, and died there, of the gout and stone, in January 1632.
, a learned English divine, was born in the parish of St. Giles’s, Middlesex, Oct. 23, 1698.
, a learned English divine, was born in the parish of St. Giles’s, Middlesex, Oct. 23, 1698. His father, Renatus, was a native of Bretagne in France; came over to England about 1685, when protestantism was no longer tolerated in that country was made a gentleman of the privy -chamber in 1691 became afterwards secretary to lord Orford, sir George Rooke, and sir Cloudesly Shovel; and was cast away with the last, when his ship struck upon the rocks of Scilly, Oct. 22, 1707. His mother was Martha Rogers, of an ancient and respectable family in Bucks, which had produced some clergymen, distinguished by their abilities and learning. He was educated at the Charter-house, where he made a good profiqiency in Greek and Latin: French he learned at home, and he understood and spoke that language well.
In May 1715, he was admitted of Jesus-college, Cambridge; and, about two years after,
In May 1715, he was admitted of Jesus-college, Cambridge; and, about two years after, recommended by his
tutor Dr. Styan Thirlby, who was very fond of him, and
always retained a friendship for him, to make extracts from
Eustathius, for the use of Pope’s “Homer.
” He was not
employed directly by Pope, nor did it ever happen to him
to see the face of that poet: for, being of a shy modest
nature, he felt no impulse to force his way to him; nor
did the other make inquiry about him, though perfectly
satisfied with what he had done for him. He took the degree of B. A. in 1718-19, and M. A. in 1722: he had been
chosen fellow of his college soon after the taking of his
first degree. This year he distinguished himself by the
publication of a few Latin poems, entitled, “Lusus Poetici;
” which were well received, and were twice reprinted,
with additions. In Sept. 1723, he entered into deacon’s
orders, and into priest’s the June following. In Jan. 1726 -7,
he was presented by his college to Swavesey, near Cambridge; but, marrying in 1728, he resigned that living,
and spon after settled himself in London, where he was
engaged as a reader and preacher at a chapel in
street, near Russell-street, Bloomsbury.
ID this town he spent the next twenty-five years of his
life: for though, in 1737, the earl of Winchelsea gave him
the living of Eastvvell in Kent, where he resided a little
time, yet he very soon quitted it, and returned to London.
Here for many years he had employment as a preacher,
in the abovementioned and other chapels; with the emoluments of which occasional services, and a competency of
his own, he supported himself and family in a decent
though private manner, dividing his leisure hours between
his books and his friends, especially those of the literati,
with whom he always kept up a close and intimate connection. In 1730, he published “Four Sermons upon the
Truth of the Christian Religion:
” the substance of
which was afterwards incorporated in a work, entitled,
“Discourses concerning the Truth of the Christian Religion, 1746,
” 8vo.
ancient and modern,” in 2 vols. 8vo. This is a collection of critical remarks, of which, however, he was not the sole, though the principal, author: Pearce, Masson,
In 1731, he published “Miscellaneous Observations
upon Authors, ancient and modern,
” in 2 vols. 8vo. This
is a collection of critical remarks, of which, however, he
was not the sole, though the principal, author: Pearce,
Masson, Dr. Taylor, Wasse, Theobald, Dr. Robinson,
Upton, Thirlby, and others, were contributors to it. This
work was highly approved by the learned here, and was
translated into Latin at Amsterdam, and continued on the
same plan by D'Orville and Burman. In 1751, archbishop
Herring, unsolicited, gave him the living of St. Dunstan
in the East, London. This prelate had long entertained
a high and affectionate regard for him had endeavoured
to serve him in many instances with others and afterwards, in 1755, conferred upon him the degree of D. D.
This same year, 1751, came out his first volume of “Remarks upon Ecclesiastical History,
” 8vi. This work was
inscribed to die earl of Burlington by whom, as trustee
for the Boylean Lecture, he had, through the application
of bishop Herring and bishop Sherlock, been appointed,
in 1749, to preach that lecture. There is a preface to this
volume of more than forty pages, which, with much learning and ingenuity, displays a spirit of liberty and candour.
These “Remarks upon Ecclesiastical fiistory
” were continued, in tour succeeding volumes, down to the year 1517,
when Luther began the work of reformation; two, published by himself, in 1752 and 1754; and two, after his
death, in 1773.
In 1755, he published “Six Dissertations upon different
Subjects,
” 8vo. The sixth dissertation is, “On the state
of the dead, as described by Homer and Virgil;
” and the
remarks in this, tending to establish the great antiquity of
the doctrine of a future state, interfered with Warburton
in his “Divine Legation of Moses,
” and drew upon him
from that quarter a very severe attack. He made no reply; but in his “Adversaria
” was the following memorandum, which shews that he did not oppose the notions of
other men, from any spirit of envy or contradiction, but
from a full persuasion that the real matter of fact was as
he had represented it. “I have examined,
” says he, “the
state of the dead, as described by Homer and Virgil; and
upon that dissertation I am willing to stake all the little
credit that I have as a critic and philosopher. I have there
observed, that Homer was not the inventor of the fabulous
history of the gods: he had those stories, and also the
doctrine of a future state, from old traditions. Many notions of the Pagans, which came from tradition, are considered by Barrow, Serm. viii. vol. II. in which sermon the
existence of God is proved from universal consent.
”
ted principally from his letters, and inserted it in the ‘ Bibliotheque Choisie;’ that, as this Life was favourably received by the public, he had taken it as a groundwork
In 1758, appeared his “Life of Erasmus,
” in one vol.
4to; and in Remarks
upon the Works of Erasmus,
” and an “Appendix of Extracts from Erasmus and other Writers.
” In the preface
to the former volume, he says, that “Le Clerc, while
publishing the Works of Erasmus at Leyden, drew up his
Life in French, collected principally from his letters, and
inserted it in the ‘ Bibliotheque Choisie;’ that, as this Life
was favourably received by the public, he had taken it as a
groundwork to build upon, and had translated it, notsuperstitiously and closely, but with much freedom, and with more
attention to things than to words; but that he had made
continual additions, not only with relation to the history of
those days, but to the life of Erasmus, especially where Le
Clerc grew more remiss, either wearied with the task, or
called off from these to other labours.
” After mentioning a
few other matters to his readers, he turns his discourse to his
friends “recommending himself to their favour, whilst
he is with them, and his name, when he is gone hence
and intreating them to join with him in a wish, that he
may pass the evening of a studious and unambitious life in
an humble but not a slothful obscurity, and never forfeit
the kind continuance of their accustomed approbation.
”
The plan of this work, however, is highly objectionable,
unless as a book to be consulted. It contains, in that respect, a vast mass of tacts and opinions respecting Erasmus and his contemporaries, put together in chronological
order, and of great importance in ecclesiastical or biographical researches.
But whatever Dr. Jortin’s wishes mightbe as to retirement, he was to live hereafter neither so studiously nor so obscurely as
But whatever Dr. Jortin’s wishes mightbe as to retirement,
he was to live hereafter neither so studiously nor so obscurely
as his imagination had figured out to him: more public scenes
than any he had yet been engaged in still awaited him. For,
Hayter, bishop of London, with whom he had been upon intimate terms, dying in 1762, and Osbaldiston, who was also
his friend, succeeding to that see, he was made domestic
chaplain to this bishop in March, admitted into a prebend
of St. Paul’s the same month, and in October presented
to the living of Kensington, whither he went to reside soon
after, and there performed the office of a good parishpriest as long as he lived. In 1764, he was appointed
archdeacon of London, and soon after had the offer of
the rectory of St. James, Westminster; which, however,
he refused, from thinking his situation at Kensington more
to his honour, as well as better adapted to his now advanced age. Here he lived occupied (when his clerical functions permitted) amongst his books, and enjoying
himself with his usual serenity, till Aug. 27, 1770: when,
being seized with a disorder in the breast and lungs, he
grew continually worse in spite of all assistance; and,
without undergoing much pain in the course of his illness,
died Sept. 5, in his 72d year. He preserved his understanding to the last; and, in answer to a female attendant
who offered him something, “No,
” said he, with much
composure, “I have had enough of every thing.
” He was
buried in the new church-yard at Kensington, as he had
directed; and had a flat stone laid over him, with this inscription, dictated by himself:
died in July 1795. He had considerable practice in the court Exchequer. His wife, who survived him, was one of the daughters of Dr, Mat ried to the rev. Samuel Darby,
This son died in July 1795. He had considerable practice in the court Exchequer. His wife, who survived him, was one of the daughters of Dr, Mat ried to the rev. Samuel Darby, fellow of Jesus-college, in Cambridge, and afterwards rector of Whatfield, in Sutfolk.
y, great humanity, and other qualities which make men amiable as well as useful, this learned person was oi a very pleasant and facetious turn; as his writings abundantly
Besides great integrity, great humanity, and other qualities which make men amiable as well as useful, this learned person was oi a very pleasant and facetious turn; as his writings abundantly shew. He had, nevertheless, great sensibility, and could express himself with warmth, and even with some degreeof indignation, when he thought the occasion warranted him to do so. For instance, he had a great respect and fondness for critical learning, which he so much cultivated; and though he knew and allowed it to have been disgraced by the manners of proud, fastidious, and insolent critics, yet he thought the restoration of letters, and the civilization of Europe, so much indebted to it, that he could ill bear to see it contemptuously treated. Hence a little tartness sometimes in his writings, when this topic falls in his way.
would sometimes complain, and doubtless with good reason, of the low estimation into which learning was fallen; and thought it discountenanced and discouraged, indirectly
For the motto of his “Life of Erasmus,
” he chose the
following words of Erasmus himself: “illud certe
praesagio, de meis lucubrationibus, qualescunque sunt, candidius judicaturam Posteritatem: tametsi nee de meo seculo queri possum.' 1 Yet it is certain that he had very
slight notions of posthumous fame or glory, and of any
real good which could arise from it; as appears from what
he has collected and written about it, in a note upon
Milton, at the end of his
” Remarks upon Spenser.“He
would sometimes complain, and doubtless with good reason,
of the low estimation into which learning was fallen; and
thought it discountenanced and discouraged, indirectly at
least, when ignorant and worthless persons were advanced
to high stations and great preferments, while men of merit
and abilities were overlooked and neglected. Yet he laid
no undue stress upon such stations and preferments,
but entertained just notions concerning what must ever
constitute the chief good and happiness of man, and is
himself believed to have made the most of them. Dr. Parr
has drawn his character with his usual elegance and discrimination.
” Jortin,“says he,
” whether I look back to
his verse, to his prose, to his critical, or to his theological
works, there are few authors to whom I am so much indebted for rational entertainment, or for solid instruction.
Learned he was, without pedantry. He was ingenious
without the affectation of singularity. He was a lover of truth,
without hovering over the gloomy abyss of scepticism, and
a friend to free inquiry, without roving into the dreary and
pathless wilds of latitudinarianism. He had a heart which
never disgraced the powers of his understanding. With a
lively imagination, an elegant taste, and a judgment most
masculine, and most correct, he united the artless and
amiable negligence of a school-boy. Wit without ill-nature, and sense without effort, be could at will scatter upon
every subject; and in every book the writer presents us
with a near and distinct view of the real man."
ence, that this work could not have been written earlier than the ninth century; and that the author was, according to all appearance, a Jew of Languedoc.
, i. e. the son of Gorion, a Jewish historian, is sometimes confounded by the rabbins with the more celebrated historian Josephus. He lived about the end of the ninth, or beginning of the tenth century, and left a History of the Jews, in Hebrew, which Gagnier translated into Latin, Oxford, 1706, 4to. There is also an edition in Hebrew and Latin, Gotha, 1707, 4to. It is obvious from internal Evidence, that this work could not have been written earlier than the ninth century; and that the author was, according to all appearance, a Jew of Languedoc.
, a celebrated capuchin, better known by the name of Father Joseph, was born November 4, 1577, at Paris, where his father, John de Clerc,
, a celebrated capuchin, better known by the
name of Father Joseph, was born November 4, 1577, at
Paris, where his father, John de Clerc, had an office in
the palace. After pursuing his studies with success, he
visited Italy and Germany, entered into the army, and
gave his family the most flattering expectations of his future fortune, when he suddenly renounced the world, and
took the capuchins’ habit in 1599. He afterwards preached,
and discharged the office of a missionary with reputation,
was entrusted with the most important commissions by the
court, and contributed much to the reformation of Fontevrauld. He sent capuchin missionaries into England,
Canada, and Turkey, and was the intimate confidant of
cardinal Richelieu, to whotn he was servilely devoted.
Father Joseph founded the new order of Benedictine nuns
of Calvary, for whom he procured establishments at Angers. Louis XIII. had nominated him to the cardinalate,
but he died at Reuel, before he had received that dignity,
December 18, 1638. The parliament attended his funeral
in a body. The abbe Richard has published two lives of
this capuchin, in one of which, in 2 vols. 12mo, he represents him as a saint; and in the other, entitled “Le veritable Pere Joseph,
” as an artful politician, and courtier.
This last is most esteemed, and probably most to be credited.
osephus Iscanus, a writer of considerable taste and elegance, in an age generally reputed barbarous, was a native of Devonshire, and flourished in the close of the twelfth,
, or Josephus Iscanus, a writer of
considerable taste and elegance, in an age generally reputed barbarous, was a native of Devonshire, and flourished in the close of the twelfth, and the commencement
of the thirteenth centuries. He was an ecclesiastic, and
patronized by Baldwin, archbishop of Canterbury. Some
say that he was a priest of the cathedral of Exeter, from
which he took his name. According to Camden, he accompanied Richard I. of England into the Holy Land, and
was a great favourite with that prince. By archbishop
Baldwin’s interest he was made archbishop of Bourdeaux,
where he is supposed to have died in the reign of Henry III.
and to have been buried in the cathedral of that city. He
was author of two epic poems in Latin heroics. The first,
in six books, is on the Trojan war the other is entitled
“Antiochesis,
” the war of Antioch, or the Crusade; of
this last only a fragment remains, in which the heroes of
Britain are celebrated. His style is not only for the most
part pure, but rich and ornamented, and his versification
approaches the best models of antiquity. His diction is
compounded chiefly of Ovid, Statius, and Claudian, the
favourite poets of the age, and wants only Virgilian chastity. “Italy,
” says Warton in his History of English
Poetry, “had at that time produced no poet comparable
to him.
” He was also author of love verses, epigrams,
and miscellaneous poems. His “De Bello Trojano, lib. V.
”
was published at Basil, Antiochesis
” is printed in Warton’s
“Ftistory of English Poetry.
” His love-verses, &c. are
lost.
, the celebrated historian of the Jews, was born at Jerusalem, of parents who belonged to the illustrious
, the celebrated historian of the
Jews, was born at Jerusalem, of parents who belonged to
the illustrious Asmonean family, about the year 37. He
soon discovered great acuteness and penetration, and made
so quick a progress in the learning of the Jews, that he
was occasionally consulted by the chief priests and rulers
of the city, even at the age of sixteen. For the purpose
of studying the history and tenets of the several Jewish
sects, he became for three years a pupil of Banun, a hermit, who had acquired great fame for wisdom; and with
him lived a recluse and abstemious life. After this he became of the sect of the Pharisees, of which he was a very
great ornament. In the year 63, he went to Rome, where
a Jew comedian, who happened to be in favour with Nero,
served him much at court, by making him known to Poppaea, whose protection was very useful to him, and enabled
him to procure liberty for some of his countrymen. Upon
his return to his country, where he found all things in confusion, he had the command of some troops, and distinguished himself at the siege of Jotapata, which he defended
seven weeks against Vespasian and Titus, but was taken
prisoner. A short time after, Vespasian granted him his life,
at the intercession of Titus, who had conceived a great
esteem for him. He now visited Egypt, and took up his
residence at Alexandria, where he doubtless studied the
Grecian and Egyptian philosophy. His patron, Titus,
carried him with him to the siege of Jerusalem, after the
taking of which, he attended Titus to Rome, where Vespasian gave him the freedom of the city, and settled a pension upon him. At Rome he cultivated the Greek language, and began to write his History. He continued ta
experience favour under Titus and Domitian, and lived
beyond the 13th year of Domitian, when he was fifty-six
for his books of “Antiquities
” end there and after that
period he composed his books against Apion. In what year
he died is uncertain.
His “History of the Jewish War and the Destruction of Jerusalem,” in seven books, was composed at the command of Vespasian first in the Hebrew language,
His “History of the Jewish War and the Destruction
of Jerusalem,
” in seven books, was composed at the command of Vespasian first in the Hebrew language, for the
use of his own countrymen, and afterwards in the Greek.
It is singularly interesting and affecting, as the historian
was an eye-witness of all he relates. With the very strong
colouring of an animated style and noble expression, he
paints to the imagination, and affects the heart. National
vanity and partiality, however, led him to imagine that all
knowledge and wisdom had originated in Judea, and had
flowed thence through all the nations of the earth; a notion
which, says Brucker, gave rise to many errors and misrepresentations in his writings. The authenticity of the celebrated passage in Josephus, respecting our Saviour, is
ably vindicated by our learned countryman Jacob Bryant,
in his “Vindiciae Flavians.
”
, a supposed heretic of the fourth century, was an Italian monk, and observed all the austerities of a monastic
, a supposed heretic of the fourth century, was an Italian monk, and observed all the austerities of a monastic life for a time, and taught some points of doctrine directly opposite to the growing superstitions; for this he was expelled Rome, and fled to Milan, with an intent to engage Ambrose, bishop of that place, and the emperor Theodosius, who was then in that city, in his favour; but Syricius, then bishop of Rome, dispatched three presbyters to Milan, Crescentius, Leopardus, and Alexander, with letters to that church, which are still extant in Ambrose’s works, acquainting them with the proceedings of himself and his followers, in consequence of which he was rejected by Ambrose, and driven out of the town by the emperor. From Milan, Jovinian returned to the neighbourhood of Home, where his followers continued to assemble under his direction, till the year 398, when the emperor Honorius commanded him and his accomplices to be whipped and banished into different islands. Jovinian himself was confined to Boas, a small island on the coast of Dal matin, where he died about the year 406. Jovinian wrote several books, which were answered by Jerome in the year 392, but in such a manner as to render it difficult to know what were Jovinian’s errors, or what his general character, except that he was no friend to celibacy or fasting.
, or Paullo Giovio, an Italian historian, was a native of Como, and was born in 1483. Being early deprived
, or Paullo Giovio, an Italian historian, was a native of Como, and was born in 1483. Being
early deprived of his father, he was educated under the
care of his elder brother Benedict, who was also a historical
writer. After having studied at Padua, Milan, and Pavia,
he took the degree of M. D. and practised for some time;
but an early propensity led him to the study and composition of history. Having completed a volume, he presented it to Leo X. at Rome, in 1516, who expressed a
very high opinion of him, and gave him a pension and the
rank of knighthood. Jovius now became intimate with
the literati of Rome, and wrote several Latin poems, which
appeared in the “Coryciana,
” and other collections.
After the death of Leo, Adrian VI. presented him to a
canonry in the cathedral of Como, and Clement VII. appointed him one of his attendant courtiers, provided him
with a handsome establishment in the Vatican, gave him
the precentorship of Como, and lastly the bishopric of
Nocera. During the sacking of the city of Rome, in 1527,
Jovius was robbed of a considerable sum of money and of
his manuscripts, but recovered the latter. Under the
pontificate of Paul III. he wished to exchange his bishopric of Nocera for that of Como, and even carried his
ambition to the place of cardinal, but was disappointed in
both. His favourite residence was at a beautiful villa on
the banks of the lake of Como, where he pursued his
studies, and in his museum made a collection of portraits
of eminent characters, to each of which he affixed an inscription, or brief memoir, some highly favourable, others
sarcastically severe. These memoirs have been frequently
printed under the title “Elogia doctorum Virorum,
” and
the portraits, engraved in wood, have been published
under the title of “Musaei Jovian i Imagines,
” Basil,
52, in 2 vols. fol. and again at Strasburgh, in 1556. They are to be read with great caution, as he was not unjustly accused of flattery and malignity, and of having
His historical works, which are all in the Latin tongue, written with great facility, were first printed at Florence, 1550 52, in 2 vols. fol. and again at Strasburgh, in 1556. They are to be read with great caution, as he was not unjustly accused of flattery and malignity, and of having sacrificed his talents to servile and interested purposes. He indeed openly acknowledges the venality of his writings, and is said to have asserted that he had two pens, the one of iron, and the other of gold, which he made use of alternately, as occasion required. But his greatest blemish is the defective or perverted morality with which his works abound; yet with all this, says his late biographer, the writings of Jovius cannot be wholly rejected without the loss of much important information, copiously narrated and elegantly expressed.
, a learned priest of Montpellier, whose father was syndic of the states of Languedoc, which office he himself held
, a learned priest of Montpellier,
whose father was syndic of the states of Languedoc, which
office he himself held before he became an ecclesiastic,
was born in 1689. He wrote an explanation of the history
of Joseph, 12mo; “Caractere essentiel aux Prophe'tes,
”
12mo; “Lettres sur Tlnterpretation des Saintes Ecritures,
” 12mo; and Explanations of the prophecies of Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, 5 vols. 12mo; of the Minor
Prophets, 6 vols. 12mo; of the Revelations, 2 vols. 12 mo.
His attachment to the Jansenists occasioned his being confined six weeks in the Bastille on false suspicions. He died
1763, aged seventy-four.
, a learned physician, and royal professor at Montpellier, was born at Valence, in the province of Dauphine, in France, on
, a learned physician, and royal professor at Montpellier, was born at Valence, in the province of Dauphine, in France, on the 16th of December, 1529, of a good family. After he had finished his school education, he went to Mompellier, where he was matriculated in the faculty of medicine on the 1st of March, 1550, and took his degree of bachelor the following year. He afterwards studied at Padua, where he attended the lectures of the celebrated Fallopius, and at some other places; but, returning to Montpellier, he finished his exercises, and received the degree of doctor in 1558. The manner in which he had performed his acts procured for him so much of the confidence and esteem of Honore Castellan, that this professor, being summoned to court in the following year, to hold the office of first physician of Catharine de Medicis, queen of Henry II. he nominated Joubert to give the lectures in the schools during his absence; and Joubert acquitted himself in so distinguished a manner, that on the death of professor Rondelet in 1566, he was immediately named his successor, in the chair. He was likewise the second successor of Rondelet, in the dignity of chancellor, having followed Saporta in 1574. He was called to Paris by Henry III. in 1579, who entertained hopes that Joubert would be able to cure the barrenness of Louisa de Lorraine, his queen. But his attempts proved unsuccessful; and he returned to Montpellier with the title of physician in ordinary to the king, and continued to practise there to his death, October 21, 1583.
; but of all his works, that in which he ventured to raise his voice against popular medical errors, was the most distinguished “Erreurs populaires touchant la Medecine,”
His Latin works, written with correctness and elegance,
have been frequently reprinted under the title of “Operum
Latinorum Tomus primus et secundus.
” The first edition
is that of Lyons, in Laughter, its causes and effects,
”
Erreurs populaires touchant la Medecine,
” Bourdeaux,
, or rather Jouvancey (Joseph de), a celebrated Jesuit, was born September 14, 1643, at Paris. He taught rhetoric with uncommon
, or rather Jouvancey (Joseph de),
a celebrated Jesuit, was born September 14, 1643, at
Paris. He taught rhetoric with uncommon reputation at
Caen, la Fleche, and Paris. At length he was invited to
Rome, in 1669, that he might continue “The History of
the Jesuits,
” with more freedom than he could have done
in France, and died in that city May 29, 1719. His principal works are, two volumes of Latin Speeches, 12mo;
a small tract entitled “De ratione discendi et docendi,
”
much esteemed; Notes, in Latin, on P-ersius, Juvenal,
Terence, Horace, Martial, Ovid’s Metamorphoses, &c.
The fifth part of the “History of the Jesuits,
” in Latin,
from
en, in Normandy, in 1644, received his first instructions from his father; but his principal teacher was Poussin, and his most useful studies the works of that master.
, an historical painter, born at Bouen, in Normandy, in 1644, received his first instructions from his father; but his principal teacher was Poussin, and his most useful studies the works of that master. He had a ready invention, and was therefore employed to adorn the apartments of Versailles and the Trianon. In the hospital of the invalids at Paris, he painted the twelve apostles; each figure 14 feet high. It must be acknowledged, however, that he failed in true taste. His style partakes too much of French flippancy the substitution of something striking for what is solid and good and his colouring is heavy. In the latter end of his life, he was struck with a palsy on his right side, and after having tried to no purpose the virtue of mineral waters, despaired of being able to paint any longer; but in one of his lectures happening to take the pencil into his left hand, and trying to retouch a piece before him, the attempt succeeded so well, that it encouraged him to make others; till at length he determined to finish with his left hand a large cieling, which he had begun in the grand hall of the parliament at Kouen, and a large piece of the Annunciation, in the choir of the church of Paris. These last works are no ways inferior to any of his best. He died at Paris in 1717.
, one of the early promoters of the reformation, was a native of the county of Bedford, and educated at Peterhouse,
, one of the early promoters
of the reformation, was a native of the county of Bedford,
and educated at Peterhouse, in Cambridge, where he took
the degree of B. A. in 1513, and that of M. A. in 1517,
and the same year was admitted a fellow. In 1527, being
a strenuous advocate for the doctrines of the reformation,
and an intimate friend of the celebrated Tindale, he was
accused of heresy, which obliged him to resign his fellowship; and finding himself in danger from the continual
persecutions of Wolsey, sir Thomas More, and Fisher,
he retired to Germany, where he continued many years.
He had a concern in the superintendance of Tindale’s
Bible, printed at Antwerp in 1533, and is ranked by Ames
as a printer himself; but, not content with corrections of
the press, he took liberties with the translation, of which
Tindale complained with justice, and Joy published an
apology, Of these the reader will find ample information
in Lewis. When Joy returned to England is not known,
but it is said that he died in 1553, and was buried in his
native country. Besides his translations of some parts of
the Bible, he published, 1. “On the unity and schism of
the ancient church,
” Wesal, The subversion of More V false foundation,
” Embden, Epistle to the prior of Newenham,
” Strasburgh, Commentary on Daniel, from Melancthon,
”
&c. Geneva, A present
consolation for the sufferance of persecution for righteousness,
”
of Horspath, near Oxford, by Anne his wife, daughter and coheir of Edward Leyworth, M. 0. of Oxford, was born in St. Giles’s parish there, ApriT 1622, educated partly
, alias Lyde, second son of William,
Joyner, alias Lyde*, of Horspath, near Oxford, by Anne
his wife, daughter and coheir of Edward Leyworth, M. 0.
of Oxford, was born in St. Giles’s parish there, ApriT
1622, educated partly in Thame, but more in Coventry
free-school, elected demy of Magdalen-college, 1626, and
afterwards fellow. But, “upon a foresight of the utter
ruin of the church of England by the presbyterians in the
time of the rebellion,
” he changed his religion for that of
Rome, renounced his fellowship, 1644, and being taken
into the service of the earl of Glamorgan, went with him
into Ireland, and continued there till the royal cause declined in that country. He then accompanied that earl in
his travels abroad; and some time after being recommended
to the service of the hon. Walter Montague, abbot of St.
Martin, near Pontoise, he continued several years in his
family as his steward, esteemed for his learning, sincere
1781, p 38, daleo, Oxford, on Edward Joyner, is a curious- Latin epitaph, taken from alias Lyde, who was probably the elthe parish church of St. Mary Mag- der brother
* In the Oen?. Mag. for 1781, p 38, daleo, Oxford, on Edward Joyner,
is a curious- Latin epitaph, taken from alias Lyde, who was probably the elthe parish church of St. Mary Mag- der brother of William.
piety, and great fidelity. At his return he lived very retired in London; till, on the breaking out of the popish
plot in 1678, he retired to Horspath, where some time
after he was seized for a Jesuit, or priest, and hound to
appear at the quarter-sessions at Oxford. Being found to
be a mere lay-papist, and discharged, he went to Ickford,
an obscure village in Buckinghamshire, near Thame, and
there spent many years in devout retirement. In 1687 he
was restored to his fellowship by James II. but expelled
from it after a year’s enjoyment, and retired to his former
recess, where, says Wood, his apparel, which was formerly gay, was then very rustical, little better than that of
a day-labourer, and his diet and lodging suitable. In one
of his letters to Wood, April 12, 1692, he told him that
“the present place of his residence is a poor thatcht-house,
where the roof is of the same stuff in the chamber where
he lodged, which he assured me was never guilty of paying chimney-tax. However, he hoped that all this would
not make a person neglected and despicable who had formerly slept in the royal palaces of France, under a roof
fretted and embossed with gold; whereas, this is doubly
and trebly interweaved only with venerable cobwebs, which
can plead nothing of rarity besides the antiquity.
” This
personage has written, 1. “The Roman Empress,
” a comedy, Lond. Some Observations on the
Life of Cardinal Pole,
” Horti Carolini Rosa altera,
” Life of Cardinal Pole,
” published in
earned Spanish mathematician, knight of Malta, and commander of the band of gentlemen marine guards, was chosen, with Ulloa, to attend the French academicians, who went
, a learned Spanish mathematician, knight of Malta, and commander of the band of gentlemen marine guards, was chosen, with Ulloa, to attend the French academicians, who went to Peru', for the purpose of measuring a degree on the meridian, in order to determine the earth’s figure. They embarked May 26, 1735. Ulloa undertook the historical part of the voyage, which appeared translated into French, Amsterdam, 1752, 2 vols. 4to; and D. George Juan the astronomical part, who accordingly published a large work on the earth’s figure, printed in Spanish. On his return he went to Paris, 171 where the academy of sciences admitted him a member. He died at Madrid, 1773, leaving several works in Spanish on naval affairs, a translation of which would be useful.
ians, lived in the time of the emperor Marcus Antoninus, whom he made a proselyte to Judaism, and it was by his order that Jehuda compiled the Mishna, the history of
, or Jehuda, Hakkadosh, or the Saint, a
rabbi celebrated for his learning and riches, according to
the Jewish historians, lived in the time of the emperor
Marcus Antoninus, whom he made a proselyte to Judaism,
and it was by his order that Jehuda compiled the Mishna,
the history of which is briefly this: The sect of the Pharisees, after the destruction of Jerusalem, prevailing over
the rest, the study of traditions became the chief object of
attention in all the Jewish schools. The number of these
traditions had, in a long course of time, so greatly increased, that the doctors, whose principal employment
it was to illustrate them by new explanations, and to confirm their authority, found it necessary to assist their recollection by committing them, under distinct heads, to
writing. At the same time, their disciples took minutes of
the explanations of their preceptors, many of which were
preserved, and grew up into voluminous commentaries.
The confusion which arose from these causes was now become so troublesome, that, notwithstanding what Hillel
had before done in arranging the traditions, Jehuda found
it necessary to attempt a new digest of the oral law, and of
the commentaries of their most famous doctors. This arduous undertaking is said to have employed him forty
years. It was completed, according to the unanimous
testimony of the Jews, which in this case there is no sufficient reason to dispute, about the close of the second
century. This Mishna, or first Talmud, comprehends all
the laws, institutions, and rules of life, which, beside the ancient Hebrew scriptures, the Jews supposed themselves bound
to observe. Notwithstanding the obscurities, inconsistencies, and absurdities with which this collection abounds, it
soon obtained credit among the Jews as a sacred book. But
as the Mishna did not completely provide for many cases
which arose in the practice of ecclesiastical law, and many
of its prescriptions and decisions were found to require further comments and illustrations, the task of supplying these
defects was undertaken by the rabbis Chiiam and Oschaiam,
and others, disciples of Jehudah; who not only wrote explanations of the Mishna, but made material additions to
that voluminous compilation. These commentaries and
additions were collected by the rabbi Jochanan ben Eliezer, probably in the fifth century, under the name of the
“Gemara,
” because it completed the Mishna. This collection was afterwards called the Jerusalem Gemara, to distinguish it from another of the same kind made in Babylon,
at the beginning of the sixth century.
, one of the reformers, son of John Judah, a German priest, was born in 1482, in Alsace. Some authors have reported that he
, one of the reformers, son of John Judah, a German priest, was born in 1482, in Alsace. Some
authors have reported that he was a converted Jew, but
father Simon has proved that he neither was a Jew, nor of
Jewish extraction, but the son of the above John Judah, or
de Juda, who, according to the custom of those times, kept
a concubine, by whom he had this Leo. He was educated at Slestadt, and thence in 1502, was sent to Basil to
pursue his academical studies. Here he had for a fellowstudent, the afterwards much celebrated Zuinglius; and
from him, who had at a very early age been shocked at
the superstitious practices of the church of Rome, he received such impressions, as disposed him to embrace the
reformed religion. Having obtained his degree of M. A.
in 1512, he was appointed minister of a Swiss church, to
the duties of which he applied himself with indefatigable
zeal, preaching boldly in defence of the protestant religion. At length he was appointed by the magistrates and
ecclesiastical assembly of Zurich, pastor of the church of
St. Peter in that city, and became very celebrated as an
advocate, as well from the press as the pulpit, of the reformed religion, for about eighteen years. At the desire
of his brethren, he undertook a translation, from the Hebrew into Latin, of the whole Old Testament; but the magnitude of the work, and the closeness with which he applied to it, impaired his health; and before he had completed it, he fell a sacrifice to his labours, June 9, 1542,
when he was about sixty years of age. The translation was
finished by other hands, and was printed at Zurich in 1543,
and two years afterwards it was reprinted at Paris by Robert
Stephens, accompanying the Vulgate version, in adjoining
columns, but without the name of the author of the new
version. Judah was likewise the author of “Annotations
upon Genesis and Exodus,
” in which he was assisted by
Xuinglius, and upon the four gospels, and the greater part
of the epistles. He also composed a larger and smaller
catechism, and translated some of Zuinglius’s works into
Latin. The Spanish divines, notwithstanding the severity
of the Inquisition, did not hesitate to reprint the Latin
Bible of Leo Judah, with the notes ascribed to Vatabius,
though some of them were from the pen of Calvin. Some
particulars of Judah and of this translation, not generally
known, may be found in a book written by a divine of
Zurich, and printed in that city in 1616, entitled “Vindicise pro Bibliorum translatione Tigurina.
”
, one of the principal writers of the Centuries of Magdeburg, was born Sept. 21, 1528, at Tippolswald, in Misnia. His inclination
, one of the principal writers of the Centuries of Magdeburg, was born Sept. 21, 1528, at Tippolswald, in Misnia. His inclination to literature induced his father to send him to study at Dresden: but the college of Wittenberg being more to his mind, he removed thither, and afterwards was driven, by necessity, to Magdeburg. Here he supported himself by being tutor in the family of a lawyer, who sent him with his son to Wittenberg, in 1546. This gave him an opportunity of completing his own studies; and he obtained the degree of M. A. in this university, 1548. He then returned to Magdeburg, and taught the second form there for some years; and in 1554, was chosen minister of St. Ulric’s church.
duke of Saxony. He remained, however, six months longer at Jena, and thence returning to Magdeburg, was obliged, in six months more, to retire to Wismar. He suffered
In 1559, he quitted his church at Magdeburg, being
promoted to the divinity professor’s chair at Jena in 1559;
but did not keep possession of it above eighteen months,
being deprived by order of John Frederic duke of Saxony.
He remained, however, six months longer at Jena, and
thence returning to Magdeburg, was obliged, in six months
more, to retire to Wismar. He suffered many persecutions and vexations, which appear to have shortened his
days, as he died in 1564, in the very prime of life. He
was a man of good morals, laborious, zealous, learned; and
wrote a great many books on religious controversies; and
one, very rare, “De Typographic inventione,
”Copenhagen,
Historia ecclesiastics
congesta per Magdeburgenses, et alios,
” Basil,
, a learned divine of the congregation of the oratory, was born in 1650, at Varembon in Bresse, in the diocese of Lyons.
, a learned divine of the congregation of the oratory, was born in 1650, at Varembon in
Bresse, in the diocese of Lyons. He taught theology in
several houses of the Oratory, and in the seminary de St.
Magloire, at Paris, where he died December 16, 1713.
His principal works are, a “Treatise on the Sacraments,
”
2 vols. folio, in Latin; “Theological Institutions, 7 ' 7 vols.
12mo, also in Latin. This last was condemned at Rome,
and by M. Godet, bishop of Chartres, and cardinal de
Bissy, as reviving the errors of Jansenius. Cardinal de
Noailles also prohibited it in his diocese, but was afterwards
satisfied with the explanation given him by the author.
Juennin wrote against the mandates of M. Godet and cardinal de Bissy; which two apologetical defences were published in 12mo, without any name. He also left an
” Abridged System of Divinity,“by question and answer,
for the use of persons going to be examined for holy orders;
” La Théorie practique des Sacremens,“3 vols. 12mo,
without the author’s name
” Théologie Morale,“6 vols.
12mo,
” Cas de Conscience sur la vertu de Justice et
d'Equité," 4 vols. 12mo.
, an Italian Jesuit, and a celebrated writer of panegyrics, was born at Nice, and admitted into the society in 1622. He taught
, an Italian Jesuit, and a celebrated writer of panegyrics, was born at Nice, and admitted
into the society in 1622. He taught rhetoric for the space
often years. Being afterwards called to the court of Savoy, to be entrusted with the education of prince Charles
Emanuel, he began to publish his first works at Turin.
He died at Messina, Nov. 15, 1653. All his works were
printed together at Lucca, in 1710. This collection contains, I. A hundred panegyrics upon Jesus Christ; printed
the first time at Genoa in 1641. 2. Forty panegyrics
written in honour of Lewis XIII. printed at Lyons in 1644.
3. Many inscriptions, epitaphs, and encomiums, upon several subjects; printed likewise at Lyons in the same year.
4. Panegyrics upon the greatest bishops that have been in
the church; printed also at Lyons in the same year, and
reprinted at Genoa in 1653, with this title, “Pars Secunda
Elogiorura humana complectens.
”
, a Roman emperor, commonly, although perfcaps not very justly, styled the Apostate, was the younger son of Constantius, brother of Constantine the Great.
, a Roman emperor, commonly, although perfcaps not very justly, styled the Apostate, was the younger son of Constantius, brother of Constantine the Great. He was the first fruit of a second marriage of his father with Basilina, after the birth of Gallus, whom he had by Galla his first consort. He was born Nov. 6, in the year 331, at Constantinople; and, according to the medals of him, named Fiavius Claudius Julianus. During the life of Constantine, he received the first rudiments of his education at the court of Constantinople; but, upon the death of this emperor, all his relations being suspected of criminal actions, Julian’s father was obliged to seek his safety by flight; and his son Julian’s escape was entirely owing to Marc, bishop of Arethusa, without whose care he had inevitably perished in the persecution of his family. As soon as the storm was over, and Constantius, the son of Constantine, quietly seated on the imperial throne, he sent young Julian to Eusebius, bishop of Nicomedia, who was related to him by his mother’s side, and who educated him in the Christian faith; but at the same time employed an eunuch called Mardonius, who was a pagan, to teach him grammar, while Eulolius, a Christian of doubtful character, was his master in rhetoric. Julian made a very quick progress in learning; and, being sent afterwards to Athens to complete his education, he became the darling of that nursery of polite literature, and particularly commenced an acquaintance with St. Basil and Gregory of Nazianzen. This last, however, observed something in him which rendered his sincerity in the Christian faith suspected: and it is certain, that, notwithstanding all the care of his preceptor Eusebius, this young prince was entirely perverted by Maximus, an Ephesian philosopher and magician. His cousin Constantius the emperor was advertised of his conduct; and Julian, to prevent the effects, and save his life, professed himself a monk, and took the habit, but, under this character in public, he secretly embraced paganism. Some time before, his brother Gallus and he had taken orders, and executed the office of reader in the church; but the religious sentiments of the two brothers were widely different.
filled his command with surprizing abilities, and shewed himself every way equal to the trust; which was the more extraordinary, as he had never any instructions in
As soon as Julian had attained the age of manhood, according to the Roman law, Constantius, at the solicitation of his consort, the empress Eusebia, raised him to the dignity of Caesar, on his birth-day, Nov. 6, in the year 355; and at the same time the emperor gave him his sister Helena in marriage, and made him general of the army in Gaul. Julian filled his command with surprizing abilities, and shewed himself every way equal to the trust; which was the more extraordinary, as he had never any instructions in the military art. The principal officers under him, from whom he was to expect assistance, were very backward in performing this service; restrained apparently by the danger of seeming too much attached to him, and thereby incurring the emperor’s displeasure, whose jealousy on this head was no secret. Under all these disadvantages, our young warrior performed wonders: he was not afraid to undertake the enterprize of driving the barbarians out of Gaul; and he completed the design in a very little time, having obtained one of the most signal victories of that age, near Strasbourg. In this battle he engaged no less than seven German kings, one of whom was the famous Chrodomairus; who had always beaten the Romans till this time, but was now Julian’s prisoner. The defeat of the Salii and Chamavi, French people, followed at the heels of this victory; and the Germans, being conquered again, were constrained to beg a peace. Our hero was crowned with these glorious laurels, when Constantius, who was hard pressed by the Persians, sent for a detachment of troops from the army in Gaul to augment his forces. This order was ill relished by the Gauls, who were reluctant to fight out of their own country. Julian took advantage of this ill humour, and got himself declared emperor by the army; but, not being able to prevail with Constantius to acknowledge him in that character, he went with these troops to Illyria, where he continued till the death of Constantius, which happened Nov. 2, 361.
r saw himself master of the world, than he threw off all the disguise of his religion, for it merely was a disguise. There appears very little reason to think that Julian
Julian no sooner saw himself master of the world, than he threw off all the disguise of his religion, for it merely was a disguise. There appears very little reason to think that Julian had ever cordially embraced, or ever studied with attention, the principles of Christianity. Had this been the case, he might have seen that those principles led to a conduct very opposite to that which he beheld in the conduct of Constantius, whose cruelty to his relations perhaps first excited his hatred against Christianity. From his youth he had practised dissimulation with consummate artifice, and it was rather hypocrisy than Christianity which he had now to shake off. Accordingly he now expressly professed himself a pagan, ordered their temples to be set open, and re-established their worship: he also assumed the character and station of the sovereign pontiff, and was invested with the whole pagan ceremonial, resolving to efface the mark of his baptism by the blood of the heathen sacrifices. In short, he resolved to effect the utter ruin of Christianity, and in this attempt united solid judgment witli indefatigable assiduity. Neither address nor dexterity was wanting, nor all that the wit or prudence of man could do. We find, indeed, in this emperor all the great qualities which a projector could conceive, or an adversary would require, to secure success. He was eloquent and liberal, artful, insinuating, and indefatigable; which, joined to a severe temperance, a love of justice, and a courage superior to all trials, first gained him the affections, and soon after the peaceable possession, of the whole empire. He had been, as we have just remarked, compelled to profess the Christian religion to the time when he assumed the purple; but his aversion to his uncle Constantine and his cousin Constantius, on account of the cruelties exercised on his family, had prejudiced him against the Christian religion; and his attachment to some Platonic sophist, who had been employed in his education, gave him as violent a bias towards paganism. He was ambitious; and paganism, in some of its theurgic rites, had flattered and encouraged his views of the diadem. He was vain, which made him aspire to the glory of re-establishing the ancient rites. He was very learned, and fond of Grecian literature, the very soul of which, in his opinion, was the old theology: but, above all, notwithstanding a considerable mixture of enthusiasm, his superstition was excessive, and what nothing but the blood of hecatombs could appease.
ose immunities, honours, and revenues, which his uncle and cousin had granted to the clergy. Neither was his pretence for this altogether unreasonable. He judged the
With these dispositions he came to the empire, and consequently with a determined purpose of subverting the Christian and restoring the pagan worship. His predecessors had left him the repeated experience of the inefficacy of downright force. The virtue of the past times then rendered this effort fruitless, the numbers of the present would have made it now dangerous: he found it necessary, therefore, to change his ground. His knowledge of human nature furnished him with arms; and his knowledge of the faith he had abandoned, enabled him to direct those arms to most advantage. He began with re-establishing paganism by law, and granting a full liberty of conscience to the Christians. On this principle, he restored those to their civil rights who had been banished on account of their religion, and even affected to reconcile to a mutual forbearance the various sects of Christianity. Yet he put on this mask of moderation for no other purpose than to inflame the dissensions in the church. He then fined and banished such of the more popular clergy as had abused their power, either in exciting the people to burn and destroy pagan temples, or to commit violence on an opposite sect: and it cannot be denied, but that in the turbulent and insolent manners of some of them, he found a plausible pretext for this severity. He proceeded to revoke and take away those immunities, honours, and revenues, which his uncle and cousin had granted to the clergy. Neither was his pretence for this altogether unreasonable. He judged the grants to be exorbitant; and, besides, as they were attendant on a national religion, when the establishment came to be transferred from Christianity to paganism, he concluded they must follow the religion of the state. But there was one immunity he took away, which no good policy, even under an establishment, should have granted them and this was an exemption from the civil tribunals. He went still farther he disqualified the Christian laity for bearing offices in the state and even this the security of the established religion may often require. But his most illiberal treatment of the Christians, was his forbidding, the professors of that religion to teach polite letters, and the sciences, in the public schools; and Amm. Marcellinus censures this part of his conduct as a breach in his general character of humanity, (lib. xx. c. 10.) His more immediate design, in this, was to hinder the youth from taking impressions to the disadvantage of paganism; his remoter view, to deprive Christianity of the support of human literature. Not content with this, he endeavoured even to destroy what was already written in defence of Christianity. With this view he wrote to the governor and treasurergeneral of Egypt, to send him the library of George bishop of Alexandria, who, for his cruelty and tyranny, had been ton) in pieces by the people: nay, to such a length did his aversion to the name of Christ carry him, as to decree, by a public edict, that his followers should be no longer called Christians, but Galileans; well knowing the efficacy of a nick-name to render a profession ridiculous. In the mean time, the animosities between the different sects of Christianity, furnished him with the means of carrying on these projects. Being, for example, well assured that the Arian church oi Edessa was very rich, he took advantage of their oppressing and persecuting the Valentinians to seize every tiling belonging to that church, and divided the plunder among his soldiers; scornfully telling the Edessians, he did this to ease them of their burthens, that they might proceed more lightly, and with less impediment, in their journey to heaven. He went farther still, if we may believe the historian Socrates, and, in order to raise money to defray the extraordinary expence of his Persian expedition, he imposed a tax or tribute on all who would not sacrifice to the pagan idols. The tax, it is true, was proportioned to every man’s circumstances, but was as truly an infringement upon his act of toleration. And though he forbore persecuting to death by law, which would have been a direct contradiction to that act, yet he connived at the fury of the people, and the brutality of the governors of provinces, who, during his short reign, brought many martyrs to the stake. He put such into governments, whose inhumanity and blind zeal for their country superstitions were most distinguished. And when the suffering churches presented their complaints to him, he dismissed them with cruel scoffs, telling them, their religion directed them to suffer without murmuring.
his controversial writings, his answerer, Cyril, hath given us a large specimen, by which we see he was equally intent to recommend paganism, and to discredit revelation.
Such were Julian’s efforts to subvert Christianity; and it cannot be denied, that the behaviour of many of the Christians at that time furnished pretence enough for most of the proceedings against them in the view of state-policy. Besides that they branded the state religion, and made a merit of affronting the public worship, it is well known that they were continually guilty of seditions; and did not scruple to assert, that nothing hindered them from engaging in open rebellion, but the improbability of succeeding in it for want of numbers. During these measures, his projects to support and reform paganism went hand in hand with his attempts to destroy Christianity. He wrote, and he preached, in defence of the Gentile superstition, and has himself acquainted us with the ill-success of his ministry at Beroea. Of his controversial writings, his answerer, Cyril, hath given us a large specimen, by which we see he was equally intent to recommend paganism, and to discredit revelation. In his reformation of the Geatile superstition, he endeavoured to hide the absurdity of its traditions by moral and philosophical allegories. These he found provided for him principally by philosophers of his own sect, the Platonists. For they, not without the assistance of the other sects, had, ever since the appearance of Christianity, been refining the theology of paganism, to oppose it to that of revelation; under pretence, that their new-invented allegories were the ancient spirit of the letter, which the first poetical divines had thus conveyed to posterity. He then attempted to correct the morals of the pagan priesthood, and regulate them on the practice of the first Christians. In his epistle to Arsacius, the chief priest of Galacia, he not only requires of them a personal behaviour void of offence, but that they reform their household on the same principle: he directs, that they who attend at the altar should abstain from the theatre, the tavern, and the exercise of all ignoble professions that in their private character they be meek and humble but that, in the acts and offices of religion, they assume a character conformable to the majesty of the immortal gods, whose ministers they are. And, above all, he recommends to them the virtues of chanty and benevolence. With regard to discipline and religious policy, he established readers in divinity planned an establishment for the order, and parts of the divine offices designed a regular and formal service, with days and hours of worship. He had also decreed to found hospitals for the poor, monasteries for the devout, and to prescribe and enjoin initiatory and expiatory sacrifices; with instructions for converts, and a course of penance for offenders; and, in all things, to imitate the church discipline at that time. In this way he endeavoured to destroy Christian principles, and at the same time to establish Christian practice.
th them in their worship of the great God of the universe. The rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem was thought a sure means of destroying Christianity, since the final
But as the indifference and corruptions of Paganism,
joined to the inflexibility and perseverance of the Christians, prevented his project from advancing with the speed
he desired, he grew chagrined, and even threatened, after
his return from the Persian expedition, effectually to ruin
the Christian religion. He had before, in pursuance of
his general scheme of opposing revelation to itself, by
setting one sect against another, written to the body or
community of the Jews; assuring them of his protection,
his concern for their former ill usage, and his fixed purpose to screen them from future oppression, that they
might be at liberty, and in a disposition to redouble their
vows for the prosperity of his reign; and concluded with a
promise, that, if he came back victorious from the Persian
war, he would rebuild Jerusalem, restore them to their
possessions, live with them in the holy city, and join with
them in their worship of the great God of the universe.
The rebuilding of the temple at Jerusalem was thought a
sure means of destroying Christianity, since the final destruction of that temple had been foretold both by Christ
and his apostles; if therefore the lye could be given to
their predictions, their religion would be no more. This
scheme, therefore, he set about immediately. The completing of such an edifice would be a work of time, and he
pleased himself with the glory of atchieving so bold an enterprize. Accordingly, the attempt was made, and what
was the consequence will be seen by the following account
of it from Ammianus Marcellinus. “Julian, having been
already thrice consul, taking Sallust prsefect of the several
Gauls for his colleague, entered a fourth time on this high
magistracy. It appeared strange to see a private man associated with Augustus; a thing of which, since the consulate of Dioclesian and Aristobulus, history afforded no example. And although his sensibility of the many and great
events, which this year was likely to produce, made him
very anxious for the future, yet he pushed on the various
and complicated preparations for this expedition with the
utmost application: and, having an eye in every quarter,
and being desirous to eternize his reign by the greatness of
his achievements, he projected to rebuild, at an immense
expence, the proud and magnificent temple of Jerusalem,
which, after many combats, attended with much bloodshed
on both sides, during the siege by Vespasian, was, with
great difficulty, taken and destroyed by Titus. He committed the conduct of this affair to Alypius of Antioch, who
formerly had been lieutenant in Britain, When, therefore, this Alypius had set himself to the vigorous execution
of his charge, in which he had all the assistance that the
governor of the province could afford him, horrible bails of
fire breaking out near the foundations, with frequent and
reiterated attacks, rendered the place from time to time inaccessible to the scorched and blasted workmen; and the
victorious element continuing in this manner, obstinately
and resolutely bent, as it were, to drive them to a distance,
Alypius thought best to give over the enterprize. In the
mean time, though Julian was still at Antioch when this
happened, yet he was so wholly taken up by the Persian
expedition, that he had not leisure to attend to it. He set
out soon after upon that expedition, in which he succeeded
very well at first; and, taking several places from the Persians, he advanced as far as Ctesipho without meeting with
an) body to oppose him. However, there passed several
engagements in this place, in which it is said the Romans
had almost always the advantage; but the distressed condition of their army, for want of necessaries, obliged them
to come to a decisive battle. This was begun June 26,
in the year 363, and victory appeared to declare itself on
their side; when Julian, who was engaged personally irr
the fight without |iis helmet, received a mortal wound upon
his head, which put a period to his life the following night.
”
This fact of the interruption given to the rebuilding of the
temple of Jerusalem has been denied by some modern infidels, but nothing of the kind seems better attested; and
although it may be supposed that the eruption was not
without natural causes,' and that the seeds of it lay in the
bowels of the earth, yet, as Dr. Jortin observes, the fire’s
breaking out at the very instant when the Jews and Pagans
were attempting to rebuild the temple, its being renewed
upon their renewed attempt to go on, and ceasing when
they gave over, are circumstances which plainly shew a
providential interposition.
ccasion to exhibit some qualities to the disadvantage of Julian; yet we must in justice add, that he was sober and vigilant, free from the debaucheries of women; and,
We have, in the course of his memoir, had occasion to
exhibit some qualities to the disadvantage of Julian; yet
we must in justice add, that he was sober and vigilant, free
from the debaucheries of women; and, to sum up all, remarkably mild, merciful, good-natured, and, in general,
most amiable; except in his passions which arose from his
aversion to Christianity. He not only encouraged letters
by his patronage, but was himself a learned writer. As a
philosopher, he strictly adhered to the Alexandrian or
Eclectic school. He professes himself a warm admirer of
Pythagoras and Plato, and recommends an union of their
tenets with those of Aristotle. The later Platonists, of his
own period, he loads with encomiums, particularly Jamblichus, whom he calls “The Light of the World,
” and
“The Physician of the Mind.
” Amidst the numerous
traces of an enthusiastic and bigoted attachment to Pagan
theology and philosophy, and of an inveterate enmity to
Christianity, which are to be found in his writings, the
candid reader will discern many marks of genius and erudition. Concerning the manners of Julian, Libanius writes,
that no philosopher, in the lowest state of poverty, was
ever more temperate, or more ready to practise rigorous
abstinence from food, as the means of preparing his mind
for conversing with the gods. Like Plotinus, Porphyry,
Jambiichus, and others of this fanatical sect, he dealt in
visions and extasies, and pretended to a supernatural intercourse with divinities. Suidas relates, probably from
some writings of the credulous Eunapius now lost, an oracular prediction concerning his death. Besides his answer
to St. Cyril, and “Misopogon,
” he wrote some other discourses, epistles, &c. in which are many proofs of genius
and erudition, conveyed in an elegant style. And his rescripts in the Theodosian code shew, that he made more
good laws, in the short time of his reign, than any emperor either before or after him. His works were published
in Greek and Latin by Spanheim in 1696, 2 vols. fol.; and
a selection from them in England by Mr. Buncombe, 1784,
2 vols. 8vo, translated principally from La Bleterie, who
wrote an excellent Life of Julian.
the schools of sculpture and painting, a member of the French Institute and of the legion of honour, was born at Paulien, in the department of the Haute-Loire, in 1731.
, an eminent French sculptor, professor of the schools of sculpture and painting, a member of the French Institute and of the legion of honour, was born at Paulien, in the department of the Haute-Loire, in 1731. He was the pupil first of Samuel, a sculptor in Puy en Velay, with whom he remained two years, after which he was placed at Lyons under Riache, another artist, where he made great progress in sculpture, and after gaining a prize at the academy of Lyons, came to Paris. Here he entered the school of William Coustou, statuary to the king, in 1765, and gained the prize of sculpture for a beautiful bas-relief, representing Sabinus offering his chariot to the vestals, when the Gauls were about to invade Rome. There was a simplicity in the style, taste, and character of this piece which struck the connoisseurs as something different from what they had been accustomed to see in the modern school. The artist, according to the custom of the times, enjoyed the usual pension for three years at Paris, and did not go to Rome until 1768, where, his fame having preceded him, he was employed by the president Belenger to execute a mausoleum in marble for his wife and daughter. Besides the other labours enjoined to the pensionary artists, Julien made copies, in marble, for the president Ocardi, of the Apollo Belvidere, the Flora in the Farnese palace, and the Gladiator in the Borghese palace, all which are now in the collection at Versailles. He was afterwards recalled to Paris to assist Coustou in the mausoleum for the dauphin and dauphiness. Of this he executed the figure of immortality, and had the charge of removing the whole to the cathedral of Sens, where it now is.
His fame being fully established, he was, although otherwise a man of great modesty, ambitious of a seat
His fame being fully established, he was, although otherwise a man of great modesty, ambitious of a seat in the
academy of painting and sculpture, and with that view
presented them with a Ganymede, but notwithstanding its
acknowledged merit, he did not at this time succeed. In
1779, however, he made a second effort, and his “Dying
Gladiator
” procured him immediate admission into the
academy. He was then employed by the king to make
the statue of La Fontaine, which is reckoned his masterpiece in that style. He also executed various bas-relievos
for the castle of Rambouillet, and a woman bathing, which
is now in the hall of the Senate at Paris, and allowed to be
one of the finest specimens of modern art. His last work
was the statue of Nicolas Poussin, for the hall of the Institute. This excellent artist died, after a long illness, at
Paris in January 1804.
, another able French artist, and a member of the ancient academy of painting, was born in 1736, of poor parents at the village of Carigliano near
, another able French artist, and a
member of the ancient academy of painting, was born in
1736, of poor parents at the village of Carigliano near
Locarno in Swisserland, and was first a pupil of Bardon
at Marseilles; and afterwards of Carlo Vanloo at Paris,
where having gained the prize of the academy, he was sent
to the French school at Rome under Natoire. The sight
of the ancient and modern works of that city determined
him to abandon the manner taught in France, and adopt
that of the great masters of Italy. This procured him,
among the wits, the name of Julien the apostate, to distingush him from others of the same name, and of the same
school. His successes at Rome prolonged his stay there
for ten years, after which he returned to Paris, and distinguished himself by various works of great merit. He
painted for the hotel of the princess Kinski a St. Dominic,
and several decorations for ceilings, mentioned in the “Reeueil des curiosites de Paris,
” which attracted the attention of connoisseurs and strangers. Among the works
which he exhibited to the academy, when nominated a
member, was the “Triumph of Aurelian,
” executed for
the duke ^le Rochefoucault. In the saloon of St. Louis, he
exhibited in 1788, his fine picture, “Study spreading her
flowers over Time,
” a work of admirable composition.
This was sent into England, and engraved. Among other
capital performances from his hand may be mentioned his
Jupiter and Juno, and Aurora and Titan. His last important work was an altar-piece for the chapel of the archbishop of Paris at Conflans, representing St. Anthony in a
trance. Notwithstanding his merit, we have to add that
this artist died poor, in 1799.
, was born Oct. 16, 1668, at Dresden. He acquired great knowledge
, was born Oct.
16, 1668, at Dresden. He acquired great knowledge of
the belles lettres and medals, and was successively teacher
at Schleusingen, Eysenach, and Altenburg, where he died
June 19, 1714. He had been admitted a member of the
royal society at Berlin in 1711. He left a great number of
German translations from ancient authors, and several editions of classic authors, with notes, in the style of those
published by Minellius also, “Schediasma de Diariis
eruditorum
” “Centuria feminarum eruditione et scriptis
illustrium
” “Theatrurn Latinitatis. universae RegheroJunkerianum,
” “Lineoe eruditionis universae et Historiae
Philosophical;
” “Vita Lutheri ex nummis,
” “Vita Ludolphi,
” &c. He was historiographer to the Ernestine
branch of the house of Saxony. Poverty obliged him to
write rather in haste, which may be discovered in his
works.
, a learned physician, was born on the 3d of June, 1680, at Londorff, near Gie.ssen, in
, a learned physician, was
born on the 3d of June, 1680, at Londorff, near Gie.ssen,
in Hesse. He pursued his medical studies at Marpurg and
Erfurt, and afterwards took the degree of M. D. at Halle,
in 1718. He became subsequently a distinguished professor in this university, and attained a high reputation as
physician to the public hospital. He died at Halle, Oct.
25, 1759. His works, which are chiefly compilations, have
been much esteemed, and are still occasionally referred to,
especially as they contain the best and most compendious
view of the doctrines of Stahl, which he espoused and
taught. They are as follows: 1. “Conspectus Medicinas
Theoretico-practicoe, Tabulis 137 primaries morbos, methodo Stahliana tractandos, exhibens,
” Halle, 17 Is, 4to;
2. “Conspectus ChirurgiaR,
” &c. ibid. Conspectus Formularum Medicarum,
” &c. ibid. Conspectus Therapeiae generalis, &c. Tabnlis
20 methodo Stahliana conscriptus,
” ibid. Conspectus Chemiae Theoretico-practicac in forma Tabularum repraesentatus, &c. Tomus prior,
” ibid. Conspectus Physiologic,
” ibid. Conspectus Pathologiac,
”
ibid.
, in Italian Giuntino, a celebrated mathematician and astrologer of the sixteenth century, was born 1523, at Florence. He published Commentaries, in Latin,
, in Italian Giuntino, a celebrated
mathematician and astrologer of the sixteenth century, was
born 1523, at Florence. He published Commentaries, in
Latin, on the Sphaera of Holywood or Sacro Bosco, 1577
and 1578, 2 vols. 8vi; “Speculum Astrologiae,
” Lngd.
, a native of Leipsic, was the first who published an ancient Greek translation of “Caesar’s
, a native of Leipsic, was the
first who published an ancient Greek translation of “Caesar’s Commentaries,
” Francfort, Pastorals
” of Longus, with notes, Han. Hortus Eystettensis,
” “Catalogus plantarum
quae circa Altorfinuui nascuntur,
” Altorf, Cornucopias Floras Giessensis,
” Giessae,
, an eminent mathematician, physician, and botanist, the son of a schoolmaster at Lubec, in Germany, was born October 21, 1587. His mother was daughter to a clergyman
, an eminent mathematician, physician, and botanist, the son of a schoolmaster at Lubec, in Germany, was born October 21, 1587. His mother was daughter to a clergyman of the cathedral church at Lubec. Jungius, having unfortunately been deprived of his father very early in life (for he was stabbed one evening upon his return home from a convivial party), was obliged to depend almost entirely upon his own exertions for knowledge; yet in his youth, he became a very subtle logician, and ingenious disputant, and thus prepared his mind for that clearness of investigation and accuracy of judgment, which were so eminently conspicuous in the works which he published at a more advanced period of his life. Selecting the study of medicine as a profession, he travelled over a great part of Italy and Germany, in order to cultivate the acquaintance of the most distinguished physicians of that time. He had previously graduated with distinguished honour at the university of Giessen A. D. 1607, and remained there a few years as mathematical tutor. In 1625 he was chosen professor of physic at Helmstadt, but, on account of the Danish war, he was obliged, soon after his appointment, to fly to Brunswick, whence he soon returned to Helmstadt, and in 1629 was appointed rector of the school at Hamburgh.
work, entitled “Doxoscopiae Physicze Minores,” is upon the last mentioned subject, botany. This book was first printed at Hamburgh, in 4to, A.D. 1662, and again, in
Jungius seems to have eminently distinguished himself
in the several studies of theology, medicine, mathematics,
metaphysics, and botany, upon all which pursuits his opinions and observations are handed down to us in his writings,
though the most famous part of his work, entitled “Doxoscopiae Physicze Minores,
” is upon the last mentioned subject, botany. This book was first printed at Hamburgh, in
4to, A.D. 1662, and again, in 1679, under the care of
Martin Fogel, with this additional title, “Prsecipuarum
opinionum physicarum.
” A copy of the former edition of
this work is in the Linnoean library, having been presented
to Linnæus by his pupil, professor P. D. Giseke, of Hamburgh. The botanical part of it, included in the third
section of the second part, occupies about 100 pages, and
contains many judicious and acute rules for making distinct
species of plants, as well as some curious remarks upon
genera. He was a great critic in botanical nomenclature;
and constructed a variety of terms which agree with those
of Linnasus, and his remarks upon botanical discrimination
have been of considerable advantage to succeeding botanists, and many of his definitions are repeatedly made
use of by our immortal countryman, Ray. He was the first
who projected and raised a literary society in Germany,
though this institution did not share a better fate than the one
which had just before been founded in this country (and which appears to have served for its model) by Hugh Latimer, Thomas Linacre, and others, for the purpose of
discussing and illustrating Aristotle’s philosophy. They
both Bourished but for a short period, though the Heunetic
or Ereunetic society, as it was called, established by professor Jungius, was on a far more comprehensive plan than
the other, and may indeed be considered as having, in
some measure, embraced the same views with which the
royal society was afterwards instituted in Great Britain.
The fame of Jungius was originally diffused through this
country by his noble pupil, the honourable Charles Cavendish, who appears to have studied under him at Hamburgh.
This gentleman was brother to the earl of Newcastle, who
had the care of Charles I. when a youth.
ong attachment to the Lutheran church, professor Jungius departed this life September 23, 1657, iind was buried in the church of St. John at Hamburgh, where a handsome
After a long life, spent in the acquirement and diffusionof general philosophical knowledge, and having always
manifested a strong attachment to the Lutheran church,
professor Jungius departed this life September 23, 1657,
iind was buried in the church of St. John at Hamburgh,
where a handsome tablet was inscribed to his memory by
his friend and pupil, Michael Kirsten. The following is
a list of his works, as given by Martin Fogel, who edited
the second edition of his “Doxoscopise.
” 1. “Logica
Hamburgensis,
” Hamb. Geometria Empirica,
” Rostock and Hamb. 4to. 3. “Doxoscopiae Physicae Minores, sive Isagoge Physica Doxoscopica.
” Hamb.
Kurzer Bericht von der Didactica oder
Lehrkunst Wolfgangi Ratichii, durch Christoph. Helvicum
und Joach. Jungium,
” Giessen, Disputationes de naturali Dei cognitione de potentia activa de
loco Aristotelis, lib. 3. de ccelo, t. 66 de figuris locum
replentibus de relationibus de notionibus secundis de
demonstratione tritermina: de definitionibus,
” &c.
, a learned Hollander, was born, in 1511 or 1512, at Hoorn, of which place his father had
, a learned Hollander, was born, in
1511 or 1512, at Hoorn, of which place his father had been
secretary, and five times burgomaster. Having passed
through his first studies at Haeriem and Louvain, he fixed
Upon physic for his profession, and, for his improvement,
resolved to travel abroad. Accordingly, going first to
France, he put himself under the care of James Houlier,
a celebrated physician at Paris. Thence he went to Bologna in Italy, where he was admitted M. D. and afterwards, passing through several parts of Germany, arrived
in England, and became physician to the duke of Norfolk
in 1543, and was afterwards retained in that quality by a
certain great lady. He continued in England several years,
and wrote many books there; among others, a Greek and
Latin lexicon, to which he added above 6500 words. He
dedicated this work, in 1548, to Edward VI. with the title
of king. Edward not being acknowledged such by the
pope> our author, who was of that religion, fell under the
displeasure of the court of Rome for his dedication, and
was prosecuted for it a long time after. His works were
put into the “Index Expurgatorius,
” where he was branded
as a Calvinist, and an author “damnatae memories,
” of
condemned memory; a disgrace which gave him great
uneasiness and concern; and, in order to be freed from it,
having laid his case before cardinal Granville, he applied,
by the advice of Arias Montanus, directly to the pope,
and prepared an apology, shewing the indispensable necessity he was under of giving Edward the title of king,
and at the same time protesting he had always been a good
catholic.
564, very abruptly, without taking leave of the king. Returning to Haerlem, he practised physic, and was made principal of the college, or great school, in that town.
Before the death of Edward, he returned to his own
country, and led a sedentary life, closely pursuing his
studies; but, upon the accession of queen Mary, he returned thither; and, being a very good poet, he published,
in 1554, an epithalamium on the marriage of Philip II.
with that queen, entitled “Philippis.
” This address could
not fail of introducing him in a favourable light to that
court, whence he would probably have made a considerable
fortune, had not the turbulent state of those times driven
him home again. He confined himself some time in Hoorn,
but, after a while, settled at Haeriem; and repaired the
disappointment he sustained respecting his finances in
England, by marrying a young woman of fortune, which
he knew how to improve by making the most of his
dedications to his books, of which he published three at Haarlem in 1556. Some years after, he accepted an offer from
the king of Denmark, to be his physician, with a considerable salary, and removed to Copenhagen; but neither
liking the climate nor genius of the inhabitants, he left the
country about 1564, very abruptly, without taking leave of
the king. Returning to Haerlem, he practised physic, and
was made principal of the college, or great school, in that
town. He continued there till the place was besieged by
the Spaniards in 1573, when he found means to escape, by
obtaining leave to attend the prince of Orange, who desired
his assistance as a physician; but lost his library, in which
he had left a great many works which had cost him much
pains and labour; and the loss was aggravated by this
circumstance, that they were almost fit for the press. In
this exigency he went to Middleburgh, where the prince
had procured him a public salary to practise physic; but
the air of the country did not agree with his constitution,
and he fell into some disorders, which, with the grief he
felt for the loss of his library, put an end to his life in 1575.
There was a design to have given him a professorship at
Leyden, which university was but just rising when he died.
He had a prodigious memory, which enabled him to treasure up a vast stock of learning. Besides his skill in physic,
which was his profession, he was an historian, poet, philosopher, and understood perfectly eight languages. His
works make up 24 articles, among which are, “Lexicon
Graeco-Latinum,
” Adagiorum ab Erasmo omissorum centuriae octo & dimidia,
”
, or Du Jon (Francis), professor of divinity at Leyden, was descended of a noble family, and born at Bourges in 1545. At
, or Du Jon (Francis), professor of divinity at Leyden, was descended of a noble family, and born at Bourges in 1545. At the age of thirteen he began to study the law, and afterwards went to Geneva, to study the languages; but being restrained in his pursuits for want of a proper support from his family, he resolved to get his bread by teaching school, which he pursued till 1565, when he was made minister of the Walloon church at Antwerp. But as this was both a troublesome and dangerous post, on account of the tumultuous conflicts between the papists and protestants at that time, he was soon obliged to withdraw into Germany. He went first to Heidelberg, where the elector, Frederic III. received him very graciously. He then made a visit to his mother, who was still living at Bourges; after which, returning to the Palatinate, he was made minister of the church of Schoon there. This was hut a small congregation; and, while he held it, he was sent by the elector to the prince of Orange’s army, during the unsuccessful expedition of 1568. He continued chaplain to that prince till the troops returned into Germany; when he resumed his church in the Palatine, and resided upon it till 1579. This year his patron, the elector, appointed him to translate the Old Testament jointly with Tremellius, which employment brought him to Heidelberg. He afterwards read public lectures at Neustadt, till prince Casimir, administrator of the electorate, gave him the divinity-professor’s chair at Heidelberg. He returned into France with the duke de Bouillon; and paying his respects to Henry IV. that prince sent him upon some mission into Germany. Returning to give an account of his success, and passing through Holland, he was invited to be divinity-professor at Leyden; and, obtaining the permission of the French ambassador, he accepted the offer in 1592. He had passed through many scenes of life, and he wrote an account of them himself this year: after which, he filled the chair at Leyden with great reputation for the space of ten years, when he died of the plague in 1602.
He was married no less than four times, and by his third wife had a
He was married no less than four times, and by his third
wife had a son, who is the subject of the next article.
The titles of his works are sixty-four in number, among
which are, “Commentaries
” on the first three chapters of
Genesis, the prophecies of Ezekiel, Daniel, and Jonah
“Sacred Parallels
” and “Notes
” upon the book of Revelation “Hebrew Lexicon
” “Grammar of the Hebrew
Tongue
” “Notes on Cicero’s Epistles to Atticns.
” But
what he is chiefly, and almost only, known for now, is his
Latin version of the Hebrew text of the Bible, jointly "with
Tremellius. He was a man of great learning and pious
zeal, and his life by Melchior Adam affords many interesting particulars of him in both characters. In the account
of his life written by himself, he relates that in his youth
he was sed.uced into atheism, from which he represents
himself as almost miraculously redeemed, and this appears.
have made a lasting impression on him.
, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589, and received the first elements
, son of the preceding, was born at Heidelberg in 1589, and received the first elements of his education at Leyden, apparently with a view to letters; but upon the death of his father in 1602, resolving to go into the army in the service of the prince of Orange, he applied himself particularly to such branches of the mathematics as are necessary to make a figure in the military life. He had niade a good progress in these accomplishments at twenty years of age; when the war being concluded by a truce for twelve years in 1609, occasioned a change in his purpose, and inclined him to cultivate the arts of peace by a close application to study. His first literary employment was to collect, digest, and publish some of his father’s writings. After some years spent thus in his own country, he resolved, for farther improvement, to travel abroad. With that view he went first to France, and then to England, in which he arrived in 1620, and having recommended himself by his learning and amiable manners to the literati there, he was taken into the family of Thomas earl of Arundel, in which he continued for the space of thirty years. During his abode there he made frequent excursions to Oxford, chiefly for the sake of the Bodleian and other libraries; where, meeting with several Anglo-Saxon books, he resolved to study the language, which was at that time neglected. He soon perceived that the Anglo-Saxon tongue would be of service to him for discovering many etymologies necessary to clear up the Flemish, Belgic, German, and English, languages; and therefore devoted himself wholly to that study, He afterwards learned the ancient language of the Goths, Francs, Cimbri, and Prisons; by which he discovered the etymology of several Italian, French, and Spanish words; for the Goths, Vandals, French, Burgundians, and Germans, spread their language in the provinces they conquered, of which some vestiges are still left.
a careful course of these studies and researches, he announced his having discovered that the Gothic was the mother of all the Teutonic tongues; whence sprang the old
After a careful course of these studies and researches,
he announced his having discovered that the Gothic was
the mother of all the Teutonic tongues; whence sprang
the old Cimbrian, transmitted to posterity by the remains
of the Runic, as likewise the Swedish, Danish, Norwegian,
Icelandish, in which the inhabitants of the country expressed their thoughts at that time. From the AngloSaxon, which itself is either a branch of the Gothic or its
sister, and daughter of the same mother, sprang the
English, Scotch, Belgtc, and the old language of Friesland.
From the Gothic and Saxon languages sprang that of the
Francs, which is the mother-tongue of Upper-Germany.
He was so passionately fond of this study, that, after thirty
years chiefly spent upon it in England, being informed
there were some villages in Friesland where the ancient
language of the Saxons was preserved, he went thither and
lived two years among them. Then, returning into Holland, he met with the old Gothic ms. called the Silver
One, because the four gospels are written there in silver
Gothic letters. He devoted his whole study in the explication of it, which he completed in a little time, and published it, with notes of Dr. Marshall, in 1665, under the
title “Glossarium Gothicum in quatuor evangelia Gothica,
”
Dordrac,
us, canon of Windsor, he went to his house, and there died of a fever, Nov. 19 following. His corpse was interred in St. George’s chapel, within the castle, and the
In Aug. 1677, upon the invitation of his nephew, Dr.
Isaac Vossius, canon of Windsor, he went to his house,
and there died of a fever, Nov. 19 following. His corpse
was interred in St. George’s chapel, within the castle, and
the following year a table of white marble was fixed to the
wall, near his grave, with an inscription in Latin. He was
not only very learned, but a man of irreproachable character. As a laborious student, perhaps few have excelled
him. He used to rise at four in the morning, both winter
and summer, and study till dinner-time, which was at one;
after dinner he used some bodily exercise, walking or running, but returned to his studies at three, and did not
leave them till eight, when he went to supper, and then
to bed. He very seldom stirred abroad, and never but
when some business obliged him. Notwithstanding this,
he enjoyed a perfect state of health, and was never once
sick. Though he spent so long a series of years in this
solitary manner, he was a man of a pleasant and social
temper, even in his extreme old age. He was free from
peevishness, and affable to those who visited him, though
he did not like to be interrupted. Besides the “Glossarium
Gothicum,
” the chief of his printed works are, 1. that
intituled “De pictura veterum,
” The
Painting of the Ancients;
” in three books, with additions
and alterations, Lond. 1638. To the folio edition was prefixed his life, written by Groevius. 2. “Observationes in
Willerami Francicam paraphrasin Cantici canticorum,
”
Amst. Ger. Job. Vossii
& clarorum virorum ad eum epistolae,
” Lond. vir omnifaria doctrina &
generis splendore ornatissimus.
”
, a French protestant divine, sometimes called by the catholics the Goliah of the protestants, was born Dec. 24, 1637. His father, Daniel Jurieu, was minister
, a French protestant divine, sometimes
called by the catholics the Goliah of the protestants, was
born Dec. 24, 1637. His father, Daniel Jurieu, was minister of the reformed religion at Mer his mother, the
daughter of Peter du Moulin, minister and professor at
Sedan. He was sent, after the first rudiments of his education under Rivet in Holland, to his maternal uncle Peter
du Moulin, then in England where, having finished his
theological studies, he took orders in that church but,
upon the death of his father, being called home to succeed
him at Mer, and finding what he had done in England
disliked by the reformed in his own country, he submitted
to a re-ordination by presbyters, according to the form of the
foreign protestant churches. After some time, he officiated
in the French church of Vitri, where the people were so
much pleased with him, that they endeavoured to procure
his settlement among them; and here he composed his
“Treatise, of Devotion.
” Before this, in Preservative against Popery,
” which he opposed to the exposition of the doctrine of the catholic church by M. de
Meaux, bishop of Condom. This treatise did great credit
to the author, who endeavoured to prove that the prelate
had disguised the doctrine of his church. In 1675, Jurieu.
published the first part of his work (the whole of which appeared in 1685), entitled “La Justification de la Morale,
” &c. or, “A Vindication of the Morality of the Protestants against the Accusations of Mr. Arnauld,
” &c. la
La Politique du Clerge,
” which was a severe satire on
the Roman catholics, he was apprehensive of being prosecuted, and therefore retired hastily into Holland, where
be almost immediately received an offer of the divinitychair in the university of Groningen; but his friends having founded the same professorship for him at Rotterdam,
he preferred this residence to the other; and he was also
appointed minister of the Walloon church in the same
town. He had not been long in this happy situation,
when he produced to the public “Les derniers Efforts de
PInnocence afflige'e,
” or “The last Efforts of afflicted
Innocence.
”
At Rotterdam, having nothing to fear, he gave full scope to his imagination, which was naturally too warm and sanguine. Jn this temper he applied himself
At Rotterdam, having nothing to fear, he gave full scope
to his imagination, which was naturally too warm and sanguine. Jn this temper he applied himself to study the
book of “the Revelations,
” and thought he had certainly
discovered the true meaning of it by a kind of inspiration,
which shewed him, that France was the place of the great
city, where the witnesses mentioned in the apocalypse lay
dead, but not buried; and that they were to rise to life
again in three yeafs and a half, namely, in 1689. He was
unalterably fixed and confirmed in this persuasion by the
revolution which happened in England in 16SS; and even
addressed a letter upon the subject to king William, whom
he considered as the instrument intended by God to carry
his designs into execution. At home, however, all this
was charged upon him as an artifice, only to prepare the
people for a much greater revolution; and he was suspected to harbour no other design than that of exciting
people to take up arms, and setting all Europe in a flame.
The foundation of this belief was his not shewing any signs
of confusion after the event had given the lye to his prophecies: they built likewise on this, that, after the example of Comenius, he had attempted to re-unite the Lutherans and Calvinists, in hopes of increasing the number
of troops to attack Antichrist. But these accusations were
brought only by the Romanists, his constant enemies, while
his more indulgent friends attributed his prophecies to enthusiasm, and it is certain, that, under this period of mental delusion, he affected to believe a great number of prodigies, which he maintained were so many presages or
forerunners of the accomplishment of the prophecies. Nor
is it true that he was indifferent to the ill success of what he
had predicted in his “L'accomplissement des Propheties,
”
Rotterdam, History of Calvinism
” in
Histoire des dogmes et des
cultes,
” which he had composed in his youth, a work of
very considerable merit. In the two or three last years of
his life he wrote only some devotional pieces. At length
he sunk under a load of infirmities, at Rotterdam, Jan,
11, 1713. He was unquestionably a man of considerable
learning, but peculiar in some of his own notions, and intolerant to those of others. Among his works, not mentioned above, are “Histoire du Calvinisme et du Papisrne
mise en parallele,
” &c. Lettres Pastorales.
”
These letters are upon the subject of the accomplishment
of the prophecies. In one of them, for Jan. 1695, having
quoted, as proof of the favourable intentions of the allies, a
proposal for peace, drawn up by the diet of Ratisbon,
which had been forged by a speculative politician in Amsterdam, he was so ashamed of his having been imposed
upon by this fictitious piece, that he instantly printed
another edition of his letter, in which he omitted that article,
3. “Parallele de trois Lettres pastorales de Mr. Jurieu, c.
”
Dissertation concerning defamatory
Libels,
” at the end of Bayle’s Diet. 4. “Traite de TumlS
del'eglise,
” &c. Le vray systeme.de l'église
et la veritable analyse de la foi,
” &c. L'Esprit
de Mr. Arnauld,
” Abrege de i'Histoire du Concile de Trente,
” &c. Les prejugez legitimos
centre le papisme,
” Le Janseniste convaincu
de vaine sophistiquerie.
” 10. “Le Philosophe de Rotterdam accuse, atteint, et convaincu.
” 11. “Traite historique, contenant le jugement d'un Protestant sur la Theologie Mystique,
” &c. Jugement sur les me*thodes rigides et relache'es,
” &c. Traite* de
la Nature et la Grace.
” 14. “Apologie pour Paccomplissement de Propbe'ties,
” Quelque Sermons,
” &C.
, born in 1684, and a physician of the mathematical sect, was educated in Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he was fellow
, born in 1684, and a physician of the
mathematical sect, was educated in Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he was fellow in 1711. He was afterwards well known in London as an eminent physician; was
physician to Guy’s hospital, and was, during several years,
an active member and secretary of the royal society, and
at the time of his death in 1750, president of the college of physicians. He distinguished himself by a series
of ingenious essays, published in the Philosophical Transactions in 1718, 1719, &c. and afterwards printed collectively, in 1732, under the title of “Physico-Mathematical Dissertations,
” in which mathematical science was
applied with considerable acuteness to physiological subjects. These papers involved him in several controversies;
first with Keill, in consequence of his calculations in regard to the force of the contractions of the heart, against
which also Senac published some objections, which he
answered. To Smith’s System of Optics, published in
1738, Jurin added “An Essay upon distinct and indistinct
Vision,
” in which he made subtle calculations of the
changes necessary to be made in the figure of the eye to
accommodate it to the different distances of objects. This
paper was commented on by Robins, to whom Jurin wrote
a reply. He had likewise controversies with Michelotti
respecting the force of running water, and with the philosophers of the school of Leibnitz on living forces. He
communicated to the royal society some experiments made
with a view to determine the specific gravity of the human,
blood, and he contributed much to the improvement of
their meteorological observations. He was a warm partisan
and an active defender of the practice of inoculation; and
in several publications, giving an account of its success
from 1723 to 1727, established its utility upon the true
foundation of a comparison between the respective mortality of the casual and the inoculated small-pox. Dr.
Jurin was also editor of Varenius’s Geography, 2 vols. 8vo,
1712, published at the request of sir Isaac Newton and Dr.
Bentley. In “The Works of the Learned
” for Philalethes
Cantabrigiensis.
”
, an eminent botanist, was bornat Lyons in 1686. He cultivated, with so much success, a
, an eminent botanist, was bornat Lyons in 1686. He cultivated, with so much success, a talent for natural history, which discovered itself in his earliest years, that, in 1712, he obtained a place in the academy of sciences. After traversing various parts of Europe, he settled in Paris, where he published various works on the most interesting parts of natural history. He published an. appendix to Tournefort, and methodized and abridged the work of Barrelier, on the plants of France, Spain, and Italy. He also practised physic, and was remarkable on all occasions for charity to the poor, to whom he not only gave advice, but alms. He nevertheless left behind him a very considerable fortune, of which his brother Bernard was the heir. He died of an apoplexy, at the age of seventy-two, in 1758.
, brother of the preceding, was also a native of Lyons, and born in 1699. Like his brother he
, brother of the preceding, was
also a native of Lyons, and born in 1699. Like his brother he was a practitioner of physic, and eminent for his
botanical skill and researches, and was one of the first botanists who aimed at a natural system of arrangement.
He was member of various learned academies in Europe;
curator of the plants of the royal garden at Paris, and was
invited by the king himself to superintend the arrangement
of a botanical garden at Trianon. He was highly esteemed
by his royal master, and enjoyed, what was no less honourable, the friendship and confidence of Linnæus. He
had numerous pupils, by whom he was much beloved, and
died in possession of universal esteem in 1777, in the
seventy-ninth year of his age. His only publications were,
an edition of Tournefort on the plants which grow near
Paris, 1725, 2 vols. 12mo; and “L'ami de Fhumanite, ou,
Conseils cTun bon citoyen a sa nation,
” octavo, printed
after his death. Although a first-rate botanist, he was deterred by excess of modesty from giving his ideas to the
world. His nephew, the present A. L. de Jussieu, has
given us a plan of the method, according to which he arranged the garden of Trianon in 1759, and which, in fact,
laid the foundation of his own celebrated work, published
in 1789. The Jussixa, of Linnreus, was so named by that
eminent botanist in honour of these two brothers. There
was a third brother, however, the youngest, who was born
in 1704, and in 1735 went to Peru, in the capacity of a
botanist, with the academicians sent there to measure a
degree. After continuing in that country thirty-six years,
he returned to EVance in very bad health, and almost in a
state of childhood, and died in 1779. Some account of
his travels and discoveries may be seen in Memoirs of the
French Academy; and it was at one time thought that his
nephew was preparing an account for publication, but we
know not that it has yet appeared.
, counsellor and secretary to the French king, was born at Paris, 1580. Having excellent parts, and a strong bent
, counsellor and secretary to
the French king, was born at Paris, 1580. Having excellent parts, and a strong bent to letters, he made a great
progress; and, as soon as he left the college, applying
himself to the study of the councils and ecclesiastical history, he published the “Code of Canons of the Church
universal, and the Councils of Africa, with notes.
” He
held a literary correspondence with the most learned men
of his time, as Usher, Salmasius, Blondel, sirHenry
Spelman, and others, till his death, which happened at
Paris in 1649. He had the character of knowing more of
the middle ages than any of his time. Besides the code
already mentioned, he published, in 1645, “The Genealogical History of the House of Auvergne;
” and several
collections of Greek and Latin canons, from Mss. which
formed the.“Bibliotheca juris canonici veteris,
” published
at Paris in
, was horn at Paris in 1620, and succeeded his father as secretary
, was horn at Paris in 1620, and succeeded his father as secretary and counsellor to the king.
He was a man of distinguished learning himself, and an
encourager of it in others, employing his interest at court
in their favour. His house was the usual resort of men of
letters, among whom we find Mr. Locke and Dr. Hickes;
which shews that it was open to men of all complexions
and principles. Mr. Justel had always professed a particular respect for the English nation, and cultivated are
acquaintance with many great men there. He foresaw the
revocation of the edict of Nantz, several years before it
happened, as we are informed by Dr. Hickes. This divine,
who, upon his travels abroad, made a considerable stay at
Paris, set apart one day in the week for visiting Mr. Justel.
In one of these visits, after some discourse about the protestant churches, observed by Dr. Hickes to be in many
places demolished, notwithstanding the edict of Nantz,
“Alas, sir,
” says Mr. Justel, “as I am wont to talk in
confidence with you, so I will tell you a secret, that almost
none of us knows besides myself our extirpation is decreed we must all be banished our country, or turn papists. I tell it you because I intend to come into England,
where I have many friends; and that, when I come to see
you among the rest, you may remember that I told it you.
”
“Upon this,
” says Dr. Hickes, “I asked him how long it
would be before this sad persecution would be put into
execution He answered, within four or five years at most;
and remember, says he again, that I foretold the time.
After he had been some time in London he made a visit to
the doctor at his house on Tower-hill; where, presentlyafter the common forms of congratulating one another (it was about the time that the bill of exclusion was thrown out of the House of Lords), he said, Sir, don't you remember what I told you of the persecution we have since suffered, and of the time when it would begin and you now
see all has accordingly come to pass.
”
une 23, 1675. He left Paris in 1681, upon the persecution of the protestants; and, coming to London, was, some time after, made keeper of the king’s library at St. James’s,
He sent by Dr. Hickes the original ms. in Greek of the
“Canones ecclesi* universalis,
” published by his father,
and other valuable Mss. to be presented to the university
of Oxford: upon the receipt of which benefaction, that
learned body conferred on him, by diploma, the degree
of LL. D. June 23, 1675. He left Paris in 1681, upon
the persecution of the protestants; and, coming to London, was, some time after, made keeper of the king’s library at St. James’s, to which is annexed a salary of 200l.
per annum, He belcj this place till his death, Sept. 1693,
and was then succeeded by Dr. Richard Bentley. He
had a very extensive library, particularly rich in Mss.
which were always at the service of his learned contemporaries, many of whom acknowledged their obligations to
him. He was obliged, however, to dispose of this library
before he left France. There is a portrait of him and
his arms in the Gent. Mag. 1788, taken from a private
print.
of the original occasioned the abridgment, as commonly happens in the decline of letters. Who Justin was, and when he lived, is altogether uncertain; but he is generally
, an ancient Latin historian, is known by his
abridgment of the large work of Trogus Pompeius, which
some think has occasioned the loss of the original; but it
is much more probable that the neglect of the original occasioned the abridgment, as commonly happens in the
decline of letters. Who Justin was, and when he lived, is
altogether uncertain; but he is generally referred to the
year 150, in the reign of Antoninus Pius. The abridgment comprises a history of the world from Ninus to Augustus Caesar; and is written with great purity and elegance,
excepting here and there a word which savours of encroaching barbarism. It has long been employed as a school
book, and is held in great estimation by foreign critics.
La Mothe le Vayer thinks “his manner of writing so excellent as to be worthy the age of Augustus rather than that
of the Antonines.
” Justin has been illustrated by the best
annotators, particularly Graevius; and there are numerous
editions, of which the preference is given to those of Grsevius; of Hearne, 1705, 8vo of Gronovius, 1719, and
1760; of Fischer, 1757, &c.
, one of the earliest writers of the Christian church, was born at Neapolis, the ancient Sichem of Palestine, in the province
, one of the earliest
writers of the Christian church, was born at Neapolis, the
ancient Sichem of Palestine, in the province of Samaria.
His father Priscius, being a Gentile Greek, brought him
up in his own religion, and had him educated in all the
Grecian learning and philosophy. To complete his studies
he travelled to Egypt, the usual tour on this occasion, as
being the seat of the more mysterious and recondite literature at this time he was shewn, as he tells you, at
Alexandria, the remains of those cells where the seventy
translators of the Bible performed what is called the Septuagint version. He had, from his first application to philosophy, disliked the stoic and peripatetic; and chose the
sect of Plato, with whose ideas he was enamoured, and of
which he resolved to make himself master. He was prosecuting this design in contemplation and solitary walks
by the sea-side, as he informs us in his “Dialogue with
Trypho,
” when there met him one day a grave and ancient
person of a venerable aspect, who, falling into discourse
upon the subject of his thoughts, turned the conversation,
by degrees, from the fancied excellence of Platonism to
the superior perfection of Christianity; and performed his
part so well, as to raise an ardent curiosity in our Platonist
to inquire into the merits of that religion, the result of
which was his conversion, which happened about the 16th
year of Trajan’s reign, A. C. 132.
busy in propagating his pernicious principles, he resolved particularly to oppose him. This heretic was the son of a bishop born in Pontus, and, for deflowering a virgin,
Several of his old friends among the heathens were not
a little troubled at the loss of so eminent a person: for
their satisfaction, therefore, he drew up an account of his
conduct, with the reasons of it, in order to bring them into
the same sentiments. Still, however, from an affection to
the studies of his youth, he retained the ancient dress;
preaching and defending the Christian religion under his
old philosophic garb, the pallium, or cloak of the Grecian
philosophers. About the beginning of Antoninus Pius’s
reign he went to Rome, and there strenuously endeavoured to defend and promote the Christian cause: in
which spirit finding the heretic Marcion very busy in propagating his pernicious principles, he resolved particularly
to oppose him. This heretic was the son of a bishop born
in Pontus, and, for deflowering a virgin, had been excommunicated. Upon this he fled to Rome, where he broached
his errors; the chief of which was, “That there are two
Gods, one the creator of the world, whom he supposed to
be the God of the Old Testament, and the author of evil;
the other a more sovereign and supreme being, creator of
more excellent things, the father of Christ, whom he sent
into the world to dissolve the law and the prophets, and to
destroy the works of the other deity, whom he styled- the
God of the Jews.
” Justin encountered this heretic both
in word and writing, and composed a book against his
principles, which he also published. In the same spirit,
when the Christians came to be more severely dealt with,
traduced, defamed, and persecuted, by virtue of the standing laws of the empire, Justin drew up his first Apology
about the year 140, and presented it to the emperor Antoninus Pius, with a copy of his predecessor Adrian’s rescript,
commanding that the Christians should not be needlessly
and unjustly vexed. This address was not without its success: the emperor, being in his own nature of a generous
disposition, was moved to give orders that the Christians
should be treated more gently, and more regularly proceeded against.
h he afterwards wrote in a piece ^entitled his “Dialogue with Trypho.” By the conclusion we learn he was then ready to set sail to Ephesus. He returned at last to Rome,
Not long afterwards, Justin made a visit into the East;
and, among other parts, went to Ephesus. Here he fell
into the company and acquaintance of Trypho, a Jew of
great note, with whom he engaged in a dispute that held
for two days: the substance of which he afterwards wrote
in a piece ^entitled his “Dialogue with Trypho.
” By the
conclusion we learn he was then ready to set sail to Ephesus.
He returned at last to Rome, where he had frequent conferences with one Crescens, a philosopher of some repute
in that city; a man who had endeavoured to traduce the
Christians, and represent their religion under the most infamous character. Justin now presented his second Apology to Marcus Antoninus Philosophus, the successor of
Pius, and a determined enemy to the Christians. The immediate occasion of this second Apology, as he himself
Infoniis the emperor, was this: A woman at Rome had,
together with her husband, lived in all manner of wantonness, and, from a vicious course of life, had been converted
to Christianity; and being reclaimed herself, very naturally
sought also to reclaim her husband, but at length, finding
him quite obstinate, she procured a bill of divorce. The
man, enraged at this, accused her to the emperor of being
a Christian. She, however, putting in a petition for leave
to answer it, he relinquished that prosecution; and, falling
upon her converter, one Ptolomeus, procured his imprisonment and condemnation. On that occasion, Lucius, a
Christian, being present, presumed to represent how hard
it was that an innocent and virtuous man, charged with no
crime, should be adjudged to die merely for bearing the
name of a Christian: a proceeding that must certainly be a
reflection upon the government. These words were no
sooner spoken than he, together with a third person, were
sentenced to the same fate. The severity of these proceedings awakened Justin’s solicitude and care for the rest
of his brethren; and he immediately drew up his second
apology, in which, among other things, he made heavy
complaints of the malice and envy of his antagonist Crcscens. The philosopher, irritated at this charge, procured
him to be apprehended, with six of his companions, and
brought before the praefect of the city. After their ex
amination, this sentence was pronounced, that “TheJ
who refuse to sacrifice to the gods, and to obey the imperial edicts, be first scourged, and then beheaded, according to the laws:
” which was put in execution upon
Justin and the rest. This happened, according to Baronius, A. C. 165, not long after Justin had presented his
second Apology; which is said, therefore, in the language
of those times, to have procured him the crown of martyrdom.
He was the first Christian, after the days of the apostles, who added
He was the first Christian, after the days of the apostles, who added to an unquestionable zeal and love of the gospel, the character of a man of learning and philosophy, both which were employed in propagating and defending his principles. He stands at the head of the Christian Platonists, or those who endeavoured to reconcile the Platonic principles with the dictates of Christianity; and the consequence of this attempt was his holding some opinions not altogether agreeable to the genius of the gospel. There are several valuable editions of his works, the first of which was that of Rob. Stephens, Paris, 1551, fol. and the best are those of Maran, printed at Paris, 1742, fol. and of Oberthur, at Wurtzburg, 1777, 3 vols. 8vo. There is an edition of his second Apology by Hutchinson, Oxon. 1703, 8vo; of his Dialogue with Trypho, by Jebb, London, 1719, 8vo; of his Apologies, by Ashton, Cambridge, 1768, 8vo; of his ftrst Apology, by Grabe, Oxon, 1700; and of both Apologies, and his Dialogue, by Thirl by, London, 1722, fol.
, the first Roman emperor of his name, and more celebrated for his code of laws, was nephew of Justin I. and succeeded his uncle in the Imperial
, the first Roman emperor of his name, and more celebrated for his code of laws, was nephew of Justin I. and succeeded his uncle in the Imperial throne Aug. 1, 527. He began his reign with the character of a most religious prince, publishing very severe laws against heretics, and repairing ruined churches; in this spirit,- he actually declared himself protector of the church. While he was thus re-establishing Christianity at home, he carried his arms against the enemies of the empire abroad, with so much success, that he reinstated it in its ancient glory. He was very happy in having the best general of the age, Belisarius, who conquered the Persians for him in 528, 542, and 543; and in 533 exterminated the Vandals, and took their king Gillimer prisoner. He also recovered Africa to the empire by a new conquest vanquished the Goths in Italy and, lastly, defeated the Moors and the Samaritans. But, in the midst of these glorious successes the emperor was endangered by a potent faction at home. Hypalius, Pompeius, and Probus, three nephews of the emperor Anastasius, the immediate predecessor of Justin, combining together, raised a powerful insurrection, in order to dethrone Justinian. The conspirators formed two parties, one called the Varti, and the other Veneti, and at length became so strong, that the emperor, in despair of being able to resist them, began to think of quitting the palace; and had certainly submitted to that disgrace had not the empress Theodosia, his consort, vexed at his betraying so much tameness, reproached him with his pusillanimity, and induced him to fortify himself against the rebels, while Belisarius and Mundus defended him so well, that the conspiracy was broken, and the ringleaders capitally punished.
e statute law, as consisting of the rescripts of the emperors: but the compilation of the other part was a much more difficult task. It was made up of the decisions
The empire being now in the full enjoyment of profound
peace and tranquillity, Justinian made the best use of it,
by collecting the immense variety and number of the Roman laws into one body. To this end, he selected ten of
the most able lawyers in the empire; who, revising the
Gregorian, Theodosian, and Hermogenian codes, compiled
out of them one body, called “The Code,
” to which the
emperorgave his own name. This may be called the statute law, as consisting of the rescripts of the emperors:
but the compilation of the other part was a much more
difficult task. It was made up of the decisions of the
judges and other magistrates, together with the authoritative opinions of the most eminent lawyers; all which lay
scattered, without any order, in above 2000 volumes.
These, however, after the labour of ten years, chiefly by
Tribonian, an eminent lawyer, were reduced to the number of 50; and the whole design was completed in the year
533, and the name of “Digests,
” or “Pandects,
” given to it.
Besides these, for the use chiefly of young students in the
law, Justinian ordered four books of “Institutes
” to be
drawn up, by Tribonian, Dorotheus, and Theophilus, containing an abstract or abridgement of the text of all the
laws: and, lastly, the laws of modern date, posterior to
that of the former, were thrown into one volume in the
year 541, called the “Noveilx,
” or “New Code.
”
This most important transaction in the state has rendered
Justinian’s name immortal. His conduct in ecclesiastical
affairs was rash and inconsiderate. On one occasion,
when Theodotus, king of Italy, had obliged pope Agapetus to go to Constantinople, in order to submit and make
peace with the emperor, Justinian received him very graciously, but enjoined him to communicate with Anthenius,
patriarch of Constantinople. That patriarch being deemed
a heretic at Rome, the pontiff refused to obey the command; and, when the emperor threatened to punish his
disobedience with banishment, he answered, without any
emotion, “I thought I was come before a Christian prince,
but I find a Diocletian.
” The result was, that the hardiness and resolution of the pope brought the emperor to a
submission. Accordingly Anthenius was deprived, and an
orthodox prelate put into his place.
prepare an edict against those who maintained the contrary opinion, and intended to publish it; but was prevented by his death, which happened suddenly, in 565, at
After this, Justinian, resolving to take cognizance of
the difference between the three chapters, published a rescript for that purpose, in form of a constitution, which
created great disturbances in the empire. He also exerted
his authority against the attempts of the popes Sylverius
and Vigilius, both before and after the celebration of the
fifth general council held in the year 553. Towards the latter
end of his life, he fell into an erroneous opinion concerning Christ’s body; which he maintained had never been
corruptible, nor subject to the natural infirmities of a human body. He carried it so far as to prepare an edict
against those who maintained the contrary opinion, and intended to publish it; but was prevented by his death,
which happened suddenly, in 565, at the age of 83, and
after a reign of 39 years. It was this emperor who abolished the consulate. He built a great number of churches,
and particularly the famous Sancta Sophia, at Constantinople, esteemed a master-piece of architecture. But the
increasing jealousies, and the heavy burdens which Justinian imposed upon his subjects, had, some time before
his death, destroyed all attachment to his person; and he
who, in many respects, deserved the title of the last Roman emperor, left the stage unlamented and tinhonoured.
The editions of his “Code,
” “Institutions,
” &c. are too
many to be enumerated, but the best of them occur in almost every catalogue.
, the first patriarch of Venice, was descended of a noble family, and born there, 1381. He took the
, the first patriarch of Venice, was descended of a noble family, and born there, 1381. He took the monk’s habit in the monastery of St. George, in Alga, before he was a deacon; and in 1424 became general of that congregation, to whom he gave an excellent set of rules, which were afterwards observed, and made him esteemed as one of their founders. Pope Eugenius IV. gave him the bishopric of Venice, of which he was the first patriarch, from 1451. This prelate died Jan. 8, 1455, and was canonized in 1690 by Alexander VIII. He left several works of piety, which were printed together at Brescia, 1506, 2 vols. folio; and again at Venice, 1755, folio; to which is prefixed his life, by his nephew.
, nephew of the above, was born at Venice in 1408. He pursued his first studies under Guarini
, nephew of the above, was born at Venice in 1408. He pursued his first studies under Guarini of Verona, and continued them at Padua, where he took his doctor’s degree. Notwithstanding he put on the senator’s robe at the age of nineteen, yet he still prosecuted his studies under Francis Philelphi and George de Trebisonde, whom he took into his house, and retained there, till pope Calixtus III. sent for him to Rome, and employed him in several commissions. Upon his return to Venice, he was sent ambassador to Lewis XI. of France, who made him a knight in 1461. He went afterwards several times ambassador to Rome from the republic; and, in 1467, was made commandant of Padua. He afterwards became a member of the council of ten, and bore the dignity of Sage Grand no hers than twenty times. In 1474, he was elected procurator of St. Mark, a post next to that of doge. He died in 1489.
ressed. He also left “Vita B. Laurentii Justiniarii,” 1475, 4to. His life in Latin by Antonio Stella was printed at Venice, 1533, 8vo. Of the same famrly, which is still
His speeches on different occasions have been printed,
with his letters, and “History of Venice,
” Venice, Vita B. Laurentii Justiniarii,
” Origin of the Military Orders,
”
Venice, History of the Military Orders,
” Amsterdam, The History of
the Religious Orders,
” Amsterdam,
, bishop of Nebo or Nebbio, one of the most learned men of his time, was descended from a branch of the same noble family with the former;
, bishop of Nebo or Nebbio, one of the most learned men of his time, was descended from a branch of the same noble family with the former; and born at Genoa, in 1470. After having resided some time at Valencia, in Spain, he entered into the order of St. Dominic, at Paris, in 1488; when he took the name of Augustin in the room of Pantaleon, which he received at his baptism. Soon after he distinguished himself by his learning, and knowledge in the languages, which he acquired in a very short time; so that Leo X. named him to the bishopric of Nebo, in the island of Corsica, in which capacity he assisted in the fifth council of Lateran, where he opposed some articles of the concordat between France and the court of Rome. The revenue of his diocese being small, he petitioned the pope for a better; but Francis I. who was a patron of learned men, drew him to France, by making him his almoner, with a good pension; and he was also regius professor of Hebrew for five years at Paris. Returning to Genoa in 1522, he found every thing in confusion, by the sedition of the Adornes; on which he went to visit his diocese, and discharged all the duties of a good prelate, till 1531. In a voyage from Genoa to Nebc, he perished, together with the vessel in which he was embarked, 1536. By his last will, he left his library to the republic of Genoa.
ium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicum, & Chaldaeum, cum tribus Latinis interpretationibns.& glossis.” This was the first psalter of the kind which had appeared in print, and
He composed some pieces, the most considerable of which
is, “Psalterium Hebraeum, Graecum, Arabicum, & Chaldaeum, cum tribus Latinis interpretationibns.& glossis.
” This
was the first psalter of the kind which had appeared in
print, and he intended it as a prelude to a similar edition
of the whole Bible, but he lived only to execute this part,
which appeared at Genoa in 1516. Tiraboschi, forgetting
the Complutensian polyglott, calls this the first attempt of the kind. It is not a work of very rare
occurrence, there being 2000 copies printed, and 50 upon
vellum, which, however, hear a high price. There came
out also “Annales de Republica Genoensi,
” at Genoa,
in Moreh Nevochim.
” He was the editor of “Porcheti
Victoria adversus impios Hebraeos,
” Paris,
, the Roman satirist, was born about the beginning of the emperor Claudius’s reign, at
, the Roman satirist, was
born about the beginning of the emperor Claudius’s reign,
at Aquinum, a town in Campania, since famous for the
birth-place of Thomas (thence styled) Aquinas. Juvenal’s
father was probably a freed man, who, being rich, gave
him a liberal education; and, agreeably to the taste of the
times, bred him up to eloquence. In this he made a
great progress, first under Fronto the grammarian, and
then, as is generally conjectured, under Quintilian; after
which he attended the bar, where he made a distinguished
figure for many years, as we learn from some of Martial’s
epigrams. In this profession he had improved his fortune
and interest at Rome, before he turned his thoughts to
poetry the very style of which, in his satires, speaks a
long habit of declamation “subactum redolent declamatorem,
” say the critics. He is supposed to have been
above forty years of age, when he recited his first essay to
a small audience of his friends; but, being encouraged by
their applause, he ventured a publication, in which Paris,
a player, and Domitian’s favourite, was satirized; this
minion complained to the emperor, who sent the poet into
banishment, under pretence of giving him the command
of a cohort, in the army quartered at Pentapolis, a city
upon the frontiers of Egypt and Lybia. After Domitian’s
death, he returned to Rome, cured of his propensity to
attack the characters of those in power under arbitrary
princes, and indulge in personal reflections upon living
characters. His 13th satire, addressed to Calvinus, was
written U. C. 8T1, in the 3d year of Adrian, when Juvenal
was above seventy years old; and as it is agreed that he
attained to his eightieth year, he must have died about
the 11th year of Adrian.
In his person he was of a large stature, which made some think him of Gallic extraction.
In his person he was of a large stature, which made some think him of Gallic extraction. We meet with nothing concerning feis morals and way of life; but, by the whole tenor of his writings, he seems to have been a man of acute observation, and a friend to liberty and virtue, but at the same time may be justly charged with a licentious boldness in his expressions. In point of classical merit, he is the last of the Roman poets, and after him Roman poetry rapidly degenerated. The most valuable edition of this poet, without Persius, is that of Ruperti, printed at Leipsic, in 1801, 2 vols. 8vo. But most generally Juvenal and Persius are printed together, of which there are many valuable editions, particularly the Variorums, the Delphin, those by Henninius, Hawkey, Sandby, &C.
, one of the first Christian poets, was born of an illustrious family in Spain, and lived, according
, one of the
first Christian poets, was born of an illustrious family in
Spain, and lived, according to Jerom, in the time of Constantine, about the year 330. He wrote the “Life of
Christ,
” in Latin verse, in four books, following the four
evangelists faithfully, and almost word by word; but his
poetry is in a bad style, and his Latin not pure. This
work, which is entitled “Historiae Evangelicse, lib. iv.
” may
be found in the library of the Fathers, the “Latin Poets
”
of Venice, Corpus Poetarum.
” The
best edition of it separately is that of Rome, 1792, 4to.
, a loyal and worthy English prelate, the son of Richard Juxon of Chichester in Sussex, was born in 1582, and educated, upon the foundation, at Merchant
, a loyal and worthy English prelate,
the son of Richard Juxon of Chichester in Sussex, was born
in 1582, and educated, upon the foundation, at Merchant
Taylors’ school, whence he was elected a fellow of St.
John’s college, Oxford, in 1598. Here, as his intentions
were for the bar, he studied civil law, and took the degree
of bachelor in that faculty, July 5, 1603, having before entered himself a student in Gray’s-inn. But for some reasons
not assigned by his biographer, he entirely changed his
mind, and after having gone through a course of divinity
studies, took orders, and in the latter end of 1609 was presented by his college, which stands in that parish, to the
vicarage of St. Giles’s, Oxford. Here he was much admired for his plain, practical style of preaching. In 1614,
we are told, he left this living, probably on being presented
to the rectory of Somerton in Oxfordshire, in the east window of the chancel of which church are his arms; but it is
equally probable that he might hold both. It is certain
that his connexion with Oxford continued; and when, in
1621, Dr. Laud resigned the office of president of St. John’s
college, Mr. Juxon was chosen in his room, chiefly by his
influence. In December of the same year, he proceeded
doctor of laws, and in 1626 and 1627 served the office of
vice-chancellor of the university. About this time his majesty Charles I. appointed him one of his chaplains in ordinary, and collated him to the deanery of Worcester,
along with which he held a prebend of Chichester. In all
these promotions, he was chiefly indebted to Dr. Laud,
then bishop of London, who had a high regard for him,
and, as dean of the king’s chapel, recommended him to be
clerk of the closet, into which office Dr. Juxon was sworn
July 10, 1632. Laud’s object in this last promotion is
said to have been, that “he might have one that he might
trust near his majesty, if he himself grew weak or infirm.
”
By the same interest Dr. Juxon was elected bishop of
Hereford in 1633, and was made dean of the king’s chapel,
but before consecration was removed to the bishopric of
London, in room of Laud, now archbishop of Canterbury,
and was also sworn of the privy council. He entered on
his bishopric Nov. 5 of the above year, and although his
diocese was much displeased with the conduct of his predecessor, bishop Juxon, by his mild temper and urbanity,
obtained the respect of all parties.
It was, however, his misfortune, that the archbishop carried his esteem
It was, however, his misfortune, that the archbishop carried his esteem for him too far, and involved him in a scheme which Laud vainly fancied would raise the power and consequence of the church. This was no other than to place churchmen in high political stations;.and by way of experiment, he prevailed on the king to appoint bishop Juxon to the office of lord high treasurer, to which he was accordingly promoted in 1635. This office no churchman had held since the time of Henry VII. and although that was not such a very distant period, as not to afford something like a precedent to the promotion, yet the sentiments of the nation were now totally changed, and the noble families, from which such an officer was expected to have been chosen, were not more astonished than displeased to see the staff put into the hands of a clergyman scarcely known out of the verge of his college until called to the bishopric of London, which he had not filled two years. Notwithstanding this, it is allowed un all hands that Dr. Juxon conducted himself in such a manner, as to give no offence to any party; while, in the management of official concerns, he was so prudent and oeconomical, as considerably to benefit the exchequer. There cannot, indeed, be a greater proof of his good conduct than this, that when the republican party ransacked every office for causes of impeachment, sequestration, and death, they found nothing to object to bishop Juxon. He was not, however, made for the times; and when he saw the storm approaching which was to overset the whole edifice of church and state, he resigned his office May 17, 1641, just after the execution of the earl of Strafford, in consequence of the king’s passing the bill of attainder, contrary to Juxon’s express and earnest advice.
eely to you. This I will say of him I never got his opinion freely in my life, but, when I had it, I was ever the better for it.” Bishop Juxon also attended upon his
On his resignation, he retired to his palace at Fulham,
where he continued for some time, not only undisturbed,
but. sometimes visited by the greatest persons of the opposite party, although he remained firm in his loyalty to the
king, who consulted him upon many occasions. Sir Philip
Warwick, being employed on one of those occasions, desired he might bring the bishop himself to his majesty, for
fear of a mistake in the message, or lest the bishop should
not speak freely to him. To which the king replied, “Go
as I bid you if he will speak freely to any body, he will
speak freely to you. This I will say of him I never got
his opinion freely in my life, but, when I had it, I was ever
the better for it.
” Bishop Juxon also attended upon his
majesty at the treaty in the Isle of Wight in 1643, by the
consent of the parliament; and by the king’s particular
desire, waited upon him at Cotton-house in Westminster
on Jan. 21 following, the day after the commencement of
his trial. During the whole of this trial, he attended the
king, who declared that he was the greatest support and
comfort to him on that occasion. He followed his royal
master also to the scaffold, and when he was preparing
himself for the block, Juxon said to him, “There is, sir,
but one stage more, which, though turbulent and troublesome, is yet a very short one. Consider, it will soon carry
you a great way; it will carry you from earth to heaven;
and there you shall find, to your great joy, the prize to
which you hasten, a crown of glory.
” “I go,
” said the
king, “from a corruptible to an incorruptible crown, where
no disturbance can be.
” “, You are exchanged,
” replied
the bishop, “from a temporal to an eternal crown; a good
exchange.
”
It was remarked by the regicides, that the king, the
moment before he stretched out his neck to the executioner, said to J uxon, with a very earnest accent, the
single word Remember. Great mysteries were consequently supposed to be concealed under that expression;
and the generals vehemently insisted with the prelate, that
he should inform them of the king’s meaning. Juxon told
them, that the king having frequently charged him to inculcate on his son the forgiveness of his murderers, had
taken this opportunity, in the last moment of his life, when
his commands, he supposed, would be regarded, as sacred
and inviolable, to reiterate that desire; and that his mild
spirit thus terminated its present course, by an act of benevolence towards his greatest enemies. Dr. Uuxon was
also one of those who accompanied the king’s body to
"Windsor, but was not permitted to read the funeral service.
Some months after this, when the commonwealth was established, he was deprived of his bishopric, and retired to
Some months after this, when the commonwealth was
established, he was deprived of his bishopric, and retired
to his private estate, the manor of Little Compton, in
Gloucestershire, where he passed his time free from molestation, and in the occasional enjoyment of field sports,
to which he was rather more addicted than became his rank
in the church. At the restoration he was nominated archbishop of Canterbury, in Sept. 1660, and at the coronation placed the crown on the head of Charles II. He was a
man of a liberal and princely spirit. During the short period that he enjoyed the archbishopric, he expended in
building and repairing Lambeth and Croydon palaces,
nearly 15,000l.; and augmented the vicarages, the great
tithes of which were appropriated to his see, to the amount
of 1103l. In the decline of life he was much afflicted with
the stone, of which he at length died June 4, 1663, in his
eighty-first year, and was interred with the greatest solemnity in the chapel of St. John’s college, Oxford, near
the remains of archbishop Laud. To this college he had
ever been a friend, and was at last a munificent benefactor, bequeathing 7000l. to be laid out in the increase of
fellowships. His other charitable bequests amounted to
5000l. His contemporaries unite in praising his piety,
learning, charity, moderation of temper, and steady loyalty.
As a divine he has left little by which we can appreciate
his merits. There is but one sermon of his extant entitled “The Subjects’ sorrow or Lamentations upon the
death of Britain’s Josiah, king Charles,
” Some considerations upon the Act of Uniformity; with
an expedient for the satisfaction of the clergy within the
province of Canterbury. By a Servant of the God of
peace,
” Lond.
eacher, son of the rev. Mr. Thomas Ibbot, vicar of Swaffham, and rector of Beachamwell, co. Norfolk, was born at Beachamwell in 1680. He was admitted of Clare-hall,
, an ingenious and learned
writer, and a judicious and useful preacher, son of the rev.
Mr. Thomas Ibbot, vicar of Swaffham, and rector of
Beachamwell, co. Norfolk, was born at Beachamwell in
1680. He was admitted of Clare-hall, Cambridge, July
25, 1695, under the tuition of the rev. Mr. Laughton, a
gentleman justly celebrated for his eminent attainments in
philosophy and mathematics, to whom the very learned
Dr. Samuel Clarke generously acknowledged himself to be
much indebted for many of the notes and illustrations
inserted in his Latin version of “Rohault’s Philosophy.
”
Mr. Ibbot having taken the degree of B. A. Discourse of Freethinking.
” In these sermons the true notion of the exercise of private judgment, or free-thinking in matters of
religion, is fairly and fully stated, the principal objections
against it are answered, and the modern art of free-thinking, as treated by Collins, is judiciously refuted. Some
time after, he was appointed assistant-preacher to Dr. Samuel Clarke, and rector of St. Paul’s, Shadwell. Upon
his being installed a prebendary in the collegiate church
of St. Peter, Westminster, in 1724, he retired to Camberwell, for the recovery of his health, which had been
impaired by the fatigue of constant preaching to very numerous congregations, at a considerable distance from
each other. Here he died April 5, 1725, in the forty-fifth
year of his age, and was buried in Westminster- abbey.
His sermons at Boyle’s lecture, were published in 1727,
8vo, and “Thirty Discourses on Practical Subjects
” were
selected from his manuscripts by his friend Dr. Clarke,
and published for the benefit of his widow, 2 vols. 8vo, for
which she was favoured with a large subscription. In
1719, Dr. Ibbot published a translation of Puffendorff’s
treatise “De habitu religionis Christianas ad vitain civilem,
” or of the relation between church and state, and how
far Christian and civil life affect each other; with a preface
giving some account of the book, and its use with regard
to the controversies in agitation at that time, particularly
the Bangorian. In 1775 were published, “Thirty-six
discourses on Practical Subjects,
” 2 vols. 8vo. This is a
re-publication of the thirty discourses selected by Dr.
Clarke, with the addition of six occasional discourses, and
a life of the author, by Dr. Flexman. There are some
verses of Dr. Ibbot’s, in Dodsley’s Collection, vol. V. entitled “A fit of the Spleen,
” in imitation of Shakspeare.
, one of the apostolical fathers of the church, was born in Syria, educated under the apostle and evangelist St.
, one of the apostolical fathers of the church, was born in Syria, educated under the apostle and evangelist St. John, intimately acquainted with some other of the apostles, especially St. Peter and St. Paul; and being fully instructed in the doctrines of Christianity, was, for his eminent parts and piety, ordained by St. John; and confirmed about the year 67, bishop of Antioch by these two apostles, who first planted Christianity in that city, where the disciples were first called Christians. In this important seat he continued to sit upwards of forty years, both an honour and safeguard to the Christian religion; in the midst of very stormy and tempestuous times, undaunted himself, and unmoved with the prospect of suffering a cruel death. So much seems to be certain in general, though we have no account of any particulars of his life till the year 107, when Trajan the emperor, elated with his victory over the Scythians and Daci, came to Antioch to prepare for a war against the Parthians and Armenians. He entered the city with the pomp and solemnities of a triumph; and, as he had already commenced a persecution against the Christians in other parts of the empire, he now resolved to carry it on here. However, as he was naturally mild and humane, though he ordered the laws to be put in force against them, if convicted, yet he forbad any extraordinary means to be used for discovering or informing against them.
in their hearts.” For this bold avowal of his principles, combined with a defiance of heathenism, he was cast into prison, and sentence passed upon him, that he should
In this state of affairs, Ignatius voluntarily presented
himself to the emperor; and it is said, there passed a long
conversation between them, in which the emperor expressing a surprise how he dared to transgress the laws, the
bishop took the opportunity to assert his own innocence,
and the power which God had given Christians over evil
spirits; declaring that “the gods of the Gentiles were no
better than daemons, there being but one supreme Deity,
who made the world, and his only begotten son Jesus
Christ, who, though crucified under Pilate, had yet destroyed him that had the power of sin, that is, tue devil,
and would ruin the whole power and empire of the daemons,
and tread it under the feet of those who carried God in
their hearts.
” For this bold avowal of his principles,
combined with a defiance of heathenism, he was cast into
prison, and sentence passed upon him, that he should be
carried bound by soldiers to Rome, and there thrown as a
prey to wild beasts. It may seem strange that they should
send an old man by land, at a great expence, attended
with soldiers, from Syria to Rome, instead of casting him
to the lions at Antioch; but it is said, that Trajan did this
on purpose to make an example of him, as of a ringleader
of the sect, and to deter the Christians from preaching
and spreading their religion; and for the same reason he
sent him to be executed at Rome, where there were many
Christians, and which, as it was the capital of the world,
so was it the head-quarters of all religious sects. After all,
this part of his sentence was a particular cruelty, and above
what the laws required, and consequently such as might
not be expected from Trajan. But, in our martyr’s case,
he might not improbably be persuaded to act contrary to his
natural disposition by those about him, who began to perceive that Christianity, if it prevailed, would prove the
ruin of their religion. Ignatius was so far from being dismayed, that he heartily rejoiced at the fatal decree. “I
thank thee, O Lord,
” says he, “that thou hast condescended to honour me with thy love, and hast thought me
worthy, with thy apostle St. Paul, to be bound in iron
chains.
” With these words he cheerfully embraced his
chains; and having frequently prayed for his church, and
recommended it to the divine care and providence, he delivered up himself into the hands of his keepers. These
were ten soldiers, by whom he was first conducted to Seleucia, a port of Syria, at about sixteen miles distance, the
place where Paul and Barnabas set sail for Cyprus. Arriving at Smyrna, in Ionia, Ignatius went to visit Polycarp, bishop of that place, and was himself visited by the
clergy of the Asiatic churches round the country. In return for that kindness, he wrote letters to several churches,
as the Ephesians, Magnesians, Trallians, besides the Romans, for their instruction and establishment in the faith;
one of these was addressed to the Christians at Rome, to
acquaint them with his present state and passionate desire
not to be hindered in that course of martyrdom which he
was now hastening to accomplish.
s, a noted city of the lesser Phrygia, not far from the ruins of old Troy; where, at his arrival, he was much refreshed with the news he received of the persecution
His guard, a little impatient at their stay, set sail with
him for Troas, a noted city of the lesser Phrygia, not far
from the ruins of old Troy; where, at his arrival, he was
much refreshed with the news he received of the persecution ceasing in the church of Antioch. Hither atlso several churches sent their messengers to pay their respects to
him, and hence too he dispatched two epistles, one to the
church of Philadelphia, and the other to that of Smyrna;
and together with this last, as Eusebitfs relates, he wrote
privately to Polycarp, recommending to him the care and
inspection of the church of Antioch. All this while his
keepers used him very cruelly and barbarously. He complains of it himself: “From Syria even to Rome,
” says he,
“both by sea and land, I fight with beasts; night and day
I am chained to 1 the leopards, which is my military guard,
who, the kinder I am to them, are the more cruel and
fierce to me.
” And yet it is evident, that they suffered
him to be visited by Christians, and to give them instructions; and write epistles in several cities through which he
passed. But his own account of the matter explains this
apparent difficulty; the words implying, that these ruffians
made money of him this way, being handsomely rewarded
for this permission by the Christians who resorted to him,
although their savage tempers induced them to use him the
worse for it. From Trcras they sailed to Neapolis, a maritime town in Macedonia, thence to Philippi, a Roman
colony, where they were entertained with all imaginable
kindness and courtesy, and conducted forwards on their
journey, passing on foot through Macedonia and Epirus,
till they came to Epidaurum, a city of Dalmatia, where
again taking shipping, they sailed through the Adriatic,
and arrived at Rhegium, a port town in Italy; directing
their course thence through the Tyrrhenian sea to Pu'teoli,
whence Ignatius desired to proceed by land, ambitious to
trace the same way by which St. Paul went to Rome; buC
this wish was not complied with. In about twenty-four
hours, however, a brisk wind conveyed them to Ostia at
the mouth of the Tiber, about sixteen miles from Rome.
on, in treating them to Cast no obstacles in his way, nor do any thing that might hinder him, now he was hastening to his crown. The interval before his martyrdom was
The Christians at Rome, d'aiiy expecting his arrival, had come out to meet and entertain him, and accordingly received him with an equal mixture of joy and sorrow: but when some of them intimated, that possibly the populace might be dissuaded from desiring his death, he expressed a pious indignation, in treating them to Cast no obstacles in his way, nor do any thing that might hinder him, now he was hastening to his crown. The interval before his martyrdom was spent in prayers for the peace and prosperity of the church. That his punishment might be the more pompous and public, one of their solemn festivals, the Saturnalia, was chosen for his execution; when it was their custom to entertain the people with the conflicts of gladiators, and the hunting and fighting with wild beasts. Accordingly, Dec. 20, in the year 107, or as some think in 116, he was brought out into the amphitheatre; and the lions, being let loose upon lum, quickly dispatched their meal, leaving nothing but a few of the hardest of his bones. These remains were gathered up by two deacons who had been the companions of his journey, transported to Antioch, and interred in the cemetery, without the gate, but afterwards, by command of the emperor Theodosius, were removed to the Tycheon, a temple within the city, now consecrated to the memory of Ignatius. Thus far all historians concur; but the pretended translation of these relics to Rome, and other places, must be classed among the fables of the early Romanists.
, professor of rhetoric and politics in the university of Upsal, was born in March 1707, and on account of the early death of his
, professor of rhetoric and politics in the
university of Upsal, was born in March 1707, and on account of the early death of his father, chiefly educated
under his grandfather, then archbishop of Upsal. In 1730
he set out on his travels to improve himself by the company and conversation of learned men. In 1733 he returned to Upsal, where he was elected a member of the
academy of sciences. In 1737 he was made public professor of poetry, and in 1748 he was appointed by the king
professor of rhetoric and politics; an office, the duties of
which he discharged for forty years with great reputation,
In 1756 king Adolphus Frederic raised him to the rank of
a counsellor of the chancery; two years after to that of
patrician; and in 1759 conferred on him the order of the
polar star. He died in 1780. In 1756 he undertook a
Sueco-Gothic Lexicon, and began to arrange the materials
which he had been preparing for the purpose. In 1766
he published a “Lexicon Dialectorum,
” in which he explained and illustrated obsolete words, still used in the
provinces; and in 1769 his “Glossarium Sueco-Gothicum
”
was published in 2 vols. folio. He was the author also of
an explanation of the old catalogue of the Sueco-Gothic
kings, to which are added the old West- Gothic Laws. In
his dissertations “De Runorum Antiquitate, Patria, Origine, et Occasu,
” he asserts that the Runic writing was
formerly used in the greater part of Europe, was introduced into Sweden about the sixth century, and became
entirely extinct in the beginning of the fifteenth. He was
possessed of a sound judgment and a retentive memory;
and so clearly were his ideas arranged, that he had never
any need to correct what he had composed.
, was a printer, and a son of a printer; but he applied himself to
, was a printer, and a son of a printer;
but he applied himself to letter-cutting in 1730, and carried on a foundery and a printing-house together. He was
an expeditious compositor, and was said to know the letters
by the touch; but being not perfectly sound in mind, produced some strange works. In 1751 he published a pretended translation of “The Book of Jasher;
” said to have
been made by one Alcuin of Britain. The account given
of the translation is full of glaring absurdities; but the publication, in fact, was secretly written by him, and printed
off by night. He published, in 1733, an Oration, intended to prove the plurality of worlds, and asserting that
this earth is hell, that the souls of men are apostate angels,
and that the fire to punish those confined to this world at
the day of judgment will be immaterial. This was written
in 1729, and spoken afterwards at Joiners- hall, pursuant
to the will of his mother, who had held the same extraordinary opinions. In this strange performance the author
unveils his deistical principles, and takes no small liberty
with the sacred Scriptures, especially the character of
Moses. Emboldened by this first adventure, he determined to become the public teacher of infidelity, or, as he
calls it, “The religion of nature.
” For this purpose, he
hired the use of Carpenters’-hall, where, for some considerable time, he delivered his orations, which consisted
chiefly of scraps from Tindal, and other similar writers.
In the course of the same year, 1733, appeared a second
pamphlet called “A Dialogue between a Doctor of the
Church of England and Mr. Jacob Hive, upon the subject
of the oration.
” This strange oration is highly praised in
HolwelPs third part of “Interesting Events relating to
Bengal.
” For publishing “Modest Remarks on the late
bishop Sherlock’s Sermons,
” Hive was confined in Clerkenwell- bridewell from June 15, 1756, till June 10, 1758;
during which period he published “Reasons offered for
the Reformation of the House of Correction in Clerkenwell,
” &c. British Topography;
”
where is alsjo a memorandum, communicated by Mr. Bowyer, of Hive’s attempt to restore the company of Stationers
to their primitive constitution. He died in 1763,
but who Latinized his name into Flaccus Illyricus, because a native of Albona or Albana in Illyria, was born March 3, 1520. He was instructed in grammar and the classics
, but who Latinized his name into Flaccus Illyricus, because a native of Albona or Albana in Illyria, was born March 3, 1520. He was instructed in grammar and the classics b.y Egnatius at Venice, and gave the preference to divinity as a profession. Not being able, however, to maintain the cxpences of university education, he intended to throw himself into a monastery, but happening to consult with a relation of his mother’s, who was provincial of the Cordeiiers, and who had begun to see through the errors of popery, this person prevailed with Flacius to lay aside all thoughts of the monastic life, and go into Germany, where his knowledge of Greek and Hebrew would procure him a maintenance until he had completed his theological studies. Flacius accordingly took this advice, went to Basil in 1539, and, after a few months stay, went to Tubingen, where he remained until 1541, and theft removed to Wittenberg, to complete his studies under Luther and Melancthon, the latter of whom found him some employment in the university, and was the means of relieving his mind from anxious doubts respecting some of the fundamental principles of the reformed religion, respecting the nature of sin, the wrath of God, and predestination.
He was thus employed when all the schools of Saiony were dispersed
He was thus employed when all the schools of Saiony
were dispersed by the war, on which, Flacius went to
Brunswick, where he acquired great reputation by his
lectures. In 1547 he returned to his former employment
at Wittenberg, and here first began his differences with
his brethren on the subject of the Interim, that famous
edict of Charles V. which was to be observed with the
articles of religion then in dispute, until they should be
determined by a council, and therefore was called interim.
But as it retained most of the doctrines and ceremonies of
the Romanists, though expressed for the most part in the
softest words, or in scriptural phrases, or in terms of studied ambiguity, excepting that of marriage, which was
allowed to priests, and communion, which was administered
to th6 laity under both kinds, most of the Protestants rejected it, and none with more warmth than Flacius. This
involved him also with Melancthon, against whom he wrote
with so much intemperance, that the latter called him
“Echidna Illyrica,
” the Illyrian viper. Flacius, however,
that he might be at liberty to oppose popery in his own
way, retired, in 1549, to Magdeburg, which town was at
that time proscribed by the emperor. Here he published
several books, and began that ecclesiastical history which
we have mentioned in the article Judex, called the “Centuries of Magdeburg,
” of which he had the chief direction.
Of this work the first four centuries, and part of the fifth,
were composed at Magdeburg. The fifth was finished at
Jena. The sixth was written in the place to which the
authors had retired on account of the persecution of their
two coadjutors, Gallus and Faber. The seventh was
composed in the country of Mecklenburgh, and the remaining
in the city of Wismar, in the same country. The first three
centuries were published in 1559, though dated in 1560,
according to the booksellers’ custom, with a dedication to
queen Elizabeth, earnestly exhorting her to establisn the
pure, uncorrupt religion, and particularly the doctrine of
the corporal presence in the sacrament. The best edition
of this work is that of Basil, 1624, 3 vols. folio. This is
the most considerable of Flacius’s works, and employed
him during the whole of his lite, at such times as he could
spare from his public employments and controversies, which
last he carried on with too much violence.
of original sin, which Strigelius held to be accidental of the soul, and Flacius maintained that it was of the soul’s substance and essence. This dispute was held before
In 1557 he accepted the offer made to him, of the
Hebrew and divinity professorship in the new university of
Jena, where he had read lectures for five years, and where
he engaged in a dispute with his colleague, Strigelius, on
the nature of original sin, which Strigelius held to be
accidental of the soul, and Flacius maintained that it was
of the soul’s substance and essence. This dispute was
held before the duke of Saxony at Weimar, and carried
on to thirteen meetings, the acts of which were published,
with a preface by Musaeus, one of Flacius’s followers.
His opinion on this subject, however, was so unpalatable,
that he was obliged to leave Jena and go to Ratisbon, where
he published some more works, and was in such reputation
among the adherents to the Au^sburgh confession, that, in
1567, he was called into Brabant, to establish churches
there according to that rule of faith; but these new
churches were soon dispersed by the persecution arisen in
that country, which obliged him to fly to Antwerp and
Strasburg, and finally to Francfort. Here he maintained
his opinion on original sin with such rigid adherence as to
be charged with Manicheism on this point, which greatly
injured his reputation, and deprived him of many of his
followers. He died in this city, March 11, 1575. He is
said to have been a man of extensive learning, but of a
controversial turn, which frequently embroiled him with
his brethren; but on the other hand he must be allowed to
have been a powerful agent in promoting the Reformation.
His works were numerous. Teissier, in his “Eloges des
homines savans,
” has given the titles of seventy-eight
treatises, the greater part of which are also enumerated by
Niceron. The principal are his “Clavis Scripturae,
” 2
vols. fol. of which there have been seven editions, the last
at Leipsic in. 1695; no inconsiderable test of its merit.
To this may be added his “Catalogus testium veritatis,
”
of which there have been several editions in 4to and fol.;
and an edition of the “Ancient Latin Mass,
” Strasburg,
Annals,
”
and in cardinal Bona’s “Liturgies,
” reduced the very high
price. In the edition of Sulpicius Severus, published by him
ut Basil, 1556, 8vo, there is an “Appendix to the Latin
Mass,
” which may be added to it. There is another very
rare work of his, entitled “Varia doctorum piorumque
virorum de corrupto ecclesise statu, Poemata,
” Basil,
, a very famous genealogist, born of a noble family at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer in that city, and one of its senators. He was considered
, a very famous genealogist, born of a noble family
at Nuremberg, in 1651, was a lawyer in that city, and one
of its senators. He was considered as having a profound
knowledge of the interests of princes, the revolutions of
states, and the history of the principal families in Europe.
He died in 1728. His works were, L “Genealogies excellentium in GaHia familiarum,
” Norimb. Genealogise familiarum Bellomaneriae,
” &c. Norimb.
Historia Genealogica Regum Magnae
Britanniae,
” Norimb. Notitia procerum
5. R. imperil,
” Tubingen, Historia
Italiae et Hispaniae genealogica,
” Norimb. Corpus Historic genealogicae Italiae et Hispaniae,
”
Norimb. Recherches Historiques et Genealogiques des Grands d'Espagne,
” Amst. Stemma regium Lusitanicum,
” Amst. Genealogiae 20 illustrium in Hispama famiharum,
”
Leipsic,
, a famous cardinal, was born April 26, 1651, of an illustrious family at Genoa. He was
, a famous cardinal, was born April 26, 1651, of an illustrious family at Genoa. He was appointed general of the mint, then treasurer of the apostolical chamber, afterwards cardinal, February 13, 1690. The popes employed him in the most important affairs, and he was within one vote of being elected pope in the conclave 1730. His probity, talents, and love of learning, made him universally esteemed. He died January 4, 1737, at Rome, aged 86. He ordered, by will, that his noble library should be made public, of which a catalogue was printed at Rome in 1711, fol. by Justus Fontanini. This library was long one of the ornaments of Rome.
, a learned German, was born in 1584 at Vienna. He entered the Jesuits’ society at Rome
, a learned German, was born
in 1584 at Vienna. He entered the Jesuits’ society at
Rome 1607, and taught philosophy, mathematics, and
theology, at Messina, where he published a Latin treatise
in 1629, fol. which made much noise, and shows no little
ercdulity. It was reprinted at Viterbo, 1632, fol. In this
work he says that the pretended “Letter from the Blessed
Virgin Mary to the people of Messina
” is genuine; and
he was therefore obliged to go to Rome and clear himself
from the accusation brought against him in consequence of
this work; but it ended in his being only compelled to
change the title of his book, and to make some small
alterations in it. He spent several years at Rome, and died
at Milan, September 28, 1648, leaving a “Treatise on the
Motion of the Earth and Sun,
” De sacra
Latinitate,
” 1639,
4to;
” Annalium Ecclesiasticorum Regni Hungariae,“torn. 1. fol. This is a valuable work, but has not been
finished. He wrote also the funeral oration of Nicholas
Richard, a Dominican, master of the Sacred P ilace, 4to;
and a satire against the government of the Jesuits, entitled
'< Monarchia Solipsorum,
” is also attributed to him, but
was more probably written by Julius Clement Scotti, an
ex-Jesuit. On its first appearance it was ascribed to Sciopins, but that opinion is now given up. It was, however,
dedicated to Leo Allatius, and was reprinted at Venice,
1652, with Inchofer’s name. Bourgeois, in his account
of the book cwi “Frequent Comm mion,
” page 89, enters
into a large detail respecting Inchofer, and the “Monarchia Solipsorum,
” and as he was at Rome when the work
first came out, and was acquainted with Inchofer, to whom
he ascribes it, his testimony must be allowed to have considerable weight.
e parliamentary visitors, by whose interest likewise he probably became a fellow of Eton in 1650. He was re-admitted to the same in 1660. He published three Sermons
, a divine of the seventeenth century, vvas a fellow of Etnanuel college, Cambridge, and admitted fellow of Queen’s college by the
parliamentary visitors, by whose interest likewise he probably became a fellow of Eton in 1650. He was re-admitted to the same in 1660. He published three Sermons
in 1639 and 1677, and wrote a religious romance in folio,
entitled “Bentivolio and Urania,
” Lond. Nineteen Letters from Henry Hammond, D. D. to Mr.
Peter Stanny nought and Dr. Nathaniel Ingelo,
” many of
them on very curious subjects.
, an eminent physician and chemist, was born at Breda in 1730. In 1767 he came to England with a view
, an eminent physician and
chemist, was born at Breda in 1730. In 1767 he
came to England with a view of obtaining information on
the Suttonian method of inoculation for the small-pox, and
in the following year he went, on the recommendation of
the late sir John Pringle, to Vienna, to inoculate the
archduchess Theresa- Elizabeth, only daughter of Joseph
II. and the archdukes Ferdinand and Maximilian, brothers
of the emperor. For these services he obtained rewards
and honours: he was made body-physician aJid counsellor
of state to their imperial majesties, with a pension of 600l.
per annum. In the following spring he went to Italy, and
inoculated the grand duke of Tuscany. After this he
returned to England, to which he was much attached, where
he spent his time in scientific pursuits. He published a
very valuable work, entitled “Experiments on Vegetables,
discovering their great power of purifying the common air
in sunshine, but injuring it in the shade or night.
” This
work was first published in
, an eminent Italian scholar, was born in 1470. He descended from a noble family of Volterra,
, an eminent Italian
scholar, was born in 1470. He descended from a noble
family of Volterra, where, in the commotions which took
place in 147,2, his father lost his life, and the surviving
members of the family, among whom was Tomaso, then
only two years of age, sought a shelter in Florence. Being
there received under the immediate protection of Lorenzo
de Medici, and having closely attended to his studies, he
was induced, by Lorenzo’s advice, to pay a visit to Rome
in his thirteenth year, where he made such rapid progress
in his acquirements, as to obtain an early celebrity. He
obtained the name of Fedra, or Piledra, by a singular
instance of talents and promptitude. Having undertaken,
with some of his learned friends, to perform Seneca’s
“Hyppolytus,
” in which he acted the part of Phaedra, and
a part of the machinery having by accident been broken,
which interrupted the performance, he alone entertained
the audience whilst the injury was repaired, by the recital
of extemporary Latin verse; on which account he was
saluted, amidst the applauses of his hearers, by the name
of Phaedra, which he afterwards retained and used as his
signature.
Soon after the accession of Alexander VI. he was nominated by that pontiff a canon of St. Peter’s, and dignified
Soon after the accession of Alexander VI. he was nominated by that pontiff a canon of St. Peter’s, and dignified
with the rank of a prelate. In 1495 he was sent as papal
nuncio into the Milanese, to treat with the emperor-elect,
Maximilian, on which embassy he obtained not only the
approbation of the pope, but also the favour of the emperor, who soon after the return of Inghirami to Rome,
transmitted to him from Inspruck an imperial diploma, by
which, after enumerating his various accomplishments, and
particularly his excellence in poetry and Latin literature,
he created him count palatine and poet-laureat, and conceded to him the privilege of adding the Austrian eagle to
his family arms. Nor was he less favoured by Julius II.
who, besides appointing him librarian of the Vatican, conferred on him the important office of pontifical secretary,
which he afterwards quitted for that of secretary to the
college of cardinals. Leo X. also enriched him with many
ecclesiastical preferments, and continued him in his office
of librarian until his death, which was occasioned by an
accident in the streets of Rome, Sept. 6, 1516, when he had
not yet completed the forty- sixth year of his age. To
this unfortunate event it is probably owing, that so few of
his writings have reached the present times. From the
testimony of his contemporaries, it is well known that he
was the author of many books. Among these are enumerated a defence of Cicero a compendium of the history
of Rome a commentary on the poetics of Horace and
remarks on the comedies of Plautus; but these works were
left at his death in an unfinished state, and have since been
dispersed or lost. It has been supposed that he was the
author of the additions to the “Aulularia
” of Plautus,
printed at Paris,
me the wife of one Bartholomew Keilo, a native of Scotland, by whom she had a son, Samuel Kello, who was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, and was minister of Speckshall
, a lady celebrated for her skill in
calligraphy, in queen Elizabeth’s and king James’s time,
appears to have lived single until the age of forty, when
she became the wife of one Bartholomew Keilo, a native
of Scotland, by whom she had a son, Samuel Kello, who
was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, and was minister
of Speckshall in Suffolk. His son was sword-bearer of
Norwich, and died in 1709. All we know besides of her
is, that she was a correspondent of bishop Hall, when he
was dean of Worcester in 1617. Various specimens of her
delicate and beautiful writing are in our public repositories,
and some in Edinburgh-castle. In the library of Christchurch, Oxford, are the Psalrns of David, written in French
by Mrs. Inglis, who presented them in person to queen
Elizabeth, by whom they were given to the library. Two
manuscripts, written by her, were also preserved with care
in the Bodleian library: one of them is entitled “Le six
vingt et six Quatrains de Guy de Tour, sieur de Pybrac,
escrits par Esther Inglis, pour son dernier adieu, ce 21e
jour de Juin, 1617.
” The following address is, in the
second leaf, written in capital letters: “To the right
worshipful my very singular friende, Joseph Hall, doctor of
divinity, and dean of Winchester, Esther Inglis wisheth
all increase of true happiness. Junii xxi. 1617.
” In the
third leaf is pasted the head of the writer, painted upon a
card. The other manuscript is entitled “Les Proverbes de
Salomon; escrites en diverses sortes de lettres, par Esther
Anglois, en Francoise. A Lislehourge en Escosse,
” DC
l'Eternel Je biert, de moi le mal, ou rien.
” A music-book
lies open before her. Under the picture is a Latin epigram by Andrew Melvin, and on the following page a
second by the same author, in praise of Mrs. Inglis. In
the royal library, D. xvi. are “Esther Inglis’s fifty Emblems,
” finely drawn and written: “A Lislebourg en
Escosse, Panne 1624.
”
, a worthy English divine, was born March 9, 1726-7, at Beverley in Yorkshire, and educated
, a worthy English divine, was born
March 9, 1726-7, at Beverley in Yorkshire, and educated
at Beverley school, from whence he was sent to Corpus
Christi college, Cambridge, of which he became felloe,
and took there his degrees in arts, B. A. in 1749, and M. A.
in 1753. His first preferment was the perpetual curacy of
Bridhurst, in Kent, to which he was presented in 17.59, by
Dr. Green, bishop of Lincoln, after which he obtained
successively the small vicarage of Orston in Nottinghamshire, and the vicarages of Wormington and Boxted, in
Essex. He died Aug. 3, 1804, leaving behind him a high
character for simplicity of manners, great integrity, and
genuine benevolence He had a high sense of the dignity
and importance of the clerical functions, and for fifty years
of his life was indefatigable in his attention to professional
duties. He was author of “A View of the great events
of the seventh plague, or period, when the mystery of
God shall be finished.
” “Accounts of the ten tribes of
Israel being in America, originally published by Manasseh
Ben Israel,
” &c. A complete and uniform explanation of the prophecy of the seven vials of wrath, or
seven last plagues contained in the Revelation of St. John,
”
&c.
, an eminent physician and medical writer, a native of Sicily, was born in 1510. He studied medicine at Padua, where he took the
, an eminent physician
and medical writer, a native of Sicily, was born in 1510.
He studied medicine at Padua, where he took the degree
of doctor in medicine in the year 1537, with singular reputation; insomuch that he soon received several invitations to professorships from different schools in Italy. He
accepted the chair of medicine and anatomy at Naples,
which he occupied for a number of years, lecturing to the
most crowded audiences drawn by his fame from all parts
of the country. He possessed peculiar qualifications for
the office, having united a consummate knowledge of the
writings of the ancient physicians with great practical skill
and a sound judgment, which led him to- estimate justly
the merits and defects of those fathers of the art. A singular testimony of his talents and unremitting attention to
the improvement of his pupils was given by thektter, who
caused his portrait to be placed in the schools of Naples
with the following inscription: “Philippo Jngrassias Siculo,
qui veram medicinae artem et anatomen, publiee etiarrando,
Neapoli restituit, Discipuli memorise causa P. P.
” At
length he quitted his situation at Naples, in order to return
to his native island, where he settled at Palermo. Here
also he received many marks of public distinction. The
rights of citizenship were conferred upon him; and, in
1563, Philip II. king of Spain, appointed him first physician for Sicily and the adjacent isles. By virtue of the
powers attached to this office he restored order in, the
medical constitution of the country, by preventing all
persons, unqualified by their education and abilities, from
practising there. His zeal for the credit of his profession
rendered him rigid and severe in his examination of candidates; and he exercised his art himself in the most
honourable manner. When the plague raged at Palermo
in 1575, he adopted such excellent regulations as to put a
stop to the calamity, and restore the city to health, and
was hailed by all the citizens, the Sicilian Hippocrates.
The magistrates were so grateful for his services, that they
voted him a reward of two hundred and fifty gold crowns
a month; but he disinterestedly declined to accept any more
than what served for the maintenance and decoration of the
chapel of St. Barbe, which he had built in the cloister of
the Dominican convent of Palermo. He died, greatly regretted, in 1580, at the age of 70 years.
cochlea, semicircular canals, mastoid cells, &c. and Eloy thinks, from a view of his plates, that he was acquainted with the muscle of the malleus, the discovery of
Ingrassias cultivated anatomy with great assiduity, and
is esteemed one of the improvers of that art, especially in
regard to the structure of the cranium, and the organ of
hearing. He discovered the small bone of the ear, called
the stapes, which has been claimed as the discovery of
others, but is admitted even by Fallopius to have been his.
He described minutely the cavity of the tympanum, the
fenestra rotunda and ovalis, the cochlea, semicircular canals,
mastoid cells, &c. and Eloy thinks, from a view of his
plates, that he was acquainted with the muscle of the malleus, the discovery of which is ascribed to Eustachius. He
is said also to have discovered the seminal vesicles. He
was author of the following works: 1. “Jatropologia Liber quo multa adversus Barbaros Medicos disputantur,
”
Venice, Scholia in Jatropologiam,
”
Naples, De Tumoribus practer naturam,
”
ibid. Raggionamento fatto
sopra Tinfermita epidemica dell* anno 1558,
” Palermo,
Trattato di due mostri nati in
Palermo in diversi tempi.
” 5. “Constitutiones et Capitula, necnoh Jurisdictiones Regii Proto-Medicatds officii,
cum Pandectis ejusdem reformatis,
” Palermo, Quxstio de Purgatione per meclicamentum, atque obiter etiam de sanguinis missione, an sextd die possit
fierii
” Venice, Galeni Ars Medica,
” ibid.
De frigidye potu post medicamentum
purgans Epistola,
” ibid. 4 to, reprinted at Milan,
1586. 9.
” Informatione del pestifero e contagioso morbo,
&c.“Palermo, 1576, 4to. This work was translated into
Latin by Joachim Camerarius, and published under the
title of
” Methodus curandi pestiferum contagium,“at
Nurimberg, 1583. 10.
” In Galeni librum de ossibus
doctissima et expertissima Commentaria," a posthumous
publication, printed at Messina, in 1603, under the inspection of his nephew, Nicholas Ingrassias. This, which may
be deemed the principal work of Ingrassias, contains the
text of Galen, in Greek and Latin, with a very diffuse and
learned commentary, in which there is much minute and
accurate description, particularly of the parts belonging
to the organ of hearing. The figures are those of Vesalius.
The author defends Galen as far as he is able, but riot
against the truth of modern discovery.
, an exemplary and learned bishop of Carpentras, at which place he was born in 1683, was first a Dominican, and in that order he successfully
, an exemplary and learned bishop of Carpentras, at which place
he was born in 1683, was first a Dominican, and in that
order he successfully pursued his theological studies; but,
thinking the rule of the Cistertians more strict and perfect,
he afterwards took the habit of that order. His merit
quickly raised him to the most distinguished offices among
his brethren, and being dispatched on some business to
Rome, he completely gained the confidence and esteem of
Clement XII. By that prelate he was named archbishop
of Theodosia in partibus, and bishop of Carpentras in 1733.
In this situation he was distinguished by all the virtues that
can characterize a Christian bishop; excellent discernment,
and knowledge, united with the completest charity and humility. His life was that of a simple monk, and his wealth
was all employed to relieve the poor, or serve the public.
He built a vast and magnificent hospital, and established
the most extensive library those provinces had ever seen,
which he gave for public use. He died in 1757, of an
apoplectic attack, in his seventy-fifth year. This excellent man was not unknown in the literary world, having
published some original works, and some editions of other
authors. The principal of these productions are, 1. “Genuinus character reverendi admodiim in Christo Patris D.
Armandi Johannis Butillierii Rancsei,
” Rome, Theologie
Religieuse,
” being a treatise on the duties of a monastic
life, Rome, 1731, 3 vols. folio. 3. An Italian translation of
a French treatise, by father Didier, on the infallibility of
the pope, Rome, 1732, folio. 4. An edition of the works
of Bartholomew of the Martyrs, with his Life, 2 vols. folio.
5. “La Vie separee,
” another treatise on monastic life, in
2 vols. 1727, 4to.
, abbot of Croyland, and author of the history of that abbey, was born in London about 1030. He received the first part of his
, abbot of Croyland, and author of the
history of that abbey, was born in London about 1030.
He received the first part of his education at Westminster,
and when he visited his father, who belonged to the court
of Edward the Confessor, he was so fortunate as to engage
the attention of queen Edgitha, who took a pleasure in the
progress of his education, and in disputing with him in
logic, and seldom dismissed him without some present as a
mark of her approbation. From Westminster he went to
Oxford, where he applied to the study of the Aristotelian
philosophy, in which he made greater proficiency than
many of his contemporaries, and, as be says, “clothed
himself down to the heel in the first and second rhetoric of
Tully.
” When he was about twenty-one years of age, ho
was iotroduced to> William duke of Normandy (who visited the court of England in 105 l) y and made himself so agreeable to that prince, that be appointed him his secretary,
and carried him with him into his. Owt dominions. In a
little time he became the prime favourite of his prince,
and the dispenser of all preferments; but he himself confesses that he did not behave in this station with sufficient
modesty and prudence, and that he incurred the envy and
hatred of the courtiers, to avoid which he obtained leave
from the duke to go on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. In
the course of this journey, his attendant pilgrims at one
time amounted to seven thousand, but either from being
attacked and killed by the Arabs, or other disasters, twenty
only of this goodly company were able to return home, and
those half-starved, and almost naked. Ingulph now resolved to forsake the world, and became a monk in the
abbey of Fontanelle in Normandy, of which he was in a
few years made prior. When his old master William of
Normandy was preparing for his memorable expedition
into England, in 1066 r lagulphus was sent by hiw abbot
with one hundred: marks in money, and twelve young men,
nobly mounted and completely armed, as a present
their abbey. In consequence of this, William raised him
afterwards to the government of the rich abbey of Croyland in Lincolnshire, in 107S. Here Ingulphus spent the
last thirty-four years of his life, governing that society
with great prudence, and protecting their possessions from
the rapacity of the neighbouring barons by the favour of
his royal master; and here he died Dec. 1, 1109. He
wrote, but in a homely Latin style, a very curious and
valuable history of Croyland abbey from its foundation, in
the year 664 to 1091. It was printed by sir H. Saville,'
London, 1596, and is among Gale’s “Scriptores.
” There
is also an edition of Francfort in
, author of the “Illustrations of Hogarth,” was born at the Trench farm, near Wem, in Shropshire, in a house
, author of the “Illustrations of Hogarth,
” was born at the Trench farm, near Wem, in Shropshire, in a house which had been rendered somewhat remarkable, by having been the birth-place and country residence of Wycherley the poet, and whose widow is said
to have adopted Mr. Ireland, when a child; but this lady
dying without a will, left him unprovided for. He was
descended by the mother’s side from two eminent dissenting clergymen; his mother being the daughter of the rev.
Thomas Holland, and great-grand-daughter of the rev.
Philip Henry. In his youth he discovered a strong predilection to the arts, and such literature as is immediately
connected with them, but as his parents were unable to
give him a regular education, and as he had a turn for
mechanics, h was brought up to the business of a watchmaker. Although he carried on this for some time with
good connexions, it was not upon the whole successful,
and during a considerable part of his life, he subsisted by
trafficking in pictures, prints, &c. for which he had a correct taste, and in which he was probably assisted by the
artists and print-sellers. He amassed a good collection of
^iortimer’s and Hogarth’s works, and lived on intimate
terms with many men of eminence in the literary world,
and particularly with the artists Mortimer and Gainsborough, and Henderson the actor, whose “Memoirs
” he published in Illustrations of
Hogarth,
” 3 vols. 8vo, a work in which he displays a correct knowledge of the arts, and a vein of humourous remark and anecdote not ill suited to the subjects he had to
illustrate. As Mr. Ireland was a man of integrity, he often
felt himself very much hurt as being mistaken for Samuel
Ireland, the proprietor of the Shakspeare forged manuscripts, who had also published a volume of scraps and
anecdotes relating to Hogarth. Our author, therefore,
thought proper to disclaim, in the preface to his third volume, all connexion and relationship with his namesake.
For several years Mr. Ireland had been afflicted with a complication of disorders, which had rendered society irksome
to him, and occasioned him to remove to the neighbourhood of Birmingham, where he died in November 1808.
He was a man of pleasant and inoffensive manners, and
full of literary anecdote, which he liberally dispensed
around, whether in a coffee-house among strangers, or at
the social table among his friends.
le, and we trust more unfortunate than accessary in the possession of the forged Mss. of Shakspeare, was originally a mechanic in Spitalfields, but taking advantage
, mentioned in the preceding article, and we trust more unfortunate than accessary in the
possession of the forged Mss. of Shakspeare, was originally a mechanic in Spitalfields, but taking advantage of
the taste of the age for literary curiosities, commenced a
speculator in scarce books, prints, and drawings. He had
some skill in drawing and engraving, and endeavoured to
turn it to account, by combining it with description, under
the name of “Travels.
” With this view he published in
A Picturesque tour through Holland, Brabant, and
part of France, made in the autumn of 1789,
” 2 vols. 8vo,
illustrated with aqua-tinta and other prints. This succeeded well, although his descriptions were common-place,
and his information seldom new. Encouraged, however,
by the sale of the work, he produced in 1792, “Picturesque Views on the river Thames,
” 2 vols. 8vo, and in 1793
“Picturesque Views on the river Medway,
” in 1 vol. In
1794 he published his “Graphic Illustrations of Hogarth,
”
consisting of anecdotes of that eminent artist, and engraved
Copies of many of his lesser and fugitive works, such as
shop-cards, tickets, &c. In 1796, he was an accomplice
in that fraud which eventually proved fatal to his character
and comfort. This was the production of a large quantity
of manuscripts, pretended to be in the hand-writing of
Shakspeare and consisting of poems, letters, and one entire play. These were exhibited at his house in Norfolkstreet for the inspection of the public, and for some time
divided their opinions. Connoisseurs, however, in ancient
writings, and particularly in the genius and history of
Shakspeare, soon detected the fraud, which, although it
did for a time impose on some gentlemen in the literary
world, was executed in the most slovenly and clumsy manner. A more full account of this imposition, and the
controversies to which it gave rise, may be seen in our
authorities: it is scarcely worth reviving in this work.
After complete detection, it appeared that Mr. Ireland had
been himself the dupe of a near and worthless relation; but
his obstinacy in maintaining the authenticity of these papers long after he ought to have given them up, injured
his character, and it is thought hastened his death, which
took place in July 1800. We have to add to his works
“Picturesque Views of the Severn and Warwickshire Avon,
”
and a “History of the Inns of Court,
” the latter a posthumous work. The Mss. of Shakspeare were published
under the title of “Miscellaneous papers and legal instruments, under the hand and seal of William Shakspeare,
including the tragedy of King Lear, &c.
” at the price of
four guineas to subscribers. What was yet more absurd,
a play pretended to be Shakspeare’s, entitled “Vortigern,
”
was actually performed on Drury-lane theatre, but hooted
from the stage the first night.
, bishop of Lyons in France, was undoubtedly by birth a Greek, and, not improbably, born at or
, bishop of Lyons in France, was
undoubtedly by birth a Greek, and, not improbably, born
at or near the city of Smyrna. He was trained in the
studies of philosophy and human learning: in the doctrines
of Christianity, two disciples of St. John the apostle, Papias and Polycarp, were his masters. The latter he is
said to have accompanied in his journey, about the Paschal
controversy, to Rome; where, by his and Anicetus’s persuasioiij he was prevailed upon to go to France; great
numbers of Greeks residing in some parts of that kingdom,
especially about Marseilles, and the church there beginning to be disturbed by several pernicious heresies. In his
journey, arriving at Lyons, he continued several years
there, in the station of a presbyter, under the care add
government of Pothinus, the bishop of that city; and,
by his behaviour, distinguished himself so much, that,
about the year 177, he was chosen to draw up the judgment and opinion of the churches of Lyons and Vienna,
which were sent to those in Asia, in order to compose the
differences lately raised by Montanus and his followers,
who pretended to the prophetic spirit. In the same letter,
they took occasion also to give an account of the persecution, which then raged peculiarly among them, under
Marcus Antoninus. The opinions of the confessors in.
those times were always received with esteem and veneration. The same churches therefore sent other letters
about these controversies to Eleutherius, bishop of Rome,
which were probably carried by Irenseus, who undertook
that journey at their request. Two years after, in the year
174, upon the martyrdom of Pothinus at Lyons, Irenaeus
succeeded to that chair, in a troublesome and tempestuous
time, when the church was assaulted by enemies from
without, and betrayed by heretics from within. These
circumstances required both courage and conduct in the
governors, and our new bishop gave conspicuous proofs of
his qualifications in both respects. He is said to have held
a provincial synod at Lyons, where, by the assistance and
suffrage of twelve other bishops, he condemned the heresies of Marcion, Valentinus, and Basilides. He had personally encountered some of these ringleaders among the
Gnostics, and read the books of others; when, at the request of many who importuned him, he set about the elaborate work “against Heresies,
” part of which is still extant under his name. It was composed in the time of
Eleutherius; upon whose decease, Victor, succeeding to
the see of Rome, headed afresh the dispute abput the time
of celebrating Easter, and endeavoured imperiously to oppose the Roman custom upon the Asiatics. To heal the
sclmrn, synods were called in several places; and, among
the rest, Irenaeus convened one of the churches of France
under his jurisdiction;. where, having determined the
matter, he wrote a synodical epistle to pope Victor, and
told him, that they agreed with him in the main of the
controversy, but withal advised him to take heed how he
excommunicated whole churches, for observing the custom
derived down to them from their ancestors. He observed,
that there was as little agreement in the manner of the
preparatory fast before Easter, as in the day itself, some
thinking they were to fast but one day, others two, others
more, and some measuring the time by a continued fast of
forty hours; and that this variety was of long standing,
and had crept into several places, while the governors of
the church took less care about these different customs than
about maintaining a sincere and mutual love and peace
towards one another; putting him in mind too of Anicetus
and Polycarp, who, though they could not agree about
their different usages, did yet mutually embrace, orderly
receive the communion together, and peaceably part
from one another. Irenaeus wrote also, to the same effect,
to several other bishops, for allaying this unhappy difr
fere nee.
t them in this place. The persecution, which in other parts picked out some few to make examples of, was here more indiscriminate; and Irenaeus, having been prepared
The church had, for some years, enjoyed those calm and quiet days from without, which had been abused by animosities and contentions from within, when the emperor Severus, hitherto favourable, began a bitter and bloody persecution against the Christians, and prosecuted them with great severity in all parts of the empire. He had once governed the province of Lyons himself; 'and, probably, then taking peculiar notice of Irenaeus, and the flourishing state of the church in that city, might therefore give more particular orders for proceeding against them in this place. The persecution, which in other parts picked out some few to make examples of, was here more indiscriminate; and Irenaeus, having been prepared by several torments, was beheaded. It is not easy to assign the certain date of his martyrdom, whether it was when the emperor published this edict, about A. C. 202; or in. his expedition to Britain A. C. 208, when he took Lyons in his way.
, called also Wernerus, or Guarnerus, a celebrated German lawyer, was born at Bologna, about the middle of the eleventh century. After
, called also Wernerus, or Guarnerus, a celebrated German lawyer, was born at Bologna,
about the middle of the eleventh century. After studying
the law at Constantinople, he taught it at Ravenna, where a
dispute arising between him and his colleagues about the
word “al,
” he sought for the meaning of it in the Roman
law; and thence took a liking to it, applied to the study
of it, and at last taught it publicly at Bologna in 1128.
He had a great number of disciples, became the father of
the Glossators, and had the title of “Lucerna Juris.
” Thus
he was the restorer of the Roman law, which had been
destroyed by the invasion of the barbarians. He had great
credit in Italy with the princess Matilda; and, having engaged the emperor Lotharius to order, by an edict, that
Justinian’s law should resume its ancient authority at the
bar, and that the code and digest should be read in the
schools, he was the first who exercised that profession in
Italy: his method was to reconcile the “responsa jurisprudentum
” with the “leges,
” when they seemed to clash.
It is also said, that he prevailed with Lotharius, whose chancellor he was, to introduce into the universities the creation of doctors,
It is also said, that he prevailed with Lotharius, whose chancellor he was, to introduce into the universities the creation of doctors, and that he drew up the form of that ceremony; which had its commencement at Bologna, and extended soon to all other universities, and passed from the faculty of law to that of divinity. The university of Paris having adopted these degrees, they were used for the first time, in the person of Peter Lombard, master of the sentences, who was created, in this form, D. D. Irnerius died some time before 1150, and was interred at Bologna, the law school of which was afterwards rendered very famous by his disciples, and the Roman law was thenceforth taught by Italian professors, not only in Italy, but in England and France. One Vacarius, a native of Lombardy, was invited to England for that purpose about the middle of the twelfth century.
, a rabbi, was one of those Jews who left Spain on an edict of Ferdinand and
, a rabbi, was one of those Jews who
left Spain on an edict of Ferdinand and Isabella, in 1492,
which obliged the Jews to quit their dominions within four
months, or else embrace Christianity. Karo went first to
Portugal; and, travelling thence to Jerusalem, he lost his
children and his books on the road. He lived in great solitude and, to console himself, composed a book, entitled
“Toledot Jiskach, the Generations of Isaac.
” It is a commentary upon the Pentateuch, partly literal and partly
cabbalistical, in which he examines the sentiments of other
commentators. It has gone through several editions: the
first was printed at Constantinople in 1518; afterwards
at Mantua, and Amsterdam in 1708. Buxtorf ascribes to
our rabbi a ritual entitled “Eben Haheser, the Rock of
Support.
”
celebrated Grecian orator, of Chalcis, in Syria, the d isciple of Lysias, and master of Demosthenes, was born probably about 418 B.C. He taught rhetoric with reputation
, a celebrated Grecian orator, of Chalcis, in
Syria, the d isciple of Lysias, and master of Demosthenes,
was born probably about 418 B.C. He taught rhetoric
with reputation at Athens; and sixty-four orations are attributed to him, but he composed only fifty, and we have
but ten of them remaining in the “Greek Orators
” of
Stephens, Orat. Graec.
”
Leipsic,
, in Latin Iselius, a learned antiquary, was born at Basil, in 1681. He was made professor of history and
, in Latin Iselius, a
learned antiquary, was born at Basil, in 1681. He was
made professor of history and eloquence at Marpurg, in
1704; but was recalled to Basil, to teach history and
antiquity, in 1707, where he was also promoted to the
divinity-chair in 1711. He went to Paris in 1717, intending
to visit Holland and England but, being nominated rector
of the university of Basil, was obliged to return into his
own country. Shortly after, the academy of inscriptions
and belles lettres at Paris made him an honorary foreign
member, in the room of M. Cuper. Iselin was also librarian at Basil, where he died in 1737. He published a
great number of books, of which the principal are, 1. “De
Gailis Rhenum transeuntibus Carmen Heroicum/ 7 2.
” De
Historicis Latinis melioris aevi dissertatio." 3. Dissertations and orations upon various subjects.
Pelusiota or Damietta, from his retiring into a solitude near the town which bears both these names, was the most celebrated of the disciples of John Chrysostom, and
, sumamed Pelusiota or Damietta,
from his retiring into a solitude near the town which bears
both these names, was the most celebrated of the disciples
of John Chrysostom, and flourished in the fifth century.
He professed the monastic life from his youth, and retired
from the world; but appears to have been more useful to
the church and to society, than might have been expected
from a monk. This appears by his letters, of which, Suidas says, he wrote no less than 3000; and Nicephorus
assures us that he composed several works, and mentions
particularly ten chiliads of his epistles. Sixtus Senensis
also adds, that he saw in the library of St. Mark at Venice,
a ms. containing 1184 of such epistles, which are not now
extant. He agrees with the orthodox in the leading doctrines of the gospel, but his great excellence is his practical rules. He died about the year 440. We have remaining 2012 of his letters, in five books: they are short;
but there are important things in them about many passages of Scripture, as well as theological questions, and
points concerning ecclesiastical discipline; they are written in good Greek, and in an agreeable florid style. The
best edition of St. Isidore’s works is that of Paris, 1638,
folio, in Greek and Latin. In 1737, Christ. Aug. Heumann attacked the authenticity of some of his epistles in a
tract entitled “Epistolas Isidoras Pelusiotae maximam
partem esse confictas.
”
of Seville, was born at Carthagena, in Spain, the son of Severian, governor
of Seville, was born at Carthagena, in
Spain, the son of Severian, governor of that city, and was
educated by his brother Leander, bishop of Seville, whom
he succeeded in the year 601. St. Isidore was the oracle
of Spain during thirty-five years, and died April 4, 636,
leaving the following works: Twenty books of “Origines,
”
or Etymologies, Paris, Chronicle
” ending at the year Commentaries
”
on the historical books of the Old Testament a treatise
“on Ecclesiastical Writers
” “a Rule for the Monastery
of Honori;
” a “Treatise on Ecclesiastical Offices,
” containing many very important passages relating to Ecclesiastical Discipline, and in which he mentions seven
prayers of the sacrifice. These prayers may still be found
in the Mosarabic.mass, which is the ancient Spanish liturgy,
and of which this saint is known to have been the principal
author. The edition of the Missal, 1500, fol. and of the
Breviary, 1502, fol. printed by cardinal Ximenes’ order,
are very scarce; a Treatise on this Liturgy was printed at
Rome, 1740, fol. The “Collection of Canons
” attributed
to St. Isidore, was not made by him. In the Rule above mentioned, he speaks of the monks as follows: “The monks
shall every year at Pentecost make a declaration that they
keep nothing as their own. A monk ought to work with
his hands, according to the precept of St. Paul, and the
example of the patriarchs. Every one ought to work, not
only for his own maintenance, but for that of the poor.
Those who are in health, and do not work, sin doubly, by
idleness, and setting a bad example. Those who chuse
to read without working, show that they receive no benefit
from what they read, which commands them to work.
”
This Rule of St. Isidore prescribes about six hours work
every day, and three hours reading. This Isidore is frequently ranked among musical writers. In his treatise on
the divine offices, much curious information occurs concerning canto fermo, and music in general; but particularly
its introduction into the church, the institution of the four
tones by St. Ambrose, and the extension of that number
to eight by St. Gregory. In treating of secular music,
he has a short chapter on each of the following subjects
of music, and its name of its invention its definition
of its three constituent parts, harmonics, rhythm, and
metre; of musical numbers; of the three-fold divisions of
music; 1st, Of the harmonical division of music; 2dly,
Of the organic or instrumental division; 3dly, Of the
rhythmical division. These chapters are very short, and
contain little more than compressed definitions of musical
terms. In enumerating the seven liberal arts, cap. II. he
ranks them in the following manner: grammar, rhetoric,
logic, arithmetic, music, geometry, astronomy.
, was a Spanish Jesuit who on the suppression of his order, went to
, was a Spanish Jesuit
who on the suppression of his order, went to Italy, and
settled at Bologna, where he died in 1783. He is known
chiefly as the author of “The History of the famous
preacher friar Gerund de Campazas; otherwise Gerund
Zotes.
” This work was written with a view to correct the
abuses of the Spanish pulpit, by turning bad preachers
into ridicule. The first volume of the original Spanish
was published at Madrid, in 1758, under the assumed
name of Francisco Lobon de Salazar, minister of the parish
of St. Peter in Villagarcia. It was not only highly applauded by many of the learned in Spain, to whom it had
been communicated in manuscript; but even the inquisitors encouraged the publication, and bore testimony in
writing to its laudable design, believing that it would in a
great measure produce a reformation. One of the revisers
for the inquisition says, “It is one of those lucky expedients which indignation and hard necessity suggest, when
the best means have proved ineffectual, and we are not to
find fault if the dose of caustic and corrosive salts be somewhat too strong, as cancers are not to be cured with rose
water.
” Notwithstanding this approbation of the inquisition, some orders, particularly the Dominican and Mendicant, represented to the king that such a piece of merciless criticism would too much diminish the respect due
to the clergy, and would render all religious orders ridiculous in the eyes of the common people, &c. These arguments, repeatedly urged by the friars, and supported by
several of the bishops, obliged the council of Castile to
take the book into their serious consideration, which produced a suppression of it. The author had a second volume ready; but, finding it impossible to print it in Spain,
presented the copy to Mr. Baretti, by whose means both
volumes were printed in English in 1771, with the omission of some tedious and irrelevant parts. In Spain this
work was so highly approved, that the author was hailed
as a second Cervantes, whom he certainly endeavours to
copy; but it would be too liberal to allow him the merit
of successful rivalship. Friar Gerund, however, is
certainly a work of great humour, and must have appeared to
much advantage in Spain, where the subjects of the satirQ
are more common and obvious than in this country. Here
it cannot be supposed to yield more than mere amusement,
unless where it presents us with the customs of the common
and middle ranks of Spain, and those are said to be faithfully depicted.
, an eminent Greek orator, was born at Athens, in the 86th olympiad, five years before the
, an eminent Greek orator, was born at Athens, in the 86th olympiad, five years before the Peloponnesian war, and 436 B. C. At an early age he began to study philosophy and rhetoric under Gorgias, Prodicus, and Tiseas, whose doctrines and eloquence about this period astonished all Greece. It is affirmed that he also was a disciple of the celebrated orator Theramenes, whom the thirty tyrants caused to be put to death because he favoured the popular cause. He passionately loved glory; and the desire of distinguishing himself, and of bearing a part in the public administration, animated all his proceedings. In order to this end, besides possessing information and a turn for business, it was necessary to excel in eloquence; but nature having denied him both voice and self-command, he directed his efforts to composition, and confined himself to interesting questions, such as appeared to him calculated to render his country happy, and his fellow-citizens virtuous. His talents corresponded with the grandeur of his views. Youth flocked from all parts to be his pupils, and to form themselves on his lessons. Some of them afterwards became orators, some great statesmen, and others polished and profound historians. He died loaded with glory and wealth, at the age of ninety years, a few days previous to the battle of Chaeronea, B. C. 338.
, a learned professor of divinity at Leipsic, was son of John Ittigius,“professor of physic in the same university,
, a learned professor of divinity at
Leipsic, was son of John Ittigius,“professor of physic in
the same university, and born there in 1644. He received
the first part of his education at Leipsic then went to Rostoc, and lastly to Strasburg, to perfect his studies after
which he was admitted a professor in philosophy at Leipsic, and published a treatise upon burning mountains. He
then became a minister, and exercised that function in various churches in the same place. In 1680 he was made
archdeacon, and licentiate in divinity; and, in 1691, professor extraordinary in the same faculty, and ordinary professor the ensuing year. He furnished several papers
published in the Leipsic Acts: besides which we have of
his,
” Dissertatio de haeresiarchis aevi apostolici ejus proximi;“”Appendix de ha3resiarchis“”Prolegomena ad
Josephi opera“” Bibliotheca patrum apostolkorum Graeco-Latina;“” Historia synodorum nationalium in Gallia a
reformatis habitarum“” Liber de bibliothecis et catenis
patrum“” Exhortationes theologicæ“” Historic ecclesiasticæ primi et secundi seculi selecta capita." Some
part of this last did not appear till after the death of the
author, which happened April 7, 1710.
, or Yves, in Latin Ivo, the celebrated bishop of Chartres, was born in the territory of Beauvais, in 1035. He was raised to
, or Yves, in Latin Ivo, the celebrated bishop of
Chartres, was born in the territory of Beauvais, in 1035.
He was raised to the see of Chartres in 1092 or 1093,
under the pontificate of Urban XI. who had deposed Geofroy, our author’s predecessor in the see, for various crimes
of which he was accused. Ives particularly signalized his
zeal against Philip I. who had put away his wife Bertha,
of Holland, and taken Bertrade of Montford, the wife of
Fouques de Requin, count of Anjou. This divorce was
contrary to the ecclesiastical law; and the affair would
have been attended with bad consequences had not the
prince’s friends interposed. After this, the bishop employed himself wholly in the functions of his ministry,
made several religious foundations, and died 1115. His
corpse was interred in the church of St, John in the Vale,
which he had founded. Pope Pius V. by a bull, dated
Dec. l&, 1570, permitted the monks of the congregation
of Lateran to celebrate the festival of St. Ives. We have,
of his compiling, “A collection of Decrees;
” “Exceptiones ecclesiasticarum regularum;
” besides “22 Sermons,
”
and a “Chronicon;
” all which were collected in Decrees
” were printed in
Pannomia,
” or “Panormia,
”
and some other pieces printed in the “Bibliotheca patrum,
” are also ascribed to our bishop.
, was the only son of one of the most eminent merchants at Yarmouth,
, was the only son of one of the most eminent merchants at Yarmouth, where he was born in 1751.
He was entered of Caius college, Cambridge, where he
did not long reside; but, returning to Yarmouth, became
acquainted -with that celebrated antiquary Thomas Martin
of Palgrave, and caught from him that taste for antiquities
which he pursued during the short period of his life. He
was elected F. S. A. 1771, and F. R. S. 1772; and, by favour of the earl of Suffolk, in him the honour of Suffolk
herald extraordinary was revived; an office attended with
no profit, but valuable to him by the access it gave to the
Mss. muniments, &c. of the heralds college, of which he
thereby became an honorary member. His first attempt
at antiquarian publication was by proposals (without his name) in 1771, for printing an account of Lothingland
hundred in Suffolk; for which he had engraved several
small plates of arms and monuments in the churches of
Friston, Gorleston, Loud, Lowestoffe, and Somerliton, from
his own drawings. His next essay was the short preface
to Mr. Swinden’s “History and Antiquities of Great Yarmouth, in the county of Norfolk, 1772,
” 4to. Mr. Svvinden, who was a schoolmaster in Great Yarmouth, was a
most intimate friend of Mr. Ives, who not only assisted
him with his purse, and warmly patronized him while
living, but superintended the book for the emolument of
the author’s widow, and delivered it to the subscribers .
In 1772 he caused to be cut nine wooden plates of old Norfolk
seals, entitled “Sigilla antiqua Norfolciensia. Impressit
Johannes Ives, S. A. S.
” and a copper-plate portrait of Mr.
Martin holding an urn, since prefixed to Martin’s “History
of Thetford.
” On Aug. 16, 1773, by a special licence
from the archbishop of Canterbury, he was married at Lambeth church to Miss Kett (of an ancient family in Norfolk),
and afterwards resided at Yarmouth.
In imitation of Mr. Walpole (to whom the first number was inscribed), Mr. Ives began in 1773 to publish “Select Papers”
In imitation of Mr. Walpole (to whom the first number was inscribed), Mr. Ives began in 1773 to publish “Select
Papers
” from his own collection; of which the second number was printed in 1774, and a third in 1775. Among
these are “Remarks upon our English Coins, from the
Norman invasion down to the end of the reign of queen
Elizabeth,
” by archbishop Sharp; sir W. Dugdale’s “Directions for the Search of Records, and making use of
them, in order to an historical Discourse of the Antiquities
of Staffordshire
” with “Annals of Gonvile and Caius college, Cambridge
” the “Coronation of Henry VII. and
of queen Elizabeth,
” &c. &c. In 1774 he published, in
12 mo, “Remarks upon the Garianonum of the Romans
the scite and remains fixed and described;
” with the ichnography of Garianonum, two plates, by B. T. Pouncey;
south view of it, Roman antiquities found there, map of
the river Yare, from the original in the corporation chest
at Yarmouth, and an inscription on the mantletree of a
farm-house. He died of a deep consumption, when he
had just entered his twenty-fifth year, June 9, 1776. Considered as an antiquary, much merit is due to Mr. Ives,
whose valuable collection was formed in less than five years.
His library was sold by auction, March 3 6, 1777, including some curious Mss. (chiefly relating to Suffolk and Norfolk) belonging to Peter Le Neve, T. Martin, and
Francis Blomefield. His coins, medals, ancient paintings,
and antiquities, were sold Feb. 13 and 14, 1777. Two
portraits of him have been engraven. 1
, a French poet, was born of a respectable family at la Fresnaye, a castle near Falaise.
, a
French poet, was born of a respectable family at la Fresnaye, a castle near Falaise. He discovered early a taste
for poetry and the belles lettres, and, after having distinguished himself as a student at Caen, succeeded his father
as lieutenant-general of the city; but the marechal d‘Estrees persuaded him to resign his post and go to court,
where he placed him with M. de Vendome, son of the celebrated Gabrielle d’Estrées. It was for this young prince
that des Ivetaux wrote his poem of “L'Institution du
Prince,
” in which he gives his pupil very sensible, judicious, and even religious advice. After this he was preceptor to the dauphin, afterwards Louis XIII; but his licentious way of life displeased the queen, and occasioned
him to be excluded from the court a year after Henry IV.
died. A pension and several benefices were, however,
given him; but he afterwards resigned his benefices, on
being reproached by cardinal Richelieu for his libertinism.
Thus free from all restraint, des Ivetaux retired to an
elegant house in the fauxbourg St. Germain, where he
spent the rest of his days in pleasure and voluptuousness,
iiving in the Epicurean style. Fancying that the pastoral
life was the happiest, he dressed himself like a shepherd,
and led imaginary flocks about the walks of his garden,
repeating to them his lays, accompanied by a girl in the
dress of a shepherdess, whom he had picked up with her
Jiarp in the streets, and taken for his mistress. Their
whole employment was to seek refinements in pleasures,
and every day they studied how to render them more exquisite. Thus des Ivetaux passed his latter years; and it
has been said that he ordered a saraband to be played when
he was dying, to sooth his departing soul; but M. Huet,
on the contrary, affirms, that he repented of his errors at
the point of death. However that may be, he died in his
ninetieth year, at Brian val, near Germigni, in 1649. Besides the poem above mentioned, des Ivetaux left stanzas,
sonnets, and other poetical pieces, in the “Deiices de la
Poésie Françoise,
” Paris,
, an eminent traveller, was born Sept. 16, 1651, at Lemgow in Westphalia, where his father
, an eminent traveller, was
born Sept. 16, 1651, at Lemgow in Westphalia, where
his father was a minister. After studying in several towns,
and making a quick progress, not only in the learned languages, but also in history, geography, and music, vocal
and instrumental, he went to Dantzick, where he made some
stay, and gave the first public specimen of his proficiency
by a dissertation “De Divisione Majestatis,
” in Amrenitates Exoticae,
” published at Lemgow, in
known by the English translation in folio, and is extremely valued for its accuracy and fidelity. It was published in 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1728. Kcempfer, we have remarked,
His inaugural dissertation, before noticed, and published at Leyden in 1694, is entitled “Decas observationum exoticarum.
” Of this an unique copy is preserved in
Sir James Smith’s library. The subjects on which it treats
are, 1, the agnus Scythicus, or Borometz; 2, the bitterness of the Caspian sea; 3, of the native mumia, or bitumen, of Persia 4, of the torpedo, or electrical fish of the
Persian gulph 5, of the drug called dragon’s blood, produced by the fruit of a palm 6, of the dracunculus of the
Persians, a sort of worm proceeding from a tumour in the
skin; 7, on the andrum, or endemic hydrocele of the
Malabars; 8, on the perical, or ulcer of the feet among
the same people; 9, on the cure of the colic amongst the
Japanese by puncture with a needle; 10, on the moxa, or
actual cautery, of the same people and the Chinese.
These subjects are, as Haller observes, all of them probably treated more fully, in his “Amcenitates Exoticoe,
”
so often quoted by Linn Sb us for its botany, as well as other
authors for its authentic details, relating to the history and
manners of Persia, and other parts of the east. His History
of Japan is well known by the English translation in folio,
and is extremely valued for its accuracy and fidelity. It
was published in 2 vols. fol. Lond. 1728. Kcempfer, we
have remarked, was skilled in the use of the pencil; and
some botanical drawings of his, made in Japan, are preserved in the British museum. Of these sir Joseph Banks,
in 1791, liberally presented the learned world with 59 folio
engravings at his own expence. Many of the plants are
still undetermined by systematic botanists.
, a learned and indefatigable German writer, and Lutheran divine, was born January 20, 1649, at Wolmar, in the landgraviate of HesseCassel.
, a learned and indefatigable German writer, and Lutheran divine, was born January 20, 1649, at Wolmar, in the landgraviate of HesseCassel. He was professor of poetry, mathematics, and divinity at Rinteln, and member of the society of Gottingen.
He died May 17, 1729, leaving two sons and four daughters. A great number of his “Dissertations
” are collected
in two volumes, printed at Rinteln, 1700, and 1711, under
the title of “Dissertationes Juveniles;
” the principal are,
“De oceano ejusque proprietatibus et vario motu; De
libertate Dei; De terra De reflexione luminis ejusque
effectu De imputatione peccati alieni, et speciatim Adamici; De Poligamia,
” &c.
, a learned Jesuit, was born in Tirnaw in Hungary, about 1572, was received into the
, a learned Jesuit, was born in Tirnaw in Hungary, about 1572, was received into the Jesuits’ order at Rome, and returning to his own country, was oanished into Transylvania, with the other members of the society, during the commotions which, at that time, agitated the kingdom. After this he discharged the duty of theological professor in the university of Olmutz, and filled some other important posts in different places. His last retreat was to a college which he built at Presburg, where he died in 1634. He was regarded as one of the most eloquent preachers in Hungary, and published some sermons, but he is chiefly celebrated for having completed a translation of the Bible from the Vulgate into the Hungarian tongue, which was printed at Vienna, in 1626.
, a painter of still life, was born at Amsterdam in 1630, and was a disciple of Hendrick Pot,
, a painter of still life, was born at Amsterdam in 1630, and was a disciple of Hendrick Pot, a portrait and historical painter; of whom he learned the practice of the art, but from whom he varied in the application of it; and applied his talents, which were very considerable, in a close imitation of objects in still life; which he composed with great beauty and effect. In the gallery of the Louvre at Paris, are two exquisite works of his, in which he is said to unite the merits of Rembrandt and Teniers. He possessed an eye informed with the power of Rembrandt’s arrangements and contrast of light and shade, and a hand, that managed the pencil with the neatness and correctness of Teniers. He died in 1693.
, a very celebrated naturalist, was a native of Finland, and was born in 1715. Having imbibed a
, a very celebrated naturalist, was a native of Finland, and was born in 1715. Having imbibed
a taste for the study of natural history, it appears that he
pursued his inclination with much zeal and industry. His
first researches were rewarded by the discovery of many
new plants in Sweden, of which he gave some account to
the botanical world between the years 1742 and 1746. He
was particularly anxious to explore the virtues of plants,
both with respect to their uses in medicine, and in the
useful arts, so that planting and agriculture occupied some
portion of his attention. His reputation as a naturalist caused
him to be appointed professor at Abo; and in October 1747,
he set out upon his travels, sailing from Gottenburg for
America; but, on account of a violent hurricane, was obliged
to take shelter in a port of Norway, whence he could not
depart till the ensuing February, when he proceeded immediately for London. From hence he went to North
America; and having spent two or three years in exploring
whatever was worthy of observation in that country, he
returned to his professorship at Abo in 1751. The expences of this undertaking appear to have exceeded what
was allowed him by the Academy of Sciences, so that our
author was obliged to live rather penuriously upon his return; yet he found means to cultivate, in a small garden
of his own, several hundred plants, for the use of the university, as there was no public botanical garden at Abo His
discoveries in botany very materially enriched the “Species
Plantarum
” of his great master, and the LinntEan Herbarium abounds with specimens brought home by him, distinguished by the letter K. Haller enumerates a long list of
tracts published by Kalm; and his inaugural dissertation
appeared in the “Amcenitates Academicae
” of Linnæus.
He was originally intended for the ecclesiastical profession,
but was drawn aside from this pursuit by attending the
lectures of Linnæus on natural history, given in the university of Upsal. Indeed, it was through the recommendation of Linnæus that professor Kalm was fixed upon to
undertake the voyage to North America, and the account
of his voyage was published in English by Forster in 1771.
He afterwards made, at his own expence, a very extensive
tour into Russia, the history of which never appeared in
print, but which is supposed to have furnished considerable matter for the work of a Swedish writer, who published a book of travels in that kingdom. Kalm was a
member of the royal Swedish academy of sciences, and
died in 1779. His collection of dried plants, made in
his various journeys, and doubtless valuable for the purposes of botanical information, is said to remain in the
hands of his family in a state of neglect.
r of a new system of philosophical opinions, which, however, are not very likely to reach posterity, was born April 22, 1724, in the suburbs of Konigsberg, in Prussia.
, a German writer, who has lately
attained extraordinary fame in his own country as the inventor of a new system of philosophical opinions, which,
however, are not very likely to reach posterity, was born
April 22, 1724, in the suburbs of Konigsberg, in Prussia.
His father, John George Kant, was a sadler, born at
Memel, but originally descended from a Scotch family,
who spelt their name with a C; but the philosopher, the
subject of this article, in early life converted the C into a
K, as being more conformable to German orthography.
Immanuel, the second of six children, was indebted to his
father for an example of the strictest integrity and the
greatest industry; but he had neither time nor talent to be
his instructor. From his mother, a woman of sound sense
and ardent piety, he imbibed sentiments of warm and animated devotion, which left to the latest 'periods of his life
the strongest and most reverential impressions of her memory on his mind. He received his first instructions in
reading and writing at the charity-school in his parish;
but soon gave such indications of ability and inclination to
learn, as induced his uncle, a wealthy shoe- maker, to defray the expence of his farther education and studies.
From school he proceeded to the college of Fridericianum.
This was in 1740; and his first teacher was Martin Kautzen, to whom Kant was strongly attached, and who devoted himself with no less zeal to the instruction of his
pupil, and contributed very greatly to the unfolding of his
talents. His favourite study at the university was that of
mathematics, and the branches of natural philosophy connected with them. On the completion of his studies, he
accepted a situation as tutor in a clergyman’s family. In
this, and in two other similar situations, he was not able to
satisfy his mind that he did his duty so well as he ought;
he was, according to his own account, too much occupied
with acquiring knowledge to be able to communicate the
rudiments of it to others. Having, however, acted as a
tutor for nine years, he returned to Konigsberg, and maintained himself by private instruction. In 1746, when
twenty-two years of age, he began his literary career with
a small work, entitled “Thoughts on the estimation of
the animal powers, with strictures on the proofs advanced
by Leibnitz and other mathematicians on this point,
” &c.
In De mundi sensibilis atque intelligibilis forma
et principiis.
” Seated now in the chair of metaphysics,
his subsequent publications were almost entirely of this
nature. He pursued this study with unremitting ardour,
and entered into all the depths of metaphysical subtlety,
in order, as we are told, “to unfold the rational powers
of man, and deduce from thence his moral duties.
” It
was not till 178 J, that the full principles of his system appeared in his “Review of pure reason;
” and the system it
contains is commonly known under the name of the “Critical Philosophy.
” As this work had been variously misrepresented, he published a second part in 1783, entitled
“Prolegomena for future Metaphysics, which are to be
considered as a science.
” In
f of doctrine and it is the same with regard to the immortality of the soul nevertheless, the author was a firm believer in the existence of God, and a future state
Pure reason is the faculty of tracing our knowledge “a
priori,
” to subject it to principles, to trace it from its necessary conditions, till it be entirely without condition, and
in complete unity. The great work of Kant is divided into
several parts, under the titles, “Of Esthetic transcendental
” “Of transcendental Logic
” “Of the pure
Ideas of the Understanding
” “Of the transcendental
Judgment
” “Of the Paralogism of pure Reason,
” &c.
We cannot, from the nature of our work, discuss all the
parts of the system; but may observe, that the author contends that we know objects only by the manner in which
they affect us; and as the impressions which they make
upon us are only certain apparitions or phenomena, it is
impossible for us to know what an object is in itself. Hence
the system of Kant has been compared with that of Berkeley, which maintains that sensations are only appearances,
and that there is no truth, only in our reason. But Kant
does not go to this length. According to his theory, the understanding, when it considers the apparitions or phenomena, acknowledges the existence of the objects themselves,
inasmuch as they serve for the bases of those apparitions;
though we know nothing of their reality, and though we
can have no certainty but in experience.
Truth, according to our author, consists in the agreement
of our notions with the objects, in such a manner as that all
men are obliged to form the same judgment: belief consists in holding a thing to be true, in consequence of a
persuasion which is entirely personal, and has not its basis
in an object submitted to experience. There is a belief of
doctrine, as, that “there are inhabitants in the planets,
”
which is not the same as moral belief; because in moral
belief there is something necessary. The ordinary mode
of teaching the existence of God belongs to the belief of
doctrine and it is the same with regard to the immortality
of the soul nevertheless, the author was a firm believer
in the existence of God, and a future state because,
said he, “this persuasion renders immovable my moral
principles principles which I cannot reject, without
rendering myself contemptible in my own eyes. I wish
for happiness, but I do not wish for it without morality;
and as it depends on nature, I cannot wish it with this
condition, except by believing that nature depends on
a Being who causes this connection between morality
and happiness. This supposition is founded on the want
or necessity of my reason, and not on my duty. We
have, however,
” says Kant, “no certainty in our knowledge of God; because certainty cannot exist, except
when it is founded on an object of experience. The philosopher acknowledges that pure reason is too weak to prove
the existence of a being beyond the reach of our senses.
The necessity of believing in God is, therefore, only subjective, although necessary and general for all those beings who conform to their duty. The proofs of natural
theology, taken from the order and beauty of the universe,
are proofs only in appearance. They resolve themselves
into a bias of our reason to suppose an infinite Intelligence,
the author of all that is possible; but from this bias it does
not follow that there really is such an author. To say,
that whatever exists must have a cause, is a maxim
” a
priori;“but it is a maxim applicable only to experience:
for we know not how to subject to the laws of our perceptions that which is absolutely independent of them. It is
impossible to know that God exists; but we can comprehend how it is possible to act morally on the supposition of
the existence of an intelligent Creator, an existence
which practical reason forces theoretical reason to adopt.
This proof not only persuades, but even acts on the
conviction, in proportion as the motives of our actions are
conformable to the law of morality. Religion ought to be
the means of virtue, and not its object. Man has not in
himself the idea of religion, as he has that of virtue. The
latter has its principle in the mind it exists in itself, and
not as the means of happiness and it may be taught without the idea of God, for the pure law of morality is
” a
priori.“He who does good by inclination, does not act
morally. There are compassionate minds, which feel an
internal pleasure in communicating joy around them, and
who thus enjoy the satisfaction of others; but their actions,
however just, however good, have no moral merit, and
may be compared to other inclinations; to that of honour,
for example, which, while it meets with that which is just
and useful, is worthy of praise and encouragement, but
not of any high degree of esteem. According to Kant, we
ought not even to do good, either for the pleasure which
we feel in doing it, or in order to be happy, or to render
others happy; for any one of these motives would be empiric, and injure the purity of our morals. We ought to
act after the maxims derived
” a priori;" from the faculty
of knowledge, which carry with them the idea of necessity, and are independent of all experience; after the
maxims which, it is to be wished, could be erected into
general laws for all beings endowed with reason.
, an eminent mathematician, and professor of mathematics at Gottingen, was born at Leipsic, Sept. 27, 1719. He had part of his education
, an eminent mathematician, and professor of mathematics at Gottingen, was
born at Leipsic, Sept. 27, 1719. He had part of his
education at home, under his father and uncle, both of whom
were lecturers on jurisprudence, and men of general literature. In 1731 he attended the philosophical lectures of
the celebrated Winkler, and next year studied mathematics
under G. F. Richter, and afterwards under Hausen; but
practical astronomy being at that period very little encouraged at Leipsic, he laboured for some years under great
difficulties for want of instruments, and does not appear
to have made any great progress until, in 1742, he formed
an acquaintance with J. C. Baumann, and by degrees
acquired such helps as enabled him to make several observations. Heinsius was his first preceptor in algebra; and,
in 1756, he was invited to Gottingen, to be professor of
mathematics and moral philosophy, and afterwards became
secretary of the royal society, and had the care of the
observatory on the resignation of Lowitz in 1763; but,
notwithstanding his talents in astronomy and geography,
the services he rendered to the mathematical sciences in
general are more likely to convey his name to posterity.
He exerted himself with the most celebrated geometers of
Germany, Segner, and Karsten, to restore to geometry its
ancient rights, and to introduce more precision and accuracy of demonstration into the whole of mathematical
analysis. The doctrine of binomials that of the higher
equations the laws of the equilibrium of two forces on the
lever, and their composition are some of the most important points in the doctrine of mathematical analysis and
mathematics, which Kastner illustrated and explained in
such a manner as to excel all his predecessors. Germany
is in particular indebted to him for his classical works on
every part of the pure and practical mathematics. They
unite that solidity peculiar to the old Grecian geometry
with great brevity and clearness, and a fund of erudition,
by which Kastner has greatly contributed to promote the
study and knowledge of the mathematics. Kiistner’s talents,
however, were not confined to mathematics: his poetical
and humorous works, as well as his epigrams, are a proof
of the extent of his genius; especially as these talents
seldom fall to the lot of a mathematician. How Kastner
acquired a taste for these pursuits, we are told by himself
in one of his letters. In the early part of his life he
resided at Leipsic, among friends who were neither mathematicians nor acquainted with the sciences; he then, as he
tells us, contracted “the bad habit of laughing at others;
”'
but he used always to say, Hanc veniam damns petimusque
vicissim.
I. contains arithmetic, algebra, the elements of geometry, trigonometry, and practical geometry, and was published at Gottingen, 1796, and an appendix in 1797. Vol.
Kastner died at Gottingen, June 20, 1800. Besides works on the pure and practical mathematics, we are indebted to Kastner for a history of the mathematics, from the revival of literature to the end of the eighteenth century. Vol. I. contains arithmetic, algebra, the elements of geometry, trigonometry, and practical geometry, and was published at Gottingen, 1796, and an appendix in 1797. Vol. II. which appeared at the same time, embraces perspective geometrical analysis, and the higher geometry, mechanics, optics, and astronomy.
, a female artist, well known in this country, was born in 1740, at Coire, the capital of the Grisons, and received
, a female artist, well known in this country, was born in 1740, at Coire, the capital of the Grisons, and received the elements of art from her father, who, on some surprising proofs of her early capacity, at the age of fourteen, conducted her to Milan, and, after some years’ practice there and elsewhere, to Rome, where her talents, charms, accomplishments, and graces, soon rendered her an object of general admiration: in 1764 she removed to Venice, and in the following year accompanied lady Wentworth, the wife of the British resident, to England. Here, enjoying royal favour, the arbitress of public taste, loved, esteemed, perhaps envied by artists, decorated with academic honours, opulent and happy, she sunk her own name in that of sir A. Zucchi, a Venetian artist, whom she married, and, after a residence of seventeen years, returned, through her native place, to Italy, and settled at Rome; where, after a new career of success, courted, employed, and rewarded, by rnonarchs, princes, and the most distinguished travellers, she died in 1807, of gradual decay, resigned, regretted, and honoured by splendid obsequies.
Mr. Fuseli, who was honoured by the friendship of Angelica, and cherishes her memory,
Mr. Fuseli, who was honoured by the friendship of Angelica, and cherishes her memory, says, that he “has no
wish to contradict those who make success the standard of
genius, and as their heroine equalled the greatest names
in the first, suppose that she was on a level with them in
powers. Angelica pleased, and deserved to please, the age
in which she lived, and the race for which she wrought.
The Germans, with as much patriotism at least as judgment, have styled her the Paintress of Minds (Seelen Mahlerin): nor can this be wondered at from a nation, who,
in A. R. Mengs, flatter themselves to possess an artist equal
to Raffaello. The male and female characters of Angelica never vary in form, features, and expression, from
the favourite ideal she had composed in her mind. Her
heroes are all, the man to whom she thought she could have
submitted, though him perhaps she never found; and to
his fancied manner of acting and feeling, she, of course,
submitted the passions of the subject. Her heroines are
herself; and whilst suavity of countenance and alluring
graces shall be able to divert the general eye from the
sterner demands of character and expression, can never
fail to please.
”
of an engraver whose labours highly contributed to the growth and perpetuity of her fame. Bartolozzi was the man, who, enjoying at the same time, youth, health, and
Angelica painted the lighter scenes of poetry with a grace and taste entirely her own; and happily formed to meet that of an engraver whose labours highly contributed to the growth and perpetuity of her fame. Bartolozzi was the man, who, enjoying at the same time, youth, health, and ingenuity, almost entirely devoted his talents between Angelica and Cipriani. The three were endowed with congenial feelings in arts; which, if not of the highest class, were certainly entitled to rank among the most agreeable.
and co-founder of Gonvil and Caius college, Cambridge, the son of Robert Kaye, of a Norfolk family, was born at Norwich, Oct. 6, 1510. After having received his school
, a learned
English physician and co-founder of Gonvil and Caius
college, Cambridge, the son of Robert Kaye, of a Norfolk
family, was born at Norwich, Oct. 6, 1510. After having
received his school education at Norwich, he was admitted
very young of Gonvil-hall, of which he became fellow.
While here, among other proofs of literary application, he
informs us that at the age of twenty-one, he translated out
of Greek into Latin, Nicephorus Callistus’s treatise of
“Confession in prayer,
” another of Chrysostom, on the
“manner of prayer;
” and out of Latin into English, Erasmus’s paraphrase on Jude. He also epitomized his book
“De Vera Theologia.
” The study of divinity might probably have engaged his attention at this time, but we find
that when he went afterwards, according to the custom of
the age, to Italy, he studied physic under the learned
Montanus, and soon became himself so eminent in that
faculty, as to read lectures in the university of Padua for
some years. We also find him reading lectures on Aristotle at that university about 1542, but he took his doctor’s
degree at Bononia. In 1543 he travelled through the
greatest part of Italy, Germany, and France, and on his
return to England, commenced M. D. at Cambridge, and
practised both at Shrewsbury and Norwich with such success, as to be considered one of the ablest physicians in
England. It was doubtless this high reputation which procured him the honour of being successively physician to
Edward VI. queen Mary, and queen Elizabeth.
In 1547, he was admitted fellow of the college of physicians in London, of which
In 1547, he was admitted fellow of the college of physicians in London, of which he held all the higher offices,
of censor, president, &c. and upon every occasion shewed
himself a zealous defender of the college’s rights and
privileges, and a strict observer of her statutes, never, even
in advanced life, absenting himself from the comitia, or
meetings, without a dispensation. He also compiled the
annals of the college from 1555 to 1572, entering every
memorable transaction in its due time and order. In 1557,
being in great favour with queen Mary, and,as it is said,
almost an oracle in her opinion, he determined to employ
this influence in behalf of literature in general, and accordingly obtained a licence to advance Gonvil-hall, in
which he had been educated, into a college. As yet it
was not a corporation, or body politic; but, by Caius’s interest at court, it was now incorporated by the name of
Gonvil and Caius College, which he endowed with considerable estates, purchased by him on the dissolution of
the monasteries, for the maintenance of an additional number of fellows and scholars. He also built, at his own expence, the new square called Caius Court. The first statutes of this new foundation were drawn up by him, and
that he might have the better opportunity of consulting its
interest, he accepted, and retained, the mastership, almost
as long as he lived. Some short time before his decease
he caused another master to be appointed in his room, but
continued in college as a fellow-commoner, assisting daily
at divine service in a private seat in the chapel, which he
had built for himself. Here -he died July 29, 1573, amf
was buned in the college-chapal, with the short epitaph of
“Fui Caius. Vivit post funera virtus.
”
vances, to the reformation in his latter days. Of his learning there is no difference of opinion. It was various and extensive; and his knowledge of the Greek language,
Caius’s religious principles have been disputed. The
most probable conjecture is, that he had a secret inclination to the principles of his early years, but conformed,
at least in outwarcl observances, to the reformation in his
latter days. Of his learning there is no difference of opinion. It was various and extensive; and his knowledge of
the Greek language, particularly, gave him a superiority
over most of hrs contemporaries, the study of that language in this country being then in its infancy. His zeal
ibr the interests of learning appears from his munificence
to his alma mater, and the same motive led him in 1557 to
erect a monument in St. Paul’s cathedral to the celebrated
Linacre. As an author, he wrote much; but some of his
works have not been published. He revised, corrected,
and translated several of Galen’s works, printed at different
times abroad. He published also, 1. “Hippocrates de
Medicamentis,
” first discovered in ms. by him; also “de
ratione V ictus,
” 8vo. 2. “De medendi methodo,
” Basil,
De Ephemera Britannica,
”
or an account of the sweating sickness in England, Lond.
1556, and reprinted so lately as 1721. 4. “De Thermis
Britannicis.
” 5. “Of some rare Plants and Animals,
”
Lond. De Canibus Britannicis,
” Lond. British Zoology.
” 7.
“De pronunciatione Graecae et Latinae linguae,
” Lond.
, the antagonist of Dr. Caius in the antiquity of the universities, was born, as Wood conjectures, in Lincolnshire, but, according to
, the antagonist of Dr. Caius
in the antiquity of the universities, was born, as Wood conjectures, in Lincolnshire, but, according to Blomefield,
was of a Yorkshire family. He was, however, educated at
University college, Oxford, where he entered about the
year 1522. In 1525, he was elected fellow of All Souls,
where he took his degrees in arts, and at that time was
esteemed an excellent Latin scholar, Grecian, and poet,
in 1534, he was unanimously chosen registrar of the university; but. in 1552, was deprived of this office for negligence. Soon after the accession of queen Elizabeth, he
was made prebendary of Salisbury. In 1561, he was
elected master of University college, to which he was
afterwards a considerable benefactor; and, in 1563, he
was instituted to the rectory of Tredington in Worcestershire. He died in his college, in 1572, and was buried in
the church of St. Peter’s in the East. He was well versed
in sacred and profane learning, but, according to Smith,
negligent and careless in some parts of his conduct. He
translated Erasmus’s “Paraphrase on St. Mark,
” by command of queen Catherine Parr, Lond. Assertio antiquitatis Oxoniensis academic,
” printed with
Dr. John Caius’s answer,
, a Baptist divine of considerable note in his day, and some of whose writings are still popular, was born Feb. 29, 1640, at Stokehaman in Buckinghamshire: he appears
, a Baptist divine of considerable
note in his day, and some of whose writings are still popular, was born Feb. 29, 1640, at Stokehaman in Buckinghamshire: he appears to have had no regular education,
owing to the poverty of his parents, and for some time
worked at a trade. He read much, however, in the religious controversies of the times, and entertaining doubts
of the validity of infant baptism, was himself re- baptised
by immersion, when in his fifteenth year, and joined himself to a congregation of Baptists. Between this and his
eighteenth year, he probably studied with a view to the
ministry, as at that latter period, he became a preacher,
and some time after his settlement in London, attached
himself to the particular or Calvinistic Baptists. After
the restoration, he frequently was involved in prosecutions,
owing to the bold avowal of his sentiments, especially in a
little tract called “The Child’s Instructor,
” in which he
asserted that infants ought not to be baptised; that laymen,
having abilities, might preach the gospel, &c. For this
he was tried at Aylesbury assizes, Oct. 8, 1664, and sentenced to imprisonment and pillory, the latter of which
was executed at the market-place of Winslou-, where he
was then a preacher. In 1668 he was chosen pastor of a
congregation of Baptists in Goat-yard passage, Horsleydown, Southwark. In 1674 and some following years, he
had a controversy, concerning his particular tenets, with
Baxter, Burkitt, Flavel, and others, and with some of his
own persuasion, concerning certain minute points of discipline. He was in all his opinions sincere, and accounted
a man of great piety, and of very considerable knowledge,
considering the want of early education and opportunities.
He died July Ks, 1704, and was interred in the burialground belonging to the Baptists, in the Park Southwark.
He published a great many tracts, some controversial and
some practical. His “Travels of True Godliness,
” and
“Travel-* of Ungodliness,
” written in the manner of Bunyan, have passed through many editions, and are still popular; but his ablest works are his “Key to open Scripture Metaphors,
” first published in Exposition of the Parables,
”
, a very agreeable English writer, was descended from sir George Hungerford, his great grandfather,
, a very agreeable English writer, was
descended from sir George Hungerford, his great
grandfather, by lady Frances Ducie, only daughter of Francis
lord Seymour, baron of Trowbridge. He was born, as
may be conjectured, about 1729 or 1730, and received his
education at Kingston school, under the rev. Mr. Woodeson. From thence he went to Geneva, where he resided
some years; and during his stay there, became acquainted
with Voltaire, with whom he continued to correspond many
years after he returned to England. After finishing the
tour of Europe, he settled as a student in the Inner Temple, was called to the bar, and sometimes attended Westminster-hall; though he did not meet with encouragement
enough to induce his perseverance in his profession, nor
indeed does it seem probable that he had sufficient application for it. His first performance was “Ancient and
Modern Rome,
” a poem, written at Rome in A short Account of the Ancient History, present
Government, and Laws of the Republic of Geneva.
” This
work he dedicated to his friend Voltaire. In 1762 he
produced an “Epistle from lady Jane Gray to lord Guildford Dudley;
” and in The Alps,
” a poem, which,
for truth of description, elegance of versification, and vigour of imagination, greatly surpasses all his other poetical productions. In 1764 he produced “Netley Abbey;
”
and in Temple Student, an Epistle to a Friend,
”
in which he agreeably rallies his own want of application in
the study of the law, and intimates his irresistible penchant
for the belles lettres. In 1769 he married miss Hudson,
of Wanlip, Leicestershire. Some months before which, he
had published “Ferney,
” an epistle to Mons. de Voltaire, in
which he introduced a fine eulogium on Shakspeare, which
procured him, soon after, the compliment, from the mayor
and burgesses of Stratford, of a standish, mounted with silver, made out of the mulberry-tree planted by that illustrious bard. In 1773 he published “The Monument -in
Arcadia,
” a dramatic poem, founded on a well-known picture of Poussin; and in 1779, “Sketches from Nature,
taken and coloured in a Journey to Margate,
” 2 vols.
12 mo, an imitation of Sterne’s “Sentimental Journey
” In The Helvetiad,
” a fragment, written at Geneva, in For,
” said be, “should you devote yourself to the completion of your present design, the Swiss would be much
obliged to you, without being able to read you, and the
rest of the world would care little about the matter.
”
Whatever justice there was in this remark, Mr. K. relinquished his plan, and never resumed it afterwards. In
1781, he published an “Epistle to Angelica Kauffman.
”
In the next year, 1788, the last of his productions appeared; and the composition was very honourable to his talents and his liberality. In 1782,
In the next year, 1788, the last of his productions appeared; and the composition was very honourable to his
talents and his liberality. In 1782, the Antelope packet
was shipwrecked on the Pelew Islands, where the commander, captain Wilson, and his crew lived some time before they could get off. The circumstances attending this
extraordinary deliverance having been communicated 10 Mr.
Keate, he offered to draw up the narrative of them for the
advantage of his friend captain Wilson. This he executed
in “An Account of the Pelew Islands, situated in the
western part of the Pacific ocean; composed from the
journals and communications of captain Henry Wilson and
some of his officers, who in August 1783 were there shipwrecked, in the Antelope, a packet belonging to the honourable East India Company,
” 4to, a work written with great
elegance, compiled with much care, and which, if embellished (as it certainly appears to be) with facts better calculated to have found a place in a novel than a genuine
narrative, must be ascribed to the mis-information of
those who were actors in the scene, and must first have
deceived before they obtained credit. Mr. Keate
(whoundertook the task on the most disinterested principle, and derived no advantage whatever from the work) was too
sturdy a moralist to have had any hand in the imposition.
Besides the pieces already mentioned, Mr. Keate was the author of many prologues and epilogues, spoken at Mr. Newcomb’s
Besides the pieces already mentioned, Mr. Keate was
the author of many prologues and epilogues, spoken at
Mr. Newcomb’s school at Hackney; and of other occasional verses in the literary journals, not, however, of sufficient importance to be enumerated. He had also
adapted his friend Voltaire’s “Semiramis
” to the stage;
but this was superseded, in
t to increase otherwise than by those attentions which prudence dictated in the management of it. He was hospitable and beneficent, and possessed the good will of mank.nd
Mr. Keate’s life passed without any vicissitudes of fortune; he inherited an ample estate, which he did not attempt to increase otherwise than by those attentions which prudence dictated in the management of it. He was hospitable and beneficent, and possessed the good will of mank.nd in a very eminent degree. For the last year or two, his health visibly declined; but on the day he died, he appeared to be somewhat mended. His death was sudden, on June 27, 1797. He left one daughter, married in 17 y6 to John Henderson, esq. of the Adelphi. His widow died in 1800. At the time of his death, Mr. Keate was a bencher of the Temple, and a very old member of the royal and antiquary societies, of both which he had been frequently elected one of the council.
, an Irish historian, was born in the province of Munster, of English ancestry, and flourished
, an Irish historian, was born
in the province of Munster, of English ancestry, and
flourished in the earlier part of the seventeenth century,
He was educated with a view to the Roman catholic church,
and having received at a foreign university the degree of
D. D. he returned to his native country, and became a celebrated preacher. Being well versed in the ancient Irish
language, he collected the remains of the early history
and antiquities of the island, and formed them into a regular narrative This work, which he finished about the
time of the accession of Charles I. commences from the
first planting of Ireland, after the deluge, and goes on to
the seventeenth year of king Henry II. giving an account
of the lives and reigns of one hundred and seventy-four
kings of the Milesian race, replete with fictitious personages and fabulous narratives, which, however, it has been
said, he gives as such, and does not impose them on his
readers as true history. The work remained in ms. in the
original language, till it was translated into English by
Dermot O'Connor, and published in London in 1723; but
a better edition appeared in 1738, with plates of the arms
of the principal Irish families, and an appendix, not in the
former, respecting the ancient names of places. Keating
died about the middle of the seventeenth century, or, as
some think, much earlier, about 1625. He wrote some
pieces of the religious cast, and two poems, one, an
“Elegy on the Death of the Lord Decies,
” the other a
burlesque on his servant Simon, whom he compares with
the ancient heroes.
, an English lawyer, was the son of a lawyer of eminence, during Cromwell’s usurpation,
, an English lawyer, was the son of a
lawyer of eminence, during Cromwell’s usurpation, and
born in London, 1632. After a proper preparation, he was
sent to Jesus -college, Oxford; whence he shortly removed
to All-souls, of which he was made fellow by the parliament visitors in 1648. He took the degree of LL. B. in
1644; and, not long after, was admitted student at Gray’s
inn, London, and became a barrister about 1658. The
following year he went to Paris. After the restoration, he
attended the King’s bench bar with extraordinary assiduity, continuing there as long as the court sat, in all the
terms from 1661 to 1710, but was hardly ever known to
be retained in any cause, or even to make a motion. He
died suddenly, under the gate-way of Gray’s-inn, Aug.
1710, just as he was going to take the air in a coach. He
was a man of incredible industry, for besides having published several books in his life-time, he left above 100
large folios, and more than 50 thick 4tos in ms. twenty of
which are in the library of Gray’s-inn. Writing must have
been his delight as well as employment, and became so
habitual, that he not only reported the law cases at the
King’s-bench, Westminster, but all the sermons at Gray’sinn chapel, both forenoon and afternoon, which amounted at
last to above 4000. This was the mode of the times when
he was young; and there is a mechanism in some natures,
which makes them fond of proceeding as they have set out.
He appears to have been a man of a singular turn in other
respects, yet regular in his conduct, and very benevolent.
The first work he undertook for the public was a new
table, with many new references, to the statute-book, in
1674. 2. “An Explanation of the Laws against Recusants, &c. abridged,
” An Assistance to
Justices of the Peace, for the easier Performance of their
Duty,
” Reports taken at the King’s-bench at Westminster, from the
12th to the 30th year of the Reign of our late Sovereign
Lord King Charles II.
” 1685, 3 vols. folio. This work
was also licensed by the judges; but not being digested in
th'e ordinary method of such collections, and having no
table of references, it was not so well received as was expected; and the credit of it being once sunk, could not
be retrieved, though the table was added in 1696. Indeed,
as a reporter he does not stand high in the opinion of the
profession. 5. Two essays, one “On Human Nature, or the
Creation of Mankind;
” the other, “On Human Actions.
”
These were pamphlets.
, a very learned man, was born at Dantzic, in Prussia, 1571. He received the first rudiments
, a very learned man, was born at Dantzic, in Prussia, 1571. He received the first rudiments of learning under James Fabricius, so distinguished by his zeal against Papists, Anabaptists, and other heretics; and in 1589, was sent to the university of Wirtemberg, where he studied philosophy and divinity. Two years after, he removed to the university of Leipsic; whence, after half a year’s stay, he went in 1592, to that of Heidelberg. Here he took a master’s degree, and was so highly esteemed by the governors of the university, that he was first made a tutor and afterwards Hebrew professor there. In 1597, the senate of Dantzic, pleased with the reputation and merit of their countryman, sent him a formal and honourable invitation, by letter, to come and take upon him part of the management of their academy, which he at first refused, but on a second invitation, in 1601, consented, after having first received the degree of D. D. at Heidelberg. As soon as he was settled at Dantzic, he proposed to lead the youth through the very penetralia of philosophy, by a newer and more compendious method than had hitherto been found out, according to which they might, within the compass of three years, finish a complete course. For this purpose he pursued the scheme he had begun at Heidelberg, and drew up a great number of books and systems upon all sorts of subjects; logic, rhetoric, ceconomics, ethics, politics, physics, metaphysics, geography, astronomy, &c. and in this industrious manner he went on till 1609, when, fairly worn out with constant attention to the business of teaching, he died at the early age of thirty-eight. His works were published at Geneva in 1614, 2 vols. fol. The most valuable are his systematic treatises on rhetonc; but they were all for some time used in teaching, and afterwards pillaged by other compilers, without acknowledgment.
, an English prelate, born in 1713, was the younger son of Charles Keene, of Lynn, in Norfolk, esq.
, an English prelate, born in 1713,
was the younger son of Charles Keene, of Lynn, in Norfolk, esq. sometime mayor of that town, whose eldest son
was sir Benjamin Keene, many years ambassador at Madrid, and K. B. who died Dec. 15, 1757, leaving his fortune
to the subject of this article. Mr. Edmund Keene was
first educated at the Charter-house, and afterwards at Caius
college, Cambridge, where he was admitted in 1730. In
1738 he was appointed one of his majesty’s preachers at
Whitehall chapel, and made fellow of Peterhouse in 1739.
In 1740 he was made chaplain to a regiment of marines;
and, in the same year, by the interest of his brother with
$ir Robert Walpole, he succeeded bishop Butler in the
valuable rectory of Stanhope, in the bishopric of Durham.
In 1748, he preached and published a sermon at Newcastle,
at the anniversary meeting of the society for the relief of
the widows and orphans of clergymen; and, in December
following, on the death of Dr. Whalley, he was chosen
master of Peterhouse. In 1750, being vice-chancellor,
under the auspices of the late duke of Newcastle, he verified the concluding paragraph in his speech on being
elected, “Nee tardum nee timidum habebitis procancellarium,
” by promoting, with great zeal and success, the regulations for improving the discipline of the university.
This exposed him to much obloquy from the younger part
of it, particularly in the famous “Fragment,
” and “The
Key to the Fragment,
” by Dr. King, in which Dr. Keene
was ridiculed (in prose) under the name of Mun, and in
that of the “Capitade
” (in verse), under that of Acutus,
but at the same time his care and attention to the interests
and character of the university justly endeared him to his
great patron, so that in Jan. 1752, soon after the expirW
tion of his office, which he held for two years, he was nominated to the see of Chester, vacant by the death of bishop
Peploe, and was consecrated in Ely-house chapel on Palm
Sunday, March 22. With this he held in commendam his
rectory, and, for- two years, his headship, when he was
succeeded, much to his satisfaction, by Dr. Law. In May
following his lordship married the only daughter of Lancelot Andrews, esq. of Edmonton, formerly an eminent
linen-draper in Cheapside, a lady of considerable fortune,
and a descendant of the family of bishop Andrews. She
died March 24, 1776. In 1770, on the death of bishop
Mawson, he was translated to the valuable see of Ely.
Receiving large dilapidations, his lordship procured an act
of parliament for alienating the old palace in Holborn, and
building a new one, by which the see has been freed from
a great incumbrance, and obtained some increase also of
annual revenue. “The bishopric,
” it has been humorously
observed, “though stripped of the strawberries which
Shakspeare commemorates to have been so noted in Holborn, has, in lieu of -them, what may very well console a
man not over-scrupulous in his appetites, viz. a new mansion of Portland stone in Dover-street, and a revenue of
5000l. a year, to keep it warm and in good repute.
” Bishop
Keene soon followed his friend Dr. Caryl, “whom,
” he
said, “he had long known and regarded, and who, though
he had a few more years over him, he did not think would
have gone before him.
” He died July 6, 1781, in the
sixty-eighth year of his age, and was buried at his own
desire in bishop West’s chapel, Ely cathedral, where is a
short epitaph drawn up by himself. “Bishop Keene,
” it
is observed by bishop Newton, “succeeded to Ely, to his
heart’s desire, and happy it was that he did so; for, few
could have borne the expence, or have displayed the taste
and magnificence, which he has done, having a liberal fortune as well as a liberal mind, and really meriting the appellation of a builder of palaces. For, he built a new
palace at Chester; he built a new Fly-house in London
and, in a great measure, a new palace at Ely leaving
onjy the outer walls standing, he formed a new inside, and
thereby converted it into one of the best episcopal houses,
if not the very best, in the kingdom. He had indeed received the money which arose from the sale of old Elyhouse, and also what was paid by the executors of his predecessor for dilapidations, which, all together, amounted
to about 11,000l. but yet he expended some thousands
more of his own upon the buildings, and new houses
require new furniture.
” It is chiefly on account of this taste
and munificence that he deserves notice, as he is not
known in the literary world, unless by five occasional sermons of no distinguished merit.
, an eminent mathematician and philosopher, was born Dec. 1, 1671, at Edinburgh, where he received the first
, an eminent mathematician and philosopher, was born Dec. 1, 1671, at Edinburgh, where he
received the first rudiments of learning; and, being educated in that university, continued there till he took the
degree of M. A. His genius leading him to the mathematics, he studied that science very successfully under David
Gregory the professor there, who was one of the first that
had embraced the Newtonian philosophy; and, in 1694,
he followed his tutor to Oxford, where, being admitted of
Baliol, he obtained one of the Scotch exhibitions in that
college. He is said to have been the first who taught
Newton’s principles by the experiments on which they are
grounded, -which he was enabled to do by an apparatus of
instruments of his own providing; and the lectures he delivered in his chambers upon natural and experimental
philosophy, procured him very great reputation. The first
public specimen he gave of his skill in mathematical and
philosophical knowledge, was his “Examination of Burnet’s Theory of the Earth,
” which appeared in Theory.
” To
this piece he subjoined “Remarks upon Whiston’s New
Theory of the Earth;
” and these theories, being defended
by their respective inventors, drew from Keill, in 1699,
another performance entitled “An Examination of the
Reflections of the Theory of the Earth, together with ‘ a
Defence of the Remarks on Mr. Whiston’s New Theory’.
”
Dr. Burnet was a man of grea.t humanity, moderation, and
candour; and it was therefore supposed that Keill had
treated him too roughly, considering the great disparity of
years between them. Keill, however, left the doctor in
possession of that which has since been thought the great
characteristic and excellence of his work: and, though he
disclaimed him as a philosopher, yet allowed him to be a
man of a fine imagination. “Perhaps,
” says he, “many
of his readers will be sorry to be undeceived about his
Theory; for, as I believe never any book was fuller of
mistakes and errors in philosophy, so none ever abounded
*vith more beautiful scenes and surprizing images of nature.
But I write only to those who might expect to find a true
philosophy in it: the*y who read it as an ingenious romance
will still be pleased with their entertainment.
”
ir Isaac Newton’s “Principia” had made in the world and says, that “though the mechanical philosophy was then in repute, yet, in most of the writings upon this subject,
The following year Dr. Millington, Sedleian professor
of natural philosophy in Oxford, who had been appointed
physician in ordinary to king William, substituted Keill as
his deputy, to read lectures in the public schools. This
office he discharged with great reputation; and the term
of enjoying the Scotch exhibition at Baliol-college, without taking orders, now expiring, he accepted an invitation
from Dr. Aldrich, dean of Christ-church, to reside there.
In 1701 he published his celebrated treatise, the substance
of several lectures on the new philosophy, entitled “Introductio ad veram physicam,
” which is supposed to be the
best and most useful of all his performances. In the preface he insinuates the little progress that Sir Isaac Newton’s
“Principia
” had made in the world and says, that
“though the mechanical philosophy was then in repute,
yet, in most of the writings upon this subject, scarce any
thing was to be found but the name.
” The first edition
of this book contained only fourteen lectures; but to the
second, in 1705, he added two more. About 50 years
ago, when the Newtonian philosophy began to be established in France, this piece was in great esteem there,
being considered as the best introduction to the “Principia;
” and a new edition in English was printed at London in 1736, at the instance of M. Maupertuis, who was
then in England, and subjoined to it a new hypothesis of
his own, concerning the ring of the planet Saturn.
In Feb. 1701 he was admitted a fellow of the royal society; and, in 1708, published,
In Feb. 1701 he was admitted a fellow of the royal
society; and, in 1708, published, in the “Philosophical
Transactions,
” a paper “Of the Laws of Attraction, and
its Physical Principles.
” At the same time, being offended
at a passage in the “Acta Eruditorum
” at Leipsic, in
which Sir Jsaac Newton’s claim to the first invention of the
method of fluxions was called in question, he communicated to the royal society another paper, in which he
asserted the justice of that claim. In 1709 he was appointed treasurer to the Palatines, and in that station
attended them in their passage to New England; and,
soon after his return in 1710, was chosen Savilian professor
of astronomy at Oxford. In 1711, being attacked by
Leibnitz, he entered the lists against that mathematician,
in the dispute about the invention of fluxions. Leibnitz
wrote a letter to Dr. Hans Sloane, then secretary to the
royal society, dated March 4, 1711, in which he required
Keill, in effect, to give him satisfaction for the injury he
had done him in his paper relating to the passage in the
“Acta Eruditorum
” at Leipsic. He protested, that he
was far from assuming to himself Sir Isaac Newton’s method of fluxions; and desired, therefore, that Keill might
be obliged to retract his false assertion. Keill desired, on
the other hand, that he might be permitted to justify what
he had asserted which he performed to the approbation
of Sir Isaac, and other members of the society and a
copy of his defence was sent to Leibnitz, who, in a second
letter, remonstrated still more loudly against Keill’s want
of candour and sincerity; adding, that it was not fit for one
of his age and experience to enter into a dispute with an
upstart, who acted without any authority from Sir Isaac
Newton and desiring that the royal society would enjoin
him silence. Upon this, a special committee was appointed
who, after examining the facts, concluded their report with
“reckoning Mr. Newton the inventor of fluxions; and that
Mr. Keill, in asserting the same, had been no ways injurious
to Mr. Leibnitz.
” In the mean time, Keill behaved himself with great firmness and spirit; which he also shewed
afterwards in a Latin epistle, written in 172O, to Bernoulli,
mathematical professor at Basil, on account of the same
usage shewn to Sir Isaac Newton; in the title-page of
which he put the arms of Scotland, viz. a thistle, with this
motto, “Nemo me impune lacessit.
” The particulars of
the contest are recorded in Collins’s “Commercium Epistolicum.
”
hy, in support of Des Cartes’s notions of a plenum; which occasioned Keill to draw up a paper, which was published in the “Philosophical Transactions,” “On the Rarity
About 1711, several objections were urged against Sir Isaac
Newton’s philosophy, in support of Des Cartes’s notions
of a plenum; which occasioned Keill to draw up a paper,
which was published in the “Philosophical Transactions,
”
“On the Rarity of Matter, and the Tenuity of its Compo
sition,
” in which he points out various phenomena, which
cannot be explained upon the supposition of a plenum.
But, while he was engaged in this controversy, queen Anne
was pleased to appoint him her decipherer; a post for
which he was, it seems, very fit. His sagacity was such,
that, though a decipherer is always supposed to be moderately skilled in the language in which the paper given him
to decipher is written; yet he is said once to have
deciphered a paper written in Swedish, without knowing a word
of the language. In 1713, the university conferred on
him the degree of M. D. at the public act; and, two years
after, he published an edition of Commandinus’s “Euclid,
”
with additions of his own, of two tracts on Trigonometry
and the nature of Logarithms. In 1717 he was married to
some lady, who recommended herself to him, it is said,
purely by her personal accomplishments. The facetious
Mr. Alsop wrote some lines on this occasion (Gent. Mag. vol. XXXVIII. 238), which intimate that Keill had been
a man of gallantry in his youth; and this appears, indeed,
to be confirmed by the writer of his life in the Biographia
Britannica. In 1718 he published his “Introductio ad
veram Astronomiam:
” which treatise was afterwards, at the
request of the duchess of Chandos, translated by himself
into English; and, with several emendations, published in
1721, under the title of “An Introduction to the true
Astronomy, or, Astronomical Lectures read in the Astronomical Schools of the University of Oxford.
” This was
his last gift to the public; for he was seized this summer
with a violent fever, which put an end to his life Sept. 1,
1721, when he was not quite fifty years old.
, an eminent physician of the mathematical sect, and brother to the preceding, was born in Scotland March 27, 1673. Having received the early part
, an eminent physician of the mathematical sect, and brother to the preceding, was born in
Scotland March 27, 1673. Having received the early part
of his education in his native country, he went abroad with
the view of completing it in the schools of celebrity on the
continent; and obtained such a degree of knowledge as
distinguished him soon after his return to England. He
had early applied to dissections, and pursued th study
of anatomy, under Duverney, at Paris; whence he was
enabled to give anatomical lectures, with great reputation,
in both the English universities. He was honoured with
the degree of M. D. by the university of Cambridge.
In 1703 he settled at Northampton, and began the practice of his profession, in which he attained considerable
fame and success. In 1706 he published a paper in the
Philosophical Transactions, No. 306, containing “an account of the death and dissection of John Bayles, of that
town, reputed to have been 130 years old.
” The circumstances which he detailed very much resembled those that
were observed by the celebrated Harvey in the dissection of
old Parr. Dr. Keill, like his brother John, was well skilled
in mathematical learning, which he applied to the explanation of die laws of the animal economy. His first publication was a compendium of anatomy, for the use of the
pupils who attended his lectures, and was entitled “The
Anatomy of the Human Body abridged,
” Lond. An Account of Animal
Secretion, the quantity of blood in the human body, and
muscular motion,
” London, 8vi. This work was reprinted
in 1717, with the addition of an essay, “concerning the
force of the heart in driving the blood through the whole
body,
” and under the title of “Essays on several parts of
the Animal Œconomy.
” He likewise published the same
treatise in Latin, with the addition of a “Medicina Statica
Britannica.
” The essay concerning the force of the heart
drew him into a controversy with Dr. Jurin, which was
carried on in several papers, printed in the Philosophical
Transactions of the royal society, of which Dr. Keill had
been elected a member; and was continued to the time of
the death of the latter, which took place at Northampton,
July 16, 1619, in the vigour of his age. He had for some
time laboured under a very painful disorder, viz. a cancer
in the roof of his mouth, to which he had applied the cautery with his own hands, in order, if possible, to procure
some relief, but in vain. He was buried at St. Giles’s
church at Northampton. An handsome monument and inscription were placed over him by his brother, John Keill,
to whom he left his estate, being never married; but who
survived him, as we have seen, little more than two years.
, field-marshal in the king of Prussia’s service, was born in 1696, and was the younger son of William Keith, earl
, field-marshal in the king of Prussia’s
service, was born in 1696, and was the younger son of
William Keith, earl marshal of Scotland. He had his
grammar-learning under Thomas Ruddiman, author of the
“Rudiments;
” his academical, under bishop Keith and
William IMeston, in the college of Aberdeen. He was designed by his friends for the profession of the law; but the
bent of his genius inclined him to arms, with which they
wisely complied. His first military services were employed
while a youth of eighteen, in the rebellion of 1715. In
this unhappy contest, through the instigation of the
counless his mother, who was a Roman catholic, he joined the
Pretender’s party, and was at the battle of Sheriffmuir, in
which he was wounded, yet able to make his escape to
France. Here he applied to those branches of education,
which are necessary to accomplish a soldier. He studied
mathematics under M. de Maupertuis; and made such
proficiency, that he was, by his recommendation, admitted
a fellow of the royal academy of sciences at Paris. He
afterwards travelled through Italy, Switzerland, and Portugal; with uncommon curiosity examined the several productions in architecture, painting, and sculpture; and surveyed the different fields where famous battles had been
fought. In 1717, he had an opportunity of forming an acquaintance with Peter, czar of Muscovy, at Paris, who invited him to enter into the Russian service. This offer he
declined, because the emperor was at that time at war
with the king of Sweden, whose character Keith held in
great veneration. He then left Paris, and went to Madrid;
where, by the interest of the duke of Lyria, he obtained a
commission in the Irish brigades, then commanded by the
duke of Ormond. He afterwards accompanied the duke of
Lyria, when he was sent ambassador extraordinary to Russia, and was recommended by him to the service of the
czarina, who promoted him to the rank of lieutenant-general, and invested him with the order of the black eagle.
repel the invaders; one of which marched for Oczakow, under the command of count Munich, which place was invested and taken by the valour and conduct of Keith, to whom
The Turks at this time invaded the Ukrain on the side of Russia, and the empress sent two numerous armies to repel the invaders; one of which marched for Oczakow, under the command of count Munich, which place was invested and taken by the valour and conduct of Keith, to whom the success was chiefly attributed. In the war with the Swedes, he had a command under marshal Lacey, at the battle of Willmanstrand; which he gained by fetching a compass about a hill, and attacking the Swedes in flunk, at a time when victory seemed to declare in their favour. He likewise, by a stratagem, retook from them the isles of Aland in the Baltic, which they had seized by treachery. Afterwards he had no inconsiderable share in the bringing about that extraordinary revolution, which raised the empress Elizabeth, the daughter of Peter, to the throne. He served the Russians in peace also by several embassies: but, finding the honours of that country no better than a splendid servitude, and not meeting with those rewards which his long and faithful services deserved, he left that court for that of Prussia, where merit was better known, and better rewarded.
. In business, he made him his chief counsellor; in his diversions, his constant companion. The king was much pleased with an amusement, which the marshal invented,
The king of Prussia received him with all possible marks of honour, made him governor of Berlin, and field marshal of the Prussian armies; to which places he annexed additional salaries. He likewise distinguished him so far by his confidence, as to travel with him in disguise over a great part of Germany, Poland, and Hungary. In business, he made him his chief counsellor; in his diversions, his constant companion. The king was much pleased with an amusement, which the marshal invented, in imitation of the game of chess. The marshal ordered several thousand small statues of men in armour to be cast by a founder: these he would set opposite to each other, and range them in battalia, in the same manner as if he had been drawing up an army: he would bring out a party from the wings or centre, and shew the advantage or disadvantage resulting from the several draughts which he made. In this manner the king and the marshal often amused themselves, and at the same time improved their military knowledge.
after having greatly distinguished himself in the later memorable wars of that illustrious monarch, was killed in the unfortunate affair of Hohkerchen, Oct. 14, 1758,
This brave and experienced general, after having greatly
distinguished himself in the later memorable wars of that
illustrious monarch, was killed in the unfortunate affair of
Hohkerchen, Oct. 14, 1758, and was buried in the church
of that place, the enemy joining in paying respect to his
virtues. His character may be given in the few but comprehensive words of his brother, the late lord marshal of
Scotland, who on being applied to by M. Formey, who
wished to write his eloge, answered, “Probus vixit, fortis
obiit.
”
, or in Latin Cellarius, was born in 1568, at Seckingen. He entered the Jesuits’ order in
, or in Latin Cellarius, was born
in 1568, at Seckingen. He entered the Jesuits’ order in
1588, was appointed rector of the college at Ratisbon,
afterwards of that at Munich, and was for a long time confessor to prince Albert of Bavaria, and the princess his wife.
The elector Maximilian had a particular esteem for him,
and frequently employed him in affairs of the utmost importance. Keller disputed publicly with James Kailbrunner, the duke of Neuburg’s most celebrated minister, on
the accusation brought against the Lutheran ministers, of
having corrupted several passages quoted from the Fathers,
in a German work entitled “Papatus Acatholicus;
” their
dispute was held at Neuburg, 1615. Father Keller died
at Munich, February 23, 1631, aged sixty-three, leaving
some controversial works, and several political ones, concerning the affairs of Germany, in which he frequently
conceals himself under the names of Fabius Hercynianus,
Aurirnontius, Didacus Tamias, &c. His book against
France, entitled “Mysteria Politica,
” Canea
Turturis,
” in answer to the learned Gravina’s Song of the
Turtle, is attributed to Keller.
, alias Talbot (Edward), a famous English alchymist, or, as some have called him, a necromancer, was born at Worcester in 1555, and educated at Gloucesterhall, Oxford.
, alias Talbot (Edward), a famous English
alchymist, or, as some have called him, a necromancer, was
born at Worcester in 1555, and educated at Gloucesterhall, Oxford. Wood says, that when his nativity was
calculated, it appeared that he was to be a man of most
acute wit, and great propensity to philosophical studies
and mysteries of nature. He belied this prophecy, however, both in the progress and termination of his life; for,
leaving Oxford abruptly, and rambling about the kingdom,
he was guilty of some crime in Lancashire, for which his
ears were cut off at Lancaster; but what crime this was
we are not informed. He became afterwards an associate
with the famous Dr. Dee, travelled into foreign countries
with him, and was his reporter of what passed between
him and the spirits with whom the doctor held intelligence,
and who wrote down the nonsense Kelley pretended to
have heard. Of their journey with Laski, a Polish nobleman, we have already given an account in the life of
Dr. Dee. We farther learn from Ashmole, if such information can be called learning, that Kelley and Dee had
the good fortune to find a large quantity of the elixir, or
philosopher’s stone, in the ruins of Glastonbury abbey;
which elixir was so surprisingly rich, that they lost a great
deal in making projections, before they discovered the
force of its virtue. This author adds, that, -at Trebona in
Bohemia, Kelley tried a grain of this elixir upon an ounce
and a quarter of common mercury, which was presently
transmuted into almost an ounce of fine gold. At another
time he tried his art upon a piece of metal, cut out of a
warming-pan; which, without handling it, or melting the
metal, was turned into very good silver, only by warming it
at a fire. Cervantes has given us nothing more absurd in
the phrenzy of Don Quixote. This warming-pan, however, and the piece taken out of it, were sent to queen
Elizabeth by her ambassador, then residing at Prague.
Kelley, afterwards behaving indiscreetly, was imprisoned
by the emperor Rodolphus II. by whom he had been
knighted; and, endeavouring to make his escape out of
the window, fell down and bruised himself so severely that
he died soon after, in 1595. His works are, “A Poem of
Chemistry,
” and “A Poem of the Philosopher’s Stone;
”
both inserted in the “Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum,
”
De Lapide Philosophorurn,
” Hamb. A true
and faithful Relation of what passed for many Years between
Dr. John Dee and some Spirits,
” &c. Lond. Fragmentæ
aliquot, edita a Combacio,
” Geismar, Ed. Kelleii epistola ad Edvardum Dyer,
” and other little
things of Kelley, in ms. in Biblioth. Ashmol. Oxon.
, an English Roman catholic of considerable eminence as a controversial writer, was born in Northamptonshire, about 1560, and brought up in lord
, an English Roman catholic
of considerable eminence as a controversial writer, was
born in Northamptonshire, about 1560, and brought up
in lord Vaux’s family, whence he was sent for education to
the English colleges at Doway and Rheims, and afterwards, in 1582, to Rome, where he remained about seven
years, and acquired the reputation of a very able divine.
In 1589, he was invited to Rheims to lecture on divinity,
and, proceeding in his academical degrees, was created
D. D. and, in 1606, had the dignity of rector magnificus,
or chancellor of the university, conferred upon him. After
being public professor at Rheims for twelve years, he returned to Doway in 1613, and a few months after was declared president of the college, by a patent from Rome.
In this office he conducted himself with great reputation,
and ably promoted the interests of the college. He died
Jan. 21, 1641. Among his works are, 1. “Survey of the
new religion/' Doway, 1603, 8vi. 2.
” A reply to Sutcliffe’s answer to the Survey of the new religion,“Rheims,
1608, 8vi. 3.
” Oratio coram Henrico IV. rege
Chris4. “The Gagg of the reformed gospel.
”
This, the catholics tell us, was the cause of the conversion
of many protestants. It was answered, however, by Montague, afterwards bishop of Chichester, in a tract called
“The new Gagger, or Gagger gagged/ 7 1624. Montague
and he happened to coincide in so many points that the
former was involved with some of his brethren in a controversy, they thinking him too favourable to the popish
cause. 5.
” Examen reformations, prajsertim Calvinisticae,“8vo, Doway, 1616. 6.
” The right and jurisdiction of the prince and prelate,“1617, 1621, 8vo. This
he is said to have written in his own defence, having been
represented at Rome as a favourer of the oath of allegiance. In the mean time the work was represented to
king James I. as allowing of the deposing power, and of
murdering excommunicated princes, and his majesty thought
proper to inquire more narrowly into the matter; the result of which was, that Dr. Kellison held no such opinions,
and had explained his ideas of the oath of allegiance with
as much caution as could have been expected. 7.
” A
treatise of the hierarchy of the church: against the anarchy of Calvin,“1629, 8vo. In this treatise, he had the
misfortune to differ from the opinion of his own church in
some respect. His object was, to prove the necessity of
episcopal government in national churches; and he particularly pointed at the state of the catholics in England,
who were without such a government. Some imagined that
the book would be censured at Rome, because it seemed
indirectly to reflect upon the pope, who had not provided
England with bishops to govern the papists there, although frequently applied to for that favour; and because
it seemed to represent the regulars as no part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy, and consequently not over-zealous in
supporting the dignity of the episcopal order. The court
of Rome, however, took no cognizance of the matter; but
others attacked Dr. Kellison’s work with great fury. The
controversy increasing, the bishops and clergy of France
espoused his cause, and condemned several of the productions of his antagonists, in, which they had attacked the
hierarchy of the church. Dr. Kellison’s other works were,
8.
” A brief and necessary Instruction for the Catholics of
England, touching their pastor,“1631. 9.
” Comment,
in tertiam partem Summse Sancti Thomas,“1632, fol.
10.
” A Letter to king James I." in ms. Sutcliife and
Montague were his principal antagonists among the protestants.
, a dramatic and miscellaneous writer, a native of Ireland, was born on the banks of the lake of Killarney, in 1739. His father
, a dramatic and miscellaneous writer, a native of Ireland, was born on the banks of the lake of Killarney, in 1739. His father was a gentleman of good family in that country, whose fortune being reduced by a series of misfortunes, he was obliged to repair to Dublin, in order to endeavour to support himself by his personal industry. He gave our author, however, some school education; but the narrowness of his finances would not permit him to indulge his son’s natural propensity to study, by placing him in the higher schools of Dublin. He was therefore bound apprentice to 3j stay-maker, an employment but ill suited to his inclination; yet continued with his master till the expiration of his apprenticeship, and then set out for London, in 1760, in order to procure a livelihood by his business. This, however, he found very difficult, and was soon reduced to the utmost distress for the means of subsistence. In this forlorn situation, a stranger, and friendless, he used sometimes to endeavour to forget his misfortunes, and passed some of his heavy hours at a public-house in Russel-street, Covent-garden, much resorted to by the younger players. Having an uncommon share of good-humour, and being lively, cheerful, and engaging in his behaviour, he soon attracted the notice, not only of these minor wits, but of a set of honest tradesmen who frequented that house every evening, and who were much entertained with his conversation. In a little time Mr. Kelly became so well acquainted with the characters of the club, that he was enabled to give a humorous description of them in one of the daily papers; and the likenesses were so well executed as to draw their attention, and excite their curiosity to discover the author. Their suspicions soon fixed on Mr. Kelly, and from that time he became distinguished among them as a man of parts and consideration.
iodical publications, in which he wrote so many original essays, and pieces of poetry, that his fame was quickly spread, and he now found himself fully employed in various
One of the members of the society, in particular, an
attorney of some reputation in his profession, being much
pleased with Mr. Kelly’s company, made particular inquiry
into his history, and thinking him worthy of a better situation, invited him to his house, and employed him in
copying and transcribing, an occupation which Mr. Kelly
prosecuted with so much assiduity, that he earned about
three guineas a week; an income which, compared to
what he had been hitherto able to procure, might be
deemed affluent. But this employment, though profitable,
could not long be agreeable to a man of his lively turn of
mind. From his accidental acquaintance with some booksellers, he, in 1762, became the editor of the “Lady’s
Museum,
” the “Court Magazine,
” and other periodical
publications, in which he wrote so many original essays,
and pieces of poetry, that his fame was quickly spread,
and he now found himself fully employed in various
branches of periodical literature; in the prosecution of
which he exerted himself with the most unwearied industry, being then lately married, and having an increasing
family, whose sole dependence was upon his personal
labour.
satire and panegyric with great freedom and acuteness. It is somewhat singular, that while Mr. Kelly was making this severe attack upon the merits of the leading performers
About this time he began to write many political pamphlets, and among the rest “A Vindication of Mr. Pitt’s
Administration,
” which lord Chesterfield makes honourable
mention of in the second volume of his letters, Letter 178.
Jn 1767, the “Babbler
” appeared in two pocket volumes,
which had at first been inserted in “Owen’s Weekly Chronicle
” in single papers: as did the “Memoirs of a Magdalene,
” under the title of “Louisa Mildmay.
” About
this time also, perceiving that Churchill’s reputation had
been much raised by his criticism of the stage in the
“Rosciad,
” Mr. Kelly produced his “Thespis,
” by much
the most spirited of his poetic compositions, in which he
dealt about his satire and panegyric with great freedom and
acuteness. It is somewhat singular, that while Mr. Kelly
was making this severe attack upon the merits of the leading performers at our theatres, which had so great an effect
upon the feelings of Mrs. Barry and Mrs. Clive, that they
both for some time refused to perform in any of his pieces,
he was actually writing for the stage; for, in 1768, his
comedy of “False Delicacy
” made its appearance, and
was received with such universal applause, as at once
established his reputation as a dramatic writer, and procured him a distinguished rank among the wits of the age.
The sale of this comedy was exceedingly rapid and great,
and it was repeatedly performed throughout Britain and
Ireland, to crowded audiences. Nor was its reputation
confined to the British dominions; it was translated into
most of the modern languages, viz. into Portuguese, by
command of the marquis de Pombal, and acted with great
applause at the public theatre at Lisbon into French by
the celebrated madame Ricoboni into the same language
by another hand, at the Hague into Italian at Paris, where
it was acted at the Theatre de la Comedie Italienne and
into German.
oon produced another comedy, entitled “A Word to the Wise,” which, on a report then current, that he was employed to write in defence of the measures of administration,
The success of this play induced Mr. Kelly to continue
to write for the stage; and he soon produced another
comedy, entitled “A Word to the Wise,
” which, on a
report then current, that he was employed to write in defence of the measures of administration, met with a very
illiberal reception; for, by a party who had previously determined on its fate, after an uncommon uproar, it was
most undeservedly driven from the theatre. Of this treatment he severely complains in an “Address to the Public,
”
prefixed to an edition of that play, soon after published
by subscription, before which above a thousand names appear as his encouragers; and though the pride of the poet
was hurt, his fortune was improved, and his friends were
considerably increased.
s his friends were strongly of opinion, that his genius excelled in the sentimental and pathetic, he was persuaded to make a trial of it in tragedy, and soon after presented
The ill fate of the “Word to the Wise
” cast no damp
on the ardour of our poet in the prosecution of theatric
fame; and as his friends were strongly of opinion, that his
genius excelled in the sentimental and pathetic, he was
persuaded to make a trial of it in tragedy, and soon after
presented the public with “Clementina.
” In School for Wives.
”
By this manoeuvre he completely deceived the critics, who
had not yet forgot their resentment; for the play was
prepared for the stage, and represented, without the least
discovery of his relation to it; though they pretended to
be perfectly well acquainted with Mr. Kelly’s style and
manner of writing. However, after the character of the
play was fully established, and any farther concealment
became unnecessary, Mr. Addington very genteelly, in a
public advertisement, resigned his borrowed plumes, and
the real author was invested with that share of reputation
to which he was entitled.
But, whilst Kelly was employed in these theatric pursuits, he was too wise to depend
But, whilst Kelly was employed in these theatric pursuits, he was too wise to depend solely on their precarious success for the support of his family. He had, therefore, some years before this period, resolved to study the law, had become a member of the society of the Middle Temple, and was called to the bar so early as 1774. His proficiency in that science was such as afforded the most promising hopes that, had he lived, he would in a little time have made a distinguished figure in that profession.
His next production was the farce of a “Romance of an Hour,” which made its appearance
His next production was the farce of a “Romance of an
Hour,
” which made its appearance about this time. This
performance, though borrowed from Marmontel, he so
perfectly naturalised, that it bears every mark of an original. The comedy of “The Man of Reason
” followed this
piece of genuine humour, but was attended with less success than any of his former productions. This was his last
attempt, for the sedentary life, to which his constant
labour subjected him, injured his health; and early in 1777
an abscess, formed in his side, after a few days illness, put
a period to his life February 3d, at his house in Goughsquare, in the 38th year of his age. He left behind him a
widow and five children, of the last of which she was delivered about a month after his death. Very soon after his
death, his comedy of “A Word to the Wise
” was revived
for the benefit of his wife and family, and introduced by
an elegant and pathetic prologue written by Dr. Johnson,
which was heard with the most respectful attention. About
the same time an edition of his works was published in 4to,
with a life of the author.
, a learned English clergyman, was born Nov. 1, 1750, at Douglas, in the Isle of Man. Descended
, a learned English clergyman, was born
Nov. 1, 1750, at Douglas, in the Isle of Man. Descended
from a line of forefathers who had from time immemorial
possessed a small freehold near that town, called Aalcaer,
which devolved on the doctor, he was placed under the
tuiton of the rev. Philip Moore, master of the free grammar-school of Douglas, where he became speedily distinguished by quickness of intellect, and the rapidity of his
classical progress. From the pupil he became the favourite
and the companion of his instructor, whose regard he appears to have particularly conciliated by his skill in the
vernacular dialect of the Celtic tongue, spoken in that
island. When not seventeen, young Kelly attempted the
difficult task of reducing to writing the grammatical rules,
and proceeded to compile a dictionary of the tongue. The
obvious difficulties of such an undertaking to a school- boy
may be estimated by the reflection that this was the very
first attempt to embody, to arrange, or to grammaticize,
this language: that it was made without any aid whatever
from books, Mss or from oral communications; but
merely by dint of observation on the conversation of his
unlettered countrymen. It happened at this moment that
Dr. Hildesley, the then bishop of Sodor and Man, had
brought to maturity his benevolent plan of bestowing on
the natives of the island a translation of the Holy Scriptures, of the Common Prayer book, and of some religious
tracts, in their own idiom. His lordship most gladly availed
himself of the talents and attainments of this young man,
and prevailed on him to dedicate several years of his life
to his lordship’s favourite object. The Scriptures had been
distributed in portions amongst the insular clergy, for each,
to translate his part: on Mr. K. the serious charge was.
imposed of revising, correcting, and giving uniformity to
these several translations of the Old Testament; and also
that of conducting through the press the whole of these
publications. In June 1768 he entered on his duties: in
April 1770 he transmitted the first portion to Whitehaven,
where the work was printed; but when conveying the second, he was shipwrecked, and narrowly escaped perishing. The ms. with which he was charged was held five
hours above water; and was nearly the only article on
board preserved. In the course of “his labours in the
vineyard,
” he transcribed, with his own hand, all the
books of the Old Testament three several times. The
whole impression was completed, under his guidance, in
December 1772, speedily after the worthy bishop died.
n from the Episcopal congregation at Air, in North Britain, to become their pastor. On this title he was ordained by the bishop of Carlisle, before whom he preached
In 1776, Mr. Kelly received an invitation from the Episcopal congregation at Air, in North Britain, to become their pastor. On this title he was ordained by the bishop of Carlisle, before whom he preached the ordination sermon. From that time lip continued to reside at Air till 1779, when he was engaged by his grace the duke of Gordon as tutor to his son the marquis of Huntley. The studies of this gallant young nobleman Mr. K. continued to direct at Eton and Cambridge; and afterwards accompanied him on a tour to the Continent. After his return, in 1791, by the interest of his noble patron, Mr. K. obtained from the chancellor the presentation to the vicarage of Ardl< igh near Colchester, which preferment he continued to hold till 1807. Being presented by the chancellor to the more valuable rectory of Copford in the same neighbourhood, Dr. Kelly had the satisfaction of being enabled to resign his vicarage of Ardleigh in favour of his friend and brother-in-law the rev. Henry Bishop.
He was of St. John’s-college, Cambridge, where he proceeded LL. B.
He was of St. John’s-college, Cambridge, where he proceeded LL. B. 1794, LL. D. 1799. In 1803 he corrected
and sent to the press the grammatical notes on his native
dialect, above alluded to: these were printed by Nichols
and Son, with a neat Dedication to the doctor’s former
pupil, under the title of “A Practical Grammar of the ancient Gaelic, or language of the Isle of Man, usually called
Manks.
”
f the tongue as are really useful, Dr. Kelly proceeded, con amore, with his task. As it advanced, it was transmitted to the press: in 1808, 63 sheets were printed; and
In 1805 he issued proposals for printing “A Triglot
Dictionary of the Celtic tongue, as spoken in the Highlands of Scotland, Ireland, and the Isle of Man;
” and
bestowed considerable pains in bringing to completion this
useful and curious work. It has been the misfortune of
Celtic literature, that those learned persons whose maternal tongue happens to have been one of these dialects,
faave usually treated it with neglect: but it has been its
still greater misfortune to be overlaid and made ridiculous
by the reveries of many of those whose “zeal
” is utterly
u without knowledge" of the subject on which they descant.
Dr. Kelly furnished the rare and probably solitary example
of a competent skill in these three last surviving dialects of
the Celtic. With every aid which could be afforded by a
well-grounded knowledge of the learned languages, and of
the principal tongues now spoken in Europe, and with
every attention to such prior memorials of the tongue as
are really useful, Dr. Kelly proceeded, con amore, with his
task. As it advanced, it was transmitted to the press: in
1808, 63 sheets were printed; and the first part of the
Dictionary, English turned into the three dialects, was
nearly or quite completed, when the fire at Messrs. Nichols’s, which we have had such frequent occasion to lament,
reduced to ashes the whole i npression. The doctor’s Mss.
and some of the corrected proofs, it is understood, remain
with the family; but whether the printing may ever be resumed, is doubtful. The doctor gave to the press an
Assize Sermon, preached at Chelmsford; and a sermon for
the benefit of a certain charitable institution preached likewise at the same place. The former was printed at the
instance of chief baron Macdonald; the latter, at the
earnest request of the right hon. lord Woodhouse.
In 1785 Dr. Kelly married Louisa, eldest daughter of
Mr. Peter Dollond, of St. Paul’s church-yard. A short
memoir was printed in 1808 of Mrs. Kelly’s grandfather,
Mr. John Dollond, which we have already noticed in our
account of that ingenious man. Whilst in possession of
good health and spirits, with the prospect of many happy
and ustful years yet to come, Dr. Kelly was seized by a
typhus: after a short struggle, he expired Nov. 12, 1809,
very sincerely regretted. To acuteness of intellect, sound
and various learning, were added a disposition gentle, generous, and affectionate. His last remains, accompanied to
the grave by his parishioners in a body, were interred on
the 17th of November in his own parish-church, when an
occasional discourse was delivered from the pulpit by the
rev. J. G. Taylor, of Dedham near Colchester. Dr. Kelly
left an only son, a fellow of St. John’s-college, Cambridge.
, a pious and learned regular canon, and one of the most eminent men in the fifteenth century, was born 1380, at Kemp, a village in the diocese oi Cologn, from
, a pious and learned regular
canon, and one of the most eminent men in the fifteenth
century, was born 1380, at Kemp, a village in the diocese
oi Cologn, from whence he took his name. He studied at
Deventer, in the community of poor scholars established
by Gerard Groot, made great progress both in learning
and piety, and in 1399 entered the monastery of regular
canons of Mount St. Agnes, near Zwol, where his brother
was prior. Thomas a Kempis distinguished himself in
this situation by his eminent piety, his respect for his superiors, and his charity towards his brethren; and died in
great reputation for sanctity, July 25, 1471, aged ninetyone. He left a great number of religious works, which
breathe a spirit of tender, solid, and enlightened piety, of
which a collection was printed at Antwerp, 1615, 3 torn.
8vo. The abbe de Bellegarde translated part of his works
into French, under the title of “Suite du Livre de I'lmitation,
” 24mo, and Pere Valette, under that of “Elevation a J. C. sur sa vie et ses mysteries,
” 12mo. The
learned Joducus Badius Ascensius was the first who attributed the celebrated book on the Imitation of Jesus Christ
to Thomas a Kempis, in which he has been followed by
Francis de Tob, a regular canon, who in favour of this
opinion quotes the Mss. which may still be seen in Thomas
a Kempis’s own hand. On the other hand, Pere Possevin,
a Jesuit, was the first who attributed this work to the
abbot John Gersen or Gessen, in his “Apparatus sacer,
”
which opinion has been adopted by the Benedictines of
the congregations de St. Maur. M. Vallart, in his edition
of the “Imitation,
” supposes it to be more ancient than
Thomas a Kempis, and that it was written by Gersen.
Those who wish to be acquainted with the disputes which
arose on this subject between the Benedictines, who are
for Gersen, and the regular canons of the congregation of
St. Genevieve, who are for Thomas a Kempis, may consult the curious account of them which Dom. Vincent
Thuilier nas prefixed to torn. 1. of Mabillon’s and Ruinart’s Posthumous Works, or Dupin’s History, who has
also entered deeply into the controversy. The first Latin
edition is 1492, 12mo, Gothic. There was at that time
an old French translation under the title of ‘L’lnternelle
Consolation,“the language of which appears as old as
Thomas a Kempis, which has raised a doubt whether the
book was originally written in Latin or French. The abbe
”
Langlet has taken a chapter from this ancient translation,
which is not in the Latin versions. Dr. Stanhope translated it into English, and there are numerous editions of it
in every known language.
, the deprived bishop of Bath and Wells, was descended from an ancient family seated at Kenplace, in Somersetshire,
, the deprived bishop of Bath and Wells,
was descended from an ancient family seated at Kenplace, in Somersetshire, and born at Berkhamstead, in
Hertfordshire, July 1637. At the age of thirteen he was
sent to Winchester-school; and thence removed to Newcollege, in Oxford, of which he became a probationerfellow in 1657. He took his degrees regularly, and pursued his studies closely for many years; and in 1666 he
removed to Winchester-college, being chosen fellow of
that society. Not long after this, he was appointed domestic chaplain to Morley, bishop of that see, who presented him first to the rectory of Brixton, in the Isle of
Wight, and afterwards to a prebend in the church of Westminster, 1669. In 1674 he made a tour to Rome, with
his nephew Mr. Isaac Walton, then B. A. in Christchurch, in Oxford; and after his return, took his degrees in divinity, 1679. Not long after, being appointed
chaplain to the princess of Orange, he went to Holland. Here his prudence and piety gained him the esteem
and confidence of his mistress; but in the course of his
office, he happened to incur the displeasure of her consort, by obliging one of his favourites to perform a promise
of marriage with a young lady of the princess’s train, whom
he had seduced by that contract. This zeal in Ken so
offended the prince, afterwards king William, that he very
warmly threatened to turn him away from the service;
which Ken as warmly resenting, requested leave of the
princess to return home, and would* not consent to stay
till intreated by the prince in person. About a year after,
however, he returned to England, and was appointed in
quality of chaplain, to attend lord Dartmouth with the
royal commission to demolish the fortifications of Tangier.
The doctor returned with this nobleman April 1684; and
was immediately advanced to be chaplain to the king, by
an order from his majesty himself. Not only the nature
of the post, but the gracious manner of conferring it, evidently shewed that it was intended as a step to future favours; and this was so well understood, that, upon the
removal of the court to pass the summer at Winchester,
the doctor’s prebendal house was pitched upon for the use
of Mrs. Eleanor Gwyn. But Ken was too pious even to
countenance vice in his royal benefactor; and therefore
positively refused admittance to the royal mistress, which
the king, however, did not take amiss, as he knew the
sincerity of the man; and, previous to any application, nominated him soon after to the bishopric of Bath and Wells.
A few days after this, the king was seized with the illness
of which he died; during which, the doctor thought it his
duty to attend him very constantly, and did his utmost to
awaken his conscience. Bishop Burnet tells us that he
spoke on that occasion “with great elevation of thought
and expression, and like a man inspired.
” This pious
duty was the cause of delaying his admission to the temporalities of the see of Wells; so that when king James
came to the crown, new instruments were prepared for
that purpose.
When he was settled in his see, he attended closely to his episcopal function.
When he was settled in his see, he attended closely to
his episcopal function. He published “An Exposition of
the Church Catechism
” in Prayers for the Use of the Bath.
” Nor was he less
zealous as a guardian of the national church in general, in
opposing the attempts to introduce popery. He did not
indeed take part in the popish controversy, then agitated
so warmly for he had very little of a controversial turn
but from the pulpit, he frequently took occasion to mark
and confute the errors of popery; nor did he spare, when
his duty to the church of England more especially called
for it, to take the opportunity of the royal pulpit, to set
before the court their injurious and unmanly politics, in
projecting a coalition of the sectaries. For some time he
held, in appearance, the same place in the favour of king
James as he had holden in the former reign; and some attempts were made to gain him over to the interest of the
popish party at court, but these were in vain; for when
the declaration of indulgence was strictly commanded to
be read, by virtue of a dispensing power claimed by the
king, this bishop was one of the seven who openly opposed
the reading of it: for which he was sent, with his six
brethren, to the Tower. Yet though in this he ventured to
disobey his sovereign for the sake of his religion, yet he
would not violate his conscience by transferring his allegiance from him. When the prince of Orange therefore
came over, and the revolution took place, the bishop retired; and as soon as king William was seated on the
throne, and the new oath of allegiance was required, he,
by his refusal, suffered himself to be deprived. After his
deprivation, he resided at Longleate, a seat of the lord
viscount Weyrnouth, in Wiltshire; whence he sometimes
made a visit to his nephew, Mr. Isaac Walton, at Salisbury,
who was a prebendary of that church. In this retirement
he composed many pious works, some of the poetical kind;
for he had an inclination for poetry, and had many years
before written an epic poem of 13 books, entitled “Edmund,
” which was not published till after his death.
There is a prosaic flatness in this work; but some of his
Hymns and other compositions, have more of the spirit of
poetry, and give us an idea of that devotion which animated the author. It is said that when he was afflicted
with the colic, to which he was very subject, he frequently
amused himself with writing verses. Hence some of his
pious poems are entitled “Anodynes, or the Alleviation of
Pain.
”
ishop Ken did not mix in any of the disputes or attempts of his party, though it is very probable he was earnestly solicited to it; since we find the deprived bishop
Bishop Ken did not mix in any of the disputes or
attempts of his party, though it is very probable he
was earnestly solicited to it; since we find the deprived
bishop of Ely, Dr. Turner, his particular friend, with whom
fee had begun an intimacy at Winchester school, so deeply
engaged in it. He never concurred in opinion with those
nonjurors who were for continuing a separation from the
established church by private consecrations among themselves, yet he looked on the spiritual relation to his diocese
to be still in full force, during the life of his first successor,
Dr. Kidder; but, after his decease in 1703, upon the
nomination of Dr. Hooper to the diocese, he requested
that gentleman to accept it, and afterwards subscribed
himself “late bishop of Bath and Wells.
” The queen,
who highly respected him, settled upon him a pension of
200l. per annum, which was punctually paid out of the
treasury as long as he lived. He had been afflicted from
1696 with severe cholicky pains, and at length symptoms
being apparent of an ulcer in his kidneys, he went to
Bristol in 1710 for the benefit of the hot wells, and there
continued till November, when he removed to Leweston,
near Sherborne, in Dorsetshire, a seat belonging to the
hon. Mrs. Thynne. There a paralytic attack, which deprived him of the use of one side, confined him to his
chamber till about the middle of March; when being,
as he thought, able to go to Bath, he set out, but died at
Longleate, in his way thither, March 19, 1710-11. It is
said that he had travelled for many years with his shroud in
his portmanteau; and that he put it on as soon as he came
to Longleate, giving notice of it the day before his death,
to prevent his body from being stripped.
st of devotional pieces in verse and prose. Various reports having been industriously spread that he was tainted with popish errors, and not steadfast to the doctrine
His works were published in 1721, in four volumes; and
consist of devotional pieces in verse and prose. Various
reports having been industriously spread that he was tainted
with popish errors, and not steadfast to the doctrine of the
church of England, it was thought proper to publish the
following paragraph, transcribed from his will “As for
my religion, I die in the holy catholic and apostolic faith,
professed by the whole church, before the disunion of East
and West; more particularly, I die in the communion of
the church of England, as it stands distinguished from all
papal and puritan innovations, and as it adheres to the doctrine of the cross.
”
, bishop of St. Andrew’s, Scotland, and founder of the college of St. Salvator there, was the younger son of James Kennedy, of Dunmure, by the lady Mary,
, bishop of St. Andrew’s, Scotland, and founder of the college of St. Salvator there, was the younger son of James Kennedy, of Dunmure, by the lady Mary, countess of Angus, his wife, daughter of Robert III. king of Scotland. He was born in 1405, or 1406, and after some preparatory education at home, was sent abroad for his philosophical and theological studies. Entering into holy orders, he was preferred by James I. to the bishopric of Dunkeld in 1437. In order to be better qualified to reform the abuses which had crept into his diocese, he undertook a journey to pope Eugenius IV. then at Florence, but the schism which then prevailed in the church of Rome prevented his procuring the necessary powers. The pope, however, to show his esteem for him, gave him the abbey of Scoon in commendam. In 1440, while he was at Florence, the see of St. Andrew’s becoming vacant, was conferred upon him: and on his return, after being admitted in due form, he restored order and discipline throughout his diocese. In 1444 he was made lord chancellor, but not finding his power equal to his inclination to do good in this office, he resigned it within a few weeks. The nation being much distracted by party feuds during the minority of James II. and bishop Kennedy finding himself unable to compose these differences, determined to go again abroad, and try what he could do in healing that schism in the papacy which had so long disturbed the quiet of the church. With this view he undertook a journey to Rome, with a retinue of thirty persons; and it being necessary to pass through England, he obtained a safe conduct from Henry VI. dated May 28, 1446.
It does not appear that he was very successful as to the objects of this journey; but on his
It does not appear that he was very successful as to the
objects of this journey; but on his return home he achieved
what was more easy and more to his honour. This was his
founding a college, or university, at St. Andrew’s, called
St. Salvator’s, which he liberally endowed for the maintenance of a provost, four regents, and eight bursars, or
exhibitioners. He founded also the collegiate church within the precincts of the college, in which is his tomb, of exquisite workmanship: a few years ago, six magnificent
silver maces were discovered within the tomb, exact models
of it. One was presented to each of the three other Scotch
universities, and three are preserved in the college. He
founded also the abbey of the Observantines, which was
finished by his successor, bishop Graham, in 1478, but is
now a ruin. During the minority of James III. he was appointed one of the lords of the regency, but in fact was
allowed the whole power, and, according to Buchanan and
Spotswood, conducted himself with great prudence. Hedied May 10, 1466, and was interred in his collegiate
church. In his private character he was frugal, but magnificent in his expences for the promotion of religion and
learning. He is, said to have written some political advices,
“Monita Politica,
” and a History of his own times, both
probably lost.
considerably. Dr. Kennedy, in his “Dissertation on the Coins of Carausius,” as-, serted, that Oriuna was that emperor’s guardian goddess. Dr. Stukeley, in his “Palæographia
, a native of Scotland, who
resided some time in Smyrna, and died at an advanced age,
Jan. 26, 1760, is recorded as an antiquary of some abilities,
although we know very little of his history. He had a collection of about 200 pictures, amongst which were two
heads of himself by Keysing; he had also a very valuable
collection of Greek and Latin coins, which, with the pictures, were sold by auction in 1760. Amongst the Roman
coins were 256 of Carausius, 9 of them silver, and 89 of
Alectus; these coins of Carausius and Alectus were purchased by P. C. Webb, esq. the 256 for 70l. and thp 8$
for 16l. 10s. They were afterwards bought by Dr. Hunter,
who added to the number very considerably. Dr. Kennedy, in his “Dissertation on the Coins of Carausius,
” as-,
serted, that Oriuna was that emperor’s guardian goddess.
Dr. Stukeley, in his “Palæographia Britannica, No. III,
1752,
” 4to, affirmed she was his wife; to which Dr. Kennedy replied in “Farther Observations,
” &c. History of Carausius,
”
eface to Historic Doubts, “used to pass for the Moon; of late years it is become a doubt whether she was not his consort. It is of little importance whether she was
“Oriuna, on the medals of Carausius,
” says Mr. Waipole, in his preface to Historic Doubts, “used to pass for
the Moon; of late years it is become a doubt whether she
was not his consort. It is of little importance whether she
was moon or empress; but how little must we know of those
times, when those land-marks to certainty, royal names,
do not serve evn that purpose In the cabinet of the
king of France are several coins of sovereigns whose country cannot be guessed at.
”
, an English writer, and bishop of Peterborough, was the son of the rev. Basil Kennet, rector of Dunchurch, and vicar
, an English writer, and bishop of
Peterborough, was the son of the rev. Basil Kennet, rector of Dunchurch, and vicar of Postling, near Hythe, in
Kent, and was born at Dover, Aug. 10, 1660. He was
called White, from his mother’s father, one Mr. Thomas
White, a wealthy magistrate at Dover, who had formerly
been a master shipwright there. When he was a little
grown up, he was sent to Westminster-school, with a view
of getting upon the foundation; but, being seized with
the srnall-pox at the time of the election, it was thought
advisable to take him away. In June 1678 he was entered
of St. Edmund-hall in Oxford, where he was pupil to Mr.
Allam, a very celebrated tutor, who took a particular pleasure in imposing exercises on him, which he would often
read in the common room with great approbation. It was
by Mr. Allam’s advice that he translated Erasmus on Folly,
and some other pieces for the Oxford booksellers. Under
this tutor he applied hard to study, and commenced an
author in politics, even while he was an under-graduate;
for, in 1680, he published “A Letter from a student at
Oxford to a friend in the country, concerning the approaching parliament, in vindication of his majesty, the
church of England, and tfye university:
” with which the
whig party, as it then began to be called, in the House of
Commons, were so much offended, that inquiries were made
after the author, in order to have him punished. In March
1681 he published, in the same spirit of party, “a Poem,
”
that is, “a Ballad,
” addressed “to Mr. E. L. on his majesty’s
dissolving the late parliament at Oxford,
” which was printed
on one side of a sheet of paper, and began, “An atheist
now must a monster be,
” &c. He took his bachelor’s degree in May Morise encomium,
” which he entitled “Wit
against Wisdom, or a Panegyric upon Folly,
” which, as
we have already noticed, his tutor had advised him to
undertake. He proceeded M. A. Jan. 22, 1684; and, the
same year, was presented by sir William Glynne, bart. to
the vicarage of Amersden, or Ambroseden, in Oxfordshire;
which favour was procured him by his patron’s eldest son,
who was his contemporary in the halh To this patron he
dedicated “Pliny’s Panegyric,
” which he translated in
An address of thanks
to a good prince, presented in the Panegyric of Pliny upon
Trajan, the best of the Roman emperors.
” It was reprinted in Postscript
” to the translation
of his “Convocation Sermon,
” in The remarker
says, the doctor dedicated Pliny’s Panegyric to the late
king James: and, what if he did? Only it appears he did
not. This is an idle tale among the party, who, perhaps,
have told it till they believe it: when the truth is, there
was no such dedication, and the translation itself of Pliny
was not designed for any court address. The young translator’s tutor, Mr. Allam, directed his pupil, by way of exercise, to turn some Latin tracts into English. The first
was a little book of Erasmus, entitled,
” Moriae Encomiumu;“which the tutor was pleased to give to a bookseller in Oxford, who put it in the press while the translator was but an
under-graduate. Another sort of task required by his tutor
was this ‘ Panegyric of Pliny upon Trajan,’ which he likewise gave to a bookseller in Oxford, before the translator
was M. A. designing to have it published in the reign, of
king Charles; and a small cut of that prince at full length
was prepared, and afterwards put before several of the
books, though the impression happened to be retarded till
the death of king Charles; and then the same tutor, not
long before his own death, advised a new preface, adapted
to the then received opinion of king James’s being a just
and good prince. However, there was no dedication to
king James, but to a private patron, a worthy baronet, who
came in heartily to the beginning of the late happy revolution. This is the whole truth of that story, that hath
been so often cast at the doctor not that he thinks himself
obliged to defend every thought and expression of his
juvenile studies, when he had possibly been trained up to
some notions, which he afterwards found reason to put
away as childish things.
”
In 1689, as he was exercising himself in shooting, he had the misfortune to be
In 1689, as he was exercising himself in shooting, he
had the misfortune to be dangerously wounded in the forehead by the bursting of the gun. Both the tables of his
skull were broken, which occasioned him constantly to
wear a black velvet patch on that part. He lay a considerable time under this accident; and it is said, that while he
was in great disorder both of body and brain, just after he
had undergone the severe operation of trepanning, he made
a copy of Latin verses, and dictated them to a friend at
his bed-side. The copy was transmitted to his patron, sir
William Glynne, in whose study it was found, after the
author had forgot every thing but the sad occasion: and
the writer of his life tells us, that “it was then in his possession, and thought, by good judges, to be no reproach
to the author.
” He was too young a divine to engage in
the famous popish controversy; but he distinguished himself by preaching against popery. He likewise refused to
read the declaration for liberty of conscience in 1688, and
went with the body of the clergy in the diocese of Oxford,
when they rejected an address to king James, recommended by bishop Parker in the same year. While he continued at Amersden, he contracted an acquaintance with Dr.
George Hickes, whom he entertained in his house, and
was instructed by him in the Saxon and Northern tongues;
though their different principles in church and state afterwards dissolved the friendship between them. In September 1691, he was chosen lecturer of St. Martin’s in Oxford,
having some time before been invited back to Edmund-hall,
to be tutor and vice-principal there; where he lived in
friendship with the learned Dr. Mill, the editor of the New
Testament, who was then principal of that house. In
February 1692, he addressed a letter from Edmund-hall to
Brome, the editor of Somner’s “Treatise of the Roman
Ports and Forts in Kent,
” containing an account of the
life of that famous antiquary; which gave him an opportunity of displaying his knowledge in the history of the
Saxon language in England. In February 1693, he was
presented to the rectory of Shottesbrook, in Berkshire, by
William Cherry, esq. the father of one of his fellow-students at college, but he still resided at Oxford, where he
diligently pursued and encouraged the study of antiquities.
We have a strong attestation to this part of his character
from Gibson, afterwards bishop of London, who publishing, in 1694, a translation of Somner’s treatise, written in
answer to Chifflet, concerning the situation of the Portus
Iccius on the coast of France, opposite to Kent, where
Caesar embarked for the invasion of this island, introduced
it to the world with a dedication to Mr. Kennet.
On May 5, 1694, he took the degree of B. D. that of D. D. July 19, 1699 and in 1700, was appointed minister of St. Botolph Aldgate in London, without
On May 5, 1694, he took the degree of B. D. that of
D. D. July 19, 1699 and in 1700, was appointed minister
of St. Botolph Aldgate in London, without any solicitation
of his own. In 1701, he engaged against Dr. Atterbury,
in the disputes about the rights of convocation, of which
he became a member about this time, as archdeacon of
Huntingdon; to which dignity he was advanced the same
year by Dr. Gardiner, bishop of Lincoln. He now grew
into great esteem by those who were deemed the lowchurch party, and particularly with Tenison the archbishop
of Canterbury. He preached a sermon at Aldgate, January
30, 1703, which exposed him to great clamour, and occasioned many pamphlets to be written against it; and in
1705, when Dr. Wake was advanced to the see of Lincoln,
was appointed to preach his consecration sermon; which
was so much admired by lord chief-justice Holt, that he
declared, “it had more in it to the purpose of the legal and
Christian constitution of this church than any volume of
discourses.
” About the same time, some booksellers, having undertaken to print a collection of the best writers of
the English history, as far as to the reign of Charles I. in
two folio volumes, prevailed with Dr. Kennet to prepare a
third volume, which should carry the history down to the
then present reign of queen Anne. This, being finished
with a particular preface, was published with the other two,
tinder the title of “A complete History of England, &c.
”
in the preacher had built a bridge to heaven for men of wit
and parts, but excluded the duller part of mankind from
any chance of passing it.
” This charge was grounded on
the following passage; where, speaking of a late repentance, he says, that “this rarely happens but in men of
distinguished sense and judgment. Ordinary abilities may
Jt>e altogether sunk by a long vicious course of life: the
duller flame is easily extinguished. The meaner sinful
wretches are commonly given up to a reprobate mind, and
die as stupidly as they lived; while the nobler and brighter
parts have an advantage of understanding the worth of their
souls before they resign them. If they are allowed the
benefit of sickness, they commonly awake out of their
dream of sin, and reflect, and look upward. They acknowledge an infinite being they feel their own immortal part
they recollect and relish the holy Scriptures they call for
the elders of the church they think what to answer at a
judgment-seat. Not that God is a respecter of persons,
but the difference is in men; and, the more intelligent
nature is, the more susceptible of the divine grace.
” Of
this sermon a new edition, with “Memoirs of the Family
of Cavendish,
” and notes and illustrations, was published
in
ce this sermon might give to others, it did not offend the succeeding duke of Devonshire, to whom it was dedicated, who, on the contrary, recommended the doctor to the
Whatever offence this sermon might give to others, it
did not offend the succeeding duke of Devonshire, to whom
it was dedicated, who, on the contrary, recommended the
doctor to the queen for the deanery of Peterborough, which
he obtained in 1707. In 1709, he published “A Vindication of the Church and Clergy of England from some
]ate Reproaches rudely and unjustly cast upon them
” and,
“A true Answer to Dr. SacheverelPs Sermon before the
Lord-Mayor, November 5 of that year.
” In the dean the traitor.
” It was generally said, that the original sketch was designed for a
bishop under Dr. Welton’s displeasure, which occasioned
the elbow-chair, and that this bishop was Burnet: but the
painter being apprehensive of an action of Scandalum Magnatum, leave was given him to drop the bishop, and make
the dean. Multitudes of people came daily to the church
to admire the sight; but it was esteemed so insolent a contempt of all that is sacred, that, upon the complaint of
others, (for the dean never saw or seemed to regard it, the bishop of London obliged those who set the picture up to take it down again. But these arts and contrivances to expose him, instead of discouraging, served only to animate him; and he continued to write and act as usual in the defence of that cause which he had espoused and pushed so vigorously hitherto. In the mean time, he employed his leisure-hours in things of a different nature; but which, he thought, would be no
less serviceable to the public good. In 1713, he made a
large collection of books, charts, maps, and papers, at his
own expence, with a design of writing “A full History of
the Propagation of Christianity in the English American
Colonies;
” and published a catalogue of all the distinct
treatises and papers, in the order of time as they were first
printed or written, under this title, “Bibliothecae Americanae primordia.
” About the same time he founded “an
antiquarian and historical library
” at Peterborough; for
which purpose he had long been gathering up pieces, from
the very beginning of printing in England to the latter end
of queen Elizabeth’s reign. In the rebellion of 1715, he
published a sermon upon “the witchcraft of the present
Rebellion;
” and, the two following years, was very zealous
for repealing the acts against occasional conformity and
the growth of schism. He also warmly opposed the proceedings in the convocation against Hoadly, then bishop of
Bangor which was thought to hurt him so as to prove an
effectual bar to his farther advancement in the church
nevertheless, he was afterwards promoted to the see of
Peterborough, November 1718. He continued to print
several things after his last promotion, which he lived to
enjoy something above ten years; and then died in his
house in James’s-street, December 19, 1728. His numerous and valuable ms collections, which were once in the
collection of Mr. West, were purchased by the earl of
Shelburne, afterwards marquis of Lansdowne, and sold
with the rest of his lordship’s Mss. to the British Museum,
where they are now deposited. Among these are two volumes in a large Atlas folio, which were intended for publication under the following comprehensive title “Diptycha Ecclesise Anglicanae sive Tabulae Sacrse in quibus
facili ordine recensentur Archiepiscopi, Episcopi, eorumque Suffraganei, Vicarii Generales, et Cancellarii; Ecclesiarum insuper Cathedralium Priores, Decani, Thesaurarii,
Praecentores, Cancellarii, Archidiaconi, & melioris notae
Canonici, continua serie deducti a Gulielmi I. Conquestu,
ad auspicata Gul. III. tempora.
”
fess, could not but despise him. When I came to the an ti- chamber to wait before prayers, Dr. Swift was the principal man of talk and business, and acted as a master
"Dr. Swift came into the coffee-house, and had a bow from every body but me, who, I confess, could not but despise him. When I came to the an ti- chamber to wait before prayers, Dr. Swift was the principal man of talk and business, and acted as a master of requests. He was soliciting the earl of Arran to speak to his brother the duke of Ormond, to get a chaplain’s place established in the garrison of Hull for Mr. Fiddes, a clergyman in that neighbourhood, who had lately been in gaol, and published sermons to pay fees. He was promising Mr. Thorold to undertake with my lord treasurer, that, according to his petition, he should obtain a salary of 200l. per annum, as minister of the English church at Rotterdam. Then he stopt F. Gwynne, esq. going in with his red bag to the queen, and told him aloud he had somewhat to say to him from my lord treasurer. He talked with the son of Dr. Davenant to be sent abroad, and took out his pocket-book and wrote down several things, as memoranda, to do for him. He turned to the fire, and took out his gold watch, and, telling the time of the day, complained it was very late. A gentleman said, ‘ he was too fast.’ * How can I help it,‘ says the doctor, ’ if the courtiers give me a watch that won‘t go right’ Then he instructed a young nobleman, that the best poet in England was Mr. Pope (a papist), who had begun a translation of Homer into English verse for which ‘ he must have ’em all subscribe' for, says he, the author shall not begin to print till I have a thousand guineas for him. Lord Treasurer, after leaving the queen, came through the room beckoning Dr. Swift to follow him: both went off just before prayers. 11 Nov. 3. I see and hear a great deal to confirm a doubt, that the pretender’s interest is much at the bottom of some
hand in the late book for hereditary right; and that one of them was presented to majesty itself, whom God preserve from the effect
hand in the late book for hereditary right; and that one of them was presented to majesty itself, whom God preserve from the effect of such principles and such intrigues!"
he had been enabled to devote more of his time to the illustration of literary history, to which he was early attached, and had every requisite to become a useful collector
Bishop Kennet took such an active part in the ecclesiastical and political controversies of his time, that whoever examines into the state of these must expect to find his character very differently represented. Upon a fair examination of his conduct, however, as well as his writings, it will probably be found that he did not fall much short of his contemporaries as an able divine and an honest politician. But it is as a historian and antiquary, that we feel most indebted to his labours, and could wish he had been enabled to devote more of his time to the illustration of literary history, to which he was early attached, and had every requisite to become a useful collector and biographer. As to his character in other respects, if we can rely on the rev. William Newton, the writer of his life, there was much that was exemplary. He was always indefatigable in the duties of his sacred function, had a great sense of the worth of souls, and was very solicitous to serve in the most effectual manner those committed to his care.
He was a man of great diligence and application, not only in his youth,
He was a man of great diligence and application, not
only in his youth, but even to the close of his life; and
like many other men of eminence, he began early that
pursuit, which he more or less followed during the whole
of his life. He assisted Anthony Wood in collecting materials for the “Athenae,
” and would have probably given
a valuable work of that kind to the world, had he found
leisure to methodize and complete his collections, by
which, however, men of research may yet be benefited.
He had a very extensive and valuable library, collected at
a great expence, and many of his happiest hours were
spent there. He had one practice, into which most men
of literary curiosity have fallen; that of writing notes, corrections, additions, &c. to all his books, many of which,
thus illustrated, are now in various public and private
libraries.