4, as ambassador extraordinary, where it appears that he became intimate with and subservient to the cardinal Richelieu; who used to say that he never knew but three great
, lord of Someldyck and Spyck,
one of the most celebrated negociators of the United Provinces, was the son of Cornelius Aarsens, (who was greffier, or secretary of state, from 1585 to 1623,) and was
born at the Hague in 1572. His father put him under the
care of Duplessis Mornay at the court of William I. prince
of Orange. The celebrated John Barnevelt sent him afterwards as agent into France; and, after residing there
some time, he was recognised as ambassador, the first
whom the French Court had received in that capacity from
the United States; and the king, Louis XIII. created him
a knight and baron. After holding this office for fifteen
years, he became obnoxious to the French Court, and was
deputed to Venice, and to several German and Italian
princes, on occasion of the troubles in Bohemia. But such
was the dislike the French king now entertained against
him, that he ordered his ambassadors in these courts not
to receive his visits. One cause of this appears to have
been a paper published by Aarsens in 1618, reflecting on
the French king’s ministers. In 1620 he was sent as ambassador to England, and again in 1641: the object of this
last embassy was to negociate a marriage between prince
William, son to the prince of Orange, and a daughter of
Charles I. Previous to this, however, we find him again
In France, in 1624, as ambassador extraordinary, where
it appears that he became intimate with and subservient to
the cardinal Richelieu; who used to say that he never
knew but three great politicians, Oxenstiern, chancellor
of Sweden, Viscardi, chancellor of Montferrat, and Francis Aarsens. His character, however, has not escaped just
censure, on account of the hand he had in the death of
Barnevelt, and of some measures unfriendly to the liberties
of his country. He died in 1641. The editors of the Diet.
Historique attribute to him “A Journey into Spain, historical and political,
” published by De Sercy at Paris,
and Lena Strozzi, was born at Florence in 1428. His first preceptors were James Ammanati, afterwards cardinal of Pavia, and Leonard d'Arezzo. He afterwards studied Greek
was of an illustrious family,
being descended on the father’s side from Justin, nephew
to Justinian emperor of Constantinople, and also from the
dukes of Athens, Bohemia, and Corinth. His ancestors
bad enjoyect very honourable posts in the kingdom of
Naples, and had also been viceroys of Sicily, and generals.
Some of them had filled very high employments in the republic of Florence, had been ambassadors to several powers
of Europe, were related to all the princes of the Morea
and adjacent islands, raised to the dignity orcardinal; and
had erected several splendid Carthusian monasteries in Florence, Naples, &c. Our author, the son of Neri Acciaioli
and Lena Strozzi, was born at Florence in 1428. His first
preceptors were James Ammanati, afterwards cardinal of
Pavia, and Leonard d'Arezzo. He afterwards studied
Greek under Argyropilus, and became one of the first
Greek scholars of his time. He was one of the celebrated
literary parties at which Lorenzo de Me.lici presided. Excelling in rhetoric, philosophy, and mathematics, he would
have attained a very high rank in the republic of letters,
if his weak state of health, and the part he took in the
affairs of his country, had not interrupted his studies. He
filled several employments in the state, and gave universal
satisfaction. In 1475 he was gonfalonier, or ensign of
the republic, and died in 1478 at Milan, when on his way
to Paris as ambassador from the Florentines. This circumstance was a subject of the sincerest grief to the Florentines, who well knew how to appreciate the virtues of
their fellow-citizens, and omitted no opportunity of inciting the patriotism of the living, by the honours they
bestowed on the memory of the dead. A sumptuous funeral was decreed to his remains, which were brought to
Florence for that purpose. Lorenzo de Medici and three
other eminent citizens were appointed curators of his
children, and the daughters had considerable portions assigned them from the public treasury. The celebrated
Angelo Politian wrote his epitaph, and Christopher Landino pronounced the funeral oration. His works are:
1. “Expositio super libros Ethicorum Aristotelis, in novam
traductionem Argyropili,
” Florence, In
Aristotelis libros octp Politicorum commentarii,
” Venice,
The Latin
history of Florence, by Leonard d'Arezzo, translated into
Italian,
” Venice,
aise of the city of Rome, printed in 4to, without place, printer, or date; but the dedication to the cardinal Julio de Medici is dated 26 May 1518. In 1495 he published Politian’s
While attending a general chapter of his order at Naples
in 1515, he made an oration in Latin in praise of the city
of Naples, which he afterwards published. He also translated into Latin, Eusebius of Caesarea, Olympiodorus, and
Theodoret, and is supposed to have been the translator of
the greater part of the works of Justin Martyr. Among
his remaining works is an oration in praise of the city of
Rome, printed in 4to, without place, printer, or date; but
the dedication to the cardinal Julio de Medici is dated 26
May 1518. In 1495 he published Politian’s Greek epigrams, which were recommended to his care by the author
in his last moments. He translated also into Latin verse
the Greek address of Marcus Musurus to Leo X. prefixed
to the first edition of Plato. Giraldi, in his first dialogue
“De Poetis nostrorum temporum,
” admits him among the
good poets of his age; and others have bestowed great applause on his verses, a specimen of which may be seen in
the work first quoted below.
terrupted the poet by loud acclamations. The testimony of his contemporaries, and among them, of the Cardinal Bembo, will not permit us to doubt that his merit was extraordinary;
was one of the sons of the preceding, and,on account of the great fame of his poetry,
called Unico Aretino; but such of his works as have descended to our days are not calculated to preserve the very
extraordinary reputation which he enjoyed from his contemporaries. According to them, no fame could be equal
to what he obtained at the court of Urbino and at Rome,
in the time of Leo X. When it was known that the Unico
was to recite his verses, the shops were shut, and all business suspended; guards were necessary at the doors, and
the most learned scholars and prelates often interrupted
the poet by loud acclamations. The testimony of his contemporaries, and among them, of the Cardinal Bembo, will
not permit us to doubt that his merit was extraordinary;
but it is probable that he owed his fame more to his talents
at extempore verse, than to those which he prepared by
study. In the latter, however, there is an elegance of
style, and often the fancy and nerve of true poetry. His
poems were first printed at Florence in 1513, under the
title “Virginia comedia, capitoli, e strambotti di messer
Bernardo, Accolti Aretino, in Firenze (al di Francesco Rossegli),
” 8vo; and at Venice, Opera nuova del
preclarissimo messer Bernardo Accolti Aretino, scrittore
apostolico ed abbreviatore, &c.
” 8vo, and have been often
re-printed. In this volume, his comedy “Virginie,
” written, according to the custom of the age, in the ottava
rima, and other measures, obtained its name from a natural daughter, whom he gave in marriage to a nobleman,
with a large dowry. Leo X. who had an esteem for him,
gave him the employment of apostolic secretary; and is
likewise said to have given him the duchy of Nepi; but
Accolti informs us, in one of his letters to Peter Aretin,
that he purchased this with his own money, and that
Paul III. afterwards deprived him of it. The dates of his
birth and death are not known; but he was living in the
time of Ariosto, who mentions him as a person of great
consideration at the court of Urbino.
s IV. was Pope, has given rise to another story, equally without proof, that he solicited to be made Cardinal, which the Pope refused, on pretence of the injury that would
, the brother of Benedetto, and usually called Francis D'Arezzo, or Aretin, from the place of his birth, was born in 1418. The celebrated Francis Philelphus was his preceptor in polite learning; after which he studied law under the ablest professors, and became himself one of their number, teaching that faculty at Bologna, Ferrara, and Sienna. He was for five years secretary to the duke of Milan, and died of the stone at the baths of Sienna, in 1483. He has been accused, but without proof, of the grossest avarice. If he left vast wealth, it was owing to the profits of his profession, of which he was acknowledged to be the ablest and most successful practitioner. A journey which he made to Rome, when Sixtus IV. was Pope, has given rise to another story, equally without proof, that he solicited to be made Cardinal, which the Pope refused, on pretence of the injury that would accrue to learning from such a promotion. Another story is recorded, more to his honour. While professor of law at Ferrara, he had occasion to lecture to his scholars on the advantages of a character known for probity and honour; and, in order to exemplify his doctrine, he went in the night, accompanied by only one servant, broke open the butchers’ stalls, and took away some pieces. The law-students were immediately suspected of the robbery, and two of them, of indifferent character, were imprisoned. The Professor then went before the Duke, demanded their release, and accused himself: having proved the fact, which was with difficulty believed, he took the opportunity to show the advantage of a good character, and the dangers of a bad one.
fterwards went into the church, was promoted to the bishoprick of Ancona, and six years after, to be Cardinal, under the title of St. Eusebius, hut is better known by the
, another of the sons of Benedetto the historian, was born at Florence in 1455, and studied law at Pisa, where he became doctor and professor. He afterwards went into the church, was promoted to the bishoprick of Ancona, and six years after, to be Cardinal, under the title of St. Eusebius, hut is better known by the title of Cardinal of Ancona. He afterwards held seven bishopricks in Spain, Flanders, France, and Italy; and attained the higher honours of cardinal-vicar and legate. He died at Rome Dec. 12, 1532, aged 77; and left some works on law of no great importance. He was the author of the bull against Luther, which condemned forty-one propositions or that reformer. One of his natural sons, Benedict Accolti, was, in 1564j the chief of the Florentine conspiracy against Pius IV. for which he was executed.
the court of France, for a poem on the conquests of Louis XIII.; but this reward was sent him by the Cardinal Richelieu, in consequence of some verses he wrote on the birth
, grandson of the preceding, and
son of. Clearchus Achillini and Poly xena Buoi, was born at
Bologna in 1574. After studying grammar, the belles
lettres, and philosophy, he entered on the study of the
law, and prosecuted it with so much success, that he was
honoured with a doctor’s degree at the age of twenty,
Dec. 16, 1594, and became a professor of that science at
Bologna, Ferrara, and Parma, where he acquired great
reputation. His learning was so much admired that an
inscription to his honour was put up in the public schools,
and both popes and cardinals gave him hopes, which were
never realized, of making his fortune. Towards the end
of his life he lived principally in a country house called Il
Sasso, and died there Oct. 1, 1640. His body was carried to Bologna, and interred in the tomb of his ancestors
in the church of St. Martin. He is principally known now
by his poetry, in which he was an imitator of Marino, and
with much of the bad taste of his age. It has been asserted
that he received a gold chain worth a thousand crowns
from the court of France, for a poem on the conquests of
Louis XIII.; but this reward was sent him by the Cardinal
Richelieu, in consequence of some verses he wrote on the
birth of the dauphin. His poems were printed at Bologna,
1632, 4to, and were reprinted with some prose pieces,
under the title “Rime e Prose,
” Venice, Decas Epistolarum ad Jacobum Gaufridum,
” Parma,
ther Fabre. He translated also the memoirs of Montecuculli, Amsterdam, 1734, 12mo; an account of the cardinal Tournon; Atheneus; and other works. He died Nov. 12, 1735.
, a French translator of some note, was born at Vendome in 1663, and after finishing his studies, entered into the service of the prince of Conti, who appointed him to be his secretary. He was elected into the French academy in 1723, in room of the abbe Fleury. He translated part of De Thou’s history, which has London on the title, but was printed at Paris, 1734, 16 vols, 4to. This he undertook with Charles Le Beau, the abbes Mascrier, Le Due, Fontaines, Prevost, and father Fabre. He translated also the memoirs of Montecuculli, Amsterdam, 1734, 12mo; an account of the cardinal Tournon; Atheneus; and other works. He died Nov. 12, 1735.
went to Rome, with a royal pension, where he remained ten years. While here, he was employed by the cardinal de Polignac in restoring the twelve marble statues known as
, an eminent French sculptor, was born at Nancy, Feb. 10, 1700. He was the son
of Jacob-Sigisbert Adam, also a sculptor of considerable
note. At the age of eighteen, he came to Metz; but a desire
to extend his reputation made him repair to Paris, where
he arrived in 1719. After exercising his profession about
four years, he obtained the first prize, and then went to
Rome, with a royal pension, where he remained ten years.
While here, he was employed by the cardinal de Polignac
in restoring the twelve marble statues known as the “family
of Lycomedes,
” which had been discovered among the
ruins of the villa of Marius, about two leagues from Rome,
and acquitted himself with great success in a branch of the
art which is seldom rewarded or honoured in proportion to
its difficulties. He afterwards restored several antique
sculptures, of which the king of Prussia had got possession,
and which he conveyed to Berlin. When an intention was
formed of erecting that vast monument at Rome known by
the name of the “Fountain of Trevi,
” he was one of the
sixteen sculptors who gave in designs; but, although his was
adopted by pope Clement XI I. the jealousy of the Italian
artists prevented his executing it. At this time, however,
advantageous offers were made by his own country, to
which he returned, after being chosen a member of the
academies of St. Luke, and of Bologna. His first work,
after his return to France, was the groupe of the “Seine
et Marne
” for the cascade at St. Cloud. He was then employed at Choisi; and, in May 1737, was elected a member of the French academy, and professor. The piece he
exhibited on his admission was “Neptune calming the
waves,
” with a Triton at his feet; and not “Prometheus
chained to the rock,
” as some biographers have asserted,
which was the production of his brother Nicholas. He
then executed the groupe of “Neptune and Amphitrite
”
for the bason at Versailles, on which he was employed five
years, and was rewarded, besides the stipulated price,
with a pension of 500 livres. One of his best works was
the figure of “St. Jerome,
” now at St. Roch. His other
works are, a groupe of five figures and of five animals,
at Versailles, in bronze; the bas-relief of the chapel of
St. Elizabeth, in bronze; two groupes in bronze of
hunting and fishing at Berlin; “Mars caressed by Love,
”
at Bellevue; and a statue representing the enthusiasm of
poetry. In all these there are undoubted proofs of genius, but proofs likewise of the bad taste in sculpture
which prevailed in his time, and induced him, after the
example of Bernini and others, to attempt efforts which
can only be successful in painting. In 1754, he published
“Recueil de Sculptures antiques Græcques et Romanies,
”
fol. for which he made the designs. Most of these he had
purchased from the heirs of cardinal de Polignac. He died
of an apoplexy, May 15, 1759.
e, the chamber of accounts, and the abbey of St. Dennis. He was a candidate for the mausoleum of the cardinal de Fleury, and the public adjudged him the prize; but Lemoyne
, brother of the preceding, and likewise an eminent artist, was born at Nancy,
March 22, 1705. He studied under his father at Paris, and
in 1726 went to Rome. Two years after he gained one of
the prizes of the academy of St. Luke. At this time his
brother, the subject of the preceding article, and Francis,
a younger brother, were at Rome, and assisted each other
in their labours. After a residence of nine years, he returned to Paris, and with some opposition was admitted
into the academy, where he exhibited his model of “Prometheus,
” but did not execute it until long after. Next
year he executed the “martyrdom of St. Victoria,
” a bas-relief in bronze, for the royal chapel at Versailles. For
some time he assisted his brother in “the Neptune;
” but,
a disagreement occurring, quitted this, and employed
himself at the hotel Soubise, the chamber of accounts, and
the abbey of St. Dennis. He was a candidate for the
mausoleum of the cardinal de Fleury, and the public adjudged him the prize; but Lemoyne was employed. The
tomb of the queen of Poland, wife of Stanislaus, is esteemed
one of his best works. His Prometheus was finished in
1763, and the king of Prussia offered him 30,000 franks
for it; but Adam said it was executed for his master, and
no longer his own property. He died March 27, 1778, in
his 75th year. His merits as a sculptor have been thought
equal to those of his brother. It is said to have been his
constant prayer that he might be neither the first northe
last in his art, but attain an honourable middle rank, as
the surest way to avoid jealousy on the one hand, or contempt on the other; and his last biographer thinks his
prayer was heard. The younger brother, Francis-Gaspard,
exercised his profession as a sculptor for some years with
considerable reputation, and obtained a prize from the
French academy, but no important works of his are mentioned; he died at Paris in 1759.
t, he was sent to Rome, to his uncle the abbe Andrea Adami, an excellent musician, in the service of cardinal Ottoboni. At eleven years of age, he was placed by the cardinal
, an ingenious classical scholar,
was born Aug. 12, 1690, at Bolsema in Tuscany. When
an infant, he was sent to Rome, to his uncle the abbe Andrea Adami, an excellent musician, in the service of cardinal Ottoboni. At eleven years of age, he was placed by
the cardinal in a school at Rome, where he made surprising progress in his studies; but, having taken an active
part in some disturbances in that school, he fled to Leghorn to escape punishment, and went on board a French
privateer. Having experienced numerous vicissitudes in this
service, he became tired of a wandering life, and, after an
absence of twenty-six months, was forgiven and received
by his uncle. He now resumed his studies, applied to the
Hebrew, Arabic, and Syriac, but particularly the Greek,
of which he acquired a critical knowledge. Such was his
reputation, that cardinal Imperiali made him his librarian
in 1717; but he did not enjoy the situation long, as he
died of a pulmonary complaint, brought on by incessant
study, Jan. 9, 1719. His principal work, “Arcadicorum,
”
vol. I. was published at Rome,
rit of Nicholas, and thinking he might be serviceable to the church in a higher station, created him cardinal-bishop of Alba, in 1146.
, the only Englishman who ever
had the honour of sitting in the papal chair. His name
was Nicholas Brekespere; and he was born about the end
of the 11th century, at Langley, near St. Alban’s, in Hertfordshire. His father having left his family, and taken the
habit of the monastery of St. Alban’s, Nicholas was obliged
to submit to the lowest offices in that house for daily support. After some time he desired to take the habit in that
monastery, but was rejected by the abbot Richard: “He
was examined,
” says Matthew Paris, “and being found
insufficient, the abbot said to him, Wait, my son, and go
to school a little longer, till you are better qualified.
” But
if the character given of young Brekespere by Pitts be a
just one, the abbot was certainly to be blamed for rejecting a person who would have done great honour to his
house. He was, according to that author, a handsome and
comely youth, of a sharp wit and ready utterance; circumspect in all his words and actions, polite in his behaviour,
neat and elegant; full of zeal for the glory of God, and
that according to some degree of knowledge; so possessed
of all the most valuable endowments of mind and body,
that in him the gifts of heaven exceeded nature: his piety
exceeded his education; and the ripeness of his judgment
and his other qualifications exceeded his age. Having met
however with the above repulse, he resolved to try his fortune in another country, and went to Paris; where, though
in very poor circumstances, he applied himself to his
studies with great assiduity, and made a wonderful proficiency. But having still a strong inclination to a religious
life, he left Paris, and removed to Provence, where he
became a regular clerk in the monastery of St. Rufus. He
was not immediately allowed to take the habit, but passed
some time by way of trial, in recommending himself to the
monks by a strict attention to all their commands. This
behaviour, together with the beauty of his person, and
prudent conversation, rendered him so acceptable to those
religious, that after some time they entreated him to take
the habit of the canonical order. Here he distinguished
himself so much by his learning and strict observance of
the monastic discipline, that, upon the death of the abbot,
he was chosen superior of that house; and we are told that
he rebuilt that convent. He did not long enjoy this abbacy: for the monks, being tired of the government of a
foreigner, brought accusations against him before pope
Eugenius III. who, after having examined their complaint,
and heard the defence of Nicholas, declared him innocent;
his holiness, however, gave the monks leave to choose
another superior, and, being sensible of the great merit of
Nicholas, and thinking he might be serviceable to the
church in a higher station, created him cardinal-bishop of
Alba, in 1146.
s ambassador to Ferdinand king of Spain, who gave him the bishoprick of Tortosa. In 1517 he was made cardinal, and during the infancy of Charles V. became regent; but the
, pope, who deserves some notice on account of his personal merit, was born in Utrecht, 1459, of
parents reputed mean, who procured him a place among
the poor scholars in the college of Louvain, where his application was such as to induce Margaret of England, the
sister of Edward IV. and widow of Charles duke of Burgundy, to bear the expences of his advancement to the degree of doctor. He became successively a canon of St.
Peter, professor of divinity, dean of the church of Louvain,
and fastly, vice-chancellor of the university. Recollecting
his own condition, he generously founded a college at Louvain, which bears his name, for the education of poor students. Afterwards Maximilian I. appointed him preceptor
to his grandson Charles V. and sent him as ambassador to
Ferdinand king of Spain, who gave him the bishoprick of
Tortosa. In 1517 he was made cardinal, and during the
infancy of Charles V. became regent; but the duties of the
office were engrossed by cardinal Ximenes. On the death
of Leo X. Charles V. had so much influence with the cardinals as to procure him to be chosen to the papal chair, in
1522. He was not, however, very acceptable to the college, as he had an aversion to pomp, expence, and pleasure.
He refused to resent, by fire and sword, the complaints
urged by Luther; but endeavoured to reform such abuses
in the church as could neither be concealed or denied. To
this conduct he owed the many satires written against him
during his life, and the unfavourable representations made
by the most learned of the Roman Catholic historians. Perhaps his partiality to the emperor Charles might increase
their dislike, and occasion the suspicion that his death,
which took place Sept. 24, 1523, was a violent one. For
this, however, we know no other foundation, than a pasquinade stuck upon the house of his physician “To the deliverer of his country.
” He is said to have composed an epitaph for himself, expressing, that the greatest misfortune of
his life was his being called to govern. He has left some
writings, as, 1. “Questiones et Expositiones in IV. Sententiarum,
” Paris, 1512 and 1516, fol.; 1527, 8vo. In this
he advanced some bold sentiments against papal infallibility.
Although he wrote the work before he was pope, he reprinted it without any alteration. 2. “Questiones Quodlibeticae,
” Louvain, Analecta Historica de Adriano VI. Trajectino,
Papa Romano,
” Utrecht, 1727, 4to.
appointed by Adrian archdeacon of Wells. Adrian let out his bishoprick to farmers, and afterwards to cardinal Wolsey, himself residing at Rome, where he built a magnificent
, bishop of Bath and Wells in the reigns of Henry VII. and VIII. was descended of an obscure family at Cornetto, a small town in Tuscany; but soon distinguished himself by his learning and abilities, and procured several employments at the court of Rome. In 1448 he was appointed nuncio extraordinary to Scotland, by pope Innocent VIII. to quiet the troubles in that kingdom; but, upon his arrival in England, being informed that his presence was not necessary in Scotland, the contests there having been ended by a battle, he applied himself to execute some other commissions with which he was charged, particularly to collect the pope’s tribute, or Peter-pence, his holiness having appointed him his treasurer for that purpose. He continued some months in England, during which time he got so far into the good graces of Morton, archbishop of Canterbury, that he recommended him to the king; who appointed him his agent for English affairs at Rome; and, as a recompense for his faithful services, promoted him first to the bishoprick of Hereford, and afterwards to that of Bath and Wells. He was enthroned at Wells by his proxy Polydore Vergil, at that time the pope’s sub-collector in England, and afterwards appointed by Adrian archdeacon of Wells. Adrian let out his bishoprick to farmers, and afterwards to cardinal Wolsey, himself residing at Rome, where he built a magnificent palace, on the front of which he had the name of his benefactor Henry VII. inscribed: he left it after his decease to that prince and his successors. Alexander VI, who succeeded Innocent VIII, appointed Adrian his principal secretary, and vicar-general in spirituals and temporals; and the same pope created him a cardinal-priest, with the title of St. Chrysogonus, the 31st of May, 1503. Soon after his creation, he narrowly escaped being poisoned at a feast, to which he was invited with some other cardinals, by the pope and his son Caesar Borgia.
f the pope’s collector in England, at the request of king Henry VIII, and through the instigation of cardinal Wolsey. The heads of his accusation, drawn up at Rome, were,
In the pontificate of Julius II. who succeeded Alexander,
Adrian retired from Rome, having taken some disgust, or
perhaps distrusting this pope, who was a declared enemy
of his predecessor: nor did he return till there was a conclave held for the election of a new pope, where he
probably gave his voice for Leo X. Soon after he was
unfortunately privy to a conspiracy against Leo. His embarking in the plot is said to have been chiefly owing to his
crediting and applying to himself the prediction of a
fortune-teller, who had assured him, “that Leo would be
cut off by an unnatural death, and be succeeded by
an elderly man named Adrian, of obscure birth, but fa-mous for his learning, and whose virtue and merit alone
had raised him to the highest honours of the church.
” Th
conspiracy being discovered, Adrian was condemned to
pay 12,500 ducats, and to give a solemn promise that he
would not stir out of Rome. But being either unable to
pay this fine, or apprehending still farther severities, he
privately withdrew from Rome; and in a consistory held
the 6th of July 1518, he was declared excommunicated,
and deprived of all his benefices, as well as his ecclesiastical
orders. About four years before, he had been removed
from his office of the pope’s collector in England, at the
request of king Henry VIII, and through the instigation of
cardinal Wolsey. The heads of his accusation, drawn up
at Rome, were, “That he had absented himself from that
city in the time of Julius II. without the pope’s leave; that
he had never resided, as he ought to have done^ at the
church of St. Chrysogonus, from which he had his title;
that he had again withdrawn himself from Rome, and had
not appeared to a legal citation; and that he had engaged
in the conspiracy of cardinal Petrucci, and had signed the
league of Francis Maria, duke of Urbino, against the pope.
”
He was at Venice when he received the news of his condemnation: what becarme of him afterwards is uncertain.
Aubery says, he took refuge among the Turks in Asia; but
the most common opinion is, that he was murdered by one
of his servants for the sake of his wealth. Polydore Vergil
tells us, there is to be seen at Riva, a village in the diocese
of Trent, a Latin inscription on one Polydorus Casamicus,
the pope’s janitor, written by cardinal Adrian; in which
he laments his own wretched condition, extolling the
happiness of his friend, whose death had put an end to
his miseries. Polydore Vergil gives Adrian a high character for his uncommon learning, his exquisite^ judgment
in the choice of the properest words, and the truly classical
style of his writings; in which he was the first, says that
author, since the age of Cicero, who revived the purity of
the Latin language, and taught men to draw their knowlege from the sources of the best and most learned
authors.
The only works of his that are published are, 1. “De Vera
Philosophia;
” 2. “De Sermone Latino et de Modis Latine
loquendi,
”
VIII. to the episcopal see of Berri, and, according to some writers was, by the same pope, created a cardinal. He was, however, elected general of his order in 1292, and
, one of the most learned divines of the thirteenth century, entered into the Augustine
order, and studied at Paris under Thomas Aquinas, where
he became so eminent as to acquire the title of the Profound Doctor. He was preceptor to the son of Philip III.
of France, and composed for the use of his pupil his treatise “De regimine Principum,
” Rome, Tractatus brevis et utilis de Originali Peccato,
” 4to, printed at Oxford,
of Naples, in 1595, the learned Peter Morin complained of this transaction, in a letter addressed to cardinal Cajetan, as depriving the Vatican press of an editor of the
, a native of Sorrento, in the kingdom of Naples, was celebrated in the
sixteenth century for his general learning, and acquaintance with the learned languages, and for his writings on
the Holy Scriptures. He was one of the inspectors of the
Vatican press, where he bestowed great care in examining
new editions by the best manuscripts. When he was promoted to the bishoprick of Acerno or Acerre, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1595, the learned Peter Morin complained of this transaction, in a letter addressed to cardinal
Cajetan, as depriving the Vatican press of an editor of the
first ability and accuracy; and begged that the cardinal
would induce him, before he took possession of his bishopric, to instruct his successors in the library and press of
the Vatican, and superintend such works as he had begun.
What effect this had, we are not told; but he was employed
by pope Gregory XIII. on the Greek edition of the Bible,
Rome, 1587, fol. His original works consist of Commentaries: 1. On the “Psalms and Canticles,
” fol. Rome,
On the Lamentations,
” compiled from, the Greek fathers, Rome,
On the Proverbs of Solomon,
” and, 4.
“On the prophet Habakkuk,
” Antwerp,
arned preacher. Afterwards he travelled abroad, and was introduced to the acquaintance of the famous cardinal Bellarmin. On his return he was made chaplain in ordinary to
, an eminent divine of a very ancient family in Cumberland (whose name was de Aguilon, corruptly Aglionby), the son of Edward Aglionby, esq. and
Elizabeth Musgrave of Crookdayke, was admitted a student
of Queen’s College, Oxford, in 1583. Being elected fellow, he went into orders, and became an eloquent and
learned preacher. Afterwards he travelled abroad, and
was introduced to the acquaintance of the famous cardinal
Bellarmin. On his return he was made chaplain in ordinary to Queen Elizabeth, and in 1600 took the degree of
D. D. About that time he obtained the rectory of Islip,
near Oxford, and in 1601 was elected principal of St. Edmund’s hall. He was likewise chaplain in ordinary to
king James I. and, according to Wood, had a considerable
share in the translation of the New Testament ordered by
the king in 1604. The Biog. Brit, says, that Wood mentions no authority for this assertion; but Wood, in his
Annals, gives his name among the other Oxford divines
who were to translate the Gospels, Acts, and Apocalypse.
Dr. Aglionby died at Islip, Feb. 6, 1609-10, aged fortythree, and was buried in the chancel of the parish church.
He was eminent for his learning, deeply read in the Fathers,
and a distinguished critic in the languages. His son
George Aglionby was eighth dean of Canterbury, byappointment of Charles I. but was never installed, nor
reaped any advantage by it, as the parliament had then
(1642) seized on the profits of those capitular bodies,
which were within the power of their arms, and he survived his nomination but a few months, dying at Oxford
Nov. 1643, aged forty. From this family probably descended William Aglionby, a gentleman of polite learning, who was envoy from Queen Anne to the Swiss Cantons, and author of a book entitled “Painting illustrated,
in three dialogues, with the lives of the most eminent
painters from Cimabue to Raphael,
” Lond. He has abundance
of wit, and understands most of the languages well knows
how to tell a story to the best advantage; but has an affected manner of conversation is thin, splenetic, and tawny
complexioned, turned of sixty years old;
” to which Swift
added in manuscript, “He had been a Papist.
” In a collection of letters published some years ago, there are several from Dr. William Aglionby, F. R. S. dated from 1685
to 1691, principally written from different parts of the
continent, and probably by the same person, who is styled
Doctor in Swift’s Works.
y, lived in the seventeenth century. Under the pontificate of Urban VIII. he resided in the court of cardinal Barberini; and afterwards pope Alexander VII. who had a great
, an eminent antiquary, lived in
the seventeenth century. Under the pontificate of Urban
VIII. he resided in the court of cardinal Barberini; and
afterwards pope Alexander VII. who had a great esteem for
him, gave him the appointment of examiner of antiquities
in the Roman territory. He published the two following
works, which are now scarce, and much valued. 1. “La
Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie, con la
giunta di Lionardo Agostini,
” Rome, Delia Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie,
parte prima.
” This first part, which has become very rare,
contains only engravings of the medals, to which a description was promised, in a second. part, which never appeared. Agostini used the same plates as Paruta, and added
about four hundred medals to those in Paruta’s edition, but
still without explanations. After his death, Paruta’s plates
having fallen into the hands of Marco Maier, a bookseller,
he published at Lyons, in 1697, anew edition, in folio,
entitled, “La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie, e ristampata con aggiunta di Lionardo Agostini,
hora in miglior ordine disposta da Marco Maier, arrichita
d'una descrittione compendiosa di quella famosa isola.
”
But notwithstanding the explanations and historical additions of this editor, this edition is less valued than those of
Paruta and Agostini. The best and most complete is that
which Havercamp published in Latin, at Leyden, 1723,
3 vols. folio, with a commentary; these form the sixth,
seventh, and eighth volumes of Grsevius’s Thesaurus. The
other work of Agostini is, 2. “Le Gemme antiche figurate
di Lionardo Agostini, con le annotazioni del sig. Gio.
Pietro Bellori,
” part I. Rome, Consiglier di pace,
” which was written by Lionardo Agosti.
taly, to join the army of the emperor Maximilian, and staid there till he was invited to Pisa by the cardinal de St. Croix.
, a man of considerable
learning, and even a great magician, according to report,
in the 16th century, was born at Cologn, the 14th of
September, 1486, of the noble family of Nettesheim. He
was very early in the service of the emperor Maximilian:
acted at first as his secretary; but afterwards took to the
profession of arms, and served that emperor seven years
in Italy, where he distinguished himself in several engagements, and received the honour of knighthood for his gallant behaviour. To his military honours he was desirous
likewise to add those of the universities, and accordingly
took the degrees of doctor of laws and physic. He was a
man of an extensive genius, and well skilled in many parts
of knowledge, and master of a variety of languages; but
his insatiable curiosity, the freedom of his pen, and the
inconstancy of his temper, involved him in so many vicissitudes, that his life became a series of adventures. He was
continually changing his situation; always engaging himself in some difficulty or other; and, to complete his troubles, he drew upon himself the hatred of the ecclesiastics
oy his writings. According to his letters, he was in France
before the year 1507, in Spain in 1508, and at Dole in
1509. At this last place he read public lectures on the
work of Reuchlin, “De Verbo mirifico,
” which engaged
him in a dispute with Catilinet, a Franciscan. These lectures, though they drew upon him the resentment of the
monks, yet gained him general applause, and the counsellors of the parliament went themselves to hear them. In
order to ingratiate himself into the favour of Margaret of
Austria, governess of the Low Countries, he composed a
treatise “On the excellence of Women;
” but the persecution he met with from the monks prevented him from
publishing it, and obliged him to go over to England,
where he wrote a “Commentary upon St. Paul’s Epistles.
”
Upon his return to Cologn, he read public lectures upon
those questions in divinity which are called Quodlibitales.
He afterwards went to Italy, to join the army of the emperor Maximilian, and staid there till he was invited to Pisa
by the cardinal de St. Croix.
ed at Antwerp, “Of the Occult Philosophy,” afforded them fresh pretexts for defaming his reputation. Cardinal Campej us, the pope’s legate, however, and the cardinal de la
He now resolved to remove to the Low Countries; this
he could not do without a passport, which he at length obtained, after many tedious delays, and arrived at Antwerp
in July 1528. The duke de Vendome was the principal
cause of these delays; for he, instead of signing the passport, tore it in pieces in a passion, protesting he would never sign a passport for a conjuror. In 1529, Agrippa had
invitations from Henry VIII. king of England, from the
chancellor of the emperor, from an Italian marquis, and
from Margaret of Austria, governess of the Low Countries:
he preferred the last, and accepted of being historiographer
to the emperor, which was offered him by that princess.
He published, by way of introduction, the “History of
the Coronation of Charles V.
” Soon after, Margaret of
Austria died, and he spoke her funeral oration. Her death
is said in some measure to have been the life of Agrippa,
for great prejudices had been infused into that princess
against him: “I have nothing to write you (says he in one of his letters) but that I am likely to starve here, bein
entirely forsaken by the deities of the court; what the great
Jupiter himself (meaning Charles V.) intends, I know not.
I now understand what great danger I was in here: the
monks so far influenced the princess, who was of a superstitious turn, as women generally are, that, had not her
sudden death prevented it, I should undoubtedly have been
tried for offences against the majesty of the cowl and the
sacred honour of the monks; crimes for which I should
have been accounted no less guilty, and no less punished;
than if I had blasphemed the Christian religion.
” His
treatise, “Of the Vanity of the Sciences,
” which he published in Of the Occult Philosophy,
” afforded them fresh pretexts for defaming his
reputation. Cardinal Campej us, the pope’s legate, however,
and the cardinal de la Mark, bishop of Liege, spoke in his
favour; but could not procure him his pension as historiographer, nor prevent him from being thrown into prison at
Brussels, in the year 1531. When he regained his liberty,
he paid a visit to the archbishop of Cologn, to whom he
had dedicated his Occult Philosophy, and from whom he
had received a very obliging letter in return. The inquisitors endeavoured to hinder the impression of his Occult
Philosophy, when he was about to print a second edition
with emendations and additions; however, notwithstanding
all their opposition, he finished it in 1533. He staid at
Bonne till 1535; and when he returned to Lyons, he was
imprisoned for what he had written against the mother of
Francis I.; but he was soon released from his confinement,
at the desire of several persons, and went to Grenoble,
where he died the same year. Some authors say, that he
died in the hospital; but Gabriel Naude affirms, it was at
the house of the receiver-general of the province of Dauphiny.
ed thrice in two years, and a fourth time the year following. The third son by this marriage had the cardinal Lorrain for his godfather. She was delivered of her fifth son
Agrippa had been twice married. Speaking of his first
wife, lib. II. ep. 19. “I have (says he), the greatest reason
to return thanks to Almighty God, who has given me a
wife after my own heart, a virgin of a noble family, well behaved, young, beautiful, and so conformable to my disposition, that we never have a harsh word with each other;
and what completes my happiness is, that in whatever situation my affairs are, whether prosperous or adverse, she still
continues the same, equally kind, affable, constant, sincere,
and prudent, always easy, and mistress of herself.
” This
wife died in I am
not ignorant (says he), by what arts this affair was carried
on in the Sorbonne at Paris, who by their rashness have
given sanction to an example of such wickedness. When
I consider it, I can scarce contain myself from exclaiming,
in imitation of Perseus, Say, ye Sorbonnists, what has gold
to do with divinity What piety and faith shall we imagine
to be in their breasts, whose consciences are more venal
than sincere, and who have sold their judgments and decisions, which ought to be revered by all the Christian world,
and have now sullied the reputation they had established
for faith and sincerity, by infamous avarice.
” Agrippa was
accused of having been a magician and sorcerer, and in.
compact with the devil; but it is unnecessary to clear him,
from this imputation. Bayle justly says, that if he was a
conjuror, his art availed him little, as he was often in want
of bread.
care of Philip Sega, his uncle, who was raised on account of his distinguished merits to the rank of cardinal, by pope Innocent IX; and of Jerom Agucchio, his brother, who
, archbishop of Amasia m
Natolia, was born at Bologna, Nov. 20, 1570. He had the
advantage of being educated under tfee care of Philip Sega,
his uncle, who was raised on account of his distinguished
merits to the rank of cardinal, by pope Innocent IX; and of
Jerom Agucchio, his brother, who was made cardinal by
pope Clement VIII. in 1604. His application to study
mis early, rapid, and assiduous, but particularly in. the
study of polite literature. This recommended him so
much to cardinal Sega, that he carried him with him te
France, when he went thither as legate from the pope.
After the death of Sega, Agucchio was appointed secretary to cardinal Aldobrandini, nephew to pope Clement
VIII. and attended him when he went legate to Henry IV.
of France, of which journey he wrote a very elegant account. The cardinal, after his return, committed the
management of his house to Agucchio, which province he
executed till the death of pope Clement VIII. and of his
brother the cardinal Agucchio, when want of health
obliged him to retire from the court. But after he had
recovered, and had passed some time at Rome in learned
retirement, cardinal Aldobrandini brought him again into
his former employment, in which he continued till the
cardinal’s death. He then became secretary to Gregory
XV. which place he held until the death of that pontiff.
In 1624, Urban VIII. sent him as nuncio to Venice,
where he became generally esteemed, although he maintained the rights of the see of Rome with the utmost rigour. The contagious distemper which ravaged Italy in
1630, obliged him to retire to Friuli, where he died in
1632. He was a man of very extensive learning, but appears in his private character to have been somewhat
austere and narrow. His works are: “A treatise upon
Comets and Meteors,
” “The Life of Cardinal Sega, and
that of Jerom Agucchio his brother,
” and a letter to the
canon Barthelemi Dolcini on the origin of the city of Bologna, “L'Antica fondazione e dominio della citta di
Bologna,
” Bologna,
us. This was done in compliance with Dubois, now become archbishop of Cambray, and wfro, expecting a cardinal’s hat, had flattered the court of Rome with hopes of hayiug
Aguesseau himself considered it as an honour to be recalled in a time of danger, and immediately began to
repair the mischief done in his absence, by ordering the payment of the notes issued by the bank, as far as was possible;
and although the loss to individuals was great, this measure was less odious than a total bankruptcy, which had
been proposed. But a new storm burst forth in this corrupt court, which he was unable to oppose with his usual
firmness. The regent, who had cajoled the parliament to
nullify the will of Louis XIV. now solicited him to register
the declaration of the king in favour of the bull Unigenitus.
This was done in compliance with Dubois, now become
archbishop of Cambray, and wfro, expecting a cardinal’s
hat, had flattered the court of Rome with hopes of hayiug
the bull registered. D‘Aguesseau had refused this, as we
have seen, in the reign of Louis XIV. without being influenced by any spirit of party, but purely from his attachment to the rights of the crown. But now, when chancellor, he seemed to view the matter in another light; he
thought it his duty to negociate with the parliament; and
the parliament rejected his propositions, and was banished
to Pontoise. The regent then imagiued he might register
the declaration in the grand council. In this solemn assembly D’Aguesseau met with a repartee which he no doubt
felt. Perelle, one of the members, having opposed the
registration with much spirit, D'Aguesseau asked him
where he had found all his arguments against it “In the
pleadings of the deceased M. chancellor D'Aguesseau,
”
answered Perelle, very coolly; nor was this the only
instance in which he was treated with ridicule on this
change in his sentiments and conduct. In the mean time
the court having threatened to send the parliament to Blois,
the chancellor offered to resign the seals; but the regent
requested him to retain them: and at length the parliament
consented to register the disputed declaration with certain
modifications. D‘Aguesseau, however, did not enjoy his
honours long. In 1722, he refused to yield precedence to
cardinal Dubois, the first minister; and this statesman,
who wished to keep at a distance from court every man of
virtue and dignity of character, procured the chancellor to
be again banished, and he was not recalled until 1727,
but without having the seals restored to him. In the mean
time the court and parliament were still at variance on ecclesiastical affairs, and the cardinal Fleuri wished to engage
D’Aguesseau’s influence in favour of the court; but the
latter had unfortunately lost his credit in a great measure,
and was considered as a deserter from the cause which he
Jiad once defended with so much spirit.
amanca, and had been more than once abbot of the college of St. Vincent, when he was honoured with a cardinal’s hat by Innocent XI. in 1686. He died at Rome Aug. 19, 1699.
, a very learned man of the
17th century, was born at Logrogno, a city of Spain,
March 24, 1630, and took the degree of D. D. in the university of Salamanca in 1668, and read lectures in that
faculty for many years. He was censor and secretary of
the supreme council of the inquisition in Spain, chief interpreter of the scriptures in the university of Salamanca,
and had been more than once abbot of the college of St.
Vincent, when he was honoured with a cardinal’s hat by
Innocent XI. in 1686. He died at Rome Aug. 19, 1699.
His life was very exemplary; and the dignity to which he
was raised was so far from making any change in him, that
he shewed an instance very uncommon, by retracting in
an express piece the doctrine of probability, which he had
before maintained, as soon as he found it was inconsistent
with the purity of the Christian morality. His first work
was entitled “Ludi Salmanticenses sive Theologia Florulenta,
” printed in A commentary upon Aristotle’s ten books of Ethics.
” In A treatise upon Virtues and Vices, or Disputations on Aristotle’s Moral Philosophy.
” He then appfied himself to the study of St. Anselm’s works, upon
whose principles in divinity he published “The Theology
of St. Anselm,
” 3 vols. fol. 1690. In 1683 he published
a large work against the declaration of the assembly of the
French clergy made in 1682, concerning the ecclesiastical
and civil power, under the title of “A defence of the see
of St. Peter.
” The work for which he is chiefly celebrated
is his “Collection of the Councils of Spain
” with an introductory history. This was published in 1693-4, in 4 vols.
fol.; and in 1753 in 6 vols. fol. He published a Prodromus of this work in 1686, 8vo. It is variously spoken of;
Du Pin is inclined to depreciate its merit. Abstracts from
it may be seen in the Acta Eruditorum of Leipsic, far the
month of February, 1688, and some farther particulars in
the General Dictionary.
, or Alliacus, an eminent Romish ecclesiastic, and cardinal, was born at Compiegnein 1350, of an obscure family. He eame
, or Alliacus, an eminent Romish
ecclesiastic, and cardinal, was born at Compiegnein 1350, of
an obscure family. He eame very young to study at P.aris,
and was admitted into the college of Navarre in 1372. From
this time he began to distinguish himself by his writings in
philosophy, in which he fol lowed the principles of Occham,
and the Nominalists; and his reputation made him be
chosen to assist at the synod of Amiens, in which he made
a, discourse to the priest, although he was then only a subdeacon. He received the doctor’s degree at Paris, April
11, 1380, and next year he made a discourse in the presence of the duke of Anjou, in the name of the university,
to show that it was necessary to assemble a general council
in order to put an end to schism. That same year he was
made canon of Noyon, and continued there to the year 1384,
when he was recalled to Paris, to be superior of the college
of Navarre. Here he taught divinity, and acquired increased reputation by his lectures and sermons. From his
school came Gerson, Clemangis, and Giles D‘Eschamps,
the most famous divines of that time. The university of
Paris could not find any person more capable of maintaining her cause against Monteson, at pope Clement VIL’s
tribunal, than this learned doctor. She accordingly deputed him to Avignon, where he pleaded the cause of the
university with so much force, that the pope and cardinals
confirmed the judgment passed by that seminary. Having
returned from this mission, he was honoured, in 1389, with
three considerable dignities, that of chancellor of the
church and university, and almoner and confessor to king
Charles VI. In 1394 he was appointed treasurer of the
holy chapel at Paris, and was sent by the king to Benedict
XIII. to treat with him about the peace of the church. He
was afterwards successively elected to two bishoprics: that
of Puy, in Velay, in 1395, and that of Cam bray next year.
He took possession of the latter, and laid down his charge
of chancellor of the university in favour of John Gerson.
After this he employed his time in extinguishing schism,
as it was called, and assisted at the council of Pisa. At
length pope John XXIII. made him cardinal of Chrysogonus in 1411. He assisted in that quality at the general
council of Constance, and was one of those who took the
greatest share in its transactions, and composed several
sermons upon subjects handled there. He then returned
to Cambray, where he died in 1425. He wrote many
works, some of which were published after the invention
of printing; as his “Commentaries on the Master of Sentences,
” which are inserted in the appendix to the “Fasciculus rertim expetendarum,
” of Tracts
and Sermons,
” about the same time. He wrote also on
Astrology, in which he was a believer. His principal
works, however, confirm the opinion which the Roman
Catholic writers give of his learning and talents; and
learning so extraordinary is to be venerated in an age of
comparative darkness: but it is a great deduction from,
his character that, although he possessed superior understanding and liberality to many of his contemporaries, and
even is supposed to have leaned a little towards freedom
of opinion, he was an implacable persecutor of schism,
that is, the first beginnings of the Reformation; and was a
principal agent in bringing John Huss to the stake, and in
disturbing the ashes of Wickliffe.
rous offspring. The rank and talents of Alamanni recommended him to the notice and friendship of the cardinal Julio de Medici, who, during the latter part of the pontificate
, an eminent Italian poet, was born of a noble family at Florence, in 1475, and passed the early part of his life in habits of friendship with Bernardo and Cosimo Rucellai, Trissino, and other scholars who had devoted themselves more particularly to the study of classical literature. Of the satires and lyric poems of Alamanni, several were produced under the pontificate of LeoX. In the year 1516, he married Alessandra Serristori, a lady of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous offspring. The rank and talents of Alamanni recommended him to the notice and friendship of the cardinal Julio de Medici, who, during the latter part of the pontificate of Leo X. governed on the behalf of that pontiff the city of Florence. The rigid restrictions imposed by the cardinal on the inhabitants, by which they were, among other marks of subordination, prohibited from carrying arms under severe penalties, excited the indignation of many of the younger citizens of noble families, who could ill brook the loss of their independence; and among the rest, of Alamanni, who, forgetting the friend in the patriot, not only joined in a conspiracy against the cardinal, immediately after the death of Leo X. but is said to have undertaken to assassinate him with his own hand. His associates were Zanobio Buondelmonti, Jacopa da Diaceto, Antonio Brueioli, and several other persons of distinguished talents, who appear to have been desirous of restoring the ancient liberty of the republic, without sufficiently reflecting on the mode by which it was to be accomplished. The designs of the conspirators, however, were discovered, and Alamanni was under the necessity of saving himself by flight. After many adventures and vicissitudes, in the course of which he returned to Florence, and took an active part in the commotions that agitated his country, he finally withdrew to France, where he met with a kind and honourable reception from Francis I. who was a great admirer of Italian poetry, and not only conferred on him the order of St. Michael, but employed him in many important missions.
, cardinal priest of the Roman church, and styled Cardinal of England,
, cardinal priest of the Roman church, and styled Cardinal of England, was the son of John Allen, by Jennet Lyster, sister to Thomas Lyster, of Westby, in Yorkshire, and was born at Rossal in Lancashire, in 1532. His father, according to Camden, was a gentleman of a reputable family, and had him educated at home until his fifteenth year, 1547, when he was entered of Oriel college, Oxford, and had for his tutor Morgan Philips, or Philip Morgan, a zealous Roman Catholic, and usually called the Sophister, which was a title, in the learning of those times, highly honourable. Young Alan made a rapid progress both in logic and philosophy, and was elected a fellow of his college, and took his bachelor’s degree in 1550. In the Act celebrated July 16, he went out junior of the act, having completed his degree of M. A. with the distinguished reputation of great parts, learning, and eloquence. Of this we have a proof in his being chosen principal of St. Mary hall, in 1556, when only twenty-four years of age, and the same year he served the office of proctor. In 1558, he was made canon of York; but on the accession of queen Elizabeth, when the reformed religion was again established, although he remained for a short time at Oxford, yet, as he refused to comply with the queen’s visitors in taking the oaths, &c. his fellowship was declared void; and in 1560 he found it necessary to leave England, and retire to Louvain, then a general receptacle of the expatriated English Catholics, and where they had erected a college. Here his talents and zeal recommended him to his countrymen, who looked up to him as their supporter, while they were charmed with his personal appearance, and easy address, chastened by a dignified gravity of manners.
e too valuable to the popish cause, to go unrewarded. Accordingly on July 28, 1587, Alan was created cardinal by the title of St. Martin in Montibus; and soon after, the
Such writings, however, were too valuable to the popish cause, to go unrewarded. Accordingly on July 28, 1587, Alan was created cardinal by the title of St. Martin in Montibus; and soon after, the king of Spain gave him an abbey of great value in the kingdom of Naples, with assurances of greater preferment. In April 1588, he composed that work, entitled The Admonition, which rendered him most famous abroad, and infamous at home. It consisted of two parts; the first explaining the pope’s bull for the excommunication and deprivation of queen Elizabeth; the second, exhorting the nobility and people of England to desert her, and take up arms in favour of the Spaniards. It contains the grossest abuse of the queen, and threatens the nobility with judgments from heaven, and devastation by the Spaniards, unless they joined the forces of Philip; it boasts of the vast strength of these forces, and asserts that they had more good captains than Elizabeth had soldiers; that the saints in heaven all prayed for victory, and that the holy angels guarded them. Of this libel, well calculated at that time to effect its purpose, many thousand copies were printed at Antwerp, in order to have been put on board the Armada, and circulated in England. But the Armada, it is well known, completely failed, and covered its projectors with disgrace and destruction; and these books were so carefully destroyed, that a genuine copy waa scarcely to be found.
setting forth his titles and merits. What these merits were, the reader has been told. We have seen cardinal Alan in three characters: that of a zealous propagandist; of
No part of the failure of this vast enterprize, however, was attributed to Alan, to whom the king of Spain now gave the archbishopric of Mecklin, and would have had reside there, as a place where he might more effectually promote the popish and Spanish interests in England; but the pope had too high an opinion of his merit to suffer him to leave Rome, where, therefore, he continued to labour in the service of his countrymen, and in promoting the Catholic faith. Some have asserted, that he and sir Francis Inglefield assisted Parsons, the Jesuit, in composing-his treasonable work concerning the succession, which he published under the name of Doleman, in 1593, and which was reckoned of such dangerous consequence, that it was made capital by law for any person to have it in his custody. Others, however, maintain that he had no hand in it, and that he even objected to it, because of its tendency to promote those dissentions which had for so many years distracted his native country; and this last opinion is probable, if what we have been told be true, that towards the close of his life he had changed his sentiments, as to government, and professed his sorrow for the pains he had taken in promoting the invasion of England. It is even asserted, by a very eminent popish writer (Watson), that when he perceived that the Jesuits intended nothing but desolating and destroying his native land, he wept bitterly, not knowing how to remedy it, much less how to curb their insolence. Such conduct, it is added, drew upon him the ill-will of that powerful society, who chose now to represent him as a man of slender abilities, and of little political consequence. On his death-bed, he was very desirous of speaking to the English students then at Rome, which the Jesuits prevented, lest he should have persuaded them to a loyal respect for their prince, and a tender regard for their country. He is generally said to have died of a retention of urine; but, as the Jesuits had shown so much dislike, they have been accused of poisoning him. Of this, however, there is no proof. He died Oct. 6, 1594, in the sixty-third year of his age; and was buried with great pomp in the chapel of the English college at Rome, where a monument was erected to his memory, with an inscription setting forth his titles and merits. What these merits were, the reader has been told. We have seen cardinal Alan in three characters: that of a zealous propagandist; of apolitical traitor to his country; and lastly, repenting the violence of his endeavours to ruin his country on pretence of bringing her back to popery. In the first of these characters he seems to have acted from the impulse of a mind firmly persuaded that every deviation from popery was dangerous heresy; and the only weapons he employed were those of controversy. As a writer, the popish party justly considered him as the first champion of his age; and both his learning and eloquence were certainly of a superior stamp. But in his worst character, as a traitor, there is every reason to think him influenced by the Jesuits, who at that time, and ever while a society, had little scruple as to the means by which they effected their purposes. Yet even their persuasions were not sufficient to inspire him with permanent hostility towards the political existence of his country. Some writers, not sufficiently attending to his history, have called him a Jesuit; but in all controversies between the Jesuits and the secular priests, the latter always gloried in cardinal Alan, as a man to whom no Jesuit could be compared, in any respect.
At Rome, and every where abroad, he was styled Cardinal of England, and regarded as the protector of the nation. After
At Rome, and every where abroad, he was styled Cardinal of England, and regarded as the protector of the nation. After his death, however, and when all hopes of conquering England had vanished, less notice was taken of English priests, and few of them were made bishops; nor was it until the reign of Charles II. when the popish interest was supposed likely to gain the ascendancy in England, that Philip Thomas Howard, younger brother to the Duke of Norfolk, was created cardinal, and sometimes called the Cardinal of England.
It appears by another letter from Erasmus to Pole, afterwards the celebrated cardinal, that Alasco left him to go to the university of Padua. “You
It appears by another letter from Erasmus to Pole, afterwards the celebrated cardinal, that Alasco left him to
go to the university of Padua. “You will love him,
” says
Erasmus, “because he has all those qualities which make
you amiable: noble extraction, high posts of honour, and
still greater expectations, a wonderful genius, uncommon
erudition, and all this without any pride. I have hitherto
been happy in his company, and now lose it with great
regret.
” This letter is dated Basil, Oct. 4, 1525. His
stay at Padua was probably short, as he went afterwards to
Rome, and thence into Switzerland, where he became acquainted with Zuinglius, who, struck with his talents and
amiable character, prevailed on him to examine more seriously the controversies of the times respecting religion.
The result of this was his embracing Protestantism according to the tenets of the Geneva reformers, and with respect
to the sacrament, he zealously adopted the opinion of Zuinglius. In 1526, he returned to Poland, where he was made
provost of Gnesna and Lencziez, and was nominated bishop
of Vesprim in Hungary. His family and connections would
have added to these, but preferment in the popish church
was no longer consistent with his principles; and after
struggling with much opposition, he quitted the kingdom,
with the knowledge and consent of the king, by whom, Lavater the historian says, he was much respected and frequently consulted.
, an eminent virtuoso, was born at Urbino, Oct. 15, 1692, and promoted to the rank of cardinal by Innocent XIII. He died Dec. 2, 1779, aged 87, He showed great
, an eminent virtuoso, was born at Urbino, Oct. 15, 1692, and promoted to the rank of cardinal by Innocent XIII. He died Dec. 2, 1779, aged 87, He showed great dignity in his embassy to the emperor; and displayed much learning while he held the place of librarian of the Vatican. He had great taste and knowledge of antiquities, and became a munificent patron of learning and learned men. His house, known by the name of the Villa Albani, was decorated with valuable statues and other treasures of the fine arts. He also found leisure from his political engagements to write some historical and literary works, which are held in much esteem. In 1762, his collection of drawings, consisting of three hundred volumes, one third of which are original drawings of the first masters, the others, collections of the most capital engravings, were sold to his present majesty of Great Britain, for 14,000 crowns.
In 1767, when the question of the suppression of the Jesuits was agitated, the cardinal took an active part at the court of Rome in their favour, but
In 1767, when the question of the suppression of the Jesuits was agitated, the cardinal took an active part at the court of Rome in their favour, but without discovering the principles of a very enlightened mind. He dreaded in this suppression the commencement of the downfall of the church, and considered any concession to those monarchs who were for the measure, as a dangerous symptom of servility on the part of the church. In 1775, he was appointed bishop of Ostia and Velletri, and consequently dean of the sacred college; and in 1779, he succeeded to his uncle Alexander in almost all the charges which that prelate had long possessed. He was appointed plenipotentiary of the house of Austria, protector of the kingdom of Poland, of the order of Malta, of the republic of Ragusa, and what was most congenial to his temper, of the college of La Sapienza in Rome. He was also presented with some rich abbeys and priories, both in the Roman and in the Neapolitan state.
The cardinal w r as now in his seventy-seventh year, and. in all probability
The cardinal w r as now in his seventy-seventh year, and.
in all probability expected to close his life in the full enjoyment of his. splendid and unrivalled collections, when
the French took possession of Rome. The depredations
they committed in the Vatican and other public places of
Rome, and the violences offered by them to the most eminent persons in that metropolis, may be easily accounted
for from their characteristic rapacity, and the hatred which
they then professed for religion under any shape. But
the outrages which they practised on the family of Albani
had such a Jjase and spiteful motive, as to brand them
with eternal infamy. Owing to the successive marriages
of the two last princesses of Carrara and of Modena, the
family of Albani was a relative to the imperial house of
Austria; and the French thought that the distress and humiliation, of the one would be communicated to the other.
The estates were confiscated, the magnificent and elegant
palace, within the precincts of Rome, was, sacked, and
the unrivalled villa was plundered and destroyed. “This
palace,
” says Mr. Duppa, “which is not yet razed to the
ground, nor its villa made an absolute heath, now remains (1798) a melancholy monument of the Vandalism
of the eighteenth century. Every statue, every bust,
every column, every chimney-piece, every piece of
marble that served for ornament or use, was torn from its
situation, and was either sent to Paris, or became the
perquisite of certain agents employed by the Directory to see
that there might be nothing wanting to the entire completion of its ruin: even the shrubs in the garden were
rooted up, and sold.
”
During this devastation, the cardinal took refuge, first, in a Camaidolese convent on the southern
During this devastation, the cardinal took refuge, first, in a Camaidolese convent on the southern frontiers of the Roman state; but, it being intimated that he could not be safe there, he went to Naples; and, on the approach of the French, to Messina. In 1800 he was present at Venice, at the election of the reigning pope; and when the Austrian and Neapolitan troops reconquered the Roman territory, he returned to Rome, where he took private lodgings, but never had strength of mind to view either his palace or villa, nor could they be mentioned in his presence without throwing him into the deepest sorrow. Here he died, in 1803, in the eighty-fourth year of his age. He was handsome in person, sprightly and eloquent; sincere, cordial, unassuming, and affable; and both from his intellectual and moral qualifications, he was justly considered as one of the most accomplished characters of the age.
wards went into the church. Pope Pius V. was no sooner raised to that dignity, than he made Albani a cardinal, in 1570. It is even said that after the death of Gregory XIII.
, of the same family with the
preceding, born in 1504, at Bergamo, was the son of
count Francis Albani, and intended by his father for the
army, but preferred the study of the civil and canon law,
in which, as well as in polite literature, he attained
great eminence. At first, however, he bore arms in the
Venetian army, and afterwards went into the church.
Pope Pius V. was no sooner raised to that dignity, than
he made Albani a cardinal, in 1570. It is even said that
after the death of Gregory XIII. the conclave would have
elected him pope, but he was then a widower and had
children, a circumstance which interfered with their intentions. He died April 25, 1591. His principal works
are: 1. “De Immunitate ecclesiarum,
” De
potestate Papæ et concilii,
” Lyons, De Cardinalibus, et de douatione Constantini,
”
, an eminent Spanish statesman, and cardinal, was born May 15, 1664. His birth and early employments afforded
, an eminent Spanish statesman, and cardinal, was born May 15, 1664. His birth and early employments afforded no presage of his future ambition and fame. He was the son of a gardener near Parma, and when a boy, officiated as bell-ringer, and attended upon the parish church of his village. The rector, finding him a shrewd youth, taught him Latin. Alberoni afterwards took orders, and had a small living, on which he resided. While here, M. Campistron, a Frenchman^ secretary to the duke of Vendome, who commanded Louis XIV's armies in Italy, was robbed, and stripped of his clothes and money, by some ruffians near Alberon^s village. Alberoni, hearing of his misfortune, took him into his house, furnished him with clothes, and gave him as much money as he could spare, for his travelling expences. Campistron, no less impressed with the strength of his understanding than with the warmth of his benevolence, took him to the head quarters, and presented him to his general, as a man to whom he haxi very great obligations.
nishjnent of Alberoni from his councils and his kingdom. With this he was obliged to comply, and the cardinal received orders to leave Madrid in twenty-four hours, and the
Alberoni was now prime minister of Spain, a cardipal, and archbishop of Valentia; and exercised his ministry with the most complete despotism. One of his projects was, to dispossess the duke of Orleans of the regency of France, and to bestow it upon his own sovereign, as the oldest representative of the house of Bourbon: to place the pretender on the throne of England, and to add tq Spain the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily. This project, however, was discovered by the regent; and one of the conditions he made with the king of Spain was, the banishjnent of Alberoni from his councils and his kingdom. With this he was obliged to comply, and the cardinal received orders to leave Madrid in twenty-four hours, and the kingdom of Spain in fifteen days. Alberoni, who took with him great wealth, had not proceeded far, when it was discovered that he was carrying out of the kingdom the celebrated will of Charles II. of Spain, which gave that kingdom to its then sovereign. Persons were immediately detached from Madrid, to wrest this serious and important document from him, which it was supposed he intended ta take to the emperor of Germany, to ingratiate himself with him. With some violence they effected their purpose, and the cardinal proceeded on his journey to the frontiers of France, where he had the additional mortification of being received by an officer, sent by the regent to conduct him through that kingdom, as a state prisoner. Unembarrassed, however, by this circumstance, Alberoni wrote to the regent, to offer him his services against Spain, but his highr ness disdained to return any answer.
The cardinal’s disgrace happened in 1720, and he retired to Parma for some
The cardinal’s disgrace happened in 1720, and he retired to Parma for some time, till he was summoned by the pope to attend a consistory, in which his conduct was to be examined by some of the members of the sacred college, respecting a correspondence he was supposed to have kept up with the Grand Signior; and he was sentenced to be confined one year in the Jesuits college at Rome. After this, he returned to Parma, near which city he founded, at a very great expence, an establishment for the instruction of young men destined for the priesthood. In the disastrous campaign of 1746, the buildings of this academy were destroyed by the three armies that were in the neighbourhood: and as the cardinal was not supposed to have been over delicate in procuring the means by which his establishment was to have been supported, his countrymen, did not appear to express much dissatisfaction at the demolition of it. He soon after this went to Rome, and was made legate of Romana by pope Clement XII. He died at Rome in 1752, at the age of 87 years, having preserved entire to the last, the powers of his mind and of his body. In the account given of his old age, by the editor of the Dictionnaire Historique, he is said to have been very chatty in conversation, and talked in so lively and so agreeable a manner, that it made even the verv curious facts he had to tell more interesting to those who heard them. His stories were interlarded with French, Spanish, or Italian, as the circumstances required. He was continually applying some maxim of Tacitus, in Latin, to corroborate his own observations, or to support those of others. His general topics of conversation were, the campaigns in which he attended M. de Vendome, his ministry in Spain, or the common political events of the day. He was rather impatient of contradiction, and expected that in argument or in narration the company should defer to him.
the marshal was engaged in some affairs of importance, and could not see him. “Mon ami,” replied the cardinal, very indignantly, and opening the door of the marshal’s apartment
From the same authority, we shall conclude this article
with two anecdotes, which, although different in their kind,
are highly characteristic of the humorous pride and turbulent spirit of this statesman. When the marshal de Maillebois commanded the French troops at Parma, in 1746,
Alberoni waited upon him concerning some business, but
was refused admittance to him by his secretary, who told
him the marshal was engaged in some affairs of importance, and could not see him. “Mon ami,
” replied the
cardinal, very indignantly, and opening the door of the
marshal’s apartment at the same time, “sachez que M. de
Vendome me recevoit sur la chaise percee.
”
st time perhaps, to recollect that they were about to lose the thing itself, that they fell upon the cardinal and his attendants, drove them out of the church, and made them
When he was legate of Romagna, and at the age of seventy,
he endeavoured to bring the little republic of San Marino,
which was near his government, under the dominion of the
pope. He had intrigued so successfully with some of the
principal inhabitants, that the day was fixed on which these
republicans were to swear allegiance to the sovereign under
whose protection they had put themselves, On the day
appointed, Alberoni rode up to the mountain with his
suite, and was received at the door of the principal church
by the priests and the chief inhabitants of the place, and
conducted to his seat under a canopy, to hear high mass
and Te Deum sung (a ceremony usual in all Catholic countries upon similar occasions). Unluckily, however,
for him, the mass began, as probably is usual in that republic, with the word Libertas (liberty). This word
had such an effect upon the minds of the hearers, who began then, for the first time perhaps, to recollect that they
were about to lose the thing itself, that they fell upon the
cardinal and his attendants, drove them out of the church,
and made them descend the very steep mountain of San
Marino with great rapidity; and the popes ever after left
the inhabitants of San Marino to their old form of government. This singular event took place in the year 1740,
and was communicated to Mr. Seward by general Paoli.
A bon mot of Benedict XIV. on the occasion was current
in every mouth.“Alberoni is like a glutton, who, after
having eaten a large salmon, cannot help casting a wistful
eye at a minnow.
” The “Testament Politique
” of cardinal Alberoni, collected from his memoirs and letters, was
published at Lausanne in 1753, but is a compilation of no
authority, and was written by Maubert de Gouvest. His
life, to the year 1719, was published by John Rousset,
translated from the Spanish into French, and in the same
year was translated into English, and published in London.
, an eminent Spanish statesman and cardinal, of the fourteenth century, descended from the royal families
, an eminent
Spanish statesman and cardinal, of the fourteenth century,
descended from the royal families of Leon and Arragon,
was born at Cuen^a, and educated at Toulouse. Alphon$us XI. appointed him, in succession, almoner of his court,
and archdeacon of Calatrava; and lastly, although he was
then very young, promoted him to the archbishopric of
Toledo. He accompanied the king of Castille in his expedition against the Moors of Andalusia, in which his rank
of archbishop did not prevent him from carrying arms; and
he first displayed his bravery in saving the king’s life m
the hottest onset of the battle of Tarifa. Alphonsus, in
return, knighted him, and in 1343 gave him the command
at the siege of Algesiras; but on the death of this prince,
he lost his influence with his successor, Peter the cruel,
whom he reproved for his irregularities, and who would
have sacrificed him to the resentment of his mistress Maria
de Padilla, if he had not made his escape to Avignon.
Here the pope Clement VI. admitted him of his council,
and made him a cardinal; on which he resigned his archbishopric, saying, that he should be as much to blame in
keeping a wife with whom he could not live, as Peter king
of Castille, in forsaking his wife for a mistress. Innocent
VI. the successor of Clement, sent him to Italy in 1353,
both as pope’s legate and as general, to reconquer the
ecclesiastical states which had revolted from the popes
during the residence of the latter at Avignon. This commission Albornos executed in the most satisfactory manner,
either by force or intrigue; but in the midst of his career,
he was recalled in 1357, and another commander sent on
the expedition. He, however, having been unfortunate,
the pope saw his error, and again appointed Albornos,
who completed the work by securing the temporal power
of the popes over those parts of Italy which have been,
down to the present times, known by the name of the
Ecclesiastical States. Having thus achieved his conquest,
Albornos, as a minister of state, rendered himself for
many years very popular. To Bologna he gave a new
constitution, and founded in that city the magnificent
Spanish college; and for the other parts of the ecclesiastical dominions, he enacted laws which remained in force
for four centuries after. At length he announced to pope
Urban V. that he might now enter and reign at Rome
without fear, and was receiving him in pomp at Viterbo,
when the pope, forgetting for a moment the services Albornos had rendered to the holy see, demanded an
account of his expenditure during his legation. Albornos
immediately desired him to look into the court-yard of
the palace, where was a carriage full of keys, telling him
that with the money intrusted to him, he had made the
pope master of all the cities and castles of which he now
saw the keys. The pope on this embraced and thanked
him. He then accompanied Urban to Rome, but returned
afterwards to Viterbo, where he died August 24, 1367,
regretted by the people, and by the pope; who, finding
himself embarrassed with new cares, more than ever
wanted his advice. Albornos’s body was removed to Toledo, at his own request, and interred with great pomp.
He wrote a book on the constitutions of the Roman church,
which was printed at Jesi, in 1475, and is very rare. His
will also was printed, with this injunction, characteristic
of the man and the age he lived in, that the monks should
say 60,000 masses for his soul. His political life was written by Sepulveda, under the title “Historia de hello administrate in Italia per annos 15, et confecto abÆg. Albornotio,
” Bologna,
he preceding, was likewise a lawyer of considerable eminence, and a professor of law at Pavia, where cardinal Borromeo was his pupil. Pius VI. employed him as datary or chancellor
, born at Milan 1522, the nephew and heir of the preceding, was likewise a lawyer of considerable eminence, and a professor of law at Pavia, where cardinal Borromeo was his pupil. Pius VI. employed him as datary or chancellor of Rome, and afterwards made him a cardinal. His contemporaries, particularly Vettori and Muret, applaud him as a man of general learning, and the ornament of his age. He died at Rome in 1580, and left several works which have not been printed.
reat reputation for learning. Urban VIII. who highly esteemed him, thought him worthy of the rank of cardinal, but he died before that honour was conferred upon him, in 1651,
, a native of Rome, and a Jesuit
of great reputation for learning. Urban VIII. who highly
esteemed him, thought him worthy of the rank of cardinal,
but he died before that honour was conferred upon him, in
1651, leaving some curious materials for a history of the
council of Trent, to which he gave the title of “Historic
concilii Tridentini a veritatis hostibus evulgatae elenchus.
”
His object, which was countenanced by the pope, was to
refute or answer father Paul Sarpi’s history of that celebrated council; and his collections were made use of, after
his death, in a new history of the same by cardinal Pallavicino.
youth. In 1521, however, he went from Venice to Florence, where he obtained, by the interest of the cardinal Julius de Medicis, the Greek professorship of that university,
In 1517, he aspired to the professor’s chair, which his
master Marcus Musurus held, but was rejected on account
of his youth. In 1521, however, he went from Venice to
Florence, where he obtained, by the interest of the cardinal
Julius de Medicis, the Greek professorship of that university, and, besides his’ salary, had ten ducats a month from
the cardinal de Medicis, to translate Galen “De partibus
animalium.
” As soon as he understood that this cardinal
was created pope, he asked leave of the Florentines to depart; and though he was refused, he went nevertheless to
Rome, in great hopes of raising himself there. He lost all
his fortune during the troubles the Columnas raised in
Rome; and some time after, when the emperor’s troops
took the city, in 1527, he received a wound when flying for
shelter to the castle of St. Angelo: but got thither,
notwithstanding he was pursued by the soldiers, and joined
Clement VII. He was afterwards guilty of base ingratitude
towards this pope; for, as soon as the siege was raised, he
deserted him, and went over to cardinal Pompeius Colutnna, at whose house he fell sick, and died a few months after,
in his fortieth year. Alcyonius might have made greater
advances in learning, had he not been too much influenced
by vanity and self-conceit, which hindered him from taking
the advice of his friends. He was likewise too much addicted to detraction and abuse, which raised him many
enemies. Menckenius reprinted his treatise “De Exilio,
”
in Analecta de calamitate Literatorum.
” The treatise “De Exilio
” was first
printed at the Aldine press,
, an Italian physician and botanist of Cesena, in the seventeenth century, was physician to cardinal Odoard Farnese, who appointed him superintendant of his botanic
, an Italian physician and botanist of
Cesena, in the seventeenth century, was physician to cardinal Odoard Farnese, who appointed him superintendant
of his botanic garden. He is mentioned, in the last edition
of this dictionary, as the author of “Descriptio plantarum
horti Farnesiani,
” Rome, 1625, fol. But it is necessary to
mention that Albini’s name, for whatever reason, was borrowed on this occasion, and that the work, as appears by
the preface, was written by Peter Castelli, a physician at
Rome.
of a translation of “Diogenes Laertius,” which was published at Rome in 1594, fol. at the expence of cardinal Peter Aldobrandini, his nephew; and also of a commentary on
, another son of the above
Sylvester, was born at Rome, where he was promoted to
be secretary of the briefs after the death of Poggio in 1568.
He died in the prime of life. He was the author of a translation of “Diogenes Laertius,
” which was published at
Rome in
, a Roman cardinal, and one of the most determined enemies to the reformation,
, a Roman cardinal, and one of the most determined enemies to the reformation, was the son of Francis Aleander, a physician at Motta in the duchy of Concordia, and descended from the ancient counts of Laodno. He was born in 1480, and at thirteen years of age went to Venice for education, which was interrupted by a dangerous illness; but on his recovery, he went for some time to the academy at Pordenoue, and afterwards again to Venice. Returning to his native place, Motta, he had the courage to attack and prove the ignorance of the public teacher of that place, and was elected in his room. Such was his growing reputation afterwards, both at Venice and Padua, that Alexander VI. determined to invite him to Rome, and appoint him secretary to his son Caesar Borgia, butanother illness obliged Aleander to return to Venice, after he had set out; and the pope dying soon afterwards, he returned to his studies, and in his twenty-fourth year was reputed one of the most learned men of his age. He knew Latin, Greek, and some of the oriental languages intimately. About this time Aldus Manutius dedicated to him Homer’s Iliad, as to a man whose acquirements were superior to those of any person with whom he was acquainted. At Venice, Aleander formed an intimacy with Erasmus, and assisted him in the new edition of his Adagia, which was printed at the Aldine press in 1508, and is the most correct. Erasmus for some time kept up this intimacy, but took a different part in the progress of the reformation; and although he speaks respectt'uJly of Aleander’s learning, frequently alludes to his want of veracity and principle, accusations of which Luther has borne the blame almost exclusively in all the popish accounts of ALeander.
his service, and enter into that of the Roman church. The bishop, who was then anxious to be made a cardinal, and hoped that Aleander might promote that favourite object,
In the above year Aleander was invited by Louis XI L king of France, to a professor’s chair in the university of Paris, notwithstanding the statutes which excluded foreign$rs from that honour; but, after residing there some years, he was alarmed by the appearance of the plague, and went into the country of France, and gave lectures on the Greek language at Orleans, Blois, and other places. At length be took up his residence at Liege, was preferred to a canonry of the cathedral, and to the chancellorship of the diocese, and here also he gave his lectures on the Greek tongue, for two years, with distinguished success. In 1517, the prince bishop sent him to Rome, where he soon recommended himself to Leo X. who requested the princebishop that Aleander might he permitted to quit his service, and enter into that of the Roman church. The bishop, who was then anxious to be made a cardinal, and hoped that Aleander might promote that favourite object, readily consented: and Aleander was first appointed secretary to Julio de Medici, an office at that time of the highest trust; and in 1519, was made librarian of the Vatican. In 1521, he was sent as nuncio to the imperial diet at Worms, where he harangued against the doctrines of Luther for three hours, and with great success, as Luther was not present to answer him; but afterwards, when Luther was permitted to speak, Aleander refused to dispute with him; and yet, with the tyranny and cowardice of a genuine persecutor, obtained an order that his books should be burnt, and his person proscribed, and himself drew up the edict against him. On this occasion, his conduct drew upon him the just censure, not only of the decided reformers, but of his friend Erasmus, who condemned the violence of his zeal with great asperity. He did not, however, become the less acceptable to the church of Rome. After pope Leo’s death, Clement VII. gave him the archbishopric of Brindisi and Oria, and he was appointed apostolic nuncio to Francis I. whom he attended at the battle of Pavia in 1525, where he was made prisoner along with the king by the Spaniards. After his release, he was employed in several embassies, and in 1538, he was promoted to the rank of cardinal by Paul III. and was intended to be president at the council of Trent; but his death, which took place Feb. 1, 1542, prevented this important appointment. His death is said to have been accelerated by a too frequent use of medicine. His library, a very considerable one, he bequeathed to the monastery of S. Maria del Orto in Venice; and it was afterwards transferred to the canons of S. Georgio, and from them to the library of S. Marco at Venice.
s against the heresies, as they are called, of Luther; and their importance appears by the use which cardinal Pallavicino made of them in his history of the council of Trent.
Aleander’s memory is now to be respected only as a man
of learning. He wrote a considerable number of works,
the greater part of which have not been published. Those
which have, are but insignificant: 1. “Lexicon GraecoLatinum,
” Paris, Tabulae sane utiles Graecarum musarum adyta compendio ingredi volentibus,
” Argent. De Concilio habendo,
”
a work of which he wrote only four books, and which was
consulted as authority in the proceedings of the council of
Trent, remains among his unpublished writings; and in
the Vatican there is another manuscript, which Mazzuchelli considers as his best. It contains letters and papers
respecting his offices of nuncio and legate, and his transactions against the heresies, as they are called, of Luther;
and their importance appears by the use which cardinal
Pallavicino made of them in his history of the council of
Trent. Aleander ranks likewise among Latin poets from
his verses “Ad Julium et Neasram,
” published in Toscanus’s collection, entitled “Carmina illustrium poetarum
Italorum.
” The reason given by his admirers for the few
works published by him, is his frequent and active employments in the church, and his being more familiar with
extempore eloquence than with composition.
, called the younger, to distinguish him from his grand-uncle the cardinal, was born, according to La Motte, in 1574, in the principality
, called the younger, to distinguish him from his grand-uncle the cardinal, was born,
according to La Motte, in 1574, in the principality of
Friuli, and studied at Padua, where he became so distinguished in early life, that Baillet has classed him among
his “Enfants celebres par leurs etudes.
” He afterwards studied law with equal reputation, and in his twenty-sixth year
published his commentaries on the institutions of Caius.
When he went to Rome, he was employed as secretary
under cardinal Octavio Bandini, and discharged this office with great honour for almost 20 years. He was one
of the first members of the Academy of Humourists, wrote
a learned treatise in Italian on the device of the society,
ftnd displayed his genius on many different subjects.
Urban VIII. had a great esteem for Aleander, and endeavoured to draw him from the service of cardinal Bandini, and to engage him with the Barberini; in which he at
Urban VIII. had a great esteem for Aleander, and endeavoured to draw him from the service of cardinal Bandini, and to engage him with the Barberini; in which he at length succeeded, and Aleander became secretary to cardinal Francis Barberini. He accompanied him to Rome, when he went there in the character of legate a latere; and bore the fatigues of this long journey with great alacrity, notwithstanding his delicate constitution and infirm state of health. He did not escape so well from the luxuries of the table: for having entered into an agreement with some of his intimate friends, that they should treat one another by turns every three days, he indulged to an excess on one of those occasions, which threw him into a disorder, of which he died, March 9, 1629. Cardinal Barberini gave him a magnificent funeral, at which the Academy of Humourists assisted, carrying his corpse to the grave: and Caspar de Simeonibus made his funeral oration.
ecretary of the briefs to pope Paul V. This paved the way for his obtaining the post of secretary to cardinal Borghese, which, however, he did not fill to the entire satisfaction
, an antiquary of great learning, was born of Greek parents, Jan. 12, 1583, and educated
in the Greek college founded by pope Gregory XIII.
where he made a vast progress in learning, and was no less
esteemed for the integrity of his morals. He afterwards
entered into holy orders. He probably at first intended to
settle in Greece, and applied to a.' Greek bishop, who ordained him a sub-deacon; but he afterwards changed his
mind, and received the other sacred orders from the hands
of the bishops of the Romish church. Erythneus, in his
“Pinacotheca,
” although a zealous Roman Catholic, insinuates, that in this change Alemanni was influenced by
the prospect of interest. His fortune, however, being still
inconsiderable, he employed himself in teaching the Greek
language to several persons of distinguished rank, and
gained the friendship of Scipio Cobellutius, who was at
that time secretary of the briefs to pope Paul V. This
paved the way for his obtaining the post of secretary to
cardinal Borghese, which, however, he did not fill to the
entire satisfaction of his employer, from his being more
intimately conversant in Greek than Latin, and mixing
Greek words in his letters. He was afterwards made keeper
of the Vatican library, for which he was considered as
amply qualified. He died July 24, 1626. His death is said
to have been occasioned by too close an attendance on
the erection of the great altar of the church of St. Peter
at Rome. It was necessary for him to watch that no person
should carry away any part of the earth dug up, which had
been sprinkled with the blood of the martyrs, and in his
care he contracted some distemper, arising from the vapours, which soon ended his days. He published “Procopii Historic Arcana, Gr. et Lat. Nic. Alernanno interprete,
cum ejus et Maltreti notis,
” Paris, Description of St. John de Lateran,
”
lost the reward he might have expected for his trouble in that affair. He lived some time after with cardinal Bichi, and then with cardinal Francis Barberini; and was at
, keeper of the Vatican library, and a celebrated popish writer of the 17th
century, was born in the isle of Chios, of Greek parents,
1586. At nine years of age he was removed from his native country to Calabria; bat some time after sent to Rome,
and admitted into the Greek college, where he applied
himself to the study of polite learning, philosophy, and
divinity, and embraced the Roman Catholic religion. From
thence he went to Naples, and was chosen great vicar to
Bernard Justiniani, bishop of Anglona. From Naples he
returned to his own country, but went soon from thence to
Rome, where he studied physic under Julius Caesar Lagalla,
and took a degree in that profession. He afterwards made
the belles lettres his object, and taught in the Greek college at Rome. Pope Gregory XV. sent him to Germany,
in 1622, in order to get the elector Palatine’s library removed to Rome; but hy the death of Gregory, he lost the
reward he might have expected for his trouble in that affair. He lived some time after with cardinal Bichi, and
then with cardinal Francis Barberini; and was at last, by
pope Alexander VII. appointed keeper of the Vatican library. Allatius was of great service to the gentlemen of
Port Royal in the controversy they had with Mr. Claude,
concerning the belief of the Greeks on the subject of die
Eucharist: Mr. Claude often calls him Mr. Arnaud’s great
author, and gives him a character, by no means favourable,
although in general very just. “Allatius,
” says he, “was
a Greek, who had renounced his own religion to embrace
that of Rome; a Greek whom the pope had chosen his librarian: a man the most devoted to the interests of the
court of Rome; a man extremely outrageous in his disposition. He shews his attachment to the court of Rome in
the very beginning of his book `De perpetua consensione,‘
where he writes in favour of the pope thus: `The Roman
pontiff,’ says he, `is quite independent, judges the world
without being liable to be judged; we are bound to obey
his commands, even when he governs unjustly; he gives
laws without receiving any; he changes them as he thinks
fit; appoints magistrates; decides all questions as to matters of faith, and orders all affairs of importance in the
church as seems to him good. He cannot err, being out
of the power of all heresy and illusion; and as he is armed
with the authority of Christ, not even an angel from heaven
could make him alter his opinion'.
” No Latin ever shewed
himself more incensed against the Greek schismatics than
Allatius, or more devoted to the see of Rome. One
singularity in his character is, that he never engaged in matrimony, nor was he ever in orders; and pope Alexander
having asked him one day, why he did not enter into orders? “Because,
” answered he, “I would be free to
marry.
” “But if so,
” replied the pope, “why don't you
marry ?
” “Because I would be at liberty,
” answered Allatius, “to take orders.
” If we may believe Joannes Patricius, Allatius had a very extraordinary pen, with which,
and no other, he wrote Greek for 40 years; and we need
not be surprised that when he lost it he was so grieved that
he shed tears. He wrote so fast that he copied, in one
night, the “Diarium Romanorum Pontiftcium,
” which a
Cistertian monk had lent to him. Niceron gives him the
character of a man laborious and indefatigable, of a vast
memory, and acquainted with every kind of learning; but
adds, that in his writings there is a display of more reading
than judgment, and, that biographer might have added,
than of candour or urbanity of style, at least in his controversial pieces. He died Jan. 1669, aged eighty-three, after
founding several colleges or schools in the island of Chios,
his native place. His principal works were, 1. “De Ecclesiæ Occidentalis et Orientalis perpetua consensione,
” Cologn, De utriusque ecclesiæ, &c. in dogmate
de purgatorio eonsensione,
” Rome, De
libris ecclesiasticis Graecorum,
” Paris, De
Templis Grsecorumrecentioribus,
” Cologn, Græcioe orthodoxae scriptores,
” Rome, Philo Byzantinus de septem orbis spectaculis, Gr. et Lat. cum notis,
” Rome, Eustathius Antiochenus in hexameron, et de Engastrimytho,
” Lyons, Symmichta, et Symmiha,
sive opusculorum Græcorum ac Latinorum vetustiorum ac
recentiorum libri duo,
” Cologn, De
Mensura temporum antiquorum et proecipue Græcorupi,
”
Cologn, Apes Urbanæ,
” Rome, Dramaturgia,
” in Italian,
an alphabetical collection of all the Italian dramatic works
published in his time. This was reprinted at Venice, 4to,
with considerable additions, and brought down to 1755.
12. “Poeti antichi raccolti da Codici manuscriti della Bibliotheca Vaticana e Barberina,
” Naples, This
lamentation was composed by Metaphrast, and that, was
sufficient for Allatius to insert a panegyric upon Metaphrast, written by Psellus. As Metaphrast’s name was Simeon, he thence took an opportunity of making a long dis+
sertation upon the lives and works of such celebrated men.
as had borne the same name. From the Simeons he passes
to the Simons, from them to the Simonideses, and lastly to
the Simonactides.
”
rs, and was created doctor of laws in some Italian university. On his return he was made chaplain to cardinal Wolsey, and commissary or judge of his court, when he was legate
, archbishop of Dublin in the reign of Henry VIII. was first educated at Oxford, whence he removed to Cambridge, and took the degree of master of arts; or, as Wood rather thinks, that of bachelor of laws. He was afterwards sent to Rome to the pope, by Warham, archbishop of Canterbury, to manage some affairs relating to the church. He continued there about nine years, and was created doctor of laws in some Italian university. On his return he was made chaplain to cardinal Wolsey, and commissary or judge of his court, when he was legate a latere, but he was accused of great dishonesty in the execution of that office. He assisted the cardinal in first visiting and afterwards dissolving forty small monasteries, for the erection of his colleges at Oxford and Ipswich. His church-preferment was considerable. Archbishop Warham gave him Aldyngton, with the chapel annexed, March 6, 1510, in which he was succeeded by Erasmus; and in the following year his grace presented him to Riseburgh, in the deanery of Riseburgh. In 1524 he was presented to the perpetual vicarage of Alborne, and he had, by the favour of Wolsey, the church of Dalby on the Would sin Leicestershire, though it belonged to the master and brethren of the hospital of Burton Lazars. In the latter end of the year 1525, he was incorporated doctor of laws of the university of Oxford; and March 13, 1528, upon the death of Dr. Hugh Inge, he was consecrated archbishop of Dublin, and about the same time was made chancellor of Ireland. In 1534 he was barbarously murdered in an insurrection, by Thomas Fitz-gerald, eldest son of the earl of Kildare, in the fiftieth year of his age. He wrote some treatises on ecclesiastical affairs, which remain in manuscript.
travelled for improvement through France and Italy, and that at Rome he became domestic chaplain to cardinal Othoboni. According to Bale and Pits, he flourished under king
, Alvredus, or Aluredus, an ancient English historian, was born at Beverley in Yorkshire, and received his education at Cambridge. He returned afterwards to the place of his nativity, where he became a secular priest, one of the canons, and treasurer to the church of
St. John, at Beverley. Tanner, in a note, informs us, that
he travelled for improvement through France and Italy,
and that at Rome he became domestic chaplain to cardinal
Othoboni. According to Bale and Pits, he flourished under
king Stephen, and continued his annals to the year 1136.
Vossius is supposed to come nearer the truth, who tells us
that he flourished in the reign of Henry I. and died in 1126,
in which same year ended his annals. His history, however, agrees with none of these authors, and it seems probable from thence that he died in 1128 or 1129. He intended at first no more than an abridgment of the history
of the ancient Britons; but a desire of pursuing the thread
of his story led him to add the Saxon, and then the Norman history, and at length he brought it down to his own
times. This epitome of our history from Brutus to Henry I.
is esteemed a valuable performance; it is written in Latin,
in a concise and elegant style, with great perspicuity, and
a strict attention to dates and authorities: the author has
been not improperly styled our English Florus, his plan
and execution very much resembling that of the Roman
historian. It is somewhat surprising that Leland has not
given him a place amongst the British writers: the reason
seems to have been that Leland, through a mistake, considers him only as the author of an abridgment of Geoffrey
of Mou mouth’s history but most of the ancient writers
having placed Geoffrey’s history later in point of time than
that of Alredus, we have reason to conclude that Alredus
composed his compendium before he ever saw the history
of Geoffrey, We have also the authority of John Withamsted, an ancient writer of the fifteenth century, who,
speaking of our author, says, that he wrote a chronicle of
what happened from the settlement of Brutus to the time
of the Normans, in which he also treated of the cities anciently founded in this kingdom, and mentioned the names
by which London, Canterbury, and York were called in old
times, when the Britons inhabited them; and this testimony agrees with the book, as we now have it. Some other
pieces have been ascribed to Alredus; but this history,
and that of St. John of Beverley, seem to have been all that
he wrote. This last performance was never printed, but it
is to be found in the Cotton library; though not set down
in the catalogues, as being contained in a volume of tracts:
it is entitled “Libertates ecclesias S. Johannis de Beverlik, cum privilegiis apostolicis et episcopahbus, quas magister Alueredus sacrista ejusdein ecclesiao de Anglico in
Latinum transtulit: in hoc tractatulo dantur carta3 Saxonicsc
R. R. Adelstani, Eadwardi Confessoris, et Willelmi, quas
fecerunt eidem ccclesiae, sed imperito exscriptore mendose
scriptas. The liberties of the church of St. John of Beverley, with the privileges granted by the apostolic see,
or by bishops, translated out of Saxon into Latin, by master
Alured, sacrist of the said church. In this treatise are
contained the Saxon charters of the kings Adelstan, Edward the Confessor, and William the Conqueror, granted
by them to this church; but, through want of skill in the
transcriber, full of mistakes.
” Mr. Hearne published an
edition of Alredus’s annals of the British History, at Oxford, in 1716, with a preface of his own. This was taken,
from a manuscript belonging to Thomas Rawlinson, esq.
which Hearne says is the only one he ever saw.
canon law, which he had studied under Barthelemi Saliceti and Francis Zabarella, who was afterwards cardinal. He then became professor at Padua, where he wrote several treatises,
, a celebrated lawyer of Padua,
flourished in the fifteenth century. His family was originally of Hungary, and allied to the Speroni, both of which
have produced very eminent men. The subject of this
short article was very learned both in the civil and canon
law, which he had studied under Barthelemi Saliceti and
Francis Zabarella, who was afterwards cardinal. He then
became professor at Padua, where he wrote several treatises, and among them “Comtnentaria in Libros Feudorum,
” a work long held in estimation, and frequently
quoted by the Italian lawyers. He died June 27, 1452,
and was interred in the church of St. Anthony.
ian poets. Some unfinished pieces of his are said to have been discovered at Rome, in the library of cardinal Ottoboni. Eminently distinguished for his accurate knowledge
The poetical talents of Joannes or Giovanni Battista,
the second brother, were not inferior to those of Hieronymus. We remark in his compositions equal harmony,
combined with equal spirit; and critics have united them
under the flattering title of “Musarum Deliciæ.
” Besides the poems written in Latin, others by Giovanni Battista occur in his native language, which rank him among
the best Italian poets. Some unfinished pieces of his are
said to have been discovered at Rome, in the library of cardinal Ottoboni. Eminently distinguished for his accurate
knowledge of the Greek and Latin languages, he passed
the greater part of his life at the court of Rome, and stood
high in the favour of three successive pontiffs. He discharged the office of secretary to the cardinals who were
deputed to the council of Trent. We have his own evidence to prove that he was thus enabled to attain, if not to
the most splendid and imposing affluence, at least to that
moderate degree of it, which, combined with temperance
and integrity, conduces most to real happiness. He died
at Rome at the early age of forty-seven years.
with increasing popularity, until 1543, when he was invited to Rome by pope Paul III. and his nephew cardinal Alexander Farnese. The pope employed him in many political missions
, the son of Gregory Amaseo, Latin professor at Venice, was one of the most celebrated
Italian scholars of the sixteenth century. He was born at
Udina in 1489, and educated at first by his father and
uncle, but finished his studies at Padua, and in 1508 had
begun to teach the belles lettres there, when the war, occasioned by the league at Cambray, obliged him to leave
the place. He then went to Bologna, continued to teach,
and married, and had children, and was so much respected
that the city admitted him as a citizen, an honour which
his ancestors had also enjoyed. In 1530, he was appointed
first secretary to the senate, and was chosen by pope Clement VII. to pronounce before him and Charles V. a Latin
harangue on the subject of the peace concluded at Bologna between the two sovereigns. This he accordingly
performed, with great applause, in the church of St. Petrona, before a numerous audience of the first rank. He
continued to teach at Bologna, with increasing popularity,
until 1543, when he was invited to Rome by pope Paul III.
and his nephew cardinal Alexander Farnese. The pope employed him in many political missions to the court of the
emperor, those of the German princes, and that of the king
of Poland; and in 1550, after the death of his wife, pope
Julius III. appointed him secretary of the briefs, a place
which he did not long enjoy, as he died in 1552. He wrote
Latin translations of “Xenophon’s Cyrus,
” Bologna, Pausanias,
” Rome, Orationes,
” consisting of eighteen Latin speeches
on various occasions, Bonon. 1580, 4to. His contemporaries bestow the highest praises on his learning and
eloAlienee. His son Pompilio had perhaps less reputation,
but he too distinguished himself as Greek professor at Bologna, where he died in 1584. He translated two fragments of Polybius, Bologna, 1543, and wrote a history of
his own time in Latin, which has not been published.
a French cardinal and statesman of the illustrious house of Amboise in France,
a French cardinal and statesman of the illustrious house of Amboise in France, so called
from their possessing the seignory of that name, was born
in 1460. Being destined at a very early age for the
church, he was elected bishop of Montauban when only
fourteen. He was afterwards made one of the almoners to
Lewis XI. to whom he behaved with great prudence. After
the death of this prince in 1480, he entered into some of
the intrigues of the court with a design to favour the duke
of Orleans, with whom he was closely connected; but
those intrigues being discovered, d‘Aniboise and his protector were both imprisoned. The duke of Orleans was
at last restored to his liberty; and this prince having negotiated the marriage of the king with the princess Anne
of Britanny, acquired great reputation and credit at court.
Of this his favourite d’Amboise felt the happy effect as,
soon after, the archbishopric of Narbonne was bestowed on
him; but being at too great a distance from the court, he
changed it for that of Rouen, to which the chapter elected
him in 1493. As soon as he had taken possession of his
new see, the duke of Orleans, who was governor of Normandy, made him lieutenant-general, with the same power
as if he had been governor in cbief. This province was
at that time in great disorder: the noblesse oppressed the
people, the judges were all corrupted or intimidated; the
soldiers, who had been licentious since the late wars, infested the high-ways, plundering and assassinating all
travellers they met; but in less-than a year, d‘Amboise by
his care and prudence established public tranquillity. The
king dying in 1498, the duke of Orleans ascended the
throne, by the name of Lewis XII. and d’Amboise became
his prime minister. By his first operation in that office, he
conciliated the affection of the whole nation. It had been
a custom when a new monarch ascended the throne, to lay
an extraordinary tax on the people, to defray the expences of the coronation, but by the counsel of d‘Amboise
this tax was not levied, and the imposts were soon reduced
one tenth. His virtues coinciding with his knowledge, he
made the French nation happy, and endeavoured to preserve the glory they had acquired. By his advice Lewis
XII. undertook the conquest of the Milanese in 1499.
Lewis the Moor, uncle and vassal of Maximilian, was then
in possession of that province. It revolted soon after the
conquest, but d’Amboise brought it back to its duty. Some
time after he was received at Paris with great magnificence, in quality of legate from the pope. During his
legation, he laboured to reform many of the religious orders, as the jacobins, the cordeliers, and those of St. Germain des Pres. His disinterestedness was equal to his zeal.
He never possessed more than one benefice, two thirds of
which he employed for the relief of the poor and the support of the churches. Contenting himself with his archbishopric of Rouen and his cardinal’s hat, he was not,
like his contemporaries, desirous to add abbeys to it. A
gentleman of Normandy having offered to sell him an estate
at a very low price, in order to portion his daughter, he
made him a present of a sum sufficient for that purpose,
and left him the estate. He obtained the purple after the
dissolution of the marriage between Lewis XII. and Joan
of France, to which he greatly contributed: and, on having
procured for Caesar Borgia, son of pope Alexander VI.
the duchy of Valentinois, with a considerable pension, his
ambition was to be pope, with a view to the reform of
abuses, and the correction of manners. After the death of
Pius III. he might have succeeded in his wishes, and
took measures to procure the tiara, but cardinal Julian de
Rovera (afterwards Julius II.) found means to circumvent
him; and the Venetians having contributed to his exclusion, he took the first opportunity to excite Lewis XII. to
make war on them, a circumstance which seems not a little
to detract from his character. This celebrated cardinal
died in 15 10, in the convent of the Celestines at Lyons,
of the gout in his stomach, aged 50 years. It is reported
that he often repeated to the friar who attended him in his
illness, “Brother John, why have I not during my whole
life been brother John?
” This minister has been greatly
praised for having laboured for the happiness of France;
but he has been equally censured for having advised his
master to sign the treaty of Blois in 1504, by which France
ran the risk of being dismembered. He governed both
the king and the state; laborious, kind, honest, he possessed good sense, firmness, and experience, but he was
not a great genius, nor were his views extensive. The
desire he had to ease the people in their taxes, procured
him during his life, but much more after his death, the
title of father of the people. He merited this title still
more, by the care he took to reform the administration of
justice. Most of the judges were venal, and the poor,
and those who had no support, could never obtain justice,
when their opposers were either powerful or rich. Another
evil not less enormous troubled the kingdom; law-suits
were spun out to such a length, were so expensive, and
accompanied by so much trick and chicanery, that most
people rather chose to abandon their rights than engage in
the recovery of them by suits which had no prospect of
coming to an end. D‘Amboise resolved to remedy this
abuse. He called to his assistance many lawyers and civilians, the most learned and of the greatest integrity;
and charged them to form a plan, by which justice might
be administered without partiality, the duration of lawsuits abridged and rendered less ruinous, and the corruption of the judges prevented. When these commissioners
had made their report, d’Amboise undertook the laborious
task of examining into the changes they had proposed in
the old laws, and the new regulations they designed to
establish; and after having made some changes, these new
regulations were published throughout the kingdom. As
he was governor of Normandy, he made a progress through
that province for the express purpose of seeing his new
code properly established.
, 1765. The care of this valuable museum was long confided to him, and he prevailed upon the learned cardinal De Zelada to enrich it by his collections. He left in manuscript,
, an eminent Italian scholar, was born at Florence, June 13, 1713, and died at Rome
in 1788, where he had been professor of eloquence for
thirty years with great reputation. Most of the present
Italian literati are indebted to him for their taste for study
and the happy manner in which he taught them to employ
their talents. He published a “Translation of Virgil into
blank verse,
” of which the edition printed at Rome, 3 vols.
fol. 1763, a most superb book, is very scarce: he translated likewise some of the tragedies of Voltaire, Florence,
1752, and a selection of Cicero’s epistles; he published
a Latin oration on the election of Joseph II. to be king of
the Romans; but he is principally known for the “Museum Kicheranum,
” in 2 vols. folio, 1765. The care of
this valuable museum was long confided to him, and he
prevailed upon the learned cardinal De Zelada to enrich it
by his collections. He left in manuscript, a Latin poem
on the cultivation of the lemon-tree. One other publication remains to be noticed; his translation of the Jesuit
Noceti’s two poems on the Iris and the Aurora Borealis,
which were printed in the same magnificent manner with
his Virgil.
il, afforded him an opportunity of prosecuting his studies with advantage: and at the request of the cardinal Santa Croce, he was employed as the person best qualified to
, a learned
Italian orientalist, was born in 1469, a descendant of the
noble family of the counts of Albanese. At fifteen months
he is said to have spoken his native language with facility,
and at fifteen years, to have spoken and written Greek and
Latin with a promptitude equal to the best scholars of his
time. He entered young into the order of regular canons
of St. John of Lateran, but did not come to Rome until
1512, at the opening of the fifth session of the Lateran
council. The great number of ecclesiastics from Syria,
Ethiopia, and other parts of the East, who attended that
council, afforded him an opportunity of prosecuting his
studies with advantage: and at the request of the cardinal
Santa Croce, he was employed as the person best qualified
to translate from the Chaldean into Latin the liturgy of
the eastern clergy, previously to the use of it being expressly sanctioned by the pope. After having been employed by Leo X. for two years in giving instructions in
Latin to the subdeacon Elias, a legate from Syria to the
council, whom the pope wished to retain in his court, and
from whom Ambrogio received in return instructions in the
Syrian tongue, he was appointed by the pontiff to a professor’s chair in the university of Bologna, where he delivered instructions in the Syriac and Chaldaic languages
for the first time that they had been publicly taught in Italy.
He is said to have understood no less than eighteen languages, many of which he spoke with the ease and fluency
of a native; but from the letter quoted by Mazzuchelli, it
appears more probable that he was master of at least ten
languages, and understood many others partially. In the
commotions which devastated Italy after the death of Leo X.
he was despoiled in 1527 of the numerous and valuable
eastern manuscripts, Chaldean, Hebrew, and Greek, which
he had collected by the industry of many years, and of the
types and apparatus which he had prepared for an edition
of the Psalter in the Chaldean, accompanied with a dissertation on that language. He afterwards, however, came
to Venice, in the prosecution of this object; and, in 15.39,
published at Pavia, his “Introduction to the Chaldean,
Syrian, Armenian, and ten other tongues, with the alphabetical characters of about forty different languages,
” 4to,
which is considered by the Italians themselves as the
earliest attempt made in Italy towards a systematic acquaintance with the literature of the East. He died the
year following.
avours to show the insincerity of courts in matters of negociation. He published also an edition of. cardinal d'Ossat’s letters in 1697, with several observations of his
, called
by some Abraham Nicholas, but, according to Niceron,
Nicholas only appears in his baptismal register, was born
February. 1634, at Orleans. He was much esteemed at
the court of France, and appointed secretary of an embassy which that court sent to the commonwealth of Venice,
as appears by the title of his translation of father Paul’s
history of the council of Trent; but he afterwards published
writings which gave such offence, that he was imprisoned
in the Bastile. The first works he printed were the “History of the Government of Venice, and that of the Uscocks,
a people of Croatia:
” in l'Homme de Cour.
”
In his preface he defends Gracian against father Bouhours’
critique, and gives his reasons why he ascribes this book
to Baltasar and not to Laurence Gracian. He also mentions that he had altered the title, because it appeared too
ostentatious and hyperbolical; that of “l'Homme de Cour,
”
the Courtier, being more proper to express the subject of
the book, which contains a collection of the finest maxims
for regulating a court-life. In 1686, he printed “La Morale de Tacite;
” in which he collected several particular
facts and maxims, that represent in a strong light the artifices of court-flatteries, and the mischievous effect of their
conversations. In 1690, he published at Paris a French
translation of the first six books of Tacitus’s annals, with
his historical and political remarks, some of which, according to Mr. Gordon, are pertinent and useful, but many
of them insipid and trifling. Amelot having employed his
peri for several years on historical and political subjects,
began now to try his genius on religious matters; and in
1691 printed at Paris a translation of “Palafox’s theological and moral Homilies upon the passion of our Lord.
”
Frederic Leonard, a bookseller at Paris, having proposed,
in the year 1692, to print a collection of all the treaties of
peace between the kings of France and all the other princes
of Europe, since the reign of Charles VII. to the year 1690,
Amelot published a small volume in duodecimo, containing
a preliminary discourse upon these treaties; wherein he
endeavours to show the insincerity of courts in matters of
negociation. He published also an edition of. cardinal
d'Ossat’s letters in 1697, with several observations of his
own; which, as he tells us in his advertisement, may serve
as a supplement to the history of the reigns of Henry III.
and Henry IV. of France. Amelot died at Paris, Dec. 8,
1706, being then almost 73 years of age, and left several
other works enumerated by Niceron, who objects to his
style, but praises his fidelity. The freedom with which
he wrote on political subjects appears to have procured for
him a temporary fame, unaccompanied with any other advantages. Although he was admired for his learning and
political knowledge, he was frequently in most indigent
circumstances, and indebted to the bounty of his friends.
orks of sculpture in the capitol. Some time after, in conjunction withVasari, he erected the tomb of cardinal de Monti, which added very considerably to his fame. Besides
, a celebrated architect
and sculptor, was born at Florence in 1511, and was at first
the scholar of Baccio Bandinelli, and then of Sansovino
at Venice; but on his return to his own country, he studied
with much enthusiasm the sculptures of Michael Angelo in
the chapel of St. Laurence. His first works are at Pisa;
for Florence he executed a Leda, and about the same time,
for Naples, the three figures, large as life, on the tomb of
the poet Sannazarius. Meeting with some unpleasant circumstances here, he returned to Venice, and made the
colossal Neptune, which is in St. Mark’s place. At Padua
he made another colossal statue, of Hercules, which is still
in the Montava palace, and has been engraved. He then
went to Rome to study the antique, and pope Julius III.
employed him in works of sculpture in the capitol. Some
time after, in conjunction withVasari, he erected the tomb
of cardinal de Monti, which added very considerably to his
fame. Besides these, he executed a great number of
works for Rome, Florence, and other places. The porticoes of the court of the palace Pitti are by him, as well as
the bridge of the Trinity, one of the finest structures that
have been raised since the revival of the arts, the facade of
the Roman college, and the palace Rupsoli on the Corso.
This architect composed a large work, entitled “La Cita,
”
comprising designs for all the public edifices necessary to a
great city. This book, after having passed successively
through several hands, was presented some time in the
eighteenth century to prince Ferdinand of Tuscany, and
it is now among the collection of designs in the gallery of
Florence, after having been long inquired after, and supposed to be lost. After the death of his wife, he devoted
the greater part of his wealth to pious purposes, and died
himself in 1592. His wife, Laura Battiferri, an Italian
lady of distinguished genius and learning, was the daughter of John. Antony Battiferri, and was born at Urbino in
1513. She spent her whole life in the study of philosophy
and polite literature, and is esteemed one of the best Italian poets of the sixteenth century. The principal merit
of her poems, “L'Opere Toscane,
”
eans he was educated is not certainly known, but he studied philosophy at Paris in the colUge of the cardinal ie Moine, and although naturallyof slow capacity, his uncommon
By what means he was educated is not certainly known,
but he studied philosophy at Paris in the colUge of the
cardinal ie Moine, and although naturallyof slow capacity,
his uncommon diligence enabled him to accumulate a large
stock of classical and general knowledge. Having taken
the degree of master of arts at nineteen, he pursued his
studies under the royal professors established by Francis I.
viz. James Tusen, who explained the Greek poets; Peter
Dones, professor of rhetoric; and Oronce Fine, professor
of mathematics. He left Paris at the age of twenty-three,
and went to Bourges with the sieur Colin, who had the
abbey of St. Ambrose in that city. At the recommendation
of this abbot, a secretary of state took Amyot into his
house, to be tutor to his children. The great improvements they made under his direction induced the secretary to recommend him to the princess Margaret duchess
of Berry, only sister of Francis I.; and by means of this
recommendation Amyot was made public professor of Greek
and Latin in the university of Bourges: he read two lectures a day for ten years; a Latin lecture in the morning,
and a Greek one in the afternoon. It was during this time
he translated into French the “Amours of Theagenes and
Chariclea,
” with which Francis I. was so pleased, that he
conferred upon him the abbey of Bellosane. The death of
this prince happening soon after, Amyot thought it would
be better to try his fortune elsewhere, than to expect any
preferment at the court of France; he therefore accompanied Morvillier to Venice, on his embassy from Henry II.
to that republic. When Morvillier was recalled from his
embassy, Amyot would not repass the Alps with him;
choosing rather to go to Rome, where he was kindly received by the bishop of Mirepoix, at whose house he lived
two years. It was here that, looking over the manuscripts
of the Vatican, he discovered that Heliodorus, bishop of
Tricca, was the author of the Amours of Theagenes; and
finding also a manuscript more correct and complete than,
that which he had translated, he was enabled to give a
better edition of this work. His labours, however, in this
way, did not engage him so as to divert him from improving his situation, and he insinuated himself so far into
the favour of cardinal de Tournon, that his eminence recommended him to the king, to be preceptor to his two
younger sons. While he was in this employment he finished his translation of “Plutarch’s Lives,
” which he dedicated to the king; and afterwards undertook that of “Plutarch’s Morals,
” which he finished in the reign of Charles
IX. and dedicated to that prince. Charles conferred upon
him the abbey of St. Cornelius de, Compeigne, although
much against the inclination of the queen, who had another
person in her eye; and he also made him grand almoner of
France and bishop of Auxerre; and the place of grand
almoner and that of curator of the university of Paris happening to be vacant at the same time, he was also invested
in both these employments, of which Thuanus complains.
Henry III. perhaps would have yielded to the pressing solicitations of the bishop of St. Flour, who had attended him
on his journey into Poland, and made great interest for
the post of grand almoner; but the duchess of Savoy, the
king’s aunt, recommended Amyot so earnestly to him, when
he passed through Turin, on his return from Poland, that
he was not only continued in his employment, but a new
honour was added to it for his sake: for when Henry III.
named Amyot commander of the order oiF the Holy Ghost,
he decreed at the same time, as a mark of respect to him,
that all the grand almoners of France should be of course
commanders of that order. Amyot did not neglect his
studies in the midst of his honours, but revised all his translations with great care, compared them with the Greek
text, and altered many passages: he designed to give a
more complete edition of them, with the various readings
of divers manuscripts, but died before he had finished that
work. He died the 6th of February, 1593, in the 79th
year of his age.
anner that was agreeable to the assembly: and it was on this occasion that he became acquainted with cardinal Richelieu, who conceived a great esteem for him, and imparted
In 1631, he was sent deputy to the national council at Charenton; and by this assembly was appointed to address the king, and lay before his majesty their complaints concerning the infraction of the edicts.: he was particularly charged not to deliver his speech upon his knees, as the deputies of the former national synod had done. He managed this affair with so much address, that he was introduced to the king according to the ancient custom, and in the manner that was agreeable to the assembly: and it was on this occasion that he became acquainted with cardinal Richelieu, who conceived a great esteem for him, and imparted to him the design he had formed of re-uniting the two churches. The Jesuit who conferred with Mr. Amyraut upon this subject was father Audebert. Mr. de Villeneuve, lord lieutenant of Saumur, having invited them both to dinner, took care they should confer in private, but Mr. Amyraut protested, that he could not forbear imparting to his colleagues all that should pass between them. The Jesuit told him he was sent by the king and his eminence, to propose an agreement in point of religion; that the Roman catholics were ready to sacrifice to the public truicjuilJity the invocation of saints, purgatory, and the merit of good works; that they would set bounds to the pope’s power, and in case they met with opposition from the court of Rome, they would lay hold on that occasion to create a patriarch; that the laity should be allowed the communion in both kinds; and that they would give up several other points, provided they found in the Protestants a sincere desire of peace and union. But he declared, when Mr. Amyraut touched upon the doctrines of the eucharist, that no alteration would be admitted there; and Amyraut immediately answered, that then they could come to no aoreement. This conference lasted about four hours: the Jesuit still required secrecy but Mr. Amyraut protested, according to the declaration he had made first to Mr. Villeneuve, that he would communicate the whole matter to his colleagues, and that he would be answerable for their prudence and discretion. About this time he published a piece, in which he explained the mystery of predestination and grace, according to the hypothesis of Camero, which occasioned a kind of civil war amongst the protestant divines of France. Those who disliked the hypothesis, derided it as a novelty, especially when they saw themselves joined by the great du Moulin, who accused Amyraut of Arianism. The authority of this famous divine, to whom the people paid a great respect and veneration on account of the many books of controversy he had published, made so deep an impression in the minds of many ministers, that, though Amyraut had published a piece, wherein he maintained Calvin to have held universal grace, yet many deputies at the national synod of Alengon came charged with instructions against him, and some were even for deposing him. The deputies of the provinces beyond the Loire were the most violent against him; but the synod, after having heard Amyraut explain his opinion, in several sessions, and answer the objections, honourably acquitted him, and enjoined silence in respect to questions of this nature. This, however, was not strictly observed by either side; for complaints were made against Amyraut, in the national synod of Charenton, for having acted contrary to the regulations concerning that silence; and he, in his turn, complained of infractions of the same nature. The assembly, by a kind of amnesty, suppressed these mutual complaints; and having renewed the injunction of silence, sent back Amyraut to his employment, permitting him to oppose foreigners who should attack him, in what manner the synod of Anjou should think proper, and this synod allowed him to publish an answer to the three volumes of Spanhemius upon universal grace, which occasioned the writing of several others.
and de la Meilleriac, Mr. le Goux de la Berchere, first president of the parliament of Burgundy, and cardinal Mazarin. What gained him the favour of this cardinal was, in
Amyraut, being a man well acquainted with the world, was very entertaining in conversation, which contributed no less than the reputation of his learning to render him the favourite of many persons of quality, though of opposite principles in religious matters among those who particularly distinguished him, were the marshals de Breze and de la Meilleriac, Mr. le Goux de la Berchere, first president of the parliament of Burgundy, and cardinal Mazarin. What gained him the favour of this cardinal was, in all probability, his openly declaring in favour of the obedience due to sovereigns, which proved very advantageous to the court of France during the troubles of the league against cardinal Maaarin, called de la Fronde. In his Apology, published in 1647, in behalf of the protestants, he excuses very plausibly the civil wars of France; but he declares at the same time, that he by no means intends to justify the taking up of arms against the lawful sovereign upon any pretence whatsoever; and that he always looked upon it as more agreeable to the nature of the gospel and the practice of the primitive church, to use no other arms but patience, tears, and prayers. Yet, notwithstanding his attachment to this doctrine, he was not for obeying in matters of conscience, which plainly appeared when the seneschal of Saumur imparted to him an order from the council of state, enjoining all those of the reformed religion to hang the outside of their houses on Corpus Christi day. The seneschal notified this order to him the eve of that holiday, entreating hini at the same time to persuade the protestants to comply with it. To this Amyraut made answer, that, on the contrary, he would go directly and exhort his parishioners against complying with it, as he himself was resolved not to obey such orders: that in all his sermons he had endeavoured to inspire his hearers with obedience and submission to superior powers-, but not when their consciences were concerned. ' Having thus acquainted the seneschal with his resolution, he went from house to house, laying before his parishioners the reasons why he thought they ought not to obey the order of the council, and the king’s lieutenant not thinking it proper to support the seneschal, the matter ended without disturbance.
de Zuingle, de Calvin, et de Beze,” Hanau, 1666, which is part of an answer he had prepared against cardinal de Richelieu. 3. “Vie de Guil. Farel,” or the idea of a faithful
His writings are but few, 1. “Relation fidele de tout ce
qui s’est passe dans la conference publique avec M. Bedacier, eveque d'Aost,
” Sedan, Apologie de Luther, de Zuingle, de
Calvin, et de Beze,
” Hanau, Vie de Guil. Farel,
” or the idea of a faithful minister
of Christ, printed in 1691, Amst. 12mo, from a most erroneous copy. He published also one fast sermon, 1676,
entitled “The Tears of St. Paul.
” But the work which
contains the most faithful picture of his learning, principles, and talents, in conversation, was published by his
son, the subject of the next article, at Basil, 1698, 3 vols.
12mo, entitled “Melange critique de Litterature, recueilli des conversations de feu M. Ancillon.
” There was
likewise a new edition of it published at Amsterdam in 1702,
in one volume 12mo, which was disowned by the editor,
because there were several things inserted in ic, which
were injurious to his father’s memory, and his own character. This collection of Ancillon was formed from what he
heard his father speak of in conversation, and he has digested it under proper heads. It contains a great number
of useful and curious remarks, although not wholly free
from mistakes, some of the sentiments having been conveyed to the editor by persons who probably did not remember them exactly.
ritate,”) in 1562, is omitted. The pope’s legates being very well pleased with this work, sent it to cardinal Borromeo; the court of Rome also approved it extremely, and
, or Andradius, a
learned Portuguese, was born in 1528, at Coimbra, and
distinguished himself at the council of Trent, where king
Sebastian sent him as one of his divines. He pveached
before the assembly the second Sunday after Easter in
1562: nor was he contented with the service he did in
explaining those points upon which he was consulted, but
he employed his pen in defence of the canons of the
council, in a treatise entitled “Orthodoxarum explicationum, lib. x.
” Venice, Examen concilii Tridentini,
” Andrada thought himself obliged to defend his
first piece against this learned adversary. He composed
therefore a book, which his two brothers published after
his death, at Lisbon, in 1578, 4to, entitled “Defensio
Tridentinse fidei catholicse quinque libris comprehensa,
adversus ha^reticorum calumnias, et praesertim Martini
Chernnitii.
” This work is likewise very difficult to be met
with. There is scarce any catholic author who has been
more quoted by the protestants than he, because he maintained the opinions of Zuinglius, Erasmus, &c. concerning the salvation of the heathens. Andrada was esteemed
an excellent preacher: his sermons were published in
three parts, the second of which was translated into Spanish by Benedict de Alarcon. The Bibliotheque of the
Spanish writers does not mention all his works; the book
he wrote concerning the pope’s authority, during the
council (“De conciliorum autoritate,
”) in Ort&odox explanations of
Andradius,
” gives him the character of a man of wit, vast
application, great knowledge in the languages, with all the
zeal and eloquence necessary to a good preacher; and
Rosweidus says, that he brought to the council of Trent
the understanding of a most profound divine, and the eloquence of a consummate orator.
resided for many years at, Rome in a state of poverty and neglect, he obtained the patronage of the cardinal de Cusa, who procured for him the place of secretary to the
, bishop of Aleria in Corsica, has established a name in the literary world, not so much by his original compositions, as by the care he bestowed in superintending many valuable works, when the invention of printing was introduced at Rome, by those celebrated printers Conrad Sweignheym, and Arnould Pannartz. His family name was Bussi, or Bossi, and he was born at Vigevano in 1417: after having resided for many years at, Rome in a state of poverty and neglect, he obtained the patronage of the cardinal de Cusa, who procured for him the place of secretary to the Vatican library, and then the bishopric of Accia, in the island of Corsica; from which he was translated not long after to that of Aleria. Some biographers, mistaking him for John Andreas, the canonist, have attributed to him writings on the Decretals; we have nothing of his, however, that can be deemed original, except the valuable prefaces prefixed to the editions which he corrected and superintended in the press. He died in 1475. He was particularly instrumental in introducing the art of printing into Italy, and fixing it at Rome. The printers above-mentioned were under his immediate protection, and in his prefaces he considers them as under his care. The works he superintended were, in 1468 9, 1. Epistolae Ciceronis ad Familiares. 2. Hieronymi Epistolrc. 3. Julius Caesar. 4. Livy. 5. Virgil. 6. Lucan. 7. Aulus Gellius. 8. Apuleius; and in 1470 1, 9. Lactantius. 10. Cicero’s Orations. 11. S. Biblia. 12. Cyprianus. 13. S. Leon. Mag. Sermones et Epistolne. 14. Ovidii Metamorph. 15. Pliny. 16. Quintilian. 17. Suetonius. 18. Ciceronis Epist. ad Attic; and Lyra in Biblia, and Strabo, without date. Mr. Beloe, who has abridged many of Andreas’s prefaces, justly observes, that when the length of time is considered, which at the present day would be required to carry any one of the preceding works through the press, it seems astonishing, and hardly credible, that so much should have been accomplished in so very short a period.
s of Isabella Andreina, Comica Gelosa, Academica Intenta, delta l'Accesa. She dedicated her works to cardinal Cinthio Aldobrandini (nephew to Clement VIIL), by whom she was
, wife to the preceding, was born at Padua in 1562, became an actress of great fame, and was flattered by the applauses of the men of wit and learning in her time. She is described as a woman of elegant figure, beautiful countenance, and melodious voice, of taste in her profession, and conversant with the French and Spanish languages; nor was she unacquainted with philosophy and the sciences. She was a votary of the muses, and cultivated poetry with ardour and success. The Intend, academicians of Pavia, conferred upon her the honours of their society, and the titles of Isabella Andreina, Comica Gelosa, Academica Intenta, delta l'Accesa. She dedicated her works to cardinal Cinthio Aldobrandini (nephew to Clement VIIL), by whom she was greatly esteemed, and for whom many of her poems were composed.
pencil, and his power of imitation, were remarkably displayed in the copy he made of Leo X. between cardinal Medici and cardinal Rom, the head and hands by Raphael, and
, or more properly Andrea Del Sarto, so called from his father’s trade, that of a tailor, but whose family name was Venucci, was born at Florence in 1488, and at first instructed in his art by Barile, a mean painter, with whom he spent three years, at the end of which Barile placed him with Peter Cosimo, then accounted one of the best painters in Italy. Under him, he made astonishing proficiency, and his abilities began to be acknowledged, but Cosimo' s morose temper obliged him to leave him, and seek instruction in the works of other artists. As he had, while with Cosimo, employed himself in designing after Vinci, Raphael, and Buonaroti, to whose works he had access at Florence, he persisted in the same practice, formed an admirable taste, and excelled his young rivals at home or abroad, in correctness, colouring, and knowledge of his art. Having contracted a friendship with Francesco Bigio, they determined to live together, and painted a great many works in the churches and convents of Florence, jointly, but Andrea’s reputation began to predominate, and seemed fixed by his representation of the preaching of St. John, executed for the Carmelites at Florence. Some time after this, he went to Rome to study the models of art in that city, but it is thought he did not remain there long enough to reap all the benefit which he might. The excellence of his pencil, and his power of imitation, were remarkably displayed in the copy he made of Leo X. between cardinal Medici and cardinal Rom, the head and hands by Raphael, and the draperies by Julio Romano. The imitation was so exact, that Julio, after the most minute inspection, and being told that it was a copy, could not distinguish it from the original. His superior talents might have raised him to opulence, if his imprudence had not reduced him to shame and poverty. The French king, Francis I. who was extremely partial to his works, invited him to his court, defrayed the expences of his journey, and made him many valuable presents. For a portrait, only, of the Dauphin, an infant, he received tjjree hundred crowns of gold, and he painted many other pictures for the court and nobility, for which he was liberally rewarded. While employed on a picture of St. Jerome, for the queen dowager, he received letters from his wife, soliciting his return to Florence, and, to indulge her, of whom he was excessively fond, he asked, and obtained a few months absence. It was on this occasion that the king, confiding in his integrity, made him several princely presents, and intrusted him with large sums of money to purchase statues, paintings, &c.; but Andrea instead of executing his commission, squandered away not only his own, but the money intrusted to him, became poor, and despised, and at last died of the plague, in his forty-second year, abandoned by his wife, and by all those friends who had partaken of his extravagance. His principal works were at Florence, but there were formerly specimens in many of the palaces and churches of Italy and France. All the biographers and critics of painters, except perhaps Baldinucci, have been lavish in their praises of Andrea. Mr. Fuseli, in his much improved edition of Pilkington, observes, that, on comparing the merits of his works, they seem to have obtained their full share of justice. As a Tuscan, says that judicious critic, the suavity of his tone, and facility of practice, contrast more strikingly with the general austerity and elaborate pedantry of that school, and gain-him greater praise than they would, had he been a Bolognese or Lombard. It cannot, however, be denied, that his sweetness sometimes borders on insipidity; the modesty, or rather pusillanimity of his character, checked the full exertion of his powers; his faults are of the negative kind, and defects rather than, blemishes. He had no notions of nature beyond the model, and concentrated all female beauty in his Lucrezia (his wife), and if it be true that he sacrificed his fortune and Francis I. to her charms, she must at least have equalled in form and feature his celebrated Madonna del Sacco; hence it was not unnatural that the proportions of Albert Durer should attract him more than those of Michael Angelo. His design and his conceptions, which seldom rose above the sphere of common or domestic life, kept pace with each other; here his observation was acute, and his ear open to every whisper of social intercourse or emotion. The great peculiarity, perhaps the great prerogative, of Andrea appears to be that parallelism of composition, which distinguishes the best of his historical works, seemingly as natural, obvious, and easy, as inimitable. In solemn effects, in alternate balance of action and repose, he excels all the moderns, and if he was often unable to conceive the actors themselves, he gives them probability and importance, by place and posture. Of costume he was ignorant, but none ever excelled, and few approached him in breadth, form, and style of that drapery which ought to distinguish solemn, grave, or religious subjects.
ights of Kings,” asserted the authority of Christian princes over causes and persons ecclesiastical, cardinal Bellarmin, under the name of Matthew Tortus, attacked him with
, an eminent divine, and bishop
of Winchester in the reigns of James I. and Charles I. was
born at London, in 1555, in the parish of Allhallows
Barking, being descended from the ancient family of the
Andrews in Suffolk. He had his education in grammarlearning, first in the Coopers’ free-school at Ratcliff under
Mr. Ward, and afterwards in Merchant Taylors’ school at
London, under Mr. Muleaster. Here he made such a proficiency in the learned languages, that Dr. Watts, residentiary of St. Paul’s, and archdeacon of Middlesex, who about
that time had founded some scholarships at Pembroke hall
in Cambridge, sent him to that college, and bestowed on
him the first of those exhibitions. After he had been
three years in the university, his custom was to come up
to London once a year, about Easter, to visit his father
and mother, with whom he usually stayed a month; during
which time, with the assistance of a master, he applied
himself to the attaining some language or art, to which he
was before a stranger: and by this means, in a few years,
he had laid the foundation of all the arts and sciences, and
acquired a competent skill in most of the modern languages. Having taken the degree of bachelor of arts, he
was, upon a vacancy, chosen fellow of his college, in preference upon trial to Mr. Dove, afterwards bishop of Peterborough. In the mean time Hugh Price, having founded
Jesus college in Oxford, and hearing much of the fame of
young Mr. Andrews, appointed him one of his, first, orhonorary fellows on that foundation. Having taken the
degree of master of arts, he applied himself to the study
of divinity, in the knowledge of which he so greatly excelled, that being chosen catechist in the college, and having undertaken to read a lecture on the Ten Commandments every Saturday and Sunday at three o'clock in the
afternoon, great numbers out of the other colleges of the
university, and even out of the country, duly resorted to
Pembroke chapel, as to a divinity lecture. At the same
time, he was esteemed so profound a casuist, that he was
often consulted in the nicest and most difficult cases of
conscience; and his reputation being established, Henry,
earl of Huntington, prevailed upon him to accompany him
into the North, of which he was president; where, by his
diligent preaching, and private conferences, in which he
used a due mixture of zeal and moderation, he converted
several recusants, priests, as well as others, to the protestant religion. From that time he began to be taken notice
of by sir Francis Walsingham, secretary of state to queen
Elizabeth. That minister, who was unwilling so fine a
genius should be buried in the obscurity of a country benefice, his intent being to make him reader of controversies
in the university of Cambridge, assigned him for his maintenance the lease of the parsonage of Alton in Hampshire,
and afterwards procured for him the vicarage of St. Giles’s,
Cripplegate, in London. Afterwards he was chosen a prebendary and residentiary of St. Paul’s, as also prebendary
of the collegiate church of Southwell. Being thus preferred to his own contentment, he distinguished himself as
a diligent and excellent preacher, and read divinity lectures
three times a week at St. Paul’s, in term time. Upon the
death of Dr. Fulke, he was chosen master of Pembrokehall, of which he had been scholar and fellow, a place of
more honour than profit, as he spent more upon it than he
received from it, and was a considerable benefactor to that
college. He was appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to queen Elizabeth, who took such delight in his
preaching, that she first made him a prebendary of Westminster, in the room of Dr. Richard Bancroft promoted to
the see of London; and afterwards dean of that church, in
the room of Dr. Gabriel Goodman deceased. But he refused to accept of any bishopric in this reign, because he
would not basely submit to an alienation of the episcopal
revenue . Dr. Andrews soon grew into far greater esteem
with her successor king James I. who not only gave him
the preference to all other divines as a preacher, but likewise made choice of him to vindicate his sovereignty
against the virulent pens of his enemies. His majesty
having, in his “Defence of the rights of Kings,
” asserted
the authority of Christian princes over causes and persons
ecclesiastical, cardinal Bellarmin, under the name of Matthew Tortus, attacked him with great vehemence. The
king requested bishop Andrews to answer the cardinal,
which he did with great spirit and judgment, in a piece
entitled “Tortura Torti: sive, ad Matthaei Torti librutn
responsio, qui nuper editus contra Apologiam serenissimi
potentissimique principis Jacobi, Dei gratia Magnae Britannias, Franciae, & Hiberniae Regis, pro juramento fidelitatis.
” It was printed at London by Roger Barker, the
king’s printer, in 1609, in quarto, containing 402 pages,
and dedicated to the king. The substance of what the
bishop advances in this treatise, with great strength of reason and evidence, is, that kings have power both to call
synods and confirm them; and to do all other things, which
the emperors heretofore diligently performed, and which
the bishops of those times willingly acknowledged of rio-ht
to belong to them. Casaubon gives this work the character of being written with great accuracy and research. That
king next promoted him to the bishopric of Chichester, to
which he was consecrated, November 3, 1605. At the
same time he made him his lord almoner, in which place
of great trust he behaved with singular fidelity, disposing
of the royal benevolence in the most disinterested manner,
and not availing himself even of those advantages that he
might legally and fairly have taken. Upon the vacancy of
the bishopric of Ely, he was advanced to that see, and
consecrated September 22, 1609. He was also nominated
one of his majesty’s privy counsellors of England; and
afterwards of Scotland, when he attended the king in his
journey to that kingdom. After he had sat nine years in
that see, he wus advanced to the bishopric of Winchester,
and deanery of the king’s chapel, February 18, 1618;
which two last preferments he held till his death. This
great prelate was in no less reputation and esteem with
king Charles I. than he had been with his predecessors.
At length he departed this life, at Winchester-house in
Southwark, September 25, 1626, in the seventy-first year
of his age; and was buried in the parish church of St. Saviour’s, Southwark; where his executors erected to him a
very fair monument of marble and alabaster, on which is
an elegant Latin inscription, written by one of his chaplains .
nsei Epistolas tres.” “Stricturae, or a brief Answer to the eighteenth chapter of the first booke of cardinal! Perron’s Reply, written in French to king James his Answer
The works of this learned prelate, which are now best
known, are, 1. “A volume of Sermons,
” London, The Moral Law expounded, or Lectures on
the Ten Commandments, with nineteen Sermons on
prayer,
” Collection of posthumous and
orphan Lectures delivered at St. Paul’s and St. Giles’s,
”
London, Manual of Devotions,
” Gr. and Lat. often reprinted,
and translated by dean Stanhope, 12mo; and several Concidnes ad Clerum, or other occasional sermons preached
before the university, and at court “Responsio ad Apologiam Cardinalis Beliannini, &c.
” Theological determinations on Usury, Tythes.
” “Responsiones ad
Petri Molinsei Epistolas tres.
” “Stricturae, or a brief
Answer to the eighteenth chapter of the first booke of cardinal! Perron’s Reply, written in French to king James his
Answer written by Mr. Casaubon in Latine.
” “An Answer to
the twentieth chapter of the fifth book of cardinal Perron’s
Reply, written in French to king James his Answer, written by Mr. Casaubon to the cardinal! in Latine.
” “A Speech
delivered in the Starr-chamber against the two Judaicall opinions of Mr. Traske.
” The two Judaical opinions advanced
by Mr. Traske were, 1. That Christians are bound to abstain from those meats, which the Jews were forbidden in
Leviticus. 2. That they are bound to observe the Jewish
Sabbath. “A Speech delivered in the Starr-Chamber concerning Vowes, in thecountesseof Shrewesburiescase.
” This
lady was convicted of disobedience, for refusing to answer
or be examined, (though she had promised to do it before),
alleging, that she had made a solemn vow to the contrary.
The design of the bishop’s speech is to shew, that such
vows were unlawful, and consequently of no force or obligation upon her. These pieces were printed after the
author’s death at London by Felix Kyngston, in 1629, 4to,
and dedicated to king Charles I. by Dr. William Laud
bishop of London, and Dr. John Buckridge bishop of Ely.
in that language, and was well skilled in Aristotle’s philosophy. He taught at Rome, and lived with cardinal Bessarion. The stipend which was given him was so small, that
, of Thessalonica, was one of the Greek refugees who brought learning into the West in the fifteenth century. He was considered as the ablest professor next to Theodorus Gaza, and, perhaps, he exceeded him in the knowledge of the Greek tongue, for he had read all the authors in that language, and was well skilled in Aristotle’s philosophy. He taught at Rome, and lived with cardinal Bessarion. The stipend which was given him was so small, that he was obliged by poverty to depart from Rome; upon this he went to Florence, where he was a professor a long time, and had a vast number of auditors, but upon the expectation of meeting with more generous encouragement in France, he took a journey thither, where he died in 1478, in a very advanced age.
nt French architect, was born at Orleans, or, according to some, at Paris, in the sixteenth century. Cardinal d'Armagnac was among the first who patronised him, and furnished
, an eminent
French architect, was born at Orleans, or, according to
some, at Paris, in the sixteenth century. Cardinal d'Armagnac was among the first who patronised him, and furnished him with money for the expences of his studies in
Italy. The triumphal arch, which still remains at Pola in
Istria, was so much admired by him, that he introduced
an imitation of it in all his arches. He began the Pont
Neuf, at Paris, May 30, 1578, by order of Henry III. but
the civil wars prevented his finishing that great work, which
was reserved for William Marchand, in the reign of Henry
IV. 1604. Androuet, however, built the hotels of Carnavalet, Fermes, Bretonvilliers, Sully, Mayenne, and other
palaces in Paris. In 1596, he was employed by Henry IV.
to continue the gallery of the Louvre, which had been begun by order of Charles XL but this work he was qbliged
to quit on account of his religion. He was a zealous protestant, of the Calvinistic church, and when the persecution arose he left France, and died in some foreign country, but where or when is not known. Androuet is not
more distinguished for the practice, than the theory of his
art. He wrote, 1. “Livre d' Architecture, contenant les
plans et dessins de cinquante Batiments, tons differents,
”
Second livre d' Architecture,
”
a continuation of the former, Les plus excellents Batirnents de France,
” Livre d' Architecture auquel sont contenues diverses ordonnances de
plans et elevations de Batiments pour seigneurs et autres
qui voudront batir aux champs,
” Les Edifices Remains,
” a collection of engravings of the antiquities of Rome, from designs made on the spot, 1583, fol.
6. “Lesons de Perspective,
”
mself Vy some libels against his successor Geoffroy, for which, and his general turbulent character, cardinal* Fleury would no longer listen to him, but took the part of
, surnamed Bois-Regard,a French
physician and medical writer, was born at Lyons in 1658,
and came to Paris without any provision, but defrayed the
expences of his philosophical studies in the college of
the Grassins by teaching a few pupils. He was at length
a professor in that college; and, in 1687, became first
known to the literary world by a translation of Pacatus’
panegyric on Theodosius the Great. Quitting theology,
however, to which he had hitherto applied, he turned to
the study of medicine, received his doctor’s degree at
Rheims, and in 1697 was admitted of the faculty at Paris.
Some share of merit, and a turn for intrigue, contributed
greatly to his success, and he became professor of the
Royal College, censor, and a contributor to the Journal
des Savants; and, although there were strong prejudices
against him on account of the manner in which he contrived
to rise; and his satirical humour, which spared neither
friend or foe, he was in 1724, chosen dean of the faculty.
His first measures in this office were entitled to praise;
convinced of the superiority of talent which the practice of
physic requires, he reserved to the faculty that right of
inspecting the practice of surgery, which they had always
enjoyed, and made a law that no surgeon should perform
the operation of lithotomy, unless in the presence of a
physician. After this he wished to domineer over the faculty itself, and endeavoured to appoint his friend Helvetius to be first physician to the king, and protector of
the faculty. But these and other ambitious attempts were
defeated in 1726, when it was decided, that all the decrees
of the faculty should be signed by a majority, and not be
liable to any alteration by the dean. After this he was
perpetually engaged in disputes with some of the members,
particularly Hecquet, Lemery, and Petit, and many abusive
pamphlets arose from these contests. Andry, however,
was not re-elected dean, and had only to comfort himself
Vy some libels against his successor Geoffroy, for which,
and his general turbulent character, cardinal* Fleury
would no longer listen to him, but took the part of the
university and the faculty. Andry died May 13, 1742,
aged eighty-four. His works were very numerous, and
many of them valuable: 1. “Traite de la generation des
Vers dans le corps de I'homme,
” Traite des Aliments;
” and by
Valisnieri, who fixed on him the nickname of Homo venniculosus, as he pretended to find worms at the bottom of
every disorder. Andry answered these attacks in a publication entitled “Eclaircissements sur le livre de generation, &c.
” 2. “Remarques de medicine sur differents
sujets, principalement sur ce qui regard e la Saignee et la
Purgation,
” Paris, Le Regime du
Careme,
” Paris, 1710, 12mo, reprinted 1713, 2 vols. and
afterwards in three, in answer to the opinions of Hecqnet.
4. “Thé de l'Europe, ou les proprietes de la veronique,
”
Paris, Examen de difFerents points
d' Anatomic, &c,
” Paris, Remarques de chemie touchant la preparation de certains remedes,
” Paris, Chimie medicale.
”
7. “Cleon a Eudoxe, touchant la pre-eminence de la
Medicine sur la Chirurgie.
” Paris, Orthopedic; ou l'art de prevenir et de corriger, dans les
enfants, les Difformites du corps,
” Paris,
ns of women and children, as he passed through the market place, and petitioned him, by means of the cardinal Filomarino, the archbishop, and others, to take off the said
, commonly called Massaniello, one of the names introduced in biographical collections, although more properly belonging to history, was a fisherInan of Naples, and the author of a temporary revolution, which ended as such tumultuous measures generally end, without meliorating the state of the people who have been induced to take an active part in them. In 1623, when this man was born, the kingdom of Naples was subject to the house of Austria, and governed by a viceroy. The Neapolitans had supported the government in this house with great loyalty and liberality, and submitted themselves to many voluntary impositions and burthensome taxes in support of it. But in 1646, the necessities of the king requiring it, a new donative was projected, and a design was formed to lay a fresh tax upon fruits, comprehending 9,11 sorts, dry or green, as far as mulberries, grapes, figs, apples, pears, &c, The people, being thus deprived of their ordinary subsistence, took a resolution to disburden themselves, not only of this, but of all other insupportable exactions formerly imposed. They made their grievances known to the viceroy by the public cries and lamentations of women and children, as he passed through the market place, and petitioned him, by means of the cardinal Filomarino, the archbishop, and others, to take off the said tax. He promised to redress the grievance, and convened proper persons to find out some method to take off the tax on ifruits. But the farmers, because it was prejudicial to their interest, found some secret means to frustrate his endeavours, and dissuaded him from performing his promise to the people; representing to him, that all the clamour was made by a wretched rabble only, not worth regarding.
heir assistance defended the city until the grand dukewas able to send them assistance. in 1575, the cardinal Ferdinand de Medicis, who was afterwards grand duke, took Angelio
He now endeavoured to console himself by cultivating
his poetical talent, an employment which had been long interrupted, and resumed his poem on the chase, for which
he had collected a great many notes and observations in
the East and in France. In 1546, the inhabitants of Reggio chosd‘ him public professor of Greek and Latm, with a
handsome allowance, and the rights of citizenship. In this
office he continued about three years, after which the grand
duke, Cosmo I. invited him to be professor of the belles
lettres at Pisa. After filling this chair for seventeen years,
he exchanged it for that of moral and political science, and
lectured on Aristotle’s two celebrated treatises on these subjects. Such was his attachment to that university, and to
the grand duke, that during the war of Sienna, when Cosmo was obliged to suspend payment of the professors’ salaries, Angelio pawned his furniture and books, that he
might be enabled to remain at his post, while his brethren
fled. And when the Siennese army, commanded by Peter’
Strozzi, approached Pisa, which had no troops for its defence, our professor put arms into the hands of the students of the university, trained and disciplined them, and
with their assistance defended the city until the grand dukewas able to send them assistance.
in 1575, the cardinal Ferdinand de Medicis, who was
afterwards grand duke, took Angelio to Rome with him,
settled a large pension on him, and by other princely marks
of favour, induced him to reside there, and encouraged
him to complete a poem, which he had begun thirty years
before, on the conquest of Syria and Palestine by the
Christians. Angelio caused all his poems to be reprinted
at Rome in 1585, and dedicated to this cardinal, who rewarded him by a present of two thousand florins of gold.
When he became grand duke, Angelio followed him to
Florence, and there at Jength published his “Syrias.
”
He was now enriched by other pensions, and was enabled
to pass his declining years, mostly at Pisa, in opulence and
ease. He died Feb. 29, 1596, in his seventy-ninth year,
and was interred in the Campo Santo, with great pomp;
and a funeral oration was read in the academy of Florence,
and, what was still a higher honour, as he was not a member, in that of Delia Crusca.
oops of the kingdom of Naples and of the pope, auditor of M. Nicholas Negroni, and afterwards of the cardinal his uncle. Whilst Philip V. of Spain was master of the kingdom
, author of several pieces
relating to the history of literature, was born the 14th of
October 1675, at Lecce, the capital of Otranto in the
kingdom of Naples, of one of the noblest and most considerable families in that city. He began his studies at
Lecce, and at seventeen years of age went to finish them at
Naples, where he applied very closely to the Greek language and geometry. He went afterwards to Macerata,
where he was admitted LL. D. His desire of improvement;
induced him also to travel into France and Spain, where
he acquired great reputation. Several academies of Italy
were ambitious of procuring him as a member, in consequence of which we find his name not only amongst those
of the Transformati and Spioni of Lecce, but also in that
of the Investiganti of Naples, in the academy of Florence,
and in that of the Arcadians at Rome, into the last of which
he was admitted the 8th of August 1698. $Ie went into
orders very early, and was afterwards canon aftd grand penitentiary of the church of Lecce, vicar general of Viesti,
Gallipoli, and Gragnano, first chaplain of the troops of the
kingdom of Naples and of the pope, auditor of M. Nicholas Negroni, and afterwards of the cardinal his uncle.
Whilst Philip V. of Spain was master of the kingdom of
Naples, he was honoured with the title of principal historiographer, which had likewise been given him when he
was in France, by Louis XIV.; and he afterwards became
secretary to the duke of Gravina. He died at Lecce the
9th of August 1719, and was interred in the cathedral of
that city; or, according to another authority, Aug. 7, 1718.
His works are, 1. “Dissertazione intorna alia patria di
Ennio,
” Rome, Vita di rnonsignor Roberto Caracciolo
vescovo d' Aquino e di Lecce, 1703.
” 3. “Delia vita di
Scipione Ammiralo, patrizio Leccese, libri tre,
” Lecce,
Vita di Antonio Caraccio da Nardo.
” 5. “Vita
di Andrea Peschiulli da Corigliano.
” These two are not
printed separately, but in a collection entitled “Vite de'
Letterati Salentini.
” 6. “Vita di Giacomo Antonio Ferrari,
” Lecce, Vita di Giorgio Baglivo,
” Leccese. 8. “Lettera discorsiva al March. Giovani GioSeffo Orsi, dove si tratto dell' origine e progressi de signori
accademici Spioni, e delle varie loro lodevoli applicazioni,
”
Lecce, Discorso historico, in cui si tratta
dell' origine e delle fondazione della citta di Lecce e
d'Alcune migliori e piu principal! notizie di essa,
” Lecce,
1705. 10. “Le Vite de letterati Salentini, parte I.
” The
Lives of the learned men of Terra d'Otranto, part I. Florence in the title, but really Naples, 1710. The second
part was published at Naples, 1713, in 4to. 11. “Orazione funebre recitata in occasione della morte dell' imperadore Giuseppe nel vescoval domo di Gallipoli,
” Naples,
Scritto istorico legale sopra le ragioni della
suspension! del' interdetto locale generale della chiefa di
Lecce e sua diocesi,
” Rome, Tre lettere legale.
” These three letters were written in defence of the
right of the church of Lecce. 14. He wrote likewise several poems, particularly seven sonnets, which are published
in the second part of the “Rimo scelte del sign. Bartolommeo Lippi,
” printed at Lucca,
of the seventeenth century, was born at Terni, in the duchy of Spalatto, and became secretary to the cardinal Hippolito Aldobrandini, and apostolic prothonotary. He was also
, a learned antiquary of the
seventeenth century, was born at Terni, in the duchy of
Spalatto, and became secretary to the cardinal Hippolito
Aldobrandini, and apostolic prothonotary. He was also a
member of the academy of the Insensati at Perugia, and
made so extensive a collection of curiosities of art of every
kind, that it was thought worthy of the name of the Roman
museum. The marquis Vincenzo Giustiniani engaged Angeloni to publish his series of imperial medal’s, which accordingly appeared under the title “L'Istoria Augusta da
Giulio Cesare Costatino il magno,
” Rome, Storia di Terni,
” Rome,
h is partly in the county of Anghiera. In 1477, he went to Rome, and entered into the service of the cardinal Ascanio Sforza Visconti, and afterwards into that of the archbishop
, an Italian scholar,
was born in 1455, at Arona, on the Lake Major. His family, one of the most illustrious in Milan, took the name of
Anghiera, from the same lake, which is partly in the county
of Anghiera. In 1477, he went to Rome, and entered
into the service of the cardinal Ascanio Sforza Visconti,
and afterwards into that of the archbishop of Milan.
During a residence there of ten years, he formed an acquaintance with the most eminent literary men of his time,
and among others, with Pomponio Leto. In 1487, he
went into Spain in the suite of the ambassador of that
court, who was returning home. By him he was presented
to Ferdinand and Isabella, king and queen, and served in
two campaigns, but quitted the army for the church, and
was appointed by the queen to teach the belles lettres to
the young men of the court, in which employment he continued for some time. Having on various occasions shown
a capacity for political business, Ferdinand, in 1501, employed him on an errand of considerable delicacy, to the
sultan of Egypt, in which he acquitted himself greatly to
his majesty’s satisfaction. While engaged in this business,
he took the opportunity of visiting some part of Egypt,
particularly the pyramids, and returned to Spain in the
month of August 1502. From this time he became attached to the court, and was appointed a member of the
council for the affairs of India. The pope, at the king’s
request, made him apostolical prothonotary, and in 1505,
prior of the church of Grenada, with a valuable benefice.
After the death of Ferdinand, Anghiera remained as much
in favour with the new king, and he also was presented
by Charles V. to a rich abbey. He died at Grenada in
1526, leaving several historical works, which are often
quoted by the name of Peter Martyr, as if that were his
family name; and in the Diet. Hist, he is recorded under
Martyr. His principal works are, 1. “Opus Epistolarum
Petri Martyris Anglerii, Mediolanensis,
” De
rebus Oceanicis etorbe novo Decades,
” a history of the discovery of the New World, compiled from the manuscripts of
Columbus, and the accounts he sent to Spain to the India
council, of which our author was a member. These Decades
were at first printed separately; the first edition of the whole
is that of Paris, 1536, fol. which has been often reprinted.
3. “De insulis nuper in vends et incolarum moribus,
” Basil, De legation e Baby lonica,
libri tres,
” printed with the Decades, which contains an account of his embassy to the sultan of Egypt. Some other
works, but rather on doubtful authority, have been attributed to him.
altar of Val de Grace, the fine marble crucifix of the high altar of the Sorbonne, the mausoleum of cardinal de Berulle in the church of St. Honorius; and especially that
, the sons of a mechanic in the town of Eu in Normandy, became very eminent for their skill in sculpture; and after pursuing their studies at Rome, embellished Paris with many of their best works. Of these, Francis executed the^ altar of Val de Grace, the fine marble crucifix of the high altar of the Sorbonne, the mausoleum of cardinal de Berulle in the church of St. Honorius; and especially that of the duke of Montmorenci at Moulins, and the four figures on the tomb of the duke de Longueville at Paris; the figure of Prudence is esteemed a chef-d'ouvre of graceful expression, This artist is said to have exercised his art in England, but we do not find him noticed by Walpole. He died at Paris in 1699, in the 95th year of his age. Michael, who was the younger brother, born in 1612, executed the tomb of the grand prior of Souvre, the ornaments on the gate of St. Dennis, the figures on the front gate of Val-de-grace, Amphitrite, &c. He assisted his brother likewise in some of his works, and died in 1686, aged 74. They were both buried at St. Koch, where they are honoured with an epitaph.
retends, that he met with them at Mantua, whilst he was there with his patron Paul de Campo Fulgoso, cardinal of St. Sixtus. But they had not been published long, before
Annius left a great many works, two of which were
thought valuable; the one, “A treatise on the Empire of
the Turks,
” and the other, “De futuris Christianorum
triumphis in Turcas et Saracenos, at Xystum IV. et omnes
principes Christianos,
” Genes, 1430, 4to, a commentary
on the book of the Revelations, part of which had been
the subject of some, sermons he preached in 1471. He
published also “Super mutuo Judaico et civili et divino,
”
Antiquitatum variarum voluminaXVU.
cum commentariis fr. Joannis Annii Viterbensis,
” fol.
reprinted the same year at Venice, and afterwards several
times at Paris, Basil, Antwerp, Lyons, &c. sometimes with,
and sometimes without his commentaries. In this collection Annius pretends to give the original works of several
historians of the highest antiquity, as: “Archilochi de
temponbus Epitome lib. I. Xenophontis de Æquivocis
lib. I. Berosi Babylonici de Antiquitatibus Italian ac totius
orbis lib. V. Manethonis JEgyptii supplementa ad Berosum lib. I. Metasthenis Persae, de judicio temporum,
& Annalibus Persarum lib. I. Philonis Hebraei de temporibus lib. II. Joannis Annii de primis temporibus, &
quatuor ac viginti regibus Hispanice, & ejus antiquitate
lib. I. Ejusdem de antiquitate & rebus Ethruriae lib. I.
Ejusdem Commentariorum in Propertium de Vertumno
sive Jano lib. I. Q. Fabii Pictoris de aureo saeculo, &
origine urbis Romse lib. II. Myrsili Lesbii de origine
Italiae, ac Turrhenioe lib. I. M. Catonis fragmenta de
originibus lib. I. Antonini Pii Csesaris August! Itinerarium lib. I. C. Sempronii de chorographia sive descriptione Italian lib. I. Joannis Annii de Ethrusca simul &
Italica Chronographia lib. I. Ejusdem Quoestiones de
Thuscia lib. I. Cl. Marii Aretii, Patricii Syracusani, de
situ insulue Sicilian lib. I. Ejusdem Dialogus in quo Hispania describitur.
” The author dedicated these books to
Ferdinand and Isabella, because they had been found
when their majesties were conquering the kingdom of
Granada. He pretends, that he met with them at Mantua,
whilst he was there with his patron Paul de Campo Fulgoso, cardinal of St. Sixtus. But they had not been
published long, before doubts began to be entertained of
their authenticity. This provoked a controversy, in the
course of which it was very clearly proved that they are
entitled to little credit, but the precise share Annius had
in the imposture was a point long undetermined. The
contending writers on the subject may be divided into four
classes. The one of opinion that Annius really got
pospossession of certain fragments of the ancient authors, but
that he added to these a number of fables and tra-litions.
Another class think that the whole collection is a forgery,
but that Annius was himself deceived, and published what
he really thought to be genuine. A third class are believers in the authenticity of the whole, and some of these
were themselves men of credit and reputation, as Bernardino Baldi, William Postel, Albert Krantz, Sigonius,
Leancler Alberti, (see vol. I. p. 320), and some others.
Alberti is said to have discovered his error, and to have
deeply regretted that he admitted into his description of
Italy, the tables which he found in Annius. A fourth
class of critics on this work attribute the whole to the
imagination of the editor; and among these we find the
names of Anthony Agostini, or Augustine, Isaac Casaubon,
Mariana, in his Spanish history, Ferrari, Martin Hanckius,
Fabricius, Fontanini, &c. The learned Italians, also, who
were contemporaries with Annius, were the first to detect
the fraud; as Marcus Antonius Sabellicus, Peter Crinitus,
Volterre, &c.; and Pignoria and MafTei were of the same
opinion. In the sixteenth century, Mazza, a dominican,
revived the dispute, by publishing at Verona, in 1623, fol.
a work entitled “Apologia pro fratre Giovanni Annio Viterbese.
” His chief design is to prove, that if there be
any fraud, Annius must not be charged with it. But he
goes farther, and asserts, that these works are genuine,
and endeavours to answer all the objections urged against
them. This apology having been censured, father Macedo rose against the censurer, not indeed with a design
to assert that the Berosus, &c. published by Annius was
the genuine Berosus, but to shew that Annius did not forge
those manuscripts, A more modern apologist pretends
both. He calls himself Didimus Rapaligerus Livianus.
He published at Verona in the year 1678, a work in folio,
entitled “I Gothi illustrati, overo Istoria de i Gothi antichi,
” in which he brings together all the arguments he
can think of, to shew that the writings published by Annius
are genuine; and that this dominican did not forge them.
The question is now universally given against Annius,
while we are left to wonder at the perseverance which conducted him through a fraud of such magnitude.
s, but no more was printed than this. 9. “La Vie de Gregoire Cortez, Benedictine, eveque d'Urbin, et cardinal,” 1786. Ansart, according to his biographer, was both ignorant
, a French historian, and
ecclesiastical writer, was born in the Artois, in 1723, and
became a Benedictine, but being appointed procurator of
one of the houses of that order, he disappeared with the
funds intrusted to his care. How he escaped afterwards,
his biographer does not inform us, but he attached himself to the order of Malta, became an advocate of
parliament, and doctor of laws of the faculty of Paris. He was
afterwards made prior of Villeconin, and a member of the
academies of Arras and of the arcades of Rome. He died
about 1790, after having published: 1. “Dialogues sur
l'utilité des moines rentés,
” Exposition
sur le Cantique des Cantiques de Salomon,
” Histoire de S. Maur, abbé de Glanfeuil,
” Eloge de Charles V. empereur,
” from the Latin of
J. Masenius, Esprit de St. Vincent de
Paul,
” proposed as a pattern to ecclesiastics, Histoire de Sainte Reine d‘Alise, et de I’abbaye de
Flavigny,
” Histoire de S. Fiacre,
” Bibliotheque litteraire du Maine,
” Chalons
sur Marne, La Vie de Gregoire Cortez, Benedictine, eveque d'Urbin, et cardinal,
”
It yet remains to be noticed that Anselm was canonized in the reign of Henry VII. at the instance of cardinal Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury, a singular mark of veneration
It yet remains to be noticed that Anselm was canonized in the reign of Henry VII. at the instance of cardinal Morton, then archbishop of Canterbury, a singular mark of veneration for one who had been dead so long. His life was written by Eadmer, the historian, his secretary, and by John of Salisbury, but the account given by the latter is deformed by many supposed miracles.
, count of Pergola, who rose through various ecclesiastical promotions to that of cardinal, was born in 1697, and died Sept. 24, 1767, esteemed for his
, count of Pergola,
who rose through various ecclesiastical promotions to that
of cardinal, was born in 1697, and died Sept. 24, 1767,
esteemed for his learning, modesty, and other virtues. He
published, J. “De titulis quos S. Evaristus Romania presbyteris distribuit,
” Rome, Ragioni della
Sede apostolica sopra il Ducato di Parma e Piacenza esposte a‘ sovrani e principi Catholici dell’ Europa,
” Rome,
S. Athanasii interpretatio psalmorum,
” Rome, Vetus Missale Romanum, proefationibus et notis illustratum,
” Rome, Degli Arcadidilloma,
”
thought they exceeded those of the most studied preparation. A proof of this was at the table of the cardinal of Pisa, when he gave an entertainment one day to several other
, a man of great learning, whq
raised himself from a low condition by his merit, his parents
being so far from able to support him in his studies, that
they themselves stood in need of charity, was born at Rome
in 1540. He made a quick and most surprising progress
in his studies; for when he was but ten years old, he could
make verses upon any subject proposed to him; and these so
excellent, though pronounced extempore, that it was commonly thought they exceeded those of the most studied
preparation. A proof of this was at the table of the cardinal of Pisa, when he gave an entertainment one day to
several other cardinals. Alexander Farnese, taking a nosegay, gave it to this youth, desiring him to present it to him
of the company whom he thought most likely to be pope:
he presented it to the cardinal of Medicis, and made an
eulogium upon him in verse. This cardinal, who was pope
some years afterwards, under the name of Pius IV. imagined
it all a contrivance, and that the poem had been artfully
prepared before-hand, by way of ridicule upon him. He
therefore appeared hurt at it, but the company protested
that it was an extempore performance, and requested
him to make a trial of the boy: he did so, and was convinced of his extraordinary talents. According to Strada,
as the cardinal of Medicis was thinking upon a subject for this purpose, the clock in the hall struck; which
was the occasion of his proposing a clock for the subject
of his verses. The duke de Ferrara coming to Rome, to
congratulate Marcellus II. upon his being raised to the
pontificate, was so charmed with the genius of Antoniano,
that he carried hi:n to Ferrara, where he provided able
masters to instruct him in all the sciences. From thence
he was sent for by Pius IV. who recollecting the adventure
of the nosegay, made inquiry for the young poet; and
having found him, invited him to Rome, and gave hinvan
honourable post in his palace, and some time after made
him professor of the belles lettres in the college at Rome.
Antoniano filled this place with so much reputation, that
on the day when he began to explain the oration pro Marco Marcello, he had a crowd of auditors, and among these
no less than twenty-five cardinals. He was afterwards
chosen rector of the college; and after the death of Pius
IV. being seized with a spirit of devotion, he joined himself to Philip Neri, and accepted the office of secretary to
the sacred college, offered him by Pius V. which he executed for many years with the reputation of an honest and
able man. He refused a bishopric which Gregory XIV.
wculd have given him, but he accepted the office of secretary to the briefs, offered him by Clement VIII. who made
him his chamberlain, and afterwards a cardinal. It is reported, that cardinal Alexander de Montalto, who had behaved a Hitle too haughtily to Antoniano, said, when he
saw him promoted to the purple, that for the future he
would not despise a man of the cassoc and little band,
however low and despicable he might appear; since it
might happen that he whom he had despised, might not
only become his equal, but even his superior. His intense
application is said to have hastened his death, Aug. 15,
1603. His printed works are, 1. “Dele 1 Educazione
Cristiana de Figliuoli libri tre,
” Verona, Orationes
tredecim,
” Rome,
d by a canonry of Seville, which pope Alexander VII. bestowed upon him, on the recommendation of the cardinal of Aragon. He died at Madrid in 1684, and was then a ktiight
, a very learned and useful
Spanish biographer, was born at Seville in 1617. His father was made president of the admiralty established in that
city by Philip IV. He received his early education among
the dorainicans, and studied philosophy and divinity afterwards at Salamanca, under the ablest masters, particularly
Francis Ramos del Manzano, who was afterwards preceptor
to the king and preceptor to Charles II. He then returned
to Seville, and entirely devoted to study, passed the whole
of his time in the Benedictine convent, where Benedict
de la Serra, the abbot, had collected a very copious library,
and where Antonio first planned and composed his valuable
“Bibliotheca Hispana.
” When considerably advanced in
this work, he brought it with him to Rome in 1659, at
which time he was sent thither by Philip IV. in the character of agent-general of affairs concerning the crown of
Spain, the two Sicilies, and the inquisition, and he continued in this office twenty-two years, at the end of which
Charles II. recalled him to Madrid, and made him a member of his council. Notwithstanding these profitable employments, he was so charitable to the poor, as frequently
to be in want himself, but was considerably relieved by a
canonry of Seville, which pope Alexander VII. bestowed
upon him, on the recommendation of the cardinal of Aragon. He died at Madrid in 1684, and was then a ktiight
of the order of St. James. It is said that among his
papers was found a commission appointing him one
of the supreme council of justice, but it is certain
that he never filled that office. He left no property, but
a library of thirty thousand volumes. His publications
were, 1. “De exilio, sive de exilii poena antiqua et
nova, exsulumque conditione et juribus, libri tres,
” Antwerp, Bibl. Hispana.
” This is
said to have been written when he was only twenty-three
years old. 2. “Bibliotheca Hispana Nova,
” Rome, Bibliotheca Hispana vetus, complectens scriptores qui
ab Octaviani Augusti imperio usque ad annum M. floruerunt,
” Rome, Bibliotheca Nova,
” although published first, is in fact a
sequel to this last, which has also been reprinted by Bayer
at Madrid, 1788. Baillet prefers Antonio’s work to every
thing of the kind, and Morhof considers it as a model.
David Clement prefers it to all the Bibliothecas except
that of Quetif and Echarcl. He thinks him blameable,
however, for not giving the titles of books in their proper
language, an objection to which other biographers, and
particularly the French, until lately, have been justly liable. One other publication of Antonio was printed for
the first time so lately as 1742, at Valentia, under the titla
of “Censura de historias fabulas, obra postuma,
” fol. ornamented with plates, and published by D. Gregoire Mayans y Siscar. We know not whether this be part of a work
in which Antonio tells us he was long engaged, and which
was to be called “Trophaeum historico-ecclesiasticum
Deo veritatis erectum ex manubiis pseudo-historicorum,
qui Flavii Lucii Dextri, M. Maximi, Helecoe, Braulionis,
Luitprandi, et Juliani nomine circumferuntur; hoc est,
Vindiciae verae atque iludum notae Hispanarum rerum historise, Germanarum nostros gentislaudum non ex GermanoFuldensibus chronicis emendicatarum in libertatem et
puritatem plena assertio,
” a work which Bayle thinks would
have been of dangerous consequence, as people seldom
like to be set right as to the fabulous stories which have
long flattered their vanity.
, medicine, grammar, jurisprudence, and sacred criticism. He had the farther honour of suggesting to cardinal Ximenes, who had invited him to the newly-founded university
, or Antony of
Lebrija or Lebrixa, was born in 1442, at Lebrixa, a town
in Andalousia. At the age of fourteen he went to the
university of Salamanca, and five years after studied at
some of the most celebrated schools in Italy, and such was
his application, that within ten years he had run through
the whole circle of sciences. He was an able Hebrew,
Greek, and Latin scholar, and on that account, on his return to Salamanca, was promoted to the classical chair.
During the twenty years that he filled this station, he
published various works on the learned languages, the
belles lettres, mathematics, medicine, grammar, jurisprudence, and sacred criticism. He had the farther honour
of suggesting to cardinal Ximenes, who had invited him to
the newly-founded university of Alcala, the plan of his celebrated Polyglot, and assisted in the publication. He
finished his labours by inquiries into the history of his
country, and intended to have written the lives of the kings
of Spain, being appointed historiographer to his majesty,
but was too far advanced in life for the undertaking. He
died at Alcala de Henarez, July 11, 1522. His eloge,
proposed by the academy of Madrid, was published so
lately as 1796, by D. I. B. Munoz. The list of his works
in the “Bibl. Hispana nova,
” is said to be erroneous and
defective, yet we know not of a better. Among his works
may be mentioned, 1. “Two decades of the history of Ferdinand and Isabella,
” Granada,
inople, came into Italy about the middle of the fifteenth century, but being unfavourably treated by cardinal Bessarion whom he visited, he returned to the island of Crete,
, a learned Greek, a native
of Constantinople, came into Italy about the middle of the
fifteenth century, but being unfavourably treated by cardinal Bessarion whom he visited, he returned to the island
of Crete, and wrote some books; one of them entitled
“Iowa, or the Violet-bed,
” a collection of apophthegms,
has not been published, but of his collection of proverbs,
an epitome was published at Basil, 1538, in 8vo, and
afterwards the whole in Gr. and Lat. by Pontinus, Leyden,
16.19, 4to, and at tho same place, by P. Paulinus, 1653,
4to. The epitome published at Basil is a very rare book,
but a copy is in the British Museum.
first, which is very rare, and was not mutilated by the Inquisition, was printed at Rome by order of cardinal Bes sarion, and Andrea, bishop of Aleria, was editor, 1469,
His printed works have gone through forty-three editions, nine of which appeared in the fifteenth century.
The first, which is very rare, and was not mutilated by the
Inquisition, was printed at Rome by order of cardinal Bes
sarion, and Andrea, bishop of Aleria, was editor, 1469,
fol. This volume consisted of, J. The “Golden Ass,
”
on which his reputation chiefly rests, and of which there
have been many separate editions and translations into
French, Italian, Spanish, German, English (by William Adlington, 1571, &c.) Of the episode of Psyche, there
have been an equal number of separate editions and translations, and some French ones superbly ornamented with
engravings. 2. His Apology, entitled “Oratio de Magia,
”
Heidelberg, Florida,
” or fragments
of his speeches, some on history and mythology, Strasburgh, 1516. 4. “Three books on philosophy, entitled
” De habitudine doctrinarum et nativitute Platonis.“5.
” De Deo Socratis,“which St. Augustine refuted, Paris, 1624, 16mo. 6.
” De Mundo,“which has been
considered as an exact translation of what Aristotle wrote
on the same subject, Memmingon, 1494, fol. and Ley a' en,
1591, 8vo, with that of Aristotle in Greek. Another list
of works has been attributed to him on douhtful authority, as a Latin translation of Asclepius
” De Natura. Deorum;“a book
” De nominibus, virtutibus, seu medicaminis herbarum;“another,
” De notis adspiratioms, et de
diphthongis;“” De ponderibus, mensuris, ac signis cujusque;“” Aneehomenos,“a heroic poem, and
” Ratio
Spheres Pvthagoricae." Besides these a great number of
his writings, on almost every subject, are said to have been
lost. Daniel William Moller published an essay on his life
and works, Altdorf, 1691, 8vo.
ded into four books. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, the Sum of Divinity, with the Commentaries of cardinal Cajetauus. The thirteenth consists of several Commentaries upon
The five first volumes contain his Commentaries upon the works of Aristotle. The sixth and seventh a Coramentary upon the four Books of Sentences. The eighth consists of Questions in Divinity. The ninth volume contains the Sum of the Catholic Faith, against the Gentiles; divided into four books. The tenth, eleventh, and twelfth, the Sum of Divinity, with the Commentaries of cardinal Cajetauus. The thirteenth consists of several Commentaries upon the Old Testament, particularly a Commentary upon the Book of Job, a literal and analogical Exposition upon the first fifty Psalms, an Exposition upon the Canticles, which he dictated upon his death-bed, to the monks of Fossanova; Commentaries upon the Prophecies of Isaiah and Jeremiah, and upon the Lamentations. The fourteenth contains the Commentaries upon the gospels of St. Matthew and St. John; the former is said to have been written by Peter Scaliger, a dominican friar and bishop of Verona. The fifteenth volume contains the Catena upon the four Gospels, extracted from the fathers, and dedicated to pope Urban IV. The sixteenth consists of the Commentary upon St. Paul’s Epistles, and the Sermons of Aquinas preached on Sundays and the festivals of saints. The seventeenth contains divers tracts in Divinity.
Italian translation of the Apophthegms of the ancient Jewish doctors.“5.” Lacrimae in obitum illust. cardinal de Berulle,“his patron. 6.” Examen mundL“7.” Discours du Tabernacle
, a learned rabbi of Carpentras,
whose proper name was Mardocai, or Mardocheus, was expelled from the synagogue of Avignon, in 16 10, on account
of attachment to Christianity. On this he went to the
kingdom of Naples, and was baptised at Aquino, from
which he took his name; but when he came to France he
gave it the French termination, Aquin. At Paris he devoted himself principally to teaching Hebrew, and Louis
XIII. appointed him professor in the lioyal college, and
Hebrew interpreter, which honourable station he held until
his death in 1650, at which time he was preparing a new
version of the New Testament, with notes on St. Paul’s
epistles. Le Jay also employed him in correcting the
Hebrew and Chaldee parts of his Polyglot. His principal
printed works are, 1. “Dictionarium Hebrao-ChalclaoTalmudico-RabbinicunV' Paris, 1629, fol. 2.
” Racines
de la langue sainte,“Paris, 1620, fol. 3.
” Explication
des treize moyens dont se servaient les rabbins pour entendre le Pentateuque, recueillis du Talmud.“4.
” An Italian translation of the Apophthegms of the ancient Jewish
doctors.“5.
” Lacrimae in obitum illust. cardinal de Berulle,“his patron. 6.
” Examen mundL“7.
” Discours
du Tabernacle et du Camp des Israelites,“Paris, 1623,
4to. 8.
” Voces primitiae seu radices Gnecac," Paris, 1620,
16mo, and others. Louis D‘Aquin, his son, who became
as great an adept as his father in the Oriental tongues, left
behind him several rabbinical works. Antoine D’Aquin,
first physician to Louis XIV. who died in 1696, at Vichi,
was son of the last-mentioned Louis.
sixteenth century, was the natural daughter of Peter Tagliava d'Aragon, archbishop of Palermo, and a cardinal, himself an illegitimate descendant of the royal house of Aragon.
, a celebrated poetess of Italy,
in the sixteenth century, was the natural daughter of Peter
Tagliava d'Aragon, archbishop of Palermo, and a cardinal,
himself an illegitimate descendant of the royal house of
Aragon. Her father made a settlement on this daughter
sufficient to enable her to live genteelly. She was beautiful in her person, and highly accomplished by taste and
education. She spoke and wrote in Latin and Italian with
the ability of the most eminent scholars, and enjoyed during
life great reputation for the elegance of her manners and
writings. The most distinguished scholars of the time celebrated her praises, and were proud to be ranked among
her admirers. She resided mostly at Ferrara and Rome,
and when advanced in age, went to Florence under the
protection of the duchess Leonora of Toledo, an.d at that
place she died very old, but the time is not mentioned.
Her works, which have not preserved the high character
bestowed by her admirers, are, 1. “Rime,
” Venice, Dialogo deli‘ infinita d’Amore,
” Venice, II Meschino, o il Guerino,
poema,
” in the ottava rima, Venice, 1560, 4to.
tj Bois-Robert, who was particularly eminent for the generous use which he made of his interest with cardinal Richelieu, procured him a pension of six hundred livres from
, Sieur de Porcheres, one of the
first members of the French academy in the seventeenth
century, was born in Provence, and was descended from
the ancient family of Porcheres. He was the scholar and
follower of Malherbe, and imitated him in the turn of his
verse, and was also tutor to the son of Mr. de Chenoise,
and afterwards to the son of the count Saint-Herau. The
abbtj Bois-Robert, who was particularly eminent for the
generous use which he made of his interest with cardinal
Richelieu, procured him a pension of six hundred livres
from that great man. On March 10, 1636, he spoke an
oration in the French academy upon the “Love of the
Sciences.
” He retired at last into Burgundy, where he
married, and died in 1640. He wrote a great number of
verses, which were never printed. But there are others,
which were published, as particularly his “Paraphrase
upon the Psalms
” of Degrees,“to which are added his
” Poems upon divers subjects," Paris, 1633, 8vo. He
had a brother, John, who had likewise a talent for poetry,
and translated several of the Psalms into French verse, two
editions of which have been published, the former at Grenoble in 1651, and the latter more complete at Marseilles
in 1654.
was born at Riom in Auvergne in 1645, the son of a lawyer. As his father managed the affairs of the cardinal de Bouillon, he obtained, by the interest of that prelate, a
, chaplain to Louis XIV. was born
at Riom in Auvergne in 1645, the son of a lawyer. As
his father managed the affairs of the cardinal de Bouillon,
he obtained, by the interest of that prelate, a place of one
of the king’s chaplains, and that of keeper of the ornaments, which was created purposely for him. In 1678,
he was appointed to the abbey of St. Gilbert neuf-fontaines, in the diocese of Clermont, where he died in 1717.
He wrote the “History of the Chapel of the kings of
France,
” Paris,
a to settle some disputes about religion. On his return, he was so fortunate as to attach himself to cardinal Bovghese, a nephew of the pope, who found him worthy of his
, a Greek ecclesiastic of the isle of
Corfou, went to study at Rome, but Clement VIII. sent
him to Russia to settle some disputes about religion. On
his return, he was so fortunate as to attach himself to cardinal Bovghese, a nephew of the pope, who found him
worthy of his patronage and esteem. Of his writings we
find: 1. “De concordia ecclesiee occidentals et orientalis, in septem sacrauientorum adminjstratione,
” printed
at Paris, in Utrum detur purgatorium?
”
Home, De purgatorio igne,
” ibid. Opuscula de processione spiritds sancti,
” ibid.
the choral service, and it exceeded the most sanguine expectations. “To the admiration of all,” says cardinal Baronius, “a boy learnt thereby, in a few months, what no man,
Struck with the discovery, he retired to his study; and
having perfected his system, began to introduce it into
practice: the persons to whom he communicated it were
brethren of his own monastery, from whom it met with but
a cold reception, which, in the epistle to his friend, he
ascribes probably to its true cause, envy: however, his
interest with the abbot, and his employment in the chapel,
gave him an opportunity of trying the efficacy of his method on the boys who were in training for the choral service, and it exceeded the most sanguine expectations.
“To the admiration of all,
” says cardinal Baronius, “a boy
learnt thereby, in a few months, what no man, though of
great ingenuity, could before that attain in several years.
”
uation, in the service of a merchant, by being detected in a theft. He next became a domestic of the cardinal Giovanni, on whose death he obtained an employment in the Vatican
, an author who once raised considerable fame by invective and indecency, was born in 1492, at Arezzo in Tuscany, the natural son of Lewis Bacci by a woman whose name was Tita. In his early years he was employed to bind books, and from looking occasionally into their contents acquired some little learning. He was driven from his native city, for what was perhaps the most harmless of his works, a satire on indulgences, and went to Perugia, where he gave the first specimen of his abominable taste, by altering a picture on a sacred subject. He then walked to Rome, with no effects but his apparel, and there he lost his first situation, in the service of a merchant, by being detected in a theft. He next became a domestic of the cardinal Giovanni, on whose death he obtained an employment in the Vatican under Julius II. and by his orders he was soon after expelled the court, but he contrived to return to Rome and ingratiate himself with Leo X. who bestowed presents on him, and he likewise enjoyed the favour of Clement VII. the successor of Adrian VI. Six infamous sonnets which were written on as many indecent paintings by Julio Romano, and engraved by M. A. Raimondi, occasioned his being again sent out of Rome, It is painful to connect the names of these eminent artists with the productions of Aretino, but there is less cause to wonder at this insult to public decency, when we find that notwithstanding Aretino’s expulsion and character, John de Medici patronised him, and invited him to Milan, where he rendered himself agreeable to Francis I.; and the credit which he had acquired by the friendship of John Medici recommended him to the notice of many of the most celebrated men of the times. From this period he fixed his residence at Venice, and resolved not to attach himself to any patron, but to enjoy his freedom, and to procure his own subsistence by the labours of his pen.
nobility of Europe, excited the vanity of Aretino to such a degree, that he expected to be created a cardinal, and actually boasted that he had refused that honour. He assumed,
Of his works, it has been justly said by Mr, Roscoe, that
whether in prose or verse, sacred or profane, epic or dramatic, panegyrical or satirical, and notwithstanding their
great number and variety, not one piece exists which in
point of literary merit is entitled to approbation; yet the
jcommendations which Aretino received from his contemporaries are beyond example. These would not be worth
recording as praise bestowed on such a character, but they
are striking and useful features in the character of an age
on which some writers have bestowed great commendations
on account of its learning and patronage of learned men.
Aretino seems to have been born to sport with the passions
of the great, and to exalt and perpetuate the vices of the
vulgar. As a proof how well he knew how to manage the
former, we may state from his latest biographer the following examples of misapplied patronage. Francis I. not
only presented him with a chain of gold, and afforded him
other marks of his liberality, but requested that the pope
would allow him the gratification of his society. Henry
VIII. of England sent him at one time three hundred gold
crowns, and Charles V. not only allowed him a considerable
pension, but on one occasion placed him on his right hand,
and rode with him in intimate conversation. Julius III.
gave him a thousand crowns, accompanied with a papal
bull, nominating him a knight of St. Peter, to which dignity was also annexed an annual income. These favours
and distinctions, which were imitated by the inferior sovereigns and chief nobility of Europe, excited the vanity of
Aretino to such a degree, that he expected to be created a
cardinal, and actually boasted that he had refused that
honour. He assumed, however, the titles of “II Divino,
”
the “Divine,
” and “the Scourge of princes.
” Medals
were struck in honour of him, representing him decorated
with a chain of gold, and on the reverse the princes of
Europe bringing to him their tribute. On the other hand,
however, he was frequently in danger of his life from the
persons he had lampooned, and his literary adversaries
frequently employed their pens in exposing his vanity
and infamous character.
Lobergo-Leonardo d‘Argensola, the eldest, born about the year 1565, was gentleman of the chamber to cardinal Albert of Austria, secretary to the empress Maria of Austria,
, the name of two Spanish poets, brothers, and natives of Balbastro in Aragon, who descended
from a family originally of Ravenna. Their poems were
published under the title of “Rimas de Lupercio, i del
doctor Bartolome Leonardo de Argensola,
” Saragossa,
Conquista
delas islas Molucas,
” Madrid, Primera parte
de los analesde Aragon que prosigue los de Zurita,
” Saragossa,
rit and imagination. His conversation was coveted by men of the greatest learning and abilities; and cardinal Hippolito of Este, whose court was a receptacle for the most
These multiplied cares obliged him not only to give over his intended prosecution of the Greek language, but almost to abandon the Latin, which he had but lately recovered, had not Pandolfo Ariosto so far stimulated him, that he still continued, in some degree, his studies, till death deprived him of so pleasing a companion. Yet all these disappointments did not much damp the vigour of his poetical genius. In his twenty-ninth year, he acquired an uncommon reputation for his Latin verses, and numerous poems and sonnets full of spirit and imagination. His conversation was coveted by men of the greatest learning and abilities; and cardinal Hippolito of Este, whose court was a receptacle for the most admired personages of the, age, received him into his service, where he continued fifteen years; during which time he formed a design of writing a poem of the romance kind; in which no one had yet written with the dignity of which the subject was capable. The happy versatility of his genius was such, that he could equally adapt himself to every species of poetry; and an Italian writer of his life observes, that whatever he wrote, seemed, at the time, to be his particular study.
At about thirty years of age he began his Orlando; and cardinal Bembo, to whom he communicated his design, would have dissuaded
At about thirty years of age he began his Orlando; and cardinal Bembo, to whom he communicated his design, would have dissuaded him from writing in Italian, advising him to cultivate the Latin; to which Ariosto answered, that he would rather he the first among the Tuscan writers, than scarcely the second among the Latin. At the same time, it fortunately happened, that he had already written seme stanzas of his Orlando, in which he met with such encouragement, that he determined vigorously to prosecute his design. He chose the subject of Boyardo, which was very popular; and by adopting the fictions of Boyardo, Ariosto had not only an opportunity of bringing the romance of the count to a conclusion, but of celebrating, under the person of Rogero, the family of his patron.
o appease the anger of pope Julius II. who prepared to make war against him, was, by his brother the cardinal, recommended to Ariosto, as a proper person to be entrusted
While he was busied in these literary pursuits, Alphonso duke of Ferrara, having occasion to send ambassadors to Rome, in order to appease the anger of pope Julius II. who prepared to make war against him, was, by his brother the cardinal, recommended to Ariosto, as a proper person to be entrusted with such a negotiation, and he acquitted himself so well in his commission, that he returned with an answer much more favourable than was expected. However, the pope, still continuing at enmity with the duke, made a league with the Venetians, and collected a powerful army against Ferrara: but was defeated at the battle of Ravenna. Part of a Meet was sent up the Po, against Ferrara, and met with a repulse from the duke’s party. In this engagement, Ariosto, who was present, behaved with great courage, and took one of the largest of the enemy’s vessels, filled with stores and ammunition. The papal army being dispersed, Alphonso thought it advisable to send an ambassador again to Rome, and dispatched Ludovico a second time, who found his holiness so incensed against the duke, that his indignation was very near showing itself to the ambassador; and it was not without difficulty that Ariosto escaped with life to Ferrara. The duke’s affairs being established, Ariosto returned to his studies; but was employed in various public occupations, that often broke in upon his retirement, and obliged him to defer the completion of his Orlando. However, he found means to bring it to a conclusion; and though it was far from that perfection which he desired, yet, in order to avail himself of the opinion of the public, he caused it to be first printed in 1515.
Some time after, the cardinal having a design to go into Hungary, was desirous of being accompanied
Some time after, the cardinal having a design to go into Hungary, was desirous of being accompanied by the ingenious men who lived under his patronage; but Ariosto openly declared his inclination to be left behind; for, being now afflicted with a catarrh, he was fearful of the consequences from the fatigues and inconveniences of so long a journey. Besides, the service of the cardinal began to grow very irksome to him; those who were about him being frequently obliged to watch the greatest part of the night. It appears, likewise, that Ariosto was in his nature averse to travelling, and had visited few countries.
The refusal of Ariosto to accompany the cardinal so exasperated him, that he partly withdrew his protection from
The refusal of Ariosto to accompany the cardinal so exasperated him, that he partly withdrew his protection from him; which circumstance gave our poet great uneasiness, though it is thought that Hippolito might have taken him again into favour, but for the ill offices of some malicious persons, who had the address to keep them at a distance from each other. On this difference between the cardinal and him, Ariosto strongly Dwells in his satires. The only consolation Luclovico had, was the leading a retired life, which suited his disposition far more than the bustle of a court, and he now applied himself, without interruption, to give every improvement to his Orlando; and in 1521 published another edition of it, with corrections.
In the meantime, cardinal Hippolito died; and Ariosto, who for fifteen years lived in
In the meantime, cardinal Hippolito died; and Ariosto, who for fifteen years lived in a state of uneasy dependence, and had now reached the forty-fourth year of his age, was determined never more to be connected with a coart; but being persuaded by his intimate friend Buonaveritura Pistofolo, secretary to Alphonso, he engaged in the service of that prince, from whom he met with a most gracious and affectionate reception. Not long after, when Adrian II. succeeded to the papal chair, Grafagnana, a province on the Appennine, being torn to pieces by factions, it was necessary to appoint a person, whose prudence and authority might reduce them to a due subjection, and Ariosto was chosen, who, though very averse to the journey, would not again hazard incurring the displeasure of his patron. Here he continued three years, and not only brought the people to a proper sense of their duty to their sovereign, but entirely gained their affections to himself, and was highly applauded by the duke for his good services. An extraordinary instance of the veneration paid to his character by all ranks and degrees of men, is thus given by Baretti.
ans satisfied with his patrons of Ferrara. Nothing particular is recorded of the benefactions of the cardinal to him, before he incurred the displeasure of that prelate.
The name of this poet is still held in that kind of veneration by his countrymen with which the English consider their Shakspeare. Antonio Zatta, in his edition of Ariosto' s works of 1772, relates, that a chair and ink-standish, which, according to tradition, belonged to Ariosto, were then in the possession of II signor Dottore Giovanni Andrea Barotti, at Ferrara, and that a specimen of his hand -writing was preserved in the public library of that city. The republic of Venice did him the honour to cause his picture to be painted, and hung up with the senators and other illustrious men in the great council hall, which was afterwards destroyed by fire. It appears, however, that Ariosto did not finally receive from his professed patrons those rewards, or obtain that establishment, to which he thought his merits had entitled him. Probably the government of Grafagnana added more to his reputation than his fortune; and, from what he says in several parts of his Satires, he was by no means satisfied with his patrons of Ferrara. Nothing particular is recorded of the benefactions of the cardinal to him, before he incurred the displeasure of that prelate. The duke, indeed, gave him two assignments on certain gabels or taxes, the first of which ceased with the abolition of the tax; and the second, which produced him only twenty-five crowns every fourth month, collected, as he says himself, with great trouble, was contested and withheld from him during the wars of Lombardy; and some say, that the cardinal, upon withdrawing his patronage, deprived him of this slender advantage^ Such were the great advantages which he derived from those in whose service he had engaged, and whose names he had immortalized by his Muse.
his labours, he met only with scoff and derision, alluding to the reception given his Orlando by the cardinal, who, having perused it, asked him, with the most tasteless
Two medals are said to have been struek, both bearing
his effigies, but the devices different: on the first was
figured a serpent, over which was suspended a hand, with
a pair of shears ready to cut off the head or sting; and the
other representing a bee-hive, where the bees are driven
from their habitation with fire and smoke, that the countryman may possess himself of their honey. The motto of
both these medals was “Pro bono malum.
” Some affirm
that these devices were of Ariosto’s invention; the first to
express the nature of his detractors; and the second, to
show that, instead of honours and rewards for his labours,
he met only with scoff and derision, alluding to the reception given his Orlando by the cardinal, who, having perused it, asked him, with the most tasteless indifference,
where he had collected so many fooleries. Dolce relates,
that he caused the device of the serpent to be prefixed to
the second edition of his poem; but that in the third he
changed it into the bee-hive. In an edition of the Orlando, printed at Bologna in 1540, is a device in the titlepage of two serpents, with a band and shears; the tongue
of one of these serpents is cut out, with this motto round
them: “Dilexisti malitiam super benignitatem.
”
e was devoted to Alphonso of Ferrara, whom the pope hated, and therefore could not give our author a cardinal’s hat. Leo died in 1521, six years after the finst publication,
But it seems that Ariosto had raised his thoughts to some great ecclesiastical preferment; on which occasion signor Rolli observes, that one reason why he was not preferred was, that he was devoted to Alphonso of Ferrara, whom the pope hated, and therefore could not give our author a cardinal’s hat. Leo died in 1521, six years after the finst publication, and the year in which Ariosto published the third edition of his poem. Perhaps had he lived longer, the poet might have experienced further marks of his generosity.
ing to the ordinary rules. The society, however, on account of his extraordinary merit, requested of cardinal Richelieu, their provisor, that he might be admitted, though
, doctor of the Sorbonne, and
brother of the preceding, was born at Paris the 6th of
February 1612. He studied philosophy in the college of
Calvi, on the ruins of which the Sorbonne was built, and
began to study the law; but, at the persuasion of his mother and the abbot of St. Cyran, he resolved to apply
himself to divinity. He accordingly studied in the college
of the Sorbonne, under Mr. l‘Escot. This professor gave
lectures concerning grace; but Arnauld, not approving of
his sentiments upon this subject, read St. Augustin, whose
system of grace he greatly preferred to that of Mr. l’Escot:
and publicly testified his opinion in his thesis, when he
was examined in 1636, for his bachelor’s degree. After
he had spent two years more in study, which, according
to the laws of the faculty of Paris, must be between the
first examination and the license, he began the acts of his
license at Easter 1638, and continued them to Lent, 1640.
He maintained the act of vespers the 18th of December
1641, and the following day put on the doctor’s cap. He
had begun his license without being entered in form at the
Sorbonne, and was thereby rendered incapable of being
admitted, according to the ordinary rules. The society,
however, on account of his extraordinary merit, requested
of cardinal Richelieu, their provisor, that he might be admitted, though contrary to form; which was refused by
that cardinal, but, the year after his death, he obtained
this honour. In 1643, he published his treatise on Frequent Communion, which highly displeased the Jesuits.
They refuted it both from the pulpit and the press, representing it as containing a most pernicious doctrine: and
the disputes upon grace, which broke out at this time in
the university of Paris, helped to increase the animosity
between the Jesuits and Mr. Arnauld, who took part with
the Jansenists, and supported their tenets with great zeal.
But nothing raised so great a clamour against him, as the
two letters which he wrote upon absolution having been
refused by a priest to the duke of Liancour, a great friend
of the Port Royal. This duke educated his grand-daughter at Port Royal, and kept in his house the abbé de Bourzays. It happened in 1655, that the duke offered himself
for confession to a priest of St. Sulpice, who refused to
give him absolution, unless he would take his daughter
from Port Royal, and break off all commerce with that
society, and discard the abbé. Mr. Arnauld therefore was
prevailed upon to write a letter in defence of Liancour.
A great number of pamphlets were written against this
letter, and Mr. Arnauld thought himself obliged to
confute the falsities and calumnies with which they were
filled, by printing a second letter, which contains an
answer to nine of those pieces. But in this second letter
the faculty of divinity found two propositions which theycondemned, and Mr. Arnauld was excluded from that society. Upon this he retired, and it was during this retreat, which lasted near 25 years, that he composed that
variety of works which are extant of his, on grammar,
geometry, logic, metaphysics, and theology. He continued in this retired life till the controversy of the Jansenists was eaded; in 1668. Arnauld now came forth from,
his retreat, and was presented to the king, kindly received
by the pope’s nuncio, and by the public esteemed a father
of the church. From this time he resolved to enter the
lists only against the Calvinists, and he published his book
entitled “La perpetuite de la Foi,
” in which he was assisted by M. Nicole: and which gave rise to that grand
controversy between them and Claude the minister.
fection by the people, who considered Arnold as a prophet. However, he was seized some time after by cardinal Gerard; and, notwithstanding the efforts of the viscounts of
, a famous scholar of the twelfth century, born at Brescia in Italy, whence he went to France, and studied under the celebrated Peter Abelard. Upon his return to Italy, he put on the habit of a monk, and began to preach several new and uncommon doctrines, particularly that the pope and the clergy ought not to enjoy any temporal estate. He maintained in his sermons, that those ecclesiastics who had any estates of their own, or held any lands, were entirely cut off from the least hopes of salvation; that the clergy ought to subsist upon the alms and voluntary contributions of Christians; and that all other revenues belonged to princes and states, in order to be disposed of amongst the laity as they thought proper. He maintained also several singularities with regard to baptism and the Lord’s supper. He engaged a great number of persons in his party, who were distinguished by his name, and proved very formidable to the popes. His doctrines rendered him so obnoxious, that he was condemned in 1139, in a council of near a thousand prelates, held in the church of St. John Lateran at Rome, under pope Innocent II. Upon this he left Italy, and retired to Swisserland. After the death of that pope, he returned to Italy, and went to Rome; where he raised a sedition against Eugenius III. and afterwards against Adrian IV. who laid the people of Rome under an interdict, till they had banished Arnold and his followers. This had its desired effect: the Romans seized upon the houses which the Arnoldists had fortified, and obliged them to retire toOtricoli in Tuscany, where they were received with the utmost affection by the people, who considered Arnold as a prophet. However, he was seized some time after by cardinal Gerard; and, notwithstanding the efforts of the viscounts of Campania, who had rescued him, he was carried to Rome, where, being condemned by Peter, the prefect of that city, to be hanged, he was accordingly executed in 1155. Thirty of his followers went from France to England, about 1160, in order to propagate their doctrine there, but they were immediately seized and put to death. Mr. Berington, the historian of Abelard and Heloisa, after a very elegant memoir of Arnold’s life, sums up his character with much candour. He thinks he was a man whose character, principles, and views, have been misrepresented; but he allows that he was rash, misjudging, and intemperate, or he would never have engaged in so unequal a contest. It appears, indeed, by all accounts, that he was one of those reformers who make no distinctions between use and abuse, and are for overthrowing all establishments, without proposing any thing in their room.
r of the order of Christ, and appointed him director of St. John de Lateran. In 1600 he followed the cardinal Aldobrandini, who was sent legate on occasion of the marriage
, the son of a painter named Cesari at Arpino, was born at Rome in 1560. While yet in
his 13th year his father placed him with the artists employed by Gregory XIII. in painting the lodges of the
Vatican, whom he served in the humble employment of
preparing their pallets and colours. But, in this situation
he discovered such talents, that the pope gave orders to
pay him a golden crown per day so long as he continued
to work in the Vatican. Pope Clement VIII. distinguished
him by adding new and higher favours to those of Gregory
XIII. He made him chevalier of the order of Christ, and
appointed him director of St. John de Lateran. In 1600
he followed the cardinal Aldobrandini, who was sent legate
on occasion of the marriage of Henry IV. with Mary de
Medicis. Caravagio, his enemy and his rival, having attacked him, Arpino refused to fight him because he was
not a knight, and in order to remove this obstacle, Caravagio was obliged to go to Malta to be admitted chevalierservant. Arpino wanted likewise to measure swords with
Annibal Carachio, but the latter, with becoming contempt,
took a pencil in his hand, and, shewing it to him, said,
“With this weapon I defy you.
” Arpino died at Rome
in
d died July 28, 1645. He applied himself to the study of the Greek language, and was employed by the cardinal Frederick Boromeo, in deciphering the Greek manuscripts of the
, of Bergamo, was born there
Dec. 1, 1610; and died July 28, 1645. He applied himself to the study of the Greek language, and was employed
by the cardinal Frederick Boromeo, in deciphering the
Greek manuscripts of the Ambrosian library. He wrote
some “Eulogies,
” and “Discourses,
” which were collected and published at Bergamo in 1636; “The Theatre
of Virtue,
” and other pieces, which are noticed by Vaerini
in his history of the writers of Bergamo.
lebrated general, who died in 1478. 2. “Latin epistles,” with those of James Piccolomini, called the cardinal of Pavia, printed at Milan in 1506. From his Gonzagidos, first
, of the same family as
the preceding, became bishop of Urbino, where he died in
1504, in the sixty- third year of his age. He had been the
scholar of Philelphus, under whom he studied the Greek
language with great diligence. He wrote, 1. “Gonzagidos,
” a Latin poem, in honour of Ludovico, marquis of
Mantua, a celebrated general, who died in 1478. 2. “Latin
epistles,
” with those of James Piccolomini, called the
cardinal of Pavia, printed at Milan in 1506. From his Gonzagidos, first printed by Meuschenius in his collection
entitled “Vitae summorum dignitate et eruditione virorum,
” vol. III. Cobourg, 1738, it appears that the author
had been present at many of the victories and transactions
which he there relates.
uppressed in Spain. He then went to Italy, and lived a considerable time at Bologna, in the house of cardinal Albergati. He afterwards accompanied his friend the chevalier
, a learned writer on music and
poetry, was a Spanish Jesuit, and very young when that
order was suppressed in Spain. He then went to Italy,
and lived a considerable time at Bologna, in the house of
cardinal Albergati. He afterwards accompanied his friend
the chevalier Azara, the Spanish ambassador, to Paris
and died in his house Oct. 30, 1799. His first publication
was a treatise on “Ideal Beauty,
” in Spanish but that
which has contributed most to his fame, was his “Revoluzioni del teatro musicale Italiano, dalla sua origine, fino
al presente,
” Venice,
ven letters to princes and personaes, of whom cardinals were the lowest. He was likewe patronised by cardinal Pole, who, though he wrote e;gant Latin, yet sometimes made
The master of St. John’s college at this time, Nicholas
Medcalf, was a great encourager of learning, and his tutor,
Mr. Hugh Fitzherbert, had not only much knowledge, but
also a graceful and insinuating method of imparting it to his
pupils. To a genius naturally prone to learning, Mr. Ascham
added a spirit of emulation, which induced him to study so
hard, that, while a mere boy, he made a great progress in polite learning, and became exceedingly distinguished amongst
the most eminent wits in the university. He took his degree of B. A. on the twenty-eighth of February, 1534,
when eighteen years* of age; and on the twenty-third of
March following, was elected fellow of his college by the
interest of the master, though Mr. Ascham’s propensity to
the reformed religion had made it difficult for Dr. Medcalf,
who, according to Ascham' s account, was a man of uncommon liberality, to carry his good intention into act. These
honours served only to excite him to still greater vigilance
in his studies, particularly in that of the Greek tongue,
wherein he attained an excellency peculiar to himself, and
read therein, both publicly for the university, and privately
in his college, with universal applause. At the commencement held after the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, in
1536, he was inaugurated M. A. being then twenty-one
years old. By this time many of his pupils came to be
taken notice of for their extraordinary proficiency, and
William Grindall, one of them, at the recommendation of
Mr. Ascham, was chosen by sir John Cheke, to be tutor to
the lady Elizabeth. As he did not accept this honour
himself, he probably was delighted with an academical life,
and was not very desirous of changing it for one at court.
His affection for his friends, though it filled him with a
deep concern for their interests, and a tender regard for
their persons, yet could not induce him to give up his
understanding, especially in points of learning. For this
reason he did not assent to the new pronunciation of the
Greek, which his intimate friend, sir John Cheke, laboured, by his authority, to introduce throughout the
university; yet when he had thoroughly examined, he
came over to his opinion, and defended the new pronunciation with that zeal and vivacity which gave a peculiar
liveliness to all his writings. In July 1542, he supplicated
the university of Oxford to be incorporated M. A. but it &
doubtful whether this was granted. To divert him after
the fatigue of severer studies, he addicted himself to archcry, which innocent amusement drew upon him the censure
of some persons, against whose opinion he wrote a small
treatise, entitled “Toxophilus,
” published in Schoolmaster,
” which he lived to finish, but not to publish. His
application to study rendered him infirm throughout his
whole life, and at last he became so weak, that he was unable to read in the evenings or at night; to make amends
for which, he rose very early in the morning. The year
before his death he was seized with a hectic, which brought
him very low and then, contrary to his former custom,
relapsing into night-studies, in order to complete a Latin
poem with which he designed to present the queen on the
new year, he, on the 23d of December 1568, was attacked
by an aguish ‘distemper, which threatened him with immediate death. He was visited in his last sickness by Dr.
Alexander Nowell, dean of St. ’Paul’s, and Graves, vicar
of St. Sepulchre’s, who found him perfectly calm and
chearful, in which disposition he continued to the 30th of
the same month, when he expired. On the 4th of January
following, he was interred according to his own directions,
in the most private manner, in St. Sepulchre’s church, his
funeral sermon being preached by the before-mentioned
Dr. Nowell. He was universally lamented, and even the
queen herself not only shewed great concern, but was also
pleased to say, that phg had rather have lost ten thousand
pounds than her tutor Ascham. His only failing was too
great a propensity to dice and cock-fighting, which the
learned bishop Nicolson would persuade us to be an unfounded calumny; but as it is mentioned by Camden, as
well as some other contemporary writers, it seems impossible to deny it. It is certain that he died in very indifferent circumstances, as may appear from the address of his
widow to sir William Cecil, in her dedication of his
“Schoolmaster,
” wherein she says expressly, that Mr.
Ascham left her a poor widow with many orphans; and Dr.
Grant, in his dedication of Ascham’s letters to queen Elizabeth, pathetically recommends to her his pupil, Giles
Ascham, the son of our author, representing, that be had
lost his father, who should have taken care of his education, and that he was left poor and without friends. Besides
this son he had two others, Dudley and Sturmur, of whom
we know little. Lord Burleigh took Giles Ascham under
his protection, by whose interest he was recommended to
a scholarship of St. John’s, and afterwards by the queen’s
mandate, to a fellowship of Trinity college in Cambridge,
and was celebrated, as well as his father, for his admirable
Latin style in epistolary writings.
lius never questioned his faith. However, a great many learned men have ascribed it to Athanasius as cardinal Bona, Petavius, Bellarmine, and Rivet, with many others of both
Photius greatly extols Athanasius as an elegant, clear, and excellent writer. It is controverted among learned men, whether Athanasius composed the creed commonly received under his name. Baronius is of opinion that it was composed by Athanasius when he was at Rome, and offered to pope Julius as a confession of his faith which circumstance is not at all likely, for Julius never questioned his faith. However, a great many learned men have ascribed it to Athanasius as cardinal Bona, Petavius, Bellarmine, and Rivet, with many others of both communions. Scultetus leaves the matter in doubt; but the best and latest critics- make no question but that it is to be ascribed to a Latin author, Vigilius Tapsensis, an African bishop, who lived in the latter end of the fifth century, in the time of the Vandalic Arian persecution. Vossius and Quesnel have written particular dissertations in favour of this opinion. Their arguments are, 1. Because this creed is wanting in almost all the manuscripts of Athanasius’ s works. 2. Because the style and contexture of it do not bespeak a Greek but a Latin author. 3. Because neither Cyril of Alexandria, nor the council of E^phesus, nor pope Leo, nor the council of Chalcedon, have ever mentioned it in all that they say against the Nestorians or Eutychians. 4. Because this Vigilms Tapsensis is known to have published others of his writings under the borrowed name of Athanasius, with which this creed is commonly joined. These reasons have persuaded Pearson, Usher, Cave, and Dupin, critics of the first rank, to come into the opinion, that this creed was not composed by Athanasius, but by a later and a Latin writer.
e, lord of Genille, had made this translation, and sent it, in 1569, to Mr. de Larnane, secretary to cardinal d'Armagnac. It was found in the papers of Bernard de San- Jorry,
, an Athenian philosopher, who became a convert to Christianity. He was remarkable for
his zeal, and also for his great learning, as appears from
the Apology which he addressed to the emperors Aurelius
and Commodus, about the year 180. Bayle thinks that
this Apology was not actually presented, but only published. Besides the Apology, there is also remaining of
Athenagoras, a piece upon the Resurrection, both written
in a style truly Attic. They have been printed often, but
the best edition is that of Dechair, Gr. and Lat. Oxon.
1706, 8vo. His works are also to be found in the Bibliotheca Patrum. Dr. Waterland gives an account of him in
his “Importance of the doctrine of the Trinity,
” which,
Athenagoras held. In Du vrai et
parfait Amour, escrit en Grec par Athenagoras, philosophe
Athenien, contenant les Amours honestes de Theogone et
de Charide, de Pherecides et de Melangenie
” i. t. “Of
true and perfect Love, written in Greek by Athenagoras,
an Athenian philosopher; containing the chaste loves of
Theogonus and Charidea, of Pherecides and Melangenia.
”
Martin Fumee, lord of Genille, had made this translation,
and sent it, in 1569, to Mr. de Larnane, secretary to cardinal d'Armagnac. It was found in the papers of Bernard
de San- Jorry, who published it in 1612. Huetius speaks
very largely of this book, and conjectures that Philander
was the real author of it. He tells us that this Fumee
boasted that he had the original Greek by means of Lamane, protonotary to cardinal d'Armagnac. There is no
doubt, however, that it was not the production of Athenagoras but Cave, from whom we borrow the preceding
account, does not appear to have seen the first edition,
which was published at Paris, 1599.
” 5 vels. 1642, 4to, composed from the memoirs of Naud6 and of du Puy. 2. “Memoire pour rhistoire du Cardinal de Richelieu,” 1660, 2 vols. folio, and 1667, 5 vols. in 12
, a lawyer of Paris, born in 1617,
became an indefatigable student, it being his practice to
rise at five o'clock every morning, and study without intermission till six in the evening. He scarcely made any
visits, and received still fewer, and though he had taken
his oath as avocat au conseil, he preferred the silent commerce of his books to the tumult of affairs. The “Remarques de Vaugelas
” was his only book of recreation. He
died of a fall in 1695, at upwards of 78. Several works of
his are to be met with, very inferior in respect of style,
but they are not deficient in historical anecdotes and useful remarks. The chief of them are, 1. “Histoire generale des Cardinaux,
” 5 vels. 1642, 4to, composed from the
memoirs of Naud6 and of du Puy. 2. “Memoire pour
rhistoire du Cardinal de Richelieu,
” Histoire de me me ministre,
” The duchess of Aiguillon,
” says he, “has just had the history of her uncle the
cardinal de Richelieu printed, composed from the memoirs she has furnished herself, by M. Aubery; but it is
already fallen into contempt, being too much suspected
from the quarter from whence it originates, and on account of the bad style of the wretched writer, who, lucro
addictus & addductus, will not fail to play the mercenary, and
to prostitute his pen to the direction of that lady.
” It is
said that the queen-mother answered the bookseller Berthier, who expressed his fear that certain persons of the
court, of whom the historian spoke by no means advantageously, would bring him into trouble: “Go, pursue your
business in peace, and put vice so much to shame, that
nothing but virtue shall dare to be seen in France.
”
4ubery is one of those who doubt whether the Testament
published under the name of the cardinal de Richelieu be
really by him. 4. “Histoire du cardinal Mazarin,
” Traite historique de la preeminence des Rois de France/' 1649, 4to.
6.
” Traite des justes pretensions du Roi de France sur
PEmpire," 1667, 4to, which caused him to be thrown into
the Bastille, because the princes of Germany thought the
ideas of Aubery to be the same with those of Louis XIV.
He was, however, soon set at liberty, and even his confinement was made easy.
s and commons, or rather by the three estates in parliament, which letter was drawn up and signed by cardinal Wolsey, the archbishop of Canterbury, four bishops, two dukes,
, descended of an
ancient and honourable family, of the county of Essex,
was born in 1488. He was by nature endowed with great
abilities, from his ancestors inherited an ample fortune,
and was happy in a regular education, but whether at
Oxford or Cambridge is not certain. At what time he was
entered of the Inner-Temple, does not appear, but in
1526 he was autumn reader of that house, and is thought
to have read on the statute of privileges, which he handled
with so much learniag and eloquence, as to acquire great
reputation. This, with the duke of Suffolk’s recommendation, to whom he was chancellor, brought him to the'
knowledge of his sovereign, who at that time wanted men
of learning and some pliability he was, accordingly, by
the king’s influence, chosen speaker of that parliament,
which sat first on the third of November, 1529, and is by
some styled the Black Parliament, and by others, on account of its duration, the Long Parliament. Great complaints were made in the house of commons against the
clergy, and the proceedings in ecclesiastical courts, and
several bills were ordered to be brought in, which alarmed
some of the prelates. Fisher, bishop of Rochester,
inveighed boldly against these transactions, in the house of
lords, with which the house of commons were so much
offended, that they thought proper to complain of it, by
their speaker, to the king, and Fisher had some difficulty
in excusing himself. The best historians agree, that great
care was taken by the king, or at least by his ministry, to
have such persons chosen into this house of commons as
would proceed therein readily and effectually, and with
this view Audley was chosen to supply the place of sir
Thomas More, now speaker of the lords’ house, and chancellor of England. The new house and its speaker justified
his majesty’s expectations, by the whole tenor of their behaviour, but especially by the passing of a law, not nowfound among our statutes. The king, having borrowed
very large sums of money of particular subjects, and entered into obligations for the repayment of the said sums,
the house brought in, and passed a bill, in the preamble of
which they declared, that inasmuch as those sums had been
applied by his majesty to public uses, therefore they cancelled and discharged the said obligations, &c. and the
king, finding the convenience of such a parliament, it sat
again in the month of January, 1530-1. In this session
also many extraordinary things were done amongst the
rest, there was a law introduced in the house of lords, by
which the clergy were exempted from the penalties they
had incurred, by submitting to the legatine power of
Wolsey. On this occasion the commons moved a clause in
favour of the laity, many of themselves having also incurred the penalties of the statute. But the king insisted
that acts of grace ought to flow spontaneously, and that this
was not the method of obtaining what they wanted; and the
house, notwithstanding the intercession of its speaker, and
several of its members, who were the king’s servants, was
obliged to pass the bill without the clause, and immediately
the king granted them likewise a pardon, which reconciled
all parties. In the recess, the king thought it necessary
to have a letter written to the pope by the lords and commons, or rather by the three estates in parliament, which
letter was drawn up and signed by cardinal Wolsey, the
archbishop of Canterbury, four bishops, two dukes, two
marquisses, thirteen earls, two viscounts, twenty-three
barons, twenty-two abbots, and eleven members of the
house of commons. Thepurport of this letter, dated
July 13, above three weeks after the parliament rose, was
to iMigage the pope to grant the king’s desire in the divorce
business, for the sake of preventing a civil war, on account of the succession, and to threaten him if he did not,
to take some other way. To gratify the speaker for the
great pains he had already taken, and to encourage him to
proceed in the same way, the king made him this year
attorney for the duchy of Lancaster, advanced him in
Michaelmas term to the state and degree of a serjeant at
law, and on the 14th of November following, to that of
his own serjeant. In January, 1531-2, the parliament had
its third session, wherein the grievances occasioned by the
excessive power of the ecclesiastics and their courts, were
regularly digested into a book, which was presented by
the speaker, Audley, to the king. The king’s answer was,
He would take advice, hear the parties accused speak, and
then proceed to reformation. Jn this session, a bill was
brought into the house of lords, for the better securing the
rights of his majesty, and other persons interested in the
eare of wards, which rights, it was alleged, were injured
by fraudulent wills and contracts. This bill, when it came
into the house of commons, was violently opposed, and the
members expressed a desire of being dissolved, which the
king would not permit but after they had done some
business, they had a recess to the month of April. When
they next met, the king sent for the speaker, and delivered
to him the answer which had been made to the roll of
grievances, presented at their last sitting, which afforded
very little satisfaction, and they seemed now less subset
viciit. Towards the close of the month, one Mr. Themse
moved, That the house would intercede with the king, to
take back his queen again. The king, extremely alarmed
at this, on the 30th of April, 1532, sent for the speaker, to
whom he repeated the plea of conscience, which had induced him to repudiate the queen, and urged that the
opinion of the learned doctors, &c. was on his side. On
the 11th of May the king sent for the speaker again, and
told him, that he had found that the clergy of his realm
were but half his subjects, or scarcely so much, every
bishop and abbot at the entering into his dignity, taking
an oath to the pope, derogatory to that of their fidelity
to the king, which contradiction he desired his parliament to take away. Upon this motion of the king’s, the
two oaths he mentioned were read in the house of commons and they would probably have complied, if the plague
bad not put an end to the session abruptly, on the 14th
of May; and two days after, sir Thomas More, knt. then
lord chancellor of England, went suddenly, without acquainting any body with his intention, to court, his majesty being then at York Place, and surrendered up the
seals to the king. The king going out of town to EastGreenwich, carried the seals with him, and on Monday,
May 20, delivered them to Thomas Audley, esq, with the
title of lord keeper, and at the same time conferred on him
the honour of knighthood. September 6, sir Thomas delivered the old seal, which was much worn, and received a
new one in its stead, yet with no -higher title: but on
January 26, 1533, he again delivered the seal to the king,
who kept it a quarter of an hour, and then returned it with
the title of lord chancellor. A little after, the king
granted to him the site of the priory of Christ Church,
Aldgate, together with all the church plate, and lands belonging to that house. When chancellor he complied with
the king’s pleasure as effectually as when speaker of the
house of commons. For in July 1535, he sat in judgment
on sir Thomas More, his predecessor, (as he had before on bishop Fisher,) who was now indicted of high-treason upon
which indictment the jury found him gnilty, and the lord
chancellor, Audley, pronounced judgment of death upon
him. This done, we are told, that sir Thomas More said,
that he had for seven years bent his mind and study upon
this cause, but as yet he found it no where writ by any
approved doctor of the church, that a layman could be
head of the ecclesiastical state. To this Audley returned,
“Sir, will you be reckoned wiser, or of a better conscience,
than all the bishops, the nobility, and the whole kingdom
” Sir Thomas rejoined, “My lord chancellor, for
one bishop that you have of your opinion, I have a hundred
of mine, and that among those that have been saints and
for your one council, which, what it is, God knows, I have
on my side all the general councils for a thousand years
past; and for one kingdom, I have France and all the
ether kingdoms of the Christian world.
” As our chancellor
was very active in the business of the divorce, he was no
less so in the business of abbies, and had particularly a
large hand in the dissolution of such religions houses as
had not two hundred pounds by the year. This was in the
twenty-seventh of Henry VIII, and the bill being delayed
long in the house of commons, his majesty sent for the
members of that house to attend him in his gallery, where
he passed through them with a stern countenance, without
speaking a word the members not having received the
king’s command to depart to their house, durst not return
till they knew the king’s pleasure so they stood waiting in
the gallery. In the mean time the king went a hunting,
and his ministers, who seem to have had better manners
than their master, went to confer with the members to
some they spoke of the king’s steadiness and severity to
others, of his magnificence and generosity. At last the
king came back, and passing through them again, said,
with an air of fierceness peculiar to himself, That if his
bill did not pass, it should cost many of them their heads.
Between the ministers’ persuasions and the king’s threats,
the matter was brought to an issue the king’s bill, as he
called it, passed and by it, he had not only the lands of
the small monasteries given him, but also their jewels, plate,
and rich moveables. This being accomplished, methods
were used to prevail with the abbots of larger foundations
to surrender. To this end, the chancellor sent a special
agent to treat with the abbot of Athelny, to offer him an
hundred marks per annum pension which he refused, insisting on a greater sum. The chancellor was more successful with the abbot of St. Osithes in Essex, with whom
he dealt personally and, as he expresses it in a letter to
Cromwell, the visitor-general, by great solicitation prevailed with him but then he insinuates, that his place of
lord chancellor being very chargeable, he desired the king
might be moved for addition of some more profitable offices
unto him. In suing for the great abbey of Walden, in the
same county, which he obtained, besides extenuating its
worth, he alleged under his hand, that he had in this
world sustained great damage and infamy in serving the
king, which the grant of that should recompense. But if
the year 1536 was agreeable to him in one respect, it was
far from being so in another; since, notwithstanding the
obligations he was under to queen Anne Bullen, he was
obliged, by the king’s command, to be present at her apprehension and commitment to the Tower. He sat afterwards with Cranmer archbishop of Canterbury, when he
gave sentence of divorce on the pre-contract between the
queen and the lordPiercy and on the 15th of May, in the
same year, he sat in judgment on the said queen, notwithstanding we are told by Lloyd, that with great address he
avoided it. The lengths he had gone in serving the king,
and his known dislike to popery, induced the northern,
rebels in the same year, to name him as one of the evil
counsellors, whom they desired to see removed from about
the king’s person which charge, however, his majesty,
as far as in him lay, wiped off, by his well- penned answer
to the complaints of those rebels, wherein an excellent
character is given of the chancellor. When the authors of
this rebellion came to be tried, the chancellor declined
sitting as lord high steward, which high office was executed
by the marquis of Exeter, on whom shortly after, viz. in
1538, Audley sat as high-steward, and condemned him,
his brother, and several t other persons, to suffer death as
traitors. In the latter end of the same year, viz. on the
29th of November, 30 Hen. VIII. the chancellor was created
a baron, by the style of lord Audley of Walden in the
county of Essex, and was likewise installed knight of the
garter. In the session of parliament in 1539, there were
many severe acts made, and the prerogative carried to an
excessive height, particularly by the six bloody articles,
and the giving the king’s proclamation the force of a law.
It does not very clearly appear who were the king’s principal counsellors in these matters but it is admitted by
the best historians, that the rigorous execution of these
laws, which the king first designed, was prevented by the
interposition of the lord Audley, in conjunction with Cromwell, who was then prime minister, and the duke of Suffolk,
the king’s favourite throughout his whole reign. In the
beginning of 1540, the court was excessively embarrassed.
What share Audley had in the fall of Cromwell afterwards
is not clear, but immediately after a new question was
stirred in parliament, viz. How far the king’s marriage with
Anne of Cleves, was lawful This was referred to the
judgment of a spiritual court and there are yet extant the
depositions of Thomas lord Audley, lord chancellor, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury, Thomas, duke of Norfolk,
Charles, duke of Suffolk, and Cuthbert, lord bishop of
Durham, wherein they jointly swear, that the papers produced to prove the retraction of the lady Anne’s contract
with the duke of Lorrain, were inconclusive and unsatisfactory. Other lords and ladies deposed to other points,
and the issue of the business was, that the marriage was
declared void by this court, which sentence was supported
by an act of parliament, affirming the same thing, and
enacting, That it should be high-treason to judge or believe otherwise. This obstacle removed, the king married
the lady Catherine Howard, niece to the duke of Norfolk,
and cousin -german to Anne Bullen. Nothing is clearer
from history, than that the chancellor was closely attached
to the house of Norfolk and yet in the latter end of the
year 1541, he was constrained to be an instrument in the
ruin of the unfortunate queen information of her bad life
before her marriage, being laid first before the archbishop
of Canterbury, and by him communicated to the chancellor. The king then appointed lord Audley one of the
commissioners to examine her, which they did, and there
is yet extant a letter subscribed by him and the other
lords, containing an exact detail of this affair, and of the
evidence on which, in the next session of parliament, the
queen and others were attainted. The whole of this business was managed in parliament by the chancellor, and
there is reason to believe, that he had some hand in another
business transacted in that session which was the opening
a door for the dissolution of hospitals, the king having now
wasted all that had accrued to him by the suppression of
abbies. Some other things of the like nature were the
last testimonies of the chancellor’s concern for his master’s
interest but next year a more remarkable case occurred.
Jn the 34th of Henry VIII. George Ferrers, esq. burgess
for Plymouth, was arrested, and carried to the compter,
by virtue of a writ from the court of king’s bench. The
house, on notice thereof, sent their serjeant to demand
their member in doing which, a fray ensued at the compter, his mace was broke, his servant knocked down, and
himself obliged to make his escape as well as he could.
The house, upon notice of this, resolved they would sit
no longer without their member, and desired a conference
with the lords where, after hearing the mutter, the lord
chancellor Audley declared the contempt was most flagrant,
and referred “the punishment thereof to the house of commons whereupon Thomas Moyle, esq. who was then
speaker, issued his warrant, and the sheriff of London,
and several other persons, were brought to the bar of the
house, and committed, some to the Tower, and some to
Newgate. This precedent was gained by the king’s want
of an aid, who at that time expected the commons would
offer him a subsidy the ministry, and the house of lords,
knowing the king’s will gave the commons the
complimerit of punishing those who had imprisoned one of their
members. Dyer, mentioning this case, sap,
” The sages
of the law held the commitment of Ferrers legal, and
though the privilege was allowed him, yet was it held unjust.“As the chancellor had led a very active life, he
grew now infirm, though he was not much above fifty years
old, and therefore began to think of settling his family and
affairs. But, previous to this, he obtained from the king a
licence to change the name of Buckingham college in
Cambridge, into that of Magdalen, or Maudlin some will
have it, because in the latter word his own name is included. To this college he was a great benefactor, bestowed on it his own arms, and is generally 'reputed its
founder, or restorer. His capital seat was at Christ-Christ
in town, and at Walden in Essex and to preserve some
remembrance of himself and fortunes, he caused a magnificent tomb to be erected in his new chapel at Walden.
About the beginning of April, 1544, he was attacked by
his last illness, which induced him to resign the seals but
he was too weak to do it in person, and therefore sent them
to the king, who delivered them to sir Thomas Wriothesley,
with the title of keeper, during the indisposition of the
chancellor a circumstance not remarked by any of our
historians. On the 19th of April, lord Audi ey made hU
will, and, amongst other things, directed that his executors
should, upon the next New-year’s day after his decease,
deliver to the king a legacy of one hundred pounds, from
whom, as he expresses it,
” he had received all his reputations and benefits." He died on the last of April, 1544,
when he had held the seals upwards of twelve years, and
in the fifty-sixth of his life, as appears by the inscription
on his tomb. He married Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas
iGrey, marquis of Dorset, by whom he had two daughters,
Margaret and Mary; Mary died unmarried, and Margaret
became his sole heir. She married first lord Henry Dudley,
a younger son of John duke of Northumberland, and he
being slain at the battle of St. Quintin’s, in Picardy, in
1557, she married a second time, Thomas duke of Norfolk, to whom she was also a second wife, and had by him
a son Thomas, who, by act of parliament, in the 27th of
Elizabeth, was restored in blood; and in the 39th of the
same reign, summoned to parliament by his grandfather’s
title, as baron of Walden, In the 1st of James I. he was
created earl of Suffolk, and being afterwards lord
hightreasurer of England, he built on the ruins of the abbey of
Walden, that nee noble palace, which, in honour of our
chancellor, he called Audley-End.
eek elegies of his are extant. He was created chief of the academy of Apathists. On the death of the cardinal Leopold of Medicis, he was ordered to compose verses in his
, elder brother to Joseph, was born at Florence in 1645. His preceptor in rhetoric was Vincent Glarea, who soon confessed that his pupil went beyond him. He read almost incessantly the best Italian and Latin writers. And having at first employed a considerable time in the perusal of the poets, epecially the epic, he afterwards applied himself wholly to the reading of Cicero, and of the historians. From the works of the rhetoricians he proceeded to those of the philosophers, and particularly admired and followed Plato. He bestowed an indefatigable attention upon those parts in the writings of the philosophers, which in any manner related to eloquence, the attainment of which he sought with incredible ardour. Amidst these occupations he sometimes renewed his poetical exercises. At his father’s request he composed a Latin poem in praise of St. Thomas Aquinas. This, with many others of our author’s poems, is lost. Those of his poems which are extant, most of which he composed. in his youth, shew that if he had chosen to addict himself exclusively to this study, he might have attained a very high rank. His father afterwards sent him to Pisa to study jurisprudence, and he exercised himself daily in writing to perfect his style. Nor did he write in Latin only for he translated Sallust, and Celsus, and other Latin authors, into Greek and some Greek elegies of his are extant. He was created chief of the academy of Apathists. On the death of the cardinal Leopold of Medicis, he was ordered to compose verses in his praise, which were so much approved, that similar tasks were imposed upon him on the deaths of other princes. In the year 1676, the place long Tacant of teacher of Greek in the Lyceum of Pisa was bestowed upon him by the archduke Cosmo III. After filling this office six years, he was advanced to the dignity of teacher of humanity. In this he succeeded Gronovius, who, by the rudeness and asperity of his manners, had given so much offence to the college, that he was obliged to quit the academy in less than a year after his entering on his office in it. Benedict wrote well in Italian, as appears by the Lezioni which he recited in the Tuscan academy, and in the academy of the Apathists. In his youth he cultivated Italian poetry, and several of his Italian poems are preserved at Rome. He was invited to be professor of humanity in the academy of Pavia on the death of the former professor in 1682, and the same offer was soon after made to him by pope Innocent XI. who was desirous of bringing into the Roman Archigymnasium so eminent a man. In 1688 he was induced by the solicitations of his friends to publish the first book of his Orations. He died in 1707. The dissertations he made in the academy at Pisa, a posthumous work, his orations and poems republished, and his letters then first printed, were all published together at Florence in 3 vols. 1717, folio.
that of Diogenes, with the lanthern in his hand, in search of an honest man, and finding him in the cardinal de Fleury. D’Autreau lived very retired, de*. spising all that
, a painter from necessity and a
poet by taste, died in indigence, in constant attachment
to his two professions, at Paris, his birth-place, in the hospital of Incurables, in 1745. D'Autreau, although of a
gloomy and melancholy character, wrote comedies that
excited laughter, and continue to amuse upon the stage.
He was almost sixty when he first turned his thoughts to
the drama, an employment that demands all the vivacity
and imagination of youth but his plots are too simple, the
catastrophe is immediately perceived, and the pleasure of
surprise is lost. His dialogue, however, is natural, his style
easy, and some of his scenes are in the true comic taste.
The Italian theatre has preserved his “Port a PAnglois,
”
in prose “Democrite pretendu fou,
” in three acts, and
in verse. The theatres of France have represented “Clorinda,
” a tragedy in five acts the “Chevalier Bayard,
” in
five acts and the “Magie de l'Amour,
” a pastoral in one
act, in verse. He gave at the opera, “Platee, ou la Naissance de la Comedie,
” the music by the celebrated Rameau. “Le Port a l'Anglois
” is the first piece in which
the Italian players spoke French. The works of
d‘Autreau were collected in 1749, in 4 vols. 12mo, with a good
preface by Pesselier. The most known of the pictures of
this painter, is that of Diogenes, with the lanthern in his
hand, in search of an honest man, and finding him in the
cardinal de Fleury. D’Autreau lived very retired, de*.
spising all that the generality of mankind esteem, and
agreeing with the public in no one thing except in the little concern he took about himself.
mmunion. Clement, keeper of the king’s library, procured him a passport for returning to France. The cardinal de Noailles obtained a pension for him, and placed him in the
, a Piedmontese author, accompanied
the bishop of Maurienne into France in quality of chaplain. He afterwards retired to Holland, where he embraced
the Calvinistic persuasion, but some years after he feigned
a desire to re-enter the Romish communion. Clement,
keeper of the king’s library, procured him a passport for
returning to France. The cardinal de Noailles obtained a
pension for him, and placed him in the seminary of foreign
missions. In the mean time Clement gave him full liberty
in the king’s library; but, so ungrateful was he for all the
advantages he derived from it, that he purloined several of
the books, and among others, the original of the synod of
Jerusalem, held in 1672. He got this manuscript printed
in Holland, with the letters of Cyril Lucar, and some other
pieces, under the title of “Monumens authentiques de la
religion des Grecs, et de la faussete de plusieurs confessions de foi,
” Les Synodes nationaux des Eglises reformees de France,
” printed in Tableau de la Cour de Rome,
” Letters and memoirs of the
nuncio Visconti,
”
prison. Azpilcueta, however, was honourably received at Rome pope Pius V. appointed him assistant to cardinal Francis Alciat, his vice-penitentiary, and Gregory XIII. never
, commonly called Navarre (doctor Navarrus), was born of a noble family, Dec. 13, 1491, at Varasayn, near Pampeluna in Navarre. He was first educated, and took the habit, in the monastery of regular canons at Roncevaux, and afterwards studied at Alcala and at Ferrara, where he made such progress in law, as to be employed in teaching that science at Toulouse and Cahors. Some time after, he returned to Spain, and was appointed first professor of canon law at Salamanca, an office he filled with high reputation for fourteen years, at the end of which John III. king of Portugal, chose him law-professor of his new-founded university at Coimbra, and gave him a larger salary than had ever been enjoyed by any French or Spanish professor. After filling this chair also, with increasing reputation, for sixteen years, he was permitted to resign, and went first into Castile, and afterwards to Rome, on purpose, although in his eightieth year, to plead the cause of Bartholomew de Caranza, archbishop of Toledo, who was accused of heresy before the inquisition, and whose cause, first argued in Spain, was by the pope’s order removed to Rome. Azpilcueta exerted himself to the utmost, but without success, which we cannot be surprised at when we consider that the inquisitors were his opponents and although they could prove nothing against Caranza, they contrived that he should die in prison. Azpilcueta, however, was honourably received at Rome pope Pius V. appointed him assistant to cardinal Francis Alciat, his vice-penitentiary, and Gregory XIII. never passed his door without a visit, or met him in the street, without enjoying some conversation with him. He was much consulted, and universally esteemed for learning, probity, piety, and chanty. Antonio informs us that he used to ride on a mule through the city, and relieve every poor person he met, and that the creature of itself would stop at the sight of a poor person until its master relieved him. He died June 21, 1586, then in his ninetyfourth year. His works, which are either on morals or common law, were published, Rome, 1590, 3 vols. Lyons, 1591, Venice, 1602.
the duke of Parma, which was printed there. In 1681 he formed an acquaintance with Magliabecchi, the cardinal Noris, and many other eminent men of the age. In 1683, on account
, a very learned
Italian scholar of the seventeenth century, was born Aug.
31, 1651, at Borgo-san-Donino, in the duchy of Parma.
In 1653 his father went to reside at Parma, where he spared
no expence in the education of this son, although his fortune was considerably reduced by family imprudence. For
five years he studied the classics, under the tuition of the
Jesuits, and in his sixteenth year entered the order of St.
Benedict, on which occasion he adopted the name of that
saint, in lieu of Bernardine, his baptismal name. Soon
after, his father died, leaving his widow and three children
with very little provision. Bacchini, however, pursued his
studies, and took lesson in scholastic philosophy from
Maurice Zapata; but by the advice of Chrysogonus Fabius, master of the novices of his convent, he studied mathematics, as the foundation of a more useful species of
knowledge than the physics and metaphysics of the ancients. He afterwards applied to divinity with equal judgment, confining his researches to the fathers, councils, and
ecclesiastical history. When he had completed his course,
his abbé wished him to teach philosophy, but he had no
inclination to teach that scholastic philosophy which he did
not think worth learning and having obtained leave, on
account of his health, to retire to a monastery in the country, he remained there two years, during which he studied
the science of music, and on his recovery began to preach,
agreeably to the desire of his superiors. In 1677, Arcioni, abbe of St. Benedict at Ferrara, having appointed him.
his secretary, he was obliged to follow him to Arezzo, Venice, Placentia, Padua, and Parma. While at Piacentia,
in 1679, he pronounced a funeral oration on Margaret de
Medicis, mother of the duke of Parma, which was printed
there. In 1681 he formed an acquaintance with Magliabecchi, the cardinal Noris, and many other eminent men of
the age. In 1683, on account of his health, he solicited
permission to resign his office as secretary to the abbe“, and
as public preacher, which was granted; and having his
time again in his own hands, he began to arrange the library belonging to his monastery, and to consult the fathers
and sacred critics, and studied with assiduity and success
the Greek and Hebrew languages. In 1635 he was appointed counsellor of the inquisition at Parma, and ne^t
year had a visit of three days from father Mabillon and father Germain, and about the same time began to conduct
the
” Giornale de Letterati." In this he was encouraged
and assisted by Gaudentio Roberti, who was eminent in polite literature. Bacchini accordingly began the Parma
journal, in imitation of that published at Rome, and continued it monthly, but without his name, until 1690. But
afterwards, when at Modena, he resumed it for 1692 and
1693, after which, the death of Roberti, who defrayed all
the expence, obliged him again to discontinue it. In 1695,
however, Capponi engaged to furnish the books and all necessary expences, and he edited itfor 1696 and 1697, when
it was concluded. The whole make nine small volumes
4to, the first five printed at Parma, and the rest at Modena.
gh he retained the title of professor. On the death of the duke of Modena, Sept. 1694, his uncle the cardinal d'Est succeeded him, and became a yet more liberal patron to
In the mean time, in 1688, the duke of Parma appointed
him his theologian, at the request of Roberti; and the same
year, at the solicitation of Leo Strozza, he wrote his dissertation on the ancient sistrum, a musical instrument,
which was published under the title, “De Sistrorum figuris ac differentia ad illustriss. D. D. Leonem Strozza, ob
Sistri Romani effigiem communicatum, ctissertatio,
” Bononia,
n, and at St. Severin, the libraries were laid open, with permission to copy what he pleased and the cardinal d'Aguirre wished much to have procured him a place in the Vatican
In 1696 he published his monastic history, under the
title of “DelP Istoria del Monasterio di S. Benedetto di
Polirone nella Stato di Mantoua Libri cinque,
” Modena,
De Ecclesiasticae Hierarchise origine dissertatio,
” Mutina (i.e. Modena), Isidori Clarii ex Monacho Episcopi Fulginatis Epistolse ad amicos,
hactenus ineditac,
” Modena,
Pope Nicholas III. dying in the year 1280, Simon de Brie, cardinal of St. Cecilia, was elected pope, and four years after, was
Pope Nicholas III. dying in the year 1280, Simon de
Brie, cardinal of St. Cecilia, was elected pope, and four
years after, was succeeded by cardinal Savelli, who
took the name of Honoring IV. in the year 1285. Both
reigns were full of troubles and very short so that in all
this time our author could find no opportunity of applying
to the holy see for the mitigation of the sentence pronounced against him- But when he had been ten years
in prison, Jerom de Ascoli, who had condemned his doctrine, was chosen pope, and assumed the name of Nicholas
IV. As he was the first of the Franciscan order that had
ever arrived at this dignity, was reputed a person of great
probity and much learning, our author, notwithstanding
what had before happened, resolved to apply to him for his
discharge and in order to pacify his resentment, and at
the same time to shew both the innocence and the usefulness of his studies, he addressed to him a very learned and
curious treatise, “On the means of avoiding the infirmities
of Old Age,
” printed first at Oxford, The cure of Old Age and preservation of Youth,
” London, A compendium of Theology,
” which seems to
have been his last work, and of which there is a copy in the
royal library. He spent the remainder of his days in
peace, and dying in the college of his order, on the 11th of
June 1292, as some say, or in 1294, as others assert, was
interred in the church of the Franciscans. The monks
gave him the title of “Doctor Mirabilis,
” or the Wonderful Doctor, which he deserved, in whatever sense the phrase
is taken.
nd afterwards was his powerful rival. He taught law himself at Perugia, where he had for his scholar cardinal Peter Beaufort, afterwards pope Gregory XI. He next became professor
, a celebrated lawyer of the fourteenth century, was a native of Perugia, and the son of Francis Ubaldi, a learned physician, who had him educated with great care. After studying philosophy and belles lettres, he became the pupil of Bartolus in law studies, and afterwards was his powerful rival. He taught law himself at Perugia, where he had for his scholar cardinal Peter Beaufort, afterwards pope Gregory XI. He next became professor at Padua, from which the duke of Milan invited him to the same office at Pavia. He died April 28, 1400, aged 76, of the consequences of the bite of a favourite cat, a circumstance thus expressed on his epitaph:
and in Poland, he preferred a life of literary employment. Some time after, however, he accompanied cardinal d’Estrees to Paris, and the marchioness of Montecuculi to St.
, an Italian count, and a man of learning, was a native of Placentia, where he was born July 3, 1654. After studying philosophy and the classics in the college of St. Francis Xavier at Bologna, he went to Rome, and passed through a course of theology, law, and mathematics. He was so pleased with Rome as to determine to take up his abode there and when the pope offered him the‘ place of nuncio at Brussels, and in Poland, he preferred a life of literary employment. Some time after, however, he accompanied cardinal d’Estrees to Paris, and the marchioness of Montecuculi to St. Germain and afterwards went to Poland, to be present at the election of a successor to king John Sobieski, then deceased. In 1698, duke Francis, of Parma, sent him to Madrid, as his deputy; and in 1710 Sophia Dorothy duchess of Placentia employed him in the same honourable office at Vienna, and at several courts in Germany, England, and Utrecht. On his return, he passed the rest of his life in a retired manner, and died Feb. 23, 1725. When in England he was elected a member of the royal society, with M. Bianchini. His rich cabinet of natural history, and his extensive library, were always open to men of learning, many of whom he assisted in their pursuits with great liberality. We know of none of his writings, except a discourse on the maps in the Atlas Historique, published at Amsterdam in 1719.
re, and made many discoveries by studying the works of the best masters, he was qualified to gratify cardinal Leopold of Tuscany, who desired to have a complete history of
, of Florence, an useful biographer of the academy of la Crusca, was born in 1624.
Having acquired great knowledge in painting and sculpture, and made many discoveries by studying the works
of the best masters, he was qualified to gratify cardinal
Leopold of Tuscany, who desired to have a complete history of painters. Baldinucci remounted as far as to Cimabue, the restorer of painting among the moderns and
he designed to come down to the painters of the last age
inclusive. He only lived to execute part of his plan,
which was published in his life-time, in 3 vols. After
his death (in 1696), three more appeared, and a new
edition of the whole in ^1731. The work, without being
free from errors, is a valuable addition to Vasari. He
published also, in Italian, a “Treatise on Engraving, and
the lives of the principal Engravers,
”
e enchantments of poetry and music. On visiting Rome, he obtained, through the interest of his uncle cardinal Flavio Chigi, the place of secretary to cardinal Jacopo Filippo,
, an Italian poet, was born at
Florence, in 1654. His first studies were devoted to the
law, which his father wished him to pursue as a profession but, after the death of his parents, he gave himself
wholly up to the enchantments of poetry and music. On
visiting Rome, he obtained, through the interest of his
uncle cardinal Flavio Chigi, the place of secretary to cardinal Jacopo Filippo, and in that city, at the age of forty,
he entered into holy orders. In 1676, he obtained the
living of St. Leonardo d'Artimino and in 1694, Cosmo
III. grand duke of Tuscany, conferred on him the priorship of Orbatello; which, in 1699, he changed for that
of Santa Felicita. In the discharge of his new functions,
he gave equal satisfaction to the court, the religious orders,
and his parishioners, by his exemplary piety, and his
rigid attention to the duties of his station to which the
amiableness of his manners, his knowledge of the world,
and his proficiency in learning, rendered him perfectly
adequate. He died in 1716. His chief work is a poem
of the pastoral kind, entitled “II Lamento de Cecco da
Varlungo,
” written in the provincial dialect of Tuscany,
and in his youth; and published in 1694, by Bartolommei,
to whom the author had given the manuscript. It was reprinted in 1755, with the author’s life by Manni, and
curious notes by Marini. In 1800, it was introduced
into our language by John Hunter, esq. under the title
of “Cecco’s Complaint,
” 8vo, from the preface to which
this sketch is taken.
ir to Rome and, having obtained the pope’s confirmation, was consecrated at Lyons by Peter Hispanus, cardinal of Alba, Jan. 30, 1306. Being returned into England, he made
, bishop of London in the reigns
of Edward I. and II. was educated at Merton college in
Oxford, became archdeacon of Middlesex, and, in 1294,
dean of St. Paul’s. The see of London being vacant by
the death of Richard de Gravesend, Baldock was unanimously chosen, Sept. 20, 1304. But, his election being
controverted, he was obliged to repair to Rome and,
having obtained the pope’s confirmation, was consecrated
at Lyons by Peter Hispanus, cardinal of Alba, Jan. 30,
1306. Being returned into England, he made profession of canonical obedience to the archbishop in the
church of Canterbury, March 22, 1306. The same
year he was appointed by the pope one of the commissioners for the examination of the articles alleged
against the knights templars, and in that year also
he was made lord high chancellor of England but Edward I. dying soon after, he held that post little more than
a year. Dec. 2, 1308, this prelate, with the approbation
of the chapter, settled a stipend on the chancellor of St.
Paul’s for reading lectures in divinity in that church, according to a constitution of his predecessor, Richard de
Gravesend. He contributed 200 marks towards building
the chapel of St. Mary, on the east side of St. Paul’s. He
founded also a chantry of two priests in the said church,
near the altar of St. Erkenwald. He was a person of a very
amiable character, both for morals and learning, and deserved well of his country by his writings, which were,
1. “Historia Anglica, or a history of the British affairs
down to his own time.
” It is not now extant, though Leland says he saw it at London. 2. “A collection of the
statutes and constitutions of the church of St. Paul’s,
” extant in the library of that cathedral in
of St. Leo the Great; 3. Those of Gilbert bishop of Verona 4. A complete edition of all the works of cardinal Noris, with notes, dissertations, &c. printed at Verona 1732,
, brothers, born at Verona, the former in 1698, the latter in 1702, were both of them priests and scholars, especially in ecclesiastical history. United by a common predilection for the same studies, no less than by the ties of blood, they studied usually together, dividing their labour according to their particular talents. Subjects purely theological and canonical fell to the lot of Peter points of history and criticism became the task of Jerom. The former died in 1769. Besides several works of their own, the public is indebted to their care for the correct editions of 1. The Summa Theological is of St. Antoninus, as well as that of St. Raiinond de Pegnafort; 2. The works of St. Leo the Great; 3. Those of Gilbert bishop of Verona 4. A complete edition of all the works of cardinal Noris, with notes, dissertations, &c. printed at Verona 1732, 4 vols. fol. 5. A small tract, in Italian, on the method of study, Verona, 1724, Rome, 1757.
615, was the son of a goldsmith, and became a goldsmith himself. He began to be known in the time of cardinal Richelieu, who bought of him four large silver basons, on which
, born at Paris, in 1615, was the son of a goldsmith, and became a goldsmith himself. He began to be known in the time of cardinal Richelieu, who bought of him four large silver basons, on which Ballin, hardly 19 years old, had curiously represented the four ages of the world. The cardinal, who was never weary of admiring these masterpieces of workmanship, employed him to make four vases, from the antique, to match with the basons. Ballin brought ins art to the summit of perfection. He executed for Louis XIV. silver tables, girandoles, sophas, lustres, vases, &c. But that monarch was obliged to convert them all into money, to supply the expences of the tedious war that was terminated by the peace of Ryswic. Several works by this great artist are still, or were formerly, at Paris, at St. Denys, and at Pontoise, of singular beauty and delicacy. On the death of Varin, being appointed to the direction of the dies for striking medals and counters, he shewed in these littte works the same taste he had displayed in the larger. To the beauties of the antique he added the graces of the moderns. He died the 22d of Jan. 1678, at the age of 63. He had scarcely ever been out of Paris and gave a proof that foreign travel is not always necessary in order to excel in the fine arts. Launoi, a kinsman of Ballin by marriage, an excellent goldsmith, and an expert designer, made drawings of almost all the works of his relation, previous to the sale of them, by Louis XIV.
earl dismissed him, for having embraced the Protestant religion. In 1546 he joined the murderers of cardinal Beaton, although without having been concerned in that act,
, one of the promoters of the
reformation in Scotland, was born at Kircaldy, in the
county of Fife, in the reign of James V. and educated at
the university of St. Andrew’s. He afterwards went to
France, in order to complete his studies and, returning
to Scotland, was admitted into the family of the earl of
Arran, who at that time governed the kingdom; but in
the year 1542 the earl dismissed him, for having embraced
the Protestant religion. In 1546 he joined the murderers
of cardinal Beaton, although without having been concerned in that act, yet for this he was declared a traitor,
and excommunicated. Whilst that party were besieged
in the castle of St. Andrew’s, they sent Balnaves lo England, who returned with a considerable supply of provisions
and money but, being at last obliged to surrender to the
French, he was sent, with the rest of the garrison, to
France. He returned to Scotland about the year 1559,
and having joined the congregation, he was appointed one
of the commissioners to treat with the duke of Norfolk on
the part of queen Elizabeth. In 1563 he was made one
of the lords of session, and appointed by the general assembly, with other learned men, to revise the book of
discipline. The celebrated reformer Knox, his contemporary, gives him the character of a very learned and
pious divine, and we learn from Calderwood’s ms history,
and from Sadler’s State Papers, that he raised himself by
his talents and probity, from an obscure station to the
first honours of the state, and was justly regarded as one
of the principal supporters of the reformed cause in Scotland. It is added, that when a boy, he travelled to the
continent, and hearing of a free school at Cologne, procured admission to it, and received a liberal education.
He died at Edinburgh in 1579. It was during his confinement at Rouen in France that he wrote a treatise on
justification, and the works and conversation of a justified
man, which was revised hy Knox, who added a recommendatory dedication, and desired it might he printed.
The ms. however, was not discovered until after Knox’s
death, when it was published in 1584, 8vo, with the title
of “Confession of Faith, &c. by Henry Balnaves, of Halhill, one of the lords of council, and lords of session.
”
According to Irvine, it was printed at Edinburgh, but
M'Rie speaks of a London edition of the same date. Mackenzie erroneously divides it into two works, one “A
treatise concerning Justification,
” Edin. A Catechism or Confession of Faith,
” ib.
before that synod was held, a considerable number of dissertations upon important subjects, against cardinal Baronius, which he entitled “Diatribse.” He put four or five
, a man of great learning
and merit, was born about 1588, and applied himself
chiefly to the study of ecclesiastical history, which gave
him a disgust to the Romish, and a desire to embrace the
Protestant religion. He had a considerable post, that of
king’s advocate, in the presidial of Auxerre; and as he
must either resolve to abandon it, or not change his religion, he was some time perplexed, but at last he conscientiously determined to leave Auxerre, his estate, his
post, his relations, and friends, and go to Charenton,
where he publicly joined himself to the reformed church,
and continued in it till his death, edifying his brethren,
both by his exemplary life, and his discourses. The expence which he was obliged to be at in Paris, being too
great for his circumstances, and his conversion rendering
him too obnoxious in that city, he accepted an invitation
to Castres from M. de Faur, a rich young counsellor of
the bipartite court of the edict, who gave him a lodging
in his house, and a proper pension, happy to have with
him a man of learning, by whose instructions and conversation he might profit. But as Balthasar had an inclination to labour for the public, he wished to have all his
time at his own disposal, and for that reason took his
leave of his host. His design was favoured by the national
synod of Loudun, in the year 1659 for that assembly
granted him a pension of 750 livres to be paid by all the
churches of France, according to the repartition that was
made of them. He had prepared, before that synod was
held, a considerable number of dissertations upon important subjects, against cardinal Baronius, which he entitled “Diatribse.
” He put four or five into the hands of a
minister of Castres, who was one of the deputies of the
province of Upper Languedoc and Upper Guienne.
They were presented to Mr. Daille, moderator of that
national synod, an excellent judge, who was extremely
pleased with them, and gave a very advantageous character of them to the whole assembly. He then carried
them to Paris, where it was hoped they would be printed,
but either proper measures were not taken, or could not
be taken, for that purpose. The author, who was very
old, and troubled with the stone, died in 1670. Pvlr.
Daille* died too and after that, the church of Castres sent
repeated letters to recover those dissertations, but could
never discover what became of them. Mr. Balthasar left
others, which were not finished, and a great many collections, the greatest part of which consisted of separate
pieces of paper, in which he had noted clown the authorities
and testimonies which he designed to make use of against
cardinal Baronius. He wrote also, 1. an eloge on M. Fouquet, in Latin, 1655, 4to. 2. “Traite des usurpations
des rois de' Espagne sur la couronne de France, depuis
Charles VIII. &c.
” Paris, 1626, 8vo, and reprinted in
1645, with an additional discourse on the pretensions of
the court of France. 3. “Justice des armes du roi treschretien contre le roi d'Espagne,
” Paris,
al college. But he soon felt the uncertainty of courtly favours, for, having attached himself to the cardinal Bouillon, who had engaged him to write the history of his family,
In 1670 he was appointed professor of canon-law in
the royal college, with this mark of respect, that the professorship was instituted by the king on his account. In
1668 the abbé Faget had published several works of cle
Marca and having, in his life prefixed, asserted, that the
archbishop, at his death, had ordered Baluze to give up
all his papers in his possession to the president de Marca
his son, this raised the resentment of Baluze, who vindicated himself in several severe letters, which he wrote
against the abbe“Faget. In 1693 he published his
” Lives
of the popes of Avignon" with which the king was so
much pleased, that he gave him a pension, and appointed
him director of the royal college. But he soon felt the
uncertainty of courtly favours, for, having attached himself to the cardinal Bouillon, who had engaged him to
write the history of his family, he became involved in his
disgrace, and received a lettre de cachet, ordering him to
retire to Lyons. The only favour he could obtain was, to
be first sent to Roan, then to Tours, and afterwards to
Orleans. Upon the peace he was recalled, but never employed again as a professor or director of the royal college,
nor could he recover his pension. He lived now at a considerable distance from Paris, and was above eighty years
of age, yet still continued his application to his studies,
and was engaged in publishing St. Cyprian’s works, when
he was carried off by death, on the 28th of July 1718.
Baluze is to be ranked among those benefactors to literature who have employed their time and knowledge in
collecting from all parts ancient manuscripts, and illustrating them with notes. He was extremely versed in this
species of learning, and was perfectly acquainted with profane as well as ecclesiastical history, and the canon Jaw,
both ancient and modern. He kept a correspondence v.ith
all the men of learning in France, and other countries. His
conversation was easy and agreeable, and even in his old
age he retained great vivacity. He shewed, however, somewhat of caprice in his last will, by appointing n woman, no
way related to him, his sole legatee, and leaving nothing
to his family and servants.
accompanied also the duke d'Epernon to several places. In 1621 he was taken into the service of the cardinal de la Valette, with whom he spent eighteen months at Rome. Upon
, a French writer,
Lorn in 1594 at Angouleme. When about seventeen years of
age he went to Holland, where he composed a discourse on
the state of the United Provinces. He accompanied also
the duke d'Epernon to several places. In 1621 he was
taken into the service of the cardinal de la Valette, with
whom he spent eighteen months at Rome. Upon his return he retired to his estate at Balzac, where he remained
for several years, till he was drawn thence by the hopes he
had conceived of raising his fortune under cardinal llichelieu, who had formerly courted his friendship but being
in a few years tired of the dependent state of a court- life,
he went again to his country retirement all he obtained
from the court was a pension of two thousand livres, with
the addition of the titles of counsellor of state and historiographer of France, which he used to call magnificent trifles,
He was much esteemed as a writer, especially for his letters, which went through several editions, but there were
in his own time some critics who started up against him
the chief of these was a young Feuillant, named Andre de
St. Denis, who wrote a piece entitled, “The conformity
of M. de Balzac’s eloquence, with that of the greatest men
in the past and present times.
” Although this piece was
not printed, yet it was circulated very extensively, which
made Balzac wish to have it publicly refuted, which was
accordingly done by prior Ogier in 1627, with the assistance of Balzac himself. Father Goulu, general of the
Feuillants, undertook the cause of brother Andre, and,
under the title of Phyllarchus, wrote two volumes of letters
against Balzac. Several other pieces were also written
against him, but he did not think proper then to answer
his adversaries he did, indeed, write an apology for himself, but this was never made public till it appeared witli
some other pieces of his in 1645. The death of his chief
adversary father Goulu having happened in 1629, put an
end to all his disputes, and restored him to a state of tranquillity for father Andre de St. Denis, who had been the
first aggressor, became heartily reconciled, and went to
pay him a visit at Balzac.
, archbishop of York, and cardinal-priest of the Roman church, was born at Hilton near Appleby
, archbishop of York, and cardinal-priest of the Roman church, was born at Hilton near Appleby in Westmorland, and educated at Queen’s college in Oxford. Having taken holy orders, he became rector of Aller in the diocese of Bath and Wells. He enjoyed three prebends successively in the cathedral church of Salisbury that of South-Grantham in 14&5, that of Chardstock the same year, and that of Horton in 1486i He was elected provost of Queen’s college in 1495, and about the same time created doctor of laws. On September 28, 1503, he was admitted prebendary of Strenshall in the cathedral church of York, void by the consecration of Jeoffrey Blyth to the see of Litchfield and Coventry and on the 2 1st of December following, he was installed in the deanery of that church, in the room of the said Blyth. In 1505 he was made dean of Windsor, and the same year master of the rolls, and one of the king’s privy council. In 1507, he was advanced to the see of Durham, and received the temporalities the 1.7th of November. The next year he was translated to the archbishopric of York, and received the temporalities the 12th of December. Pits assures us, that Bambridge had been very intimate with Morton archbishop of Canterbury, and shared in that prelate’s sufferings during the usurpation of Richard III. after whose death, his affairs took a more prosperous turn, as he was appointed almoner to king Henry VII. and employed by that prince on several embassies to the emperor Maximilian, Charles VIII. king of France, and other potentates of Europe. But he distinguished himself chiefly by his embassy from king Henry VIII. to pope Julius II. who created him a cardinal, with the title of St. Praxede, in March 1511, and, eight days after, appointed him legate of the ecclesiastical army, which had been sent into the Ferrarese, and were then besieging the fort of Bastia. In return for which marks of honour, our new cardinal and legate prevailed with the king his master, to take part with his holiness against the king of France, nor was he less zealous in the service of that pontiff during his life, than in honouring and defending his memory after his death. There are extant in Rymer’s Fœdera, &c, two letters; one from cardinal Barnbridge, during his residence at Home, to king Henry VIII. concerning the pope’s bull giving him the title of mostChristian king and another from the cardinal de Sinigallia, to the king, acquainting his highness that he had delivered that instrument to cardinal Bamhridge. This prelate died at Rome July 14, 1514, being poisoned by one of his domestics, whom he had chastised, and was buried there in the English church of St. Thomas. Pits commends him for his extensive learning, and adds, that he wrote some treatises on subjects of civil law, but that biographer erroneously calls him Urswic, which was the name of his predecessor in the deanery of.Windsor.
th year. Henry II. who had a regard for the Fregosas, Jiad agreed with the pope, on the death of the cardinal de Lorraine, bishop of Agen, to give, by interim, this bishopric
, a celebrated Italian novelist, was born at Castelnuovo in the district of Tortona,
where he remained for some years, under the patronage of
his uncle Vincenzio Bandello, general of the order, of Do^
minicans, with whom he also travelled through various parts
of Italy, France, Spain, and Germany, where it was the
4uty of the general to inspect the convents of his order.
After the death of his uncle, at the convent of Altomonte in
Calabria, in 1506, Bandello passed a considerable part of
his time at the court of Milan, where he had the honour of
instructing the celebrated Lucretia Gonzaga, in whose
praise he wrote an Italian, poem, which still remains, and
where he formed an intimacy with many eminent persons
of the age, as appears from the dedicatory epistles prefixed
to his novels. Having early enrolled himself in the order
of Dominicans, in a fraternity at Milan, he entered deeply
into the ecclesiastical and political affairs of the times, and
after various vicissitudes of fortune, obtained at length, in
1550, the bishopric of Agen in France, conferred on him
by Henry II. but being fond of the poets, ancient and
modern, addicted himself much more to the belles lettres
than to the government of his diocese. He filled the episcopal chair of Agen for several years, and died about 1561,
at the chateau de Bazens, the country seat of the bishops of
Agen. His monument was erected in the church of the
Jacobins du port St. Marie. He had resigned the bishopric
of Agen in 1555, when his successor, Janus Fregosa, son of
the unhappy Cæsar, assassinated by the marquis de Guast,
had attained his twenty-seventh year. Henry II. who had
a regard for the Fregosas, Jiad agreed with the pope, on the
death of the cardinal de Lorraine, bishop of Agen, to give,
by interim, this bishopric to Bandello, till Janus should
arrive at the age required. Bandello consented to this arrangement, and gave up the see according to promise.
The best edition of his novels is that of Lucca, 1554, 3
vols. 4to, to which belongs a fourth volume, printed at
Lyons in 1573, 8vo. This edition is scarce and dear.
Those of Milan, 1560, 3 vols. 8vo, and of Venice, 1566,
3 vols. 4to, are curtailed and little esteemed but that
of London, 1740, 4 vols. 4to, is conformable to the first.
Boaisteau and Belleforest translated a part of them into
French, Lyons, 1616, et seq. 7 vols. 16mo. It is entirely
without reason that some have pretended that these novels
are not by him, but were composed by a certain John Bandello, a Lucchese, since the author declares himself to be
of Lombardy, and even marks Castelnuovo as the place of
his nativity. On the other hand, Joseph Scaliger, his contemporary and his friend, who calls him Bandellus Insuber,.
positively asserts that he composed his novels at Agen.
Fontanini is likewise mistaken in making him the author of
a Latin translation of the history of Hegesippus, which he
confounds with the novel of Boccace entitled Sito e Gisippo, which Bandello did really translate into Latin. We
have by him likewise the collection of poems beforementioned, entitled “Canti xi. composti del Bandello,
ilelle lodi della signora Lucrezia Gonzaga,
” &c. printed
at Agen in
ight frutefu 11 treatyse, intituled, the myrrour of good maneYs, conteyning the four vertues, called cardinal!,” printed by Pynson. 4. “Egloges,” or the miseries of courts
Of his works, we have not a complete catalogue, but the
following are best known. 1. “The Castell of Labour,
wherein is Rychesse, Vertue, and Honour,
” an allegorical
poem, in seven- line stanzas, translated from the trench,
printed by Wynken de Worde, 1506. 2. “The Shyp of
Folys,
” or the Ship of Fools, printed by Pynson, in A right frutefu 11 treatyse, intituled, the myrrour of good maneYs, conteyning the four
vertues, called cardinal!,
” printed by Pynson. 4. “Egloges,
” or the miseries of courts and courtiers, five in number, printed by Pynson. 5. His “Answer to John Skelton the poet,
” probably in poetry, but not printed, or
known to exist in manuscript. Bale and Pits also mention
what are as little known, the lives of St. George, of St. Catherine, and other saints, all translations, and a translation
of Sallust, which was printed in 1557. His Ship of Fools,
an excellent satire on the follies of all ranks, is partly a
translation, or imitation of a work of the same title, published in 1494, by Sebastian Brandt, afterwards translated
into French, and then into Latin. From this original and
the two translations Barclay formed his poem, in the octave stanza, with considerable additions gleaned from the
follies of his countrymen. Mr. Warton has given an elaborate account of the whole of Barclay’s writings.
In this year also he, published his father’s work, “De Potestate Papse,” and when it was attacked by cardinal Bellarmin, be published a treatise entitled “J. Barclaii Pietas,
During the course of three years residence in England,
Barclay received no token of the royal liberality. Sunk in
indigence, he only wished to be indemnified for his English
journies, and to have his charges defrayed into France. At
length, he was relieved from those urgent distresses by his
patron Salisbury. Of these circumstances we are informed
by some allegorical and obscure verses written by Barclay
at that sad season. (Delit. Poet. Scot. I. 92 100.) Never
did dependent offer incense to a patron more liberally than
he did. Burleigh, he admits, was a wise man, but, he
adds, “that the wisdom of Burleigh bore the like proportion to that of his son, as the waters of the Thames do to
the ocean.
” In 1610 he published his Apology for Euphormion, the severity of which satire had excited enemies
against him in every quarter of Europe. In this year also
he, published his father’s work, “De Potestate Papse,
”
and when it was attacked by cardinal Bellarmin, be published a treatise entitled “J. Barclaii Pietas, sive, publics
pro regibus ac principibus, et privates pro Gulielmo Earclaio parente vindici*, adversus Roberti Bellarmini tractatum, de Potestate summi Pontificis ia rebus temporal!bus,
” Paris, 4to.
In Icon animarum,
” perhaps
the best, although not the most renowned of his compositions. It is a delineation of the genius and manners of
the European nations, with remarks, moral and philosophical, on the various tempers of men. Mr. Malone observes, as a curious circumstance, that in this work, Barclay has suggested an expedition against the Turkish empire, similar in the most material circumstances to that
undertaken in 1798 by the French republic, (particularly in the number of the troops employed) though it was proposed to be directed against a different part of the Turkish
dominions from that which was assailed by the French,
In 1615, invited, as it is said, by pope Paul V. Barclay
determined to fix his residence under the immediate power
of a pontiff whose political conduct he had reprobated, and
of a court whose maxims he had censured with extraordinary freedom. About the end of that year he quitted
England, but not clandestinely, as his enemies reported,
and having hastily passed through France, he settled at
Rome with his family, in the beginning of the year 1616.
In the “Paraenesis,
” or “Exhortation to the Sectaries,
”
he mentions two reasons which induced him to quit England, and take up his abode in Italy. His first was, lest
his children, by remaining in England, should have been
perverted from the faith. But he could have obviated that
danger, by removing into France, in which country he had
for his friends Du Vair (president of the parliament of Provence, afterwards keeper of the great seals, and lastly, bishop of Lisieux), and M. Peiresc. His second reason
was more singular he perceived that his “Pietas,
” or
vindication of his father, was pleasing to heretics, and that
it disgusted many persons of the Romish communion. He
repented of having written it: he then found that it contained erroneous propositions, and he wished to settle in
Italy that he might have leisure and freedom to refute
them.
the papal court, as with its most faithful adherents. But that court, adds his biographer, which had cardinal Bellarmin for its champion, required not the feeble and suspicious
In 1617 he published his “Parsenesis ad Sectarios,
”
Rome, 8vo. It is probable, that by this exhortation to the
sectaries he meant to give evidence of his own orthodoxy,
and to atone for the liberties, almost heretical, which he
had taken, as well with the papal court, as with its most
faithful adherents. But that court, adds his biographer,
which had cardinal Bellarmin for its champion, required
not the feeble and suspicious aid of the author of Euphonnion.
St. Laurence, on the road to Tivoli but she caused the bust to be removed as soon as she learnt that cardinal Francis Barberini had, in the same place, erected a monument
He died at Rome Aug. 12, 1621, of the stone, a disease^
for which, in his Euphormion, he had vainly pronounced
the plant golden rod to be a specific. At that time, his
friend M. de Peiresc was engaged in superintending the
publication of Argenis, at Paris. His widow erected a monument for him, with his bust in marble, at the church of
St. Laurence, on the road to Tivoli but she caused the
bust to be removed as soon as she learnt that cardinal Francis Barberini had, in the same place, erected a monument
altogether similar, in honour of his preceptor Bernardus
Guilielmus a monte Sancti Sabini. “My husband,
” said
that high-spirited lady, “was a man of birth, and one famous in the literary world and I will not suffer him to
remain on a level with a base and obscure pedagogue.
”
The inscription on the monument of Barclay was erased
but by whom, or on what account, is not certainly known.
Frehef, the biographer, ascribes this to the malevolence
of the Jesuits, who, indeed, had no great cause to be studious of preserving the memory of Barclay. But Tomasini
says, that he heard, from undoubted authority, that the
only cause for effacing the inscription was, that the widow
of Barclay proposed to erect a more sumptuous monument
for him in another place. This, however, has much the
air of an affected pretence; for why disfigure one monument, because another, more sumptuous, might be erected
hereafter
Argenis, has been much praised, and much censured but upon the whole it is elegant. It is said, that cardinal Richelieu was extremely fond of reading this work, and that
Barclay’s Latin style, in his Argenis, has been much
praised, and much censured but upon the whole it is
elegant. It is said, that cardinal Richelieu was extremely
fond of reading this work, and that from thence he derived
many of his political maxims. It is observed in the preface to the last English translation, that “Barclay’s Argenis affords such variety of entertainment, that every kind
of reader may find in it something suitable to his own taste
and disposition the statesman, the philosopher, the soldier, the lover, the citizen, the friend of mankind, each
may gratify his favourite propensity while the reader, who
comes for his amusement only, will not go away disappointed.
” It is also remarked of this work in the same
preface, that “it is a romance, an allegory, and a system
of politics. In it the various forms of government are investigated, the causes of faction detected, and the remedies
pointed out for most of the evils that can arise in a state.
”
Cowper, the celebrated poet, pronounced it the most amusing romance ever written. “It is,
” he adds in a letter to
Sam. Rose, esq. “interesting in a high degree; richer'trt
incident than can be imagined, full of surprizes, which the
reader never forestalls, and yet free from all entanglement
and confusion. The style too appears to me to be such as
would not dishonour Tacitus himself.
” In this political
allegory, “by the kingdom of Sicily, France is described
during the time of the civil wars under Henry the Third.
and until the fixing the crown upon the head of Henry the
Fourth. By the country over-against Sicily, and frequently
her competitor, England is signified. By the country, formerly united under one head, but now divided into several
principalities, the author means Germany; i. e. Mergania.
Several names are disguised in the same manner, by transposing the letters.
” As to the principal persons designed,
“by Aquilius is meant the emperor of Germany, Calvin is
Usinulca, and the Hugenots are called Hyperephanii, Under the person and character of Poliarchus, Barclay undoubtedly intended to describe that real hero, Henry of
Navarre, as he has preserved the likeness even to his features and complexion. By his rivals are meant the leaders
of the different factions’; by Lycogenes and his friends,
the Lorrain party, with the duke of Guise at their head.
Some features of Hyanisbe’s character are supposed to resemble queen Elizabeth of England Radirobanes is the
king of Spain, and his fruitless expedition against Mauritania is pointed at the ambitious designs of Philip the Second, and his invincible armada. Under Meleander, the
character of Henry the Third of France seems intended
though the resemblance is very flattering to him.
”
atholico-Romanus Pacificus,” gave yet more offence, and the pope wrote to the king of France, and to cardinal Richelieu, desiring they would send the author of these publications
, was an English Roman Catholic, of
the seventeenth century, whose history has been imperfectly related. According to Moreri (who refers to “Memoires du temps
”) he was an Englishman by birth, and
studied with great success at Lou vain. Wood savs he was
of a Lancashire family, and educated for some time at Oxford, whence he went to Spain, and studied divinity and
philosophy under the famous Dr. J. Alph. Curiel, who,
adds Wood, was wont to call Barnes by the name of John
Hiiss, because of a spirit of contradiction which was always
observed in him, but which, it appears by his writings,
was a spirit of thinking for himself that could not be very
acceptable to his superiors. He is said to have been
young when he entered among the English Benedictines
near Douay, for fear of the inquisition, with which he was
threatened at Louvain and some time after he was obliged
to leave the Benedictines, under the same alarm, for holding some sentiments they did not approve. Wood says,
that before this he was sent into England on a mission, but
being discovered there, he was imprisoned and sent to
Normandy with certain priests and Jesuits. Moreri says,
that on leaving Douay, he took refuge in Paris, where he
was protected by some persons of distinction, and admitted into the friendship of several men of learning. In
1625, at which time he was one of the confessors of the
abbey of Chelles, he published a work against mental reservation, entitled “Dissertatio contra equivocationes,
”
Paris, 8vo, of which a French translation was published at
the same time. In the approbation of the faculty of theology at Paris prefixed to this work, he is styled doctor of
arts and divinity, professor of the English mission, and
first assistant of the congregation of Spain. This work
made a considerable noise, and was attempted to be answered by father Theophilus Raynaud in 1627. His next
work, entitled “Catholico-Romanus Pacificus,
” gave yet
more offence, and the pope wrote to the king of France,
and to cardinal Richelieu, desiring they would send the
author of these publications to Rome. Barnes was accordingly taken up in December 1625. He wrote also an answer
to Clement Reyner’s “Apostolatus Benedictinorum in Anglia,
” which Wood makes to precede the former. It appears certain, however, that in consequence of the moderation of his opinions, he was hurried like a malefactor
from place to place through Germany. While confined at
Mechlin, he contrived to make his escape from the room
by means of the strings of a bass viol, of which he had procured a quantity under pretence that the dampness of the
place had injured what belonged to his instrument; but he
was discovered while stepping into a vessel at Antwerp, and
conveyed to Rome. Here he was put into the prison belonging to the inquisition, in which he died, after thirty
years confinement. During part of this time, his sufferings
had brought on insanity. An edition of his “CatholicoRomanus Pacificus
” was printed at the theatre at Oxford
in Ancient Liberty of the Britannic
church.
” Wood mentions other writings by Barnes, but
without specifying their titles.
idge against the luxury of prelates, that every body saw immediately that he designed it against the cardinal. Upon that account he was carried to London, where by the s
, professor of divinity, and chaplain to Henry VIII. king of England, was sent to Germany by his master in 1535, where he held a conference
with the protestant divines upon the affair of the divorce
after that he had several audiences of the elector of Saxony, and joined with the English ambassadors, who proposed to this elector an alliance against the pope, and desired that Henry VIII. might be associated in the league
of Smalcalde. He gave them hopes of a reformation in
England but in fact, they had no other design than to
obtain their doctors approbation of the divorce of their
master, and a political alliance, in order to find the emperor more employment, who threatened to revenge the
injury upon king Henry for divorcing his aunt. They carried away with them the opinion of the divines of Witternberg which was not entirely favourable to them but they
suppressed the conclusion, wjien they shewed it to the
king. Barnes’s conduct however pleased the king, and
induced him to employ him in carrying on a correspondence with the princes of Germany. He was sent several
times to those courts and among other negociations, he
w r as the first who was employed in the project of the marriage with Anne of Cleves. He was a zealous Lutheran,
which he did not conceal in his sermons for in Lent in
1540 he confuted the sermon, which bishop Gardiner had
preached against Luther’s doctrine. He took the same
text as Gardiner had done, and taught a doctrine absolutely contrary to what this prelate had laid down concerning
justification nay he even attacked the bishop personally,
and jested upon the name of Gardiner. Gardiner’s friends
complained to the king of this, who ordered 'Barnes to
give him satisfaction, to sign certain articles, and to make
a formal recantation in the pulpit. All this was done, but
in such a manner, that there was a complaint, that in one
part of his sermon he artfully maintained what he had retracted in the other. Upon these complaints he was sent
to the Tower by the king’s command, which he never
came out of but to suffer death in the midst of the flames
for he was condemned* as an heretic by the parliament,
without being permitted to make his defence. He declared his belief a little before his death he rejected justification by works, invocation of saints, &c. and desired
that the king would undertake a thorough reformation.
His freedom of speech had for a long time before exposed
him to trouble. While Wolsey was in favour, he preached
so vehemently at Cambridge against the luxury of prelates,
that every body saw immediately that he designed it
against the cardinal. Upon that account he was carried to
London, where by the solicitations of Gardiner and Fox,
he was rescued from that prosecution, having agreed to
abjure some articles which were proposed to him. Afterwards he was again committed to prison upon some newaccusations and then it was generally believed that he
would be burnt, but he escaped, and went over into Germany, where he applied himself entirely to the study of
the bible and divinity in which he made so great a progress, that he was very much esteemed by the doctors and
princes. When the king of Denmark sent ambassadors to
England, he desired Barnes to accompany them, or even
to be one of them. We have at least two books written
by Barnes, one, the “Articles of his Faith,
” published in
Latin, with a preface by Pomeranus, and again in Dutch
in 1531. The other is his “Lives of the Popes,
” from
St. Peter to Alexander II. published, with a preface by
Luther, at Wirtemberg, 1536, and afterwards at Leyden,
1615; together with Bale’s Lives of the Popes. Luther
also published an account of his martyrdom.
assiduously, till he was in his twentieth year; and then visited Rome, where, under the patronage of cardinal della Rovere, he pursued his studies incessantly, and proved
, an eminent Italian artist, was born at Urbino, in 1528, and was the disciple of Battista Venetiano, by whom he was carefully instructed in the principles of painting, but he derived his knowledge of perspective from his uncle Bartolomeo Genga. Under those preceptors he practised assiduously, till he was in his twentieth year; and then visited Rome, where, under the patronage of cardinal della Rovere, he pursued his studies incessantly, and proved one of the most graceful painters of his time. At his return to his native city Urbino, he painted several pictures which procured him great applause; but that of a St. Margaret raised his reputation to the highest pitch, and induced pope Pius IV. to invite him to Home, where he employed him in the decorations of his palace of Belvedere, in conjunction with Federigo Zucchero. He excelled equally in history and portrait, but his genius inclined him more particularly to the painting of religious subjects; and his works sufficiently evince, that the utmost of his ambition was to imitate Correggio in his colouring, and Raphael in his manner of designing. But Correggio has somewhat so natural, so grand, so unaffectedly graceful, that Baroccio was far inferior to him, although perhaps more correct in the outlines. Sir Joshua Reynolds, who thought him, upon the whole, one of Correggio’s most successful imitators, says, that sometimes in endeavouring at cleanness or brilliancy of tint, he overshot the mark, and falls under the criticism that was made on an ancient painter, that his figures looked as if they fed upon roses. It is, however, singular to see colours of such variety coalesce so sweetly under his pencil, that perhaps no music reaches the ear with purer harmony, than his pictures the eye; an effect produced, in a great measure, by his attention to chiaroscuro, which he may be said to have introduced to the schools of Lower Italy, and which to obtain he rarely painted any historical figure without having either modelled it in wax, or placed some of his disciples in such attitudes as he wished to represent, it is sajd that when young, he was attempted to be poisoned at a dinner &ivc.5i by some of his rival artists, and that although he escaped with his life, he continued long in an infirm state. He must, however, have completely recovered from this attack, as his life was prolonged to the advanced age of eighty-four. He died at Urbino in 1612. Baroccio was also an engraver from some of his own compositions, and his plates, although slight, and not well managed, with respect to the mechanical part of the workmanship, are nevertheless most admirable, on account of the expression, and excellent drawing, which is discovered in them. His heads are very beautiful and characteristic; and the other extremities of his figures finely marked. Amidst all the difficulties he appears to have met with, in biting his plates with the aquafortis, after he had etched them, and his unskilfulness in handling-the graver, to harmonize and finish them, the hand of the master appears so evident, that the beauties we discover in them far overbalance the defects.
, an eminent ecclesiastical writer, and a cardinal of the Roman church, was born at Sora, an episcopal city in
, an eminent ecclesiastical writer,
and a cardinal of the Roman church, was born at Sora, an
episcopal city in the kingdom of Naples, October the 30th,
1538, of Camillo Baronio and Porcia Phebonia, who educated him with great care. He went through his first
studies at Veroli, and afterwards applied himself to divinity
and civil law at Naples. But the troubles of that kingdom
obliged his father to remove him in 1557 to Rome, where
he finished his studies in the law under Cesar Costa, afterwards archbishop of Capua, and put himself under the
discipline of St. Philip de Neri, founder of the congregation of the oratory, who employed him in the familiar instructions which his clerks gave to the children. After he
was ordained priest, St. Philip de Neri sent him, with some
of his disciples, in 1564, to establish his congregation in
the church of St. John the Baptist. He continued there
till 1576, when he was sent to 8,t. Mary in Vallicella, and
in both houses he was much admired for his pious zeal and
charity. St. Philip de Neri having, in 1593, laid down the
office of superior of the congregation of the oratory,
thought he could not appoint a more worthy successor than
Baronius, and pope Clement VIII. who knew his merit,
in compliance with the desires of the founder and his congregation, approved the choice, and some time after made
him his confessor. The esteem which that pope had for
him, increased as he had an opportunity of growing more
intimately acquainted with him, and induced him to appoint our author apostolical prothonotary in 1595, and to
advance him to the dignity of cardinal, June 5th, 1596, to
which he afterwards added the post of library-keeper to
the see of Rome. Upon the death of Clement VIII. m
1605, Baronius had a great prospect of being chosen pope,
one and thirty voices declaring for him; but the Spaniards
strongly opposed his election on account of his treatise,
“Of the Monarchy of Sicily,
” in which he argued against
the claim of Spain to Sicily. His intense application to
his studies weakened his constitution in such a manner,
that towards the end of his life he could not digest any
kind of food. He died June the 30th, 1607, aged sixtyeight years and eight months, and was interred in the
church of St. Mary in Vallicella, in the same tomb where
his intimate friend cardinal Francesco Maria Taurusio was
buried the year following. Dupin observes, that “an high
regard ought to be paid to the memory of Baronius, who
was a man of sincere religion, probity, learning, and extensive reading, and laboured with success for the service
of the church, and the clearing up of ecclesiastical
antiquity. But it were to be wished that he had been exempt
from the prejudices which his education and country inspired him with*
” In a book of lather Parsons, printed in
1607, and entitled “I)e sacris alienis non adeundis qusestiones du; ad usum praximque Angliae breviter explicate,
” is published the judgment of Baronius, together with
that of cardinal Bcllarmin and others, declaring that it was
absolutely unlawful for the Roman Catholics to be present
at the religious worship of the Protestants in England.
The work for which Baronius was most celebrated, and
which is certainly a wonderful monument of industry and
research, was his “Ecclesiastical Annals.
” He undertook
this work at the age of thirty, and laboured for thirty years
in collecting and digesting the materials for it, by reading
over carefully the ancient monuments of the church, as
well in printed books as in manuscripts, in the Vatican
library. He published in 1588 the first volume, which contains the first century after the birth of Christ. The second, which followed after, contains two hundred and five
years. These two volumes are dedicated to pope Sixtus V.
The third, dedicated to king Philip 11. of Spain, comprehends the history of fifty-five years immediately following.
The fourth, dedicated to Clement VIII. contains the history of thirty-four years, which end in the year 395. The
fifth, dedicated to the same pope, as well as the following
volumes, extends to the year 440. The sixth ends in the
year 518. The seventh contains seventy-three years.
The eighth extends to the year 714. The ninth, dedicated
to king Henry IV. of France, concludes with the year 842.
The tenth, dedicated to the emperor Rodolphus II. begins
with the year 843, and reaches to 1000. The eleventh,
dedicated to Sigismond III. king of Poland, and published
in 1605, continues the history to the year 1099. The
twelfth, printed under the pontificate of Paul V. in 1607,
concludes with 1198. So that we have, in these twelve
volumes, the history of the twelve first ages of the church.
Henry Spoudunns informs us, that Baronius had left memoirs for three more volumes, which were used by Odoricus Kaynaldus in the continuation of his work. The first
edition of Baronius’ s Annals, begun in 158S, and continued
the following years, was printed at Rome, where the first
volumes were reprinted in 1593. It was followed by some
others, with alterations and additions. The second edition
was that of Venice, and was begun in 1595. The third was
printed at Cologne in 1596, and the foil owing years. The
fourth at Antwerp in 1597, &c. The fifth at Mentz in
1601, The sixth at Cologne in 1609. There were several other editions published afterwards, at Amsterdam in
1610, at Cologne in 1624, at Antwerp in 1675, at Venice
in 1705, and at Lucca in 1738—1759, by far the best.
Before this, the best editions, according to the abbe Longlet de Fresnoy, in his “New method of studying History,
”
were that of Home, as the original, and that of Antwerp,
and the most convenient for study, is that of Mentz, because
the authorities of the ecclesiastical writers are marked in it
by a different character from the text of Baronius, and the
impression is in two columns. The edition of Cologne has
the same advantage, though ill printed.
Cardinal de Laurea drew up an index to this work for his own private
Cardinal de Laurea drew up an index to this work for his
own private use, which he afterwards left to the public
“Index alphabeticus rerum et locorum omnium memorabilium ad Annales Cardinalis Baronii. Opus posthumum
Rev. Cardinalis de Laurea,
” Rome, Exercitationes contra Baronium,
” London, Marty rologium Romanum restitutum,
” Tractatus de Monarchia Siciliae,
” Paris, Parsenesis ad RempublicamVenetam,
”
Rome, Contra ser. Rempublicam Venetam Votum,
”
not published by Baronius, but containing his opinion in
the consistory. 5. “Historica relatio de Legatione
Ecelesise Alexanclrinse ad Apostolicam sedem,
” 1598, 8vo, respecting the re-union of the church of Alexandria to the
see of Home, which did not last long. And some other
works of less reputation.
of this patron, then become duke of Choiseul, and principal of the king’s ministers, in the room of cardinal de Bernis, our author, in 1758, was amply provided for, first
Through the means of this patron, then become duke of Choiseul, and principal of the king’s ministers, in the room of cardinal de Bernis, our author, in 1758, was amply provided for, first hy pensions on the archbishopric of the Abbey and the treasure of St. Martin of Tours, and afterwards by the place of secretary-general of the Swiss; besides which he enjoyed a pension of 5000 livres on the Mercure. His attachment to his patron was highly honourable to him. In 1771, on the dismission of the duke de Choiseul, and his banishment to Chanteloup, our author did not hesitate to follow him: and when that minister was compelled to resign the office of general of the Swiss, he would have given up his place of secretary immediately, if his patron had not interfered. He went, however, to Paris, and offered the surrender of his brevet to the count d‘Affry, who refused to accept it, being willing to protect our author if he would give up his friend. This he, positively refused to do: upon which M. d’Affry, much to his honour, accepted the resignation, granting him 10,000 livres out of the annual profits of the place, and Barthelemi set off next day for Chanteloup.
strious” cardinals stood very much in need of a “most illustrious” reformation. In 1563 he went with cardinal de Lorraine to Rome, where the pope received him with every
, a pious and
learned Dominican, and archbishop of Braga in Portugal,
was born in May, 1514, in the city of Lisbon. His father’s
name was Dominic Fernandez; but as the son happened to
be baptised in the church of our Lady of the Martyrs, he
adopted this last name instead of that of his family. In
1528 he took the habit of the order of St. Dominic, and
after arriving at his doctor’s degree, was appointed preceptor to Don Antonio, son of the infant Don Lewis, brother of
king John III. For twenty years also he taught divinity,
and acquired such a character for sanctity and talents, that
on a vacancy for the archbishopric of Braga, Bartholomew
was universally recommended; but he persisted for a long
time in refusing it, until threatened with excommunication.
Nor was this reluctance affected, for he had such a fixed
repugnance against undertaking this high charge, that the
compulsion employed threw him into a disorder from which
it was thought he could not recover. When it abated, however, he went to his diocese, and began to exercise his
functions in the most exemplary manner. In 1561 he was
present at the council of Trent, under pope Pius IV. where
he discovered such knowledge and spirit as to acquire general esteem. It was he who advised the fathers of this
council to begin business by a reformation of the clergy;
and when some of the bishops demanded if he meant to
extend his reform to the most illustrious cardinals, he replied, that those “most illustrious
” cardinals stood very
much in need of a “most illustrious
” reformation. In
1563 he went with cardinal de Lorraine to Rome, where the
pope received him with every mark of esteem and confidence. Here he spoke his mind on ecclesiastical abuses
with great freedom, and observing the custom in one of
their assemblies, that the bishops stood uncovered, while
the cardinals sat covered, he remonstrated with the pope so
effectually, that this affront to the episcopal dignity was no
longer tolerated. His principal motive, however, for this
journey to Rome, was to obtain leave to resign his archbishopric; but the pope refused, on which he returned to
Trent, and as soon as the council was over, went to Braga,
where he remained until the pontificate of Gregory XIII.
who at length accepted his resignation. After this he led a
retired life, entirely occupied in acts of charity and devotion. He died in the convent of Viana, July 16, 1590, in
the seventy-seventh year of his age. His works were published at Rome, 1744, 2 vols. fol. and consist of pious treatises, and an itinerary of his travels, in which we discover
much of the excellence of his character. M. le Maitre de
Saci published his life in 4to and 12mo, 1664. He was
beatified by pope Clement XIV. in 1773.
ecuted it with so much success, that he was afterwards entrusted with several important commissions. Cardinal de Bouillon, dean of the Sacred College, who was then in Holland,
de Franquener, son of the preceding, and the most celebrated of his family, was born at Roan in Normandy, Aug. 8, 1653, and received an education suitable to the talents which his father discovered in him. He first studied under the celebrated Tanaquil Faber, who made him his favourite scholar, but endeavoured to dissuade him from engaging in the ministry. At seventeen years of age, after he had made the Greek and Latin authors familiar to him, and learned the English., Italian, and Spanish languages, he went to Geneva, where he passed through a course of philosophy under Mr. Chouet. He began his divinity studies there under Mestrezat, Turretin, and Tronchin, and finished them at Sedan under the professors Juricu and Le Blanc de Beaulieu. But disliking Mr. Jurieu’s less tolerant sentiments, he applied himself more particularfy to the latter, who was a divine of a moderate and pacific temper. He returned afterwards to Roan; and the learned Mr. Le Moine having been called to the professorship of divinity at Leyden, Mr. Basnage succeeded him, as pastor of the church of Roan in 1676, though he was then but twenty three years of age, and here studied ecclesiastical history and the fathers, and went on with the collections which he had begun at Geneva and Sedan. In 1684 he married Susanna du Moulin, daughter of Cyrus du Moulin, first cousin of Charles du Moulin, the Papinian of France, and grand-daughter of the famous Peter du Moulin. The exercise of the protestant religion being suppressed at Roan in 1685, and Mr. Basnage being no longer allowed to perform the functions of his ministry, hedesired leave of the king to retire into Holland, and obtained it for himself, his wife, and a nurse; but upon condition, that the nurse should return into France at the end of two years. He settled at‘Rotterdam, where he was a minister pensionary till 1691, when he was made pastor of the Walloon church of that city. The works which he wrote raised him a great reputation over all Europe and he kept a correspondence with a great many learned men both in the United Provinces, and in foreign countries. His studies employed the greater part of his time, and his only relaxation was a select society of men of learning-, who met once a week at each other’s houses. The principal members of this little society were Messrs. Paatz, Basnage, De Beauval, his brother, Bayle, Lufneu, and Leers. Their contests were sometimes sharp, but friendly, and there was that candid interchange of sentiment from which Basnage confessed that he had derived great advantage. He had frequent disputes with Mr. Jurieu, his brother-in-law, particularly on the subject of the revolt of the Cevennois, which Jurieu approved and Basnage condemned. The author of his life mentions a conference which they had upon that subject, in 1703, in which Jurieu was obliged by the reasons of his antagonist to condemn the cruelties of the Camisars, and he only urged in their justification, that they had been used with rigour, and had lost patience. In 1709 pensionary Heinsius, who had a great regard for him, procured him to be chosen one of the pastors of the Walloon church at the Hague. He was then employed to manage a secret negotiation with mareschal D’Uxelles, plenipotentiary of France at the congress of Utrecht; and he executed it with so much success, that he was afterwards entrusted with several important commissions. Cardinal de Bouillon, dean of the Sacred College, who was then in Holland, imparted to him all his concerns with the States. The abbe Du Bois, who was afterwards cardinal and first minister of France, having arrived at the Hague in 1716, with the character of ambassador plenipotentiary, to negotiate a defensive alliance between France, England, and the States General, was ordered by the duke of Orleans, regent of France, to apply to Mr. Basnage for his advice, the consequence of which was, that they acted in concert, and the alliance was concluded Jan. 14, As a reward for this service, he obtained the restitution of his estate in France. He corresponded with several princes, nohlemen, and statesmen, both catholic and protestant, and with a great many learned men in France, Italy, Germany, and England, upon subjects of a political or literary nature. The catholics appear to have confided as much in his opinion as the protestants, of which we have a remarkable instance in a French archbishop. This prelate, perplexed to know what step to take respecting the bull Unigenitus, the rigours of which put an end to the last hopes of reconciliation between the catholic and protestant churches, consulted Basnage, and requested to know how he would himself act, if in his place. Basnage replied, that it did not perhaps become him to give advice in a case of so much difficulty: but suggested that the archbishop ought to examine himself whether he acknowledged the pope’s authority, or not: that in the first case he was obliged to admit the constitution; that in the second case he might reject it; but he should consider, that if he argued consequentially, this would carry him farther than he would go. Basnage was a man of great sincerity and candour, and had a politeness seldom to be met with among learned men. He was affable and -easy in his behaviour, and always ready to use his interest in favour of the unfortunate. He answered every person who consulted him with the utmost affability and kindness. He was a good friend, a man of great probity, and though he confuted errors with zeal and spirit, yet he treated the persons themselves with peculiar moderation. His constitution, which before had been very firm, began to decline in 1722; and after a lingering illness he died with exemplary piety, Dec. 22, 1723, in the seventy-first year of his age. He left only one daughter, who was married to Mr. de la Sarraz, privy counsellor to the king of Poland.
siege of Rochelle, and, as on all other occasions, was distinguished for skill and bravery, but the cardinal de Richelieu, who had to complain of his caustic tongue, and
, colonel-general of
the Swiss guards, and marshal de France in 1622, was
born in Lorraine of a family of distinction, April 22, 1579.
He served in the war of the Savoy in 1600, and in 1603
went into Hungary, where he was solicited to serve under
the emperor, but he preferred the service of France. In
1617 he commanded the ordnance at the siege of ChateauPorcien, and a short time after was wounded at the siege
of Rhetel. He served afterwards, as marshal of the camp,
at the battle of Pont-de-Ce, the sieges of St. John d'Angeli, of Montpellier, &c. In 1622, when made a marshal
of France, he was colonel of the Swiss, and at the same
time sent as ambassador extraordinary to Spain. In 1625
he served in the same capacity in Swisserland, and in 1626
in England. He was also at the siege of Rochelle, and,
as on all other occasions, was distinguished for skill and
bravery, but the cardinal de Richelieu, who had to complain of his caustic tongue, and who dreaded all those by
whom he thought he might one day be eclipsed, caused
him to be imprisoned in the Bastille in 1631. Bassompierre
had foreseen the ascendancy which the capture of Rochelle,
the bulwark of the Protestants, would give to that minister;
and therefore was heard to say on that occasion: “You
will see that we shall be fools enough to take Rochelle.
”
He passed the time of his confinement in reading and
writing. One day as he was busily turning over the leaves
of the Bible, Malleville asked him what he was looking for
“A passage that I cannot find,
” returned the marechal, “a
way to get out of prison.
” Here also he composed his
“Memoirs,
” printed at Cologne in Relation of
his embassies,
” much esteemed, Remarks on the history of Louis XIII.
”
by Dupleix, in 12mo, a work somewhat too satirical, but
curious. Bassompierre lived till the 12th of October 1646,
when he was found dead in his bed. He was a great dealer
in bons mots, which were not always delicate. On his
coming out of the Bastille, as he was become extremely corpulent, for want of exercise, the queen asked him, “Quand
il accoucheroit?
” “Quand j'aurais trouve une sage
femme,
” answered he; which will not bear a translation,
as the wit turns on the double meaning of sage femme,
which signifies either a midwife, or a sensible woman,
Louis XI II. asked him his age, almost at the same time:
he made himself no more than fifty. The king seeming
surprised: “Sir,
” answered Bassompierre, I subtract ten
years passed in the Bastille, because I did not employ
them in your service.“Although he had been employed
in embassies, negociation was not his principal talent; but
he possessed other qualities’that qualified him for an ambassador. He was a very handsome man, had great presence of mind, was affable, lively, and agreeable, very polite and generous. After his liberation from the Bastille,
the duchess of Aiguillon, niece of the cardinal de Richelieu, offered him five hundred thousand livres to dispose of
as he should think proper:
” Madam,“said Bassompierre,
as be thanked her,
” your uncle has done me too much
harm, to allow me to receive so much good of you." he
spoke all the languages of Europe with the same facility as
his own. Play and women were his two predominant passions. Being secretly informed that he was to be arrested,
he rose before day, and burnt upwards of six thousand
letters, which he had received from ladies of the city and
the court.
ow decidedly confessed, he had frequent and advantageous orders. The learned prelate, and afterwards cardinal, Furietti, who had the direction of building the church of St.
As the excellency of Batoni was now decidedly confessed, he had frequent and advantageous orders. The learned prelate, and afterwards cardinal, Furietti, who had the direction of building the church of St. Celsus, gave him the picture of the high altar to execute, which Mengs held to be the purest and most ingenious of all his performances.
of his heirs; the Hagar, in the collection of an English gentleman; the Prodigal son, in that of the cardinal duke of York; to which may be added, a multitude of pictures
In the immaculate conception, which has been more than a thousand times a subject for painters, Batoni succeeded so well for the church of the Philippines at Chiari near Brescia, as to excite the attention and admiration of all good judges. His next piece was the story of Simon the magician for the church of St. Peter at Rome; and among his other most admired pictures we may notice the two great altar-pieces which he executed for the city of Brescia, whereof one represents St. Johannes Nepomucenus with Mary; and the other the offering of the latter; two others for the city of Lucca, one of St. Catherine of Siena, and the other of St. Bartholomew; another for Messina, of the apostle James; and for Parma, John preaching in the wilderness; as also the many scriptural pieces, and especially those which are so much admired in the summer-house in the papal gardens of Monte Cavallo; the chaste Susanna, in the possession of his heirs; the Hagar, in the collection of an English gentleman; the Prodigal son, in that of the cardinal duke of York; to which may be added, a multitude of pictures of the Virgin, of the holy family, and saints of both sexes, which he executed for private persons. He likewise acquired great fame by his Choice of Hercules, which he painted at first in the natural size, and afterwards smaller, for the Florentine Marchese Ginosi, as a companion to the Infant Hercules strangling the serpents. Not less animated and expressive is another picture of the same kind, in which, at the request of an English gentleman, he has depicted Bacchus and Ariadne. Another poetical fiction, which he has superiorly expressed, is in a painting that is still with his heirs. His intention was to delineate the cares and solicitudes of a blooming beauty. She lies sleeping on a magnificent couch: but her sleep is not so profound as to break off all correspondence between the mind and the senses; it is soft and benign, as usual when a pleasing dream employs the imagination. The effigies of Peace and War was one of his finest performances, and which he executed towards the latter end of his life. Mars, in complete armour, is rushing to the combat, sword in hand; an exceedingly beautiful virgin, who casts on him a look of sweetness and intreaty, at the same time presenting him with a branch of palm, places herself directly in his way.
, copied by those who wrote after him, though they have not vouchsafed to cite him. 2. “ Histoire du Cardinal d'Amboise,” Paris, 1651, in 8vo. Sirmond, of the Academie Franchise,
, of Langnedoc, historiographer
of France under Louis XIII. was one of the most fertile
and heavy writers of his time, but we have no particulars
of his life. He left behind him many works composed
without either method or taste, but which Abound in particulars not to be found elsewhere. 1. “Histoire generale
tie la Religion desTurcs, avec la Viede leurpropht-te Mahomet, et des iv premiers califes;
” also, “Le Livre et la
Theologie de Mahomet,
”
Histoire du Cardinal d'Amboise,
” Paris, 1651, in 8vo. Sirmond, of the Academie Franchise, one of the numerous
flatterers of the cardinal de Richelieu, formed the design
of elevating that minister at the expence of all those who
had gone before him. He began by attacking d'Amboise,
and failed not to sink him below Richelieu. Baudier, by
no means a courtier, avenged his memory, and eclipsed
the work of his detractor. 3. “Histoire du Marechal de
Toiras,
” The Lives of the Abbé Suger, and of
Cardinal Ximenes, &c.
” The facts that Baudier relates in
these different works are almost always absorbed by his reflections, which have neither the merit of precision nor
that of novelty to recommend them. Moreri informs us
that he wrote a history of Margaret of Anjou, queen of
Henry VI. of England, that the manuscript was in the
library of the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, at Paris,
among the collection of M. de Coislin, bishop of Metz;
and that this history was translated and published in English, without any acknowledgment by the translator, or any
notice of the original author.
erses of all the different measures: he published separately a book of iambics in 1591, dedicated to cardinal Bourbon. Some of his poems he dedicated to the king of England;
He was admitted advocate at the Hague, the 5th of Jarmary 1587; but being soon tired of the bar, went to France,
where he remained ten years, and was much esteemed,
acquiring both friends and patrons. Achilles de Harlai,
first president of the parliament of Paris, got him to be admitted advocate of the parliament of Paris in 1592. In
1602, he went to England with Christopher de Harlai, the
presidents son, who was sent ambassador thither by Henry
the Great; and the same year, having been named professor of eloquence at Leyden, he settled in that university. He read lectures on history after the death of Morula, and was permitted also to do the same on the civil
Jaw. In 1611, the states conferred upon him the office of
historiographer in. conjunction with Meursius and in consequence thereof he wrote “The history of the Truce.
”
Baudius is an elegant prose-writer, as appears from his
“Letters,
” many of which were published after his death.
He was also an excellent Latin poet: the first edition of
his poems. was printed in 1587; they consist of verses of
all the different measures: he published separately a book
of iambics in 1591, dedicated to cardinal Bourbon. Some
of his poems he dedicated to the king of England; others
to the prince of Wales, in the edition of 1607, and went
over to England to present them, where great respect was
paid to him by several persons of rank and learning.
uthor. After he had finished his course of philosophy at the college of Lisieux under Mr. Desperier, cardinal Antonio Barberini took him as his secretary at Rome, and he
, a celebrated French geographer, was born at Paris the 28th of July, 1633. His father, Stephen Baudrand, was first deputy of the procurator-general of the court of aids, treasurer of France for Montauban, and master of the requests of his royal highness Gaston of France, and his mother’s name was Frances Caule. He began his studies in the year 1640. His inclination for geography was first noticed when he studied at the Jesuits college of Clermont under father Briet, who was famous for his geography, which was then printing, the proof sheets of which were corrected by our author. After he had finished his course of philosophy at the college of Lisieux under Mr. Desperier, cardinal Antonio Barberini took him as his secretary at Rome, and he was present with his eminence at the conclave, in which pope Alexander VII. was elected; and afterwards at thaHn which Clement IX. was chosen pope. Upon his return to France, he applied himself to the revisal of Ferrarius’s Geographical Dictionary, which he enlarged by one half, and published at Paris, 1671, fol. In the same year he attended the marquis of Dangeau, who was employed by the king in the management of his affairs in Germany, and also went to England with the duchess of York, who was afterwards queen of England. His travels were of great advantage to linn in furnishing him with a variety of observations in geography. He returned to France in 1677, and composed his geographical dictionary in Latin. In 1691 he attended the cardinal of Camus, who was bishop of Grenoble, to Rome, and went with him into the conclave on the 27th of March, where he continued three months ancha half, till the election of pope Innocent XII. on July 12th, the same year. Upon his return to Paris he applied himself to the completing of his French geographical dictionary, but he was prevented from publishing it by his death, which happened at Paris the 29th of May 1700. He had been prior of Rouvres and Neuf-Marche. He left all his books and papers to the Benedictine monks of the abbey of St. Germain des Prez.
the French the cadence and measure of the Greek and Latin poetry, in which he was very unsuccessful. Cardinal Perron said of him, that he was a good man, but a bad poet.
, the natural
son of the subject of the next article, was born at Venice in
1532, during his father’s embassy there, and studied under
Ronsard, making particular progress in the Greek tongue.
He devoted himself afterwards to French poetry, which he
disfigured not a little by a mixture of Greek and Latin
words. His object was to give to the French the cadence
and measure of the Greek and Latin poetry, in which he
was very unsuccessful. Cardinal Perron said of him, that
he was a good man, but a bad poet. He set his own verses,
however, to music; not, says Dr. Burney, to such music as
might be expected from a man of letters, or a dilletanti,
consisting of a single melody, but to counterpoint, or music in parts. Of this kind he published, in 1561, “Twelve
hymns or spiritual songs;
” and, in Songs,
” all in four parts, of which both the words and the
music were his own. In all he was allowed to be as good
a musician as a poet; but what mostly entitles him to notice, is his having established a musical academy at Paris,
the first of the kind; but m this he had to encounter many
difficulties. The court was for it, and Charles IX. and
Henry III. frequently attended these concerts; but the
parliament and the university opposed the scheme as likely
to introduce effeminacy and immorality. The civil wars
occasioned their being discontinued, but they were long
after revived, and proved the origin of the divertissements,
the masquerades, and balls, which formed the pleasures of
the court until the time of Louis XIV. Bayf died in 1592.
His poems were published at Paris in 1573, 2 vols. 8vo, and
consist of serious, comic, sacred, and profane pieces; the
first volume is entitled “Euvres en rime,
” the other “Les
Jeux.
” His mode of spelling is as singular as his composition, but the whole are now fallen into oblivion.
lar person went to Italy, where he lived and died extremely poor (although Dodd says that he died in cardinal Ottoboni’s family) for Dr. Trevor, fellow of Merton college,
, the fourth and youngest son of
bishop Bayly, was educated at Cambridge, and having
commenced B. A. was presented to the subdeanery of
Wells by Charles I. in 1638. In 1644, he retired with
other loyalists to Oxford, where, proceeding in his degrees
he was created D. D. and two years after wle find him with
the marquis of Worcester, in Ragland castle, after the battle of Naseby. When this was surrendered to the parliament army, on which occasion he was employed to draw
up the articles, he travelled into France and other countries; but returned the year after the king’s death, and
published at London, in 8vo, a book, entitled “Certamen
Religiosum, or a conference between king Charles I. and
Henry late marquis of Worcester, concerning religion, in
Ragland castle, anno 1646.
” But this conference was believed to have no real foundation, and considered as nothing
else than a prelude to the declaring of himself a papist.
The same year, 1649, he published “The Royal Charter
granted unto kings by God himself, &c. to which is added,
a treatise, wherein is proved, that episcopacy is jure dvvino
” 8vo. These writings giving offence, occasioned him
to be committed to Newgate whence escaping, he re^
tired to Holland, and became a zealous Roman catholic.
During his confinement in Newgate, he wrote a piece entitled, “Herba Parietis, or the wall-flower, as it grows
out of the stone-chamber belonging to the metropolitan
prison; being an history, which is partly true, partly romantic, morally divine; whereby a marriage between
reality and fancy is solemnized by divinity,
” Lond. The end to controversy between the Roman catholic and
Protestant religions, justified by all the several manner of
ways, whereby all kinds of controversies, of what nature
soever, are usually or can possibly be determined,
” Douay,
Dr. Bayly’s Challenge.
” At
last this singular person went to Italy, where he lived and
died extremely poor (although Dodd says that he died in cardinal Ottoboni’s family) for Dr. Trevor, fellow of
Merton college, who was in Italy in 1659, told Mr. Wood several times, that Dr. Bayly died obscurely in an hospital,
and that he had seen the place where he was buried.
, archbishop of St. Andrew’s in Scotland, and cardinal of the Roman church, was born 1494, and educated in the university
, archbishop of St. Andrew’s in Scotland, and cardinal of the Roman church, was born 1494, and educated in the university of St. Andrew’s. He was afterwards sent over to the university of Paris, where he studied divinity; and when he attained a proper age, entered into orders. In 1519 he was appointed resident at the court of France; about the same time his uncle James Beaton, archbishop of Glasgow, conferred upon him the rectory of Campsay; and in 1523 this uncle, being then archbishop of St. Andrew’s, gave him the abbacy of Aberbrothock, or Arbroath. David returned to Scotland in 1525, and in 1528 was made lord privy seal. In 1533 he was sent again to France, in con-junction with sir Thomas Erskine, to confirm the leagues subsisting between the two kingdoms, and to bring about a marriage for king James V. with Magdalene, daughter of the king of France; but the princess being in a very bad state of health, the marriage could not then take effect. During his residence, however, at the French court, he received many favours from his Christian majesty. King James having gone over to France, had the princess Magdalene given him in person, whom he espoused on the first of January 1537. Beaton returned to Scotland with their majesties, where they arrived the 29th of May; but the death of the queen happening the July following, he was sent over again to Paris, to negotiate a second marriage for the king with the lady Mary, daughter to the duke of Guise and during his stay at the court of France, he was consecrated bishop of Mirepoix. All things being settled in regard to the marriage, in the month of June, he embarked with the new queen for Scotland, where they arrived in July: the nuptials were celebrated at St. Andrew’s, and the February following the coronation was performed with great splendour and magnificence in the abbey church of Holyrood -house.
. 20, 1538. King Henry VIII. having intelligence of the ends proposed! by the pope in creating him a cardinal, sent a very able ^minister to king James, with particular
Beaton, though at this time only coadjutor of St. Andrew’s, yet had all the power and authority of the archbishop; and in order to strengthen the catholic interest in Scotland, pope Paul III. raised him to a cardinalship, by the title of St. Stephen in Monte Ccelo, Dec. 20, 1538. King Henry VIII. having intelligence of the ends proposed! by the pope in creating him a cardinal, sent a very able ^minister to king James, with particular instructions for a deep scheme to procure the cardinal’s disgrace; but it did not take effect. A few months after, the old archbishop flying, the cardinal succeeded: and it was upon this promotion that he began to shew his warm and persecuting zeal for the church of Rome. Soon after his instalment, Jie got together, in the cathedral of St. Andrew’s, a great confluence of persons of the first rank, both clergy and laity; to whom, from a throne erected for the purpose, he made a speech, representing to them the danger wherewith tha church was threatened by the increase of heretics, who had the boldness to profess their opinions even in the king’scourt; where, said he, they find but too great countenance: and he mentioned by name sir John Borthwicl:, whom he had caused to be cited to that diet, for dispersing heretical books, ^nd holding several opinions contrary to the doctrine of the Roman church. Then the articles of accusation were read against him, and sir John appearing neither in person nor by proxy, was declared a heretic, his goodsconfiscated, and himself burnt in effigy. Sir John retired to England, where he was kindly received by king Henry, who seat him into Germany, in his name, to conclude a treaty with the protestant princes of the empire. Sir John Borthwick was not the^only person proceeded against for heresy; several others were also prosecuted, and among the rest, George Buchanan, the celebrated poet and historian: and as the king left all to the management of the cardinal, it is difficult to say to what lengths such a furious zealot might have gone, had not the king’s death put a stop to his arbitrary proceedings.
When the king died, there being none so near him as the cardinal, it was suggested by his enemies that he forged his will; and
When the king died, there being none so near him as
the cardinal, it was suggested by his enemies that he forged
his will; and it was set aside, notwithstanding he had it
proclaimed at the cross of Edinburgh, in order to establish
the regency in the earls of Argyle, Huntley, Arran, and
himself. He was expressly excluded from the government,
and the earl of Arran was declared sole regent during the
minority of queen Mary. This was chiefly effected by the
noblemen in the English interest, who, after having-sent
the cardinal prisoner to Blackness-castle, managed the
public affairs as they pleased. Things did not remain long,
however, in this situation for the ambitious enterprising“cardinal, though confined, raised so strong a party, that
the regent, not knowing how to proceed, began to dislike
his former system, and having at length resolved to abandon it, released the cardinal, and became reconciled to
him. Upon the young
” queen’s coronation, the cardinal
was again admitted of the council, and had the high office
of chancellor conferred upon him; and such was now his
influence with the regent, that he got him to solicit the
court of Rome to appoint him legate a latere from the
pope, which was accordingly done.
es for restraining heresy. How far they proceeded is uncertain; but it is generally allowed that the cardinal was diverted from the purposes he had then in hand, by information
His authority being now firmly established, he began
again to promote the popish cause with his utmost efforts.
Towards the end of 1545 he visited some parts of his diocese, attended with the lord governor, and others of the
nobility, and ordered several persons to be executed for
heresy. In 1546 he summoned a provincial assembly of
the clergy at the Black friars in Edinburgh, in order to
concert measures for restraining heresy. How far they
proceeded is uncertain; but it is generally allowed that the
cardinal was diverted from the purposes he had then in
hand, by information he received of Mr. George Wisbart,
the most famous protestant preacher in Scotland, being at
the house of Mr. Cockburn at Ormiston. The cardinal, by
an order from the governor, which was indeed with difficulty obtained, caused him to be apprehended. He was
for some time confined in the castle of Edinburgh, and removed from thence to the castle of St. Andrew’s. The cardinal, having resolved to proceed without delay to his trial,
summoned the prelates to St. Andrew’s. At this meeting the
archbishop of Glasgow gave as his opinion, that application
should be made to the governor, to grant a commission to
some nobleman to try so famous a prisoner, that the whole
blame might not lie upon the clergy. He was accordingly applied to; and notwithstanding his refusal, and his message to
the cardinal, not to precipitate his trial, and notwithstanding Mr. Wishart’s appeal, as being the governor’s prisoner,
to a temporal jurisdiction; yet the furious prelate went on
with the trial, and this innocent gentleman was condemned
to be burnt at St. Andrew’s. He died with amazing firmness and resolution: and it is averred by some writers, that
he prophesied in the midst of the flames, not only the approaching death of the cardinal, but the circumstances alsa
that should attend it. Buchanan’s account is as follows:
After relating the manner in which Mr. Wishart spent the
morning of his execution, he proceeds thus: “A while after two executioners were sent to him by the cardinal; one
of them put a black linen shirt upon him, and the other
bound many little bags of gun-powder to all the parts of
his body. In this dress they brought him forth, and commanded him to stay in the governor’s outer chamber, and
at the same time they erected a wooden scaffold in the
court before the castle, and made up a pile of wood. The
windows and balconies over against it were all hung with
tapestry and silk hangings, with cushions for the cardinal
and his train, to behold and take pleasure in the joyful
sight, even the torture of an innocent man; thus courting
the favour of the people as the author of so notable a deed.
There was also a great guard of soldiers, not so much to
secure the execution, as for a vain ostentation of power
and beside, brass guns were placed up and down in all
convenient places of the castle. Thus, while the trumpets
sounded, George was brought forth, mounted the scaffold,
and was fastened with a cord to the stake, and having
scarce leave to pray for the church of God, the executioners fired the wood, which immediately taking hold of
the powder that was tied about him, blew it up into flame
and smoke. The governor of the castle, who stood so
near that he was singed with the flame, exhorted him in a
few words to be of good cheer, and to askpardon of God
for his offences. To whom he replied, ` This flame occasions trouble to my body indeed, but it hath in no wise
broken my spirit; but he, who now looks down so proudly
upon me from yonder lofty place (pointing to the cardinal)
shall ere long be as ignominiously thrown down, as now he
proudly lolls at his ease.' Having thus spoken, they
straitened the rope which was tied about his neck, and
so strangled him; his body in a few hours being consumed
to ashes in the flame.
”
This prophecy, however, is called in question by others, who treat it as a story invented after the cardinal’s death. Archbishop Spotswood and Mr. Petrie follow Buchanan
This prophecy, however, is called in question by others,
who treat it as a story invented after the cardinal’s death.
Archbishop Spotswood and Mr. Petrie follow Buchanan
in regard to the circumstances of Mr. Wishart’s death and
his prophecy. On the other side, Mr. Keith suggests that
the story is very doubtful, if not false. “I confess,
” says
he, “I give but small credit to this, and to some other
persons that suffered for religion in our country, and
which upon that account I have all along omitted to narrate. I own I think them ridiculous enough, and seemingly contrived, at least magnified, on purpose to render
the judges and clergymen of that time odious and despicable in the eyes of men. And as to this passage concerning Mr 1 Wishart, it may be noticed, that there is not one
word of it to be met with in the first edition of Mr. Knox’s
History; and if the thing had been true in fact, I cannot
see how Mr. Knox, who was so good an acquaintance of Mr.
Wishart’s, and no farther distant from the place of his execution than East Lothian, and who continued some months
along with the murderers of cardinal Beaton in the castle
of St. Andrew’s, could either be ignorant of the story, or
neglect in history so remarkable a prediction. And it has
even its own weight, that sir David Lindsay, who lived at
that time, and wrote a poem called ‘ The tragedy of cardinal Beaton,’ in which he rakes together all the worst
things that could be suggested against this prelate, yet
makes no mention either of his glutting himself inhumanly
with the spectacle of Mr. Wishart’s death, nor of any prophetical intermination made by Mr. Wishart concerning
the cardinal; nor does Mr. Fox take notice of either of
these circumstances, so that I am much of the mind, that
it has been a story trumped up a good time after the murder.
”
lous papists applauded his conduct, and the protestants exclaimed against him as a murderer; but the cardinal was pleased with himself, imagining he had given a fatal blow
This proceeding, however, made a great noise throughout the kingdom; the zealous papists applauded his conduct, and the protestants exclaimed against him as a murderer; but the cardinal was pleased with himself, imagining he had given a fatal blow to heresy, and that he had struck a terror into his enemies.
Soon after the death of Mr. Wishart, the cardinal went to Finhaven, the seat of the earl of Crawford, to solemnize
Soon after the death of Mr. Wishart, the cardinal went
to Finhaven, the seat of the earl of Crawford, to solemnize
a marriage between the eldest son of that nobleman and his
daughter Margaret. Whilst he was thus employed, intelligence came that the king of England was making great
preparations to invade the Scottish coasts. Upon this
he immediately returned to St. Andrew’s; and appointed a
day for the nobility and gentry of that country, which lies
much exposed to the sea, to meet and consult what was
proper to be done upon this occasion. He likewise began
to fortify his own castle much stronger than ever it had been
before. Whilst he was busy about these matters, there
came to him Norman Lesley, eldest son to the earl of
Rothes, to solicit him for some favour; who, having met
with a refusal, was highly exasperated, and went away in
great displeasure. His uncle Mr. John Lesley, a violent
enemy to the cardinal, greatly aggravated this injury to his
nephew; who, being passionate and of a daring spirit, entered into a conspiracy with his uncle and some other persons to cut off the cardinal. The accomplices met early
in the morning, on Saturday the 29th of May. The first
thing they did was to seize the porter of the castle, and to
secure the gate: they then turned out all the servants and
several workmen. This was performed with so little noise,
that the cardinal was not waked till they knocked at his
chamber door upon which he cried out, “Who is there?
”
John Lesley answered, “My name is Lesley.
” “Which
Lesley?
” replied the cardinal, “Is it Norman?
” It was
answered, “that he must open the door to those who were
there,
” but being afraid, he secured the door in the best
manner he could. Whilst they were endeavouring to force
it open, the cardinal called to them, “Will you have my
life?
” John Lesley answered, “Perhaps we will.
” “Nay,
”
replied the cardinal, “swear unto me, and I will open it.
”
Some authors say, that upon a promise being given that
no violence should be offered, he opened the door; but
however this be, as soon as they entered, John Lesley
smote him twice or thrice, as did likewise Peter Carmichael; but James Melvil, as Mr. Knox relates the fact,
perceiving them to be in choler, said, “This work and
judgment of God, although it be secret, ought to be done
with greater gravity; and, presenting the point of his
sword, said, Repent thee of thy wicked life, but especially
of the shedding the blood of that notable instrument of
God, Mr. George Wishart, which albeit the flame of fire
consumed before men, yet cries it for vengeance upon
thee; and we from God are sent to revenge it. For here,
before my God, I protest, that neither the hatred of thy
person, the love of thy riches, nor the fear of any trouble
thou couldst have done to me in particular, moved or
moveth me to strike thee; but only because thou hast been,
and remainest, an obstinate enemy against Christ Jesus
and his holy gospel.
” After having spoken thus, he stabbed him twice or thrice through the body: thus fell that
famous prelate, a man of great parts, but of pride and
ambition boundless, and withal an eminent instance of the
instability of what the world calls fortune. This event is
said to have taken place May 29, 1546. Though cardinal
Beaton’s political abilities were undoubtedly of the highest
kind, and some false stories may have been told concerning him, it is certain that his ambition was unbounded,
that his insolence was carried to the greatest pitch, and
that his character, on the whole, was extremely detestable.
His violence, as a persecutor, must ever cause his memory
to be held in abhorrence, by all who have any feelings of
humanity, or any regard for religious liberty. It is to the
honour of Mr. Guthrie, that, in his History of Scotland,
he usually speaks of our prelate with indignation.
With respect to the story of cardinal Beaton’s having forged king James the Fifth’s will, the fact
With respect to the story of cardinal Beaton’s having
forged king James the Fifth’s will, the fact is considered
as an undoubted one, by the generality of modern, as well
as the more early historians. Dr. Robertson and Mr. Guthrie both speak of it in this light. Mr. Hume, in the
following words, expresses himself with a certain degree
of caution upon the subject. “He (Beaton) forged, it is
said, a will for the king, appointing himself, and three
noblemen, regents of the kingdom during the minority of
the infant princess: at least, for historians are not well
agreed in the circumstances of the fact, he had read to
James a paper of that import, to which that monarch, during the delirium which preceded his death, had given an
imperfect assent and approbation.
”
a mere denunciation of the divine vengeance, which Wishart might naturally think would fall upon the cardinal for his iniquities. He could not but know, too, how hateful
The story of Wishart’s prediction, concerning the fate of his malignant persecutor, seems to be controverted on good grounds. If there be any thing in the fact, it certainly was not a prophecy properly so called, but a mere denunciation of the divine vengeance, which Wishart might naturally think would fall upon the cardinal for his iniquities. He could not but know, too, how hateful Beaton was to many persons, and that he might be expected to become a victim to his arrogance and cruelty. Mr. Hume, who admits the prediction, says that it was probably the immediate cause of the event which it foretold. Whatever becomes of this part of the story concerning Wishart’s martyrdom, the other part of it, relative to the cardinal’s viewing the execution from a window, is highly credible, and perfectly suitable to his character.
add Dr. Robertson’s character of our prelate, when he mentions his pretensions to the regency. “The cardinal was by nature of immoderate ambition; by long experience he
We shall add Dr. Robertson’s character of our prelate,
when he mentions his pretensions to the regency. “The
cardinal was by nature of immoderate ambition; by long
experience he had acquired address and refinement; and
insolence grew upon him from continual success. His
high station in the Church placed him in the way of great
employments; his abilities were equal to the greatest of
these; nor did he reckon any of them to be above his
merit. As his own eminence was founded upon the power
of the Church of Rome, he was a zealous defender of that
superstition, and for the same reason an avowed enemy to
the doctrine of the reformers. Political motives alone determined him to support the one or to oppose the other.
His early application to public business kept him unacquainted with the learning and controversies of the age:
He gave judgment, however, upon all points in dispute,
with a precipitancy, violence, and rigour, which contemporary historians mention with indignation.
”
Cardinal Beaton wrote, if we may depend upon Dempster, “Memoirs of his own Embassies;
” “a treatise of
Peter’s primacy,
” which had been seen by William Barclay, and “Letters to several persons:
” Of these last there
are still some copies, said to be preserved in the library of
the French king.
d principally at the palace of St. Andrew’s, and, as some say, at the instigation of his nephew, the cardinal, proceeded with great violence against the protestants, and
, archbishop of St. Andrew’s in the reign of James V. was uncle to
the preceding. We have no certain account of his birth,
or of the manner of his education, except that, being a
younger brother, he was from his infancy destined for the
church. He had great natural talents, and having improved them by the acquisition of the learning fashionable
in those times, he came early into the world, under the
title of Provost of Both well; a preferment given him
through the interest of his family. He received his first
benefice in 1503, and next year was advanced to the rich
preferment of abbot of Dumferling. In 1505, upon the
death of sir David Beaton, his brother, his majesty honoured him with the staff of high-treasurer, and he was
thenceforward considered as one of the principal statesmen.
In 1508 he was promoted to the hishopric of Galloway, and
before he had sat a full year in that cathedral chair, he
was removed to the archiepiscopal see of Glasgow, on
which he resigned the treasurer’s staff, in order to be more
at leisure to mind the government of his diocese: and indeed it is universally acknowledged, that none mflffe carefully attended the duties of his functions than archbishop
Beaton while he continued at Glasgow; and he has left
there such marks of concern for that church, as have baffled time, and the rage of a distracted populace: the
monuments of his piety and public spirit which he raised
at Glasgow, still remaining to justify this part of his character. It does not appear that he had any hand in the
counsels which drove king James IV. into a fatal war with
England. On the death of this monarch in the battle of
Flodden-field, the regent John duke of Albany appointed
our prelate to be high-chancellor. In 1523 he became
archbishop of St. Andrew’s, not only by the favour of the
regent, but with the full consent of the young king, who
was then, and all his life, much under the influence of the
archbishop’s nephew David, the subject of the preceding
article. The power of the regent, “however, being abrogated by parliament, and the earl of Angus haying placed
himself at the head of government, our archbishop was
dismissed the court, and obliged to resign the office of
chancellor; but when the Douglases were driven from
court, and the king recovered his freedom, the archbishop
came again into power, although he did not recover the
office of chancellor. He now resided principally at the palace of St. Andrew’s, and, as some say, at the instigation
of his nephew, the cardinal, proceeded with great violence against the protestants, and is particularly accountable for the death of Patrick Hamilton, the protomartyr of
Scotland, a young man of piety, talents, and high birth,
whom he procured to be burnt to death, although it is but
justice to add that the same sentence was subscribed by
the other archbishop, three bishops, six abbots and friars,
and eight divines. He is even said to have had some degree of aversion to such proceedings. The clergy, however, were for stopping the mouths of such as preached
what they disliked, in the same manner as they had done
Hamilton’s. The archbishop moved but heavily in these
kind of proceedings; and there are two very remarkable
stories recorded to have happened about this time, which
very plainly shew he was far enough from being naturally
inclined to such severities. It happened at one qf their
consultations, that some who were most vehement pressed
for going on with the proceedings in the Archbishop’s
court, when one Mr. John Lind$ey, a man in great credit
with the archbishop, delivered himself to this purpose
” If you burn any more of them, take my advice, and burn
them in cellars, for I dare assure you, that the smoke of
Mr. Patrick Hamilton has infected all that it blew upon.“The other was of a more serious nature; one Alexander
Seton, a black friar, preached openly in the church of St.
Andrew’s, that, according to St. Paul’s description of bishops, there were no bishops in Scotland, which being reported to the archbishop, not in very precise terms, he
sent for Mr. Seton, and reproved him sharply for having
said, according to his information,
” That a bishop who
did not preach was but a dumb dog, who feel not the flock,
but fed his own belly.“Mr. Seton said, that tho.se vvho
had reported this were liars, upon which witnesses were
produced, who testified very positively to the fact. Mr.
Seton, by way of reply, delivered himself thus:
” My
lord, you have heard, and may consider, what ears these
asses have, who cannot discern between Paul, Isaiah, Zachariah, Malachi, and friar Alexander Seton. In truth,
my lord, I did preach that Paul saith, it hehoveth a bishop
to be a teacher. Isaiah saith, that they that feed not the
flock are dumb dogs; and the prophet Zachariah saith,
that they are idle pastors. Of my own head I affirmed nothing, but declared what the Spirit of God before pronounced; at whom, my lord, t if you be not offended, you
cannot justly be offended with me.“How much soever the
bishop might be incensed, he dismissed friar Seton without hurt, who soon afterwards fled out of the kingdom.
It does not appear, that from this time the archbishop
acted much in these measures himself, but chose rather to
grant commissions to others that were inclined to proceed
against such as preached the doctrines of the reformation,
a conduct which seems very fully to justify the remark of
archbishop Spotswood upon our prelate’s behaviour.
” Seventeen years,“says he,
” he lived bishop of this see, and
was herein most unfortunate, that under the shadow of his
authority many good men were put to death for the cause
of religion, though he himself was neither violently set,
nor much solicitous (as it was thought) how matters went in
the church."
ave mentioned him in their writings; but upon the whole more favourably than that of his nephew, the cardinal.
In the promotion of learning, he shewed a real concern, by founding the New-college in the university of St. Andrew’s, which he did not live to finish, and to which, though he left the best part of his estate, yet after his death it was misapplied, and did not come, as he intended, to that foundation. One of the last acts of his life was the being present at the baptism of the young prince, born at St. Andrew’s the very year in which he died. His nephew Dieted for several years as his co-adjutor, and had the whole management of affairs in his hands; but the king retained to the last so great an affection for the archbishop, that he allowed him to dispose of all his preferments, by which means, his relation, George Drury, obtained the rich abbey of Dumferline, and one Mr. Hamilton, of the house of Roplock, became Abbot of Killwinning. Our archbishop deceased in 1539, and was interred in the cathedral church of St. Andrew’s before the high altar. He enjoyed the primacy of Scotland sixteen years, and his character is very differently represented, according to the dispositions of those who have mentioned him in their writings; but upon the whole more favourably than that of his nephew, the cardinal.
ite literature induced Claude de Lorraine, the h'rst duke of Guise, to choose him to be preceptor to cardinal de Lorraine, his second son, an appointment which very naturally,
, in Latin Belcarius Plguilio, bishop of Metz, a man of some note
in the sixteenth century, was born April 15, 1514, of one
of the most ancient families of the Bourbonnois. The progress he male in polite literature induced Claude de Lorraine, the h'rst duke of Guise, to choose him to be preceptor to cardinal de Lorraine, his second son, an appointment which very naturally, we will not say very justly, attached him to the family of Guise, and made him too partial in his writings to their character. He attended his
pupil to Rome, where he became acquainted with Paul
Jovius, in whose history he afterwards pointed out some
errors. On his return from Italy, the cardinal of Lorraine
procured him in 1555 the bishopric of Metz, but according
to Beza (Hist. Ecclesiast. lib. xvi. p. 439), this was little
more than a titular preferment, the cardinal reserving the
revenues, or the greater part of them, to himself. According to the same author, Beaucaire, with two other
bishops, came to Metz, and occasioned an alarm among
the inhabitants of the reformed religion, some of whom
thought proper to retire for safety from the city. Beza,
however, adds that Beaucaire only wrote a small tract in
Latin on “Sanctification,
” and “The Baptism of Infants,
” which was soon answered. Some time after his
promotion, his patron, the cardinal, carried him with him
to the council, on the day that the fathers of the council
had appointed as a thanksgiving for the battle of Dreux,
fought Jan. 3, 1563, and here Beaucaire pronounced an
oration, which was much applauded, and is inserted at the
end of the thirtieth book of his “History of his own times.
”
This work he began in Rerum Gallicarum Coramentaria, ab. A. 1462 usque ad A. 1566,
” Lyons, Traité des enfans morts dans le sein de
leurs meres,
”
yer, and was considered as a poet when no more than eight years old. The queen, mother of Louis XIV. cardinal Mazarin, the chancellor Seguier, and the first personages of
,
born at Paris in 1645, was the son of a player, and was
considered as a poet when no more than eight years old.
The queen, mother of Louis XIV. cardinal Mazarin, the
chancellor Seguier, and the first personages of the court,
took pleasure in conversing with this child, and in exercising his talents. He was only twelve years old when he
published a collection of his poetical pieces, in 4to, under
the title of “La Lyre de jeune Apollon,
” or, “La Muse
naissant du petit de Beauchateau,
” with copper-plate portraits of the persons he celebrates. About two years afterwards he went over to England with an ecclesiastic. Cromwell and the most considerable persons of the then government admired the young poet. It is thought that he travelled afterwards into Persia, where perhaps he died, as
no farther tidings were ever heard of him. He had a brother, Hypolite Chastelet de Beauchateau, an impostor, who
pretended to abjure the Roman Catholic religion, and came
over to England under the disguised name of Lusancy.
Moreri and Anth. Wood in Ath. Ox. vol. II. give an account of this adventurer.
, bishop of Winchester, and cardinal priest of the church of Rome, was the son of John of Gaunt,
, bishop of Winchester, and
cardinal priest of the church of Rome, was the son of
John of Gaunt, duke of Lancaster, by his third wife, Catherine S win ford. He studied for some years both at Cambridge and at Oxford, in the latter in Queen’s college, and
was afterwards a benefactor to University and Lincoln colleges, but he received the principal part of his education at
Aix la Chapelle, where he was instructed in civil and common law. Being of royal extraction, he was very young when
advanced to the prelacy, and was made bishop of Lincoln
in 1397, by an arbitrary act of Boniface IX. John Beckingham, bishop of that see, being, contrary to his wishes,
translated to Lichfield, to make room for Beaufort, but Beckingham, with becoming spirit, refused the proffered diocese, and chose to become a private monk of Canterbury.
In 1399 Beaufort was chancellor of the university of Oxford, and at the same time dean of Wells. He was lord
high chancellor of England in 1404, and in some years afterwards. The following year, upon the death of the celebrated Wykeham, he was, at the recommendation of the
king, translated to the see of Winchester. In 1414, the
second of his nephew Henry V. he went to France, as one
of the royal ambassadors, to demand in marriage Catherine,
daughter of Charles VI. In 1417 he lent the king twenty
thousand pounds (a prodigious sum in those days), towards
carrying on his expedition against France, but had the
crown in pawn as a security for the money. This year also
he took a journey to the Holy Land and in his way, being
arrived at Constance, where a general council was held, he
exhorted the prelates to union and agreement in the election of a pope; and his remonstrances contributed not a
little to hasten the preparations for the conclave, in which
Martin III. was elected. We have no farther account of
what happened to our prelate in this expedition. In 1421,
he had the honour to be godfather, jointly with John duke
of Bedford, and Jacqueline, countess of Holland, to prince
Henry, eldest son of his nephew Henry V. and Catherine
of France, afterwards Henry VI. M. Aubery pretends,
that James, king of Scots, who had been several years a
prisoner in England, owed his deliverance to the bishop of
Winchester, who prevailed with the government to set him
free, on condition of his marrying his niece, the granddaughter of Thomas Beaufort, earl of Somerset. This prelate
was one of king Henry Vlth’s guardians during his minority; and in 1424, the third of the young king’s reign, he
was a fourth time lord-chancellor of England. There were
perpetual jealousies and quarrels, the cause of which is not
very clearly explained, between the bishop of Winchester,
and the protector, Humphrey duke of Gloucester, which
ended in the ruin and death of the latter. Their dissensions
began to appear publicly in 1425, and to such a height,
that Beaufort thought it necessary to write a letter to his
nephew the duke of Bedford, regent of France, which is
extant in Holinshed, desiring his presence in England,
to accommodate matters between them. The regent accordingly arriving in England the 20th of December, was
met by the bishop of Winchester with a numerous train,
and soon after convoked an assembly of the nobility at St.
Alban’s, to hear and determine the affair. But the animosity on this occasion was so great on both sides, that it
was thought proper to refer the decision to the parliament,
which was to be held at Leicester, March 25, following.
The parliament being met, the duke of Gloucester produced six articles of accusation against the bishop, who
answered them severally, and a committee appointed for
the purpose, having examined the allegations, he was acquitted. The duke of Bedford, however, to give some satisfaction to the protector, took away the great seal from
his uncle. Two years after, the duke of Bedford, returning into France, was accompanied to Calais by the bishop
of Winchester, who, on the 25th of March, received there
with great solemnity, in the church of Our Lady, the cardinal’s hat, with the title of St. Eusebius, sent him by pope
Martin V. In September 1428, the new cardinal returned
into England, with the character of the pope’s legate lately
conferred on him; and in his way to London, he was met
by the lord-mayor, aldermen, and the principal citizens
on horseback, who conducted him with great honour and respect to his lodgings in Southwark; but he was forced, for
the present, to wave his legatine power, being forbidden
the exercise of it by a proclamation published in the king’s
name. Cardinal Beaufort was appointed, by the pope’s
bull, bearing date March 25, 1427-8, his holiness’s legate
in Germany, and general of the crusade against the Hussites, or Heretics of Bohemia. Having communicated the
pope’s intentions to the parliament, he obtained a grant of
money, and a considerable body of forces, under certain
restrictions; but just as he was preparing to embark, the
duke of Bedford having sent to demand a supply of men
for the French war, it was resolved in council, that cardinal Beaufort should serve under the regent, with the
troops of the crusade, to the end of the month of December,
on condition that they should not be employed in any siege.
The cardinal complied, though not without reluctance, and
accordingly joined the duke of Bedford at Paris. After a
stay of forty-five days in France, he marched into Bohemia, where he conducted the crusade till he was recalled
by the pope, and cardinal Julian sent in his place with a
larger army. The next year, 1430, the cardinal accompanied king Henry into France, being invested with the
title of the king’s principal counsellor, and bad the honour
to perform the ceremony of crowning the young monarch
irt the church of Notre Dame at Paris; where he had some
dispute with James du Chastellier, the archbishop, who
claimed the right of officiating on that occasion. During
his stay in France he was present at the congress of Arras
for concluding a peace between the kings of England and
France, and had a conference for that purpose with the
dutchess of Burgundy, between Calais and Gravelines,
which had no effect, and was remarkable only for the cardinal’s magnificence, who came thither with a most splendid train. In the mean time the duke of Gloucester took
advantage in England of the cardinal’s absence to give him
fresh mortification. For, first, having represented to the
council, that the bishop of Winchester intended to leave
the king, and come back into England to resume his seat
in council, in order to excite new troubles in the kingdom,
and that his intentions were the more criminal, as he made
use of the pope’s authority to free himself from the obligations of assisting the king in France; he procured an order
of council forbidding all the king’s subjects, of what condition soever, to accompany the cardinal, if he should leave
the king, without express permission. The next step the
protector took against him, was an attempt to deprive him
of his bishopric, as inconsistent with the dignity of cardinal; but the affair having been a long time debated in
council, it was resolved that the cardinal should be heard,
and the judges consulted, before any decision. Being returned into England, he thought it necessary to take some
precaution against these repeated attacks, and prevailed
with the king, through the' intercession of the commons,
to grant him letters of pardon for all offences by him committed contrary to the statute of provisors, and other acts
of prsemunire. This pardon is dated at Westminster, July
19, 1432. Five years after, he procured another pardon
under the great-seal for all sorts of crimes whatever, from
the creation of the world to the 26th of July 1437. Notwithstanding these precautions, the duke of Gloucester, in
1442, drew up articles of impeachment against the cardinal, and presented them with his own hands to the king,
but the council appointed to examine them deferred their
report so long that rhe protector discontinued the prosecution. The cardinal died June 14, 1447, having survived
the duke of Gloucester not above a mouth, of whose
murder he was suspected to have been one of the contrivers,
and it is said that he expressed great uneasiness at the approach of death, and died in despair; but for this there does
not appear much foundation, and we suspect the commonlyreceived character of Beaufort is mostly credited by those
who have considered Shakspeare as an authentic historian.
We rather agree with the historian of Winchester, that
there is no solid ground for representing him as that ambitious, covetous, and reprobate character which Shakspeare
has represented, and who has robbed his memory, in order
to enrich that of his adversary, popularly termed the “good
duke Humphrey
” of Gloucester. Being involved in the
vortex of worldly politics, it is true, that he gave too much
scope to the passions of the great, and did not allow himself sufficient leisure to attend to the spiritual concerns of
his diocese. He possessed, however, that munificent spirit,
which has cast a lustre on the characters of many persons
of past times, whom it would be difficult otherwise to present as objects of admiration. It he was rich, it must be
admitted that he did not squander away his money upon
unworthy pursuits, but chiefly employed it in the public
service, to the great relief of the subjects, with whom, and
with the commons’ house of parliament, he was popular.
He employed his wealth also in finishing the magnificent
cathedral of Winchester, which was left incomplete by his
predecessor, in repairing Hyde-abbey, relieving prisoners,
and other works of charity. But what, Dr. Milner says, has
chiefly redeemed the injured character of cardinal Beaufort, in Winchester and its neighbourhood, is the new foundation which he made of the celebrated hospital of St. Cross.
Far the greater part of the present building was raised by
him, and he added to the establishment of his predecessor,
Henry de Blois, funds for the support of thirty-five more
brethren, two chaplains, and three women, who appear to
have been hospital nuns. It appears also, says the same
writer, that he prepared himself with resignation and contrition for his last end; and the collected, judicious, and
pious dispositions made in his testament, the codicil of
which was signed but two days before his dissolution, may
justly bring into discredit the opinion that he died in despair. He was buried at Winchester in the most eleg-ant
and finished chantry in the kingdom.
6, and, as he had talents of the political kind, he was not unfrequently employed in negociations by cardinal de Fleury and Amelot. He died at Paris, Feb. 11, 1771. His son,
, an accurate military geographer, the descendant of an ancient family, was born at Aix
in Issart in 1697, and at the age of nineteen went to Paris,
where he studied geography under the celebrated Sanson,
geographer to the king. His progress was so rapid, and
his reputation so high, that at the age of twenty-five he
was honoured with the same title. A perpetual almanac
which he invented, and with which Louis XV. was much
pleased, procured him the patronage of that prince, for
whom he drew a great number of plans and charts. But his
principal reputation rests on his topographical plans of the
military kind, particularly his “Description topographique
et militaire des campagnes de Flandre, depuis 1690 jusqu'en 1694,
” Paris, Cartes des campagnes de grande Conde
” en Flandre,"
Paris, fol. 1774; and in 1781, those of Turenne, with the
descriptions of Grimoard, compiled from Turenne’s original
papers, the correspondence of Louis XIV. that of his ministers, and several other authentic memoirs, a most splendid folio, enriched with a great number of charts and plans,
executed with uncommon fidelity, precision, and. minuteness, so as to describe every motion of the armies in the
most distinct manner.
he applied himself to business, without however entirely quitting literature. He attachedhimself to cardinal Pole, whom he followed in the legation to Spain, and was soon
, was born at Bologna in 1502,
of a noble family. Having gone through a course of study
at Padua, he applied himself to business, without however entirely quitting literature. He attachedhimself to
cardinal Pole, whom he followed in the legation to Spain,
and was soon appointed himself to those of Venice and
Augsburg, after having assisted at the council of Trent,
and the archbishopric of Ragusa was the reward of his labours. Cosmo I. grand duke of Tuscany, having entrusted him in 1563 with the education of his son, prince
Ferdinand, he gave up his archbishopric, in the hope that
was held out to him of obtaining that of Pisa; but, being
deceived in his expectations, he was obliged to content
himself with the provostship of the cathedral of Prato,
where he ended his days in 1572. His principal works
are: “The life of cardinal Pole,
” in Italian, translated
by Duditius into Latin, and thence by Maucroix into
French; and that of Petrarch, in Italian, more exact than
any that had appeared before. This prelate was in correspondence with almost all the learned, his contemporaries,
Sadolet, Bembo, the Manuciuses, Varchi, &c. It remains
to be noticed that his life of cardinal Pole was published
in 1766, in English, by the Rev. Benjamin Pye, LL. B.
Of this, and other lives of that celebrated cardinal, notice
will be taken in his article.
of nineteen he excited considerable attention by an elegant Latin oration he delivered in honour of cardinal Barbadici. He afterwards entered the society of the Jesuits
, an eminent Italian mathematician, was born at Udina, Nov. 16, 1704, and from his infancy afforded the promise of being an ornament to his
family and country. At Padua, where he was first educated, his proficiency was extraordinary, and at the age of
nineteen he excited considerable attention by an elegant
Latin oration he delivered in honour of cardinal Barbadici.
He afterwards entered the society of the Jesuits at Udina,
and having completed his noviciate, went to Bologna, and
studied mathematics and theology at Parma, where he was
appointed professor of mathematics and had the direction of
the observatory, and became eminent as an observer of
the phenomena of nature, and a profound antiquary. When
the society of the Jesuits was suppressed, Belgrade went
to Bologna, and was appointed rector of the college of St.
Lucia, where, and in other parts of Italy, he occasionally
resided until his death in 1789. The extent and variety
of his knowledge will be best understood by a list of his
works. 1. “Gratulatio Cardinali J. F. Barbadico, &c.
”
already noticed, Padua, Ad disciplinam Mechanicam, Nauticam, et Geographicam Acroasis critica et
historica,
” Parma, Ad disciplinam Hydrostaticam Acroasis historica et critica,
” ibid. De
altitudine Atmospherae aestimanda critica disquisitio,
” ib.
1743. 5. “De Phialis vitreis ex minimi silicis casa dissilientibusAcroasis,
” Padua, De Gravitatis legibus
Acroasis Physico-mathematica,
” Parma, Devita
B. Torelli Puppiensis commentarius,
” Padua, De
corporis elasticis disquisit. physico-mathem.
” Parma, Observatio Soils defectus et Lunae,
” Parma, I fenomeni Elettrici con i corollari da lor dedotti,
” Parma, Ad Marchionem Scipionem Maphejum
epistolae quatuor,
” Venice, Delia Reflessionc
de Gorpi dall' Acqua,
” &c. Parma, Observatio defectus Lunae habita die 30 Julii in novo observatorio,
1757.
” 14. “Dell‘ azione del caso nelle invenzioni, e
dell’ influsso degli Astri ne' corpi terrestri, dissertationi
due,
” Padua, Observatio defectus Lunae,
”
Parma, De utriusque Analyseos usu in re
physica,
” vol.11, ibid. 1761. 17. “Delle senzazioni del
calore, e del freddo, dissertazione,
” ibid. II
Trono di Nettuno illustrate,
” Cesene, 1766. 19. “Theoria Cochleae. Archimedis,
” Parma, Dissertazione sopra i Torrenti,
” ibid. Delia Rapid ita
delle idee dissertazione,
” Modena, Delia
proporzione tra i talenti dell' Uomo, e i loro usi, dissertazione,
” Padua, De Telluris viriditate, dissertatio,
” Udina, Delia Esistenza di Dio da'
Teoremi Geometrici dimostrata, dissert.
” Udina, Dall‘ Esistenza d’una sola specie d‘esseri ragionevoli e liberi si arguisce l’Esistenza di Dio, dissertazione,
”
ibid. Del Sole bisoguevole d‘alimento, e dell’
Oceano abile a procacciarglielo, dissert. Fisico-matematica,
” Ferrara, Dell' Architettura Egiziana,
dissert.
” Parma,
ould produce the same effect as twelve, which was the usual quantity, he thought to pay court to the cardinal de Fleury, then prime minister, by communicating to him in private
, a member of the
academies of sciences of Paris and Berlin, was born in Catalonia in 1697. Being left an orphan at the age of five
years, he was educated by an engineer, a friend of his father’s family, and very early discovered a genius for mathematics. In the course of time he was appointed royal
professor of the schools of artillery of la Fere, and superintended the education of some scholars who proved worthy
of him. His success in this situation procured him also
the place of provincial commissary of artillery, but here' his
zeal cost him both places. Having discovered by some
experiments that a smaller quantity of powder was sufficient
to load a cannon than commonly employed: that, for example, eight pounds of powder would produce the same
effect as twelve, which was the usual quantity, he thought
to pay court to the cardinal de Fleury, then prime minister,
by communicating to him in private a scheme by which government might make so important a saving. The cardinal,
who was partial to all schemes of economy, listened with
pleasure to this of Belidor, and spoke of it to the prince
de Dombes, who was master of the ordnance. The prince
was astonished that a mathematician, who served under him,
and on whom he had conferred favours, should not have
communicated this to him, and irritated by what he considered as a mark of disrespect, dismissed him from the
posts he held, and obliged him to leave la Fere. t De Valliere, lieutenant-general of artillery, took upon him on this
occasion to justify the prince’s conduct, in a printed memorial, and endeavoured at the same time to refute
Belidor’s opinion and experiments, with what success we are
not told. Belidor, however, originally born without fortune, was now stripped of the little he had acquired by his
talents, and might probably have remained in poverty, had
not the prince of Conti, who knew his merit, taken him
with him to Italy, and bestowed on him the cross of St.
Lewis, an honour which procured him some notice at court.
The marshal Bellisle engaged him in his service, and when
war-minister, appointed him to the office of inspector of
artillery, and gave him apartments in the arsenal at Paris,
where he died in 1761. During his laborious and checquered life, he found leisure to write, 1. “Sommaire d‘un
cours d’architecture rnilitaire, civil et hydraulique,
” Nouveau cours de Mathematique, a T usage de
I'Artilierie et du Genie,
” 4 to, Paris, 1725, a work previously examined by a committee of the academy of sciences, and approved and recommended by them. 3. “La
Science des ingenieurs,
”. Le Bombardier
Francoise,
” Architecture Hydraulique,
”
Dictionnaire portatif de
l'ingenieur,
” Traite des Fortifications,
” 2
vols. 4to. 9. “La science des Ingenieurs dans la concluite
des travaux des Fortifications,
”
, then newly returned from Rome, and was much employed by the uncle of that artist. Some time after, cardinal Richelieu engaged him to go to Arras, to make drawings of the
, an eminent engraver, was born at Florence in 1610. His father was a goldsmith, and instructed his son in the same business; but while, for the purposes of his trade, he was learning to draw, some of Callot’s prints, which he had accidentally seen, gave a turn to his disposition, and he prevailed on his father to allow him to learn engraving. His first master, Canta Gallina, had also been the master of Callot, and our young pupil, after contenting himself for some time with an imitation of Callot, struck out a manner of his own, equally, if not more remarkable for freedom and spirit. In 1642 he went to Paris, where he formed an acquaintance with Israel Sylvestre, then newly returned from Rome, and was much employed by the uncle of that artist. Some time after, cardinal Richelieu engaged him to go to Arras, to make drawings of the siege, &c. of that town by the royal army, which he engraved at his return. From a considerable residence at Paris he returned to Florence, where the grand duke gave him a pension, and appointed him to instruct his son, the prince Cosmo, in the art of design; but his progress in his profession had been for some time much impeded by continual head-aches, which at last terminated his life in 1664. Without entering into the dispute so frequently agitated, respecting the comparative merits of De la Bella and Callot, it may be affirmed that De la Bella drew very correctly, and with great taste. His works manifest much genius and fertility of invention. The fire and animation which appears in them compensates for their lightness; and some degree of slightness seems pardonable in an artist who is said to have engraved no less than fourteen hundred plates.
several offices conferred on him by his own society as well as by the pope, and in 1599 was created cardinal. Three years after, he had the archbishopric of Capua given
, an Italian Jesuit, and one of the most celebrated controversial writers of his time, was born in Tuscany, 1542, and admitted amongst the Jesuits in 1560. In 1569 he was ordained priest, at Ghent, by Cornelius Jansenius, and the year following taught divinity at Louvain. After having lived seven years in the Low Countries, he returned to Italy, and in 1576 began to read lectures at Rome on points of controversy. This he did with so much applause, that Sixtus V. appointed him to accompany his legate into France, in 1590, as a person who might be of great service, in case of any dispute concerning religion. He returned to Rome about ten months after, where he had several offices conferred on him by his own society as well as by the pope, and in 1599 was created cardinal. Three years after, he had the archbishopric of Capua given him, which he resigned in 1605, when pope Paul V. desired to have him near himself. He was now employed in the affairs of the court of Rome, till 1621, when, finding himself declining in health, he left the Vatican, and retired to the house belonging to the Jesuits, where he died the 17th of Sept. 1621. It appeared on the day of his funeral that he was regarded as a saint, and the Swiss guards belonging to the pope were obliged to be placed round his coffin, in order to keep off the crowd, which pressed to touch and kiss the body; but they could not prevent every thing he made use of from being carried away a venerable relic.
weetness, the ease, and the fertility of his vein. He was unanimously called the Ovid of France. The cardinal John du Bellay, his near relation, being retired to Rome, in
, a celebrated French poet,
cousin to the Bellays to be noticed afterwards, was born
about 1524 at Lire, a town about eight leagues from
Angers. Being left an orphan at a very early age, he was
committed to the guardianship of his elder brother, who
neglected to cultivate the talents he evidently possessed,
and although he soon discovered an equal turn for literature and for arms, he was kept in a sort of captivity, which
prevented him from exerting himself with effect; and the
death of his brother, while it freed him from this restraint,
threw him into other embarrassments. No sooner was he
out of the care of a guardian himself, than he was charged
with the tuition of one of his nephews, and the misfortunes
of his family, which had brought it to the brink of ruin,
and certain law-suits in which he was forced to engage,
occasioned solicitudes and vexations but little suited to the
studies he wished to pursue, while a sickness no less dangerous than painful confined him two years to his bed. Nevertheless he courted the muses; he studied the works of
the poets, Latin, Greek, and French; and the fire of their
genius enkindled his own. He produced several pieces
that procured him access to the court, where Francis I.
Henry II. and Margaret of Navarre, admired the sweetness,
the ease, and the fertility of his vein. He was unanimously called the Ovid of France. The cardinal John du Bellay, his near relation, being retired to Rome, in 1547, after
the death of Francis I. our poet followed him thither within two years afterwards, where he enjoyed both the charms
of society and those of study. The cardinal was a man of
letters, and the hours they passed together were real parties of pleasure. His stay in Italy lasted but three years,
as his illustrious kinsman wanted him in France, where he
gave him the management of his affairs; but his zeal, his
fidelity, and attachment to his interests, were but poorly
repaid; some secret enemies having misrepresented him to
his patron. His most innocent actions were turned to his
reproach sinister meanings were given to his verses; and
at length he was accused of irreligion and these mortifications brought on him again his old complaints. Eustache
du Bellay, bishop of Paris, moved at his misfortunes, and
sensible of his merit, procured him, in 1555, a canonry of
his church, which, however, he enjoyed not long; a stroke
of apoplexy carried him off in the night of the 1st of Jan.
1560, at the age of thirty-seven. Several epitaphs were
made on him, in which he is styled “Pater elegantiarum,
Pater omnium leporum.
” His French poems, printed at
Paris in
, cardinal, was born in 1492, and made early proficiency in learning. Francis
, cardinal, was born in 1492, and made early proficiency in learning. Francis I. who highly esteemed him, bestowed many preferments on him. He owed this favour to an accidental circumstance: The night before the pope made his public entrance into Marseilles, to meet the French king, it was discovered that the president of the parliament, who had been appointed to receive him with a Latin oration, had unluckily chosen a subject which would certainly give the pontiff offence; and yet there was no tune for a new composition. In this extremity, when the whole business of the ceremonial was deranged, Bellay offered his services to speak extempore, and did it with such uncommon propriety and elegance, that he was marked, from that time, as a man of the first genius in France. He was first bishop of Bayonne, and afterwards of Paris in 1532. The year following, Henry VIII. of England having raised just apprehensions of a schism on account of a quarrel with his queen, du Bellay, who had been sent to him in 1527, in quality of ambassador, and who is said to have managed his boisterous temper with great address, was dispatched to him a second time. He obtained of that prince that he would not yet break with Rome, provided time was granted him to make his defence by proxy. Du Bellay set out immediately, to ask a respite of pope Clement VII. which he obtained, and sent a courier to the king of England for his procuration, but the courier not returning, Clement VII. fulminated the bull of excommunication against Henry VIII. and laid an interdict on his dominions. It was this bull that furnished Henry with an opportunity, fortunately for England, of withdrawing that nation from the church of Rome, and a great source of revenue from the coffers of the pope. Du Bellay continued to be entrusted with the affairs of France under the pontificate of Paul III. who made him cardinal in 1535. The year afterwards, Charles V. having entered Provence with a numerous army, Francis I. in order to appose so formidable an enemy, quitted Paris, whither du Bellay was just returned, and the king appointed him his lieutenant-general, that he might have a watchful eye over Picardy and Champagne. The cardinal, no less intelligent in matters of war than in the intrigues of the cabinet, undertook to defend Paris, which was then in confusion, and fortified it accordingly with a rampart and boulevards, which are still to be seen. He provided with equal promptitude for the security of the other towns, which important services procured him new benefices, and the friendship and confidence of Francis I. After the death of that prince, the cardinal de Lorraine became the channel of favour at the court of Henry II., but du Bellay, too little of a philosopher, and too much affected by the loss of his influence, could no longer endure to remain at Paris. He chose rather to retire to Rome, where the quality of bishop of Ostia procured him, under Paul IV. the title of dean of the sacred college, and where his riches enabled him to build a sumptuous palace; but by some means he took care to keep the bishopric of Paris in his family, obtaining that see for Eustache du Bellay, his cousin, who was already provided with several benefices, and president of the parliament. The cardinal lived nine years after his demission; and, whether from patriotism or from the habit of business, he continued to make himself necessary to the king. He died at Rome, Feb. 16, 1560, at the age of 68, with the reputation of a dexterous courtier, an able negociator, and a great wit. Literature owed much to him. He concurred with his friend Budæus in engaging Francis I. to institute the college royal. Rabelais had been his physician. Of his writing are Several harangues, An apology for Francis I. Elegies, epigrams, and odes, collected in 8vo, and printed by Robert Stephens in 1546.
me chancery, and with that view he was sent to his maternal uncle Francis Angeloni, secretary to the cardinal Aldobrandini; but here he imbibed a very different taste from
, a celebrated Italian antiquary, was born at Rome about the year 1616, and was
intended by his father for a place in some chancery, and
with that view he was sent to his maternal uncle Francis
Angeloni, secretary to the cardinal Aldobrandini; but here
he imbibed a very different taste from that of official routine. Angeloni had early contracted a love for the study
of antiquities, and purchased the best books he could find
on the subject, and his pupil insensibly fell into the same
track of curiosity, and even surpassed his master. Christina,
queen of Sweden, having heard of his character, made him
her librarian, and keeper of her museum. Bellori died in
1696, aged near eighty, the greater part of which long life
he passed in the composition of his various works. He had
also acccumulated a valuable collection of books, antiquities, &c. which afterwards made part of the royal collection at Berlin. One of his first works was written in defence
of his master Angeloni, who, having, in 1641, published
his “Historia Augusta, &c.
” (see Angeloni) it was
attacked in France by Tristan, the sieur de St. Amant, in
his “Commentaires Historiques.
” Bellori published a
new edition of Angeloni’s work in 1685, much improved.
His own works are, I. “Nota3 in numismata, turn Ephesia,
turn aliarum urbium, Apibus insignita, cum eorum iconibus aeneis,
” Rome, Fragmenta vestigii
veteris Romae, ex lapidibus Farnesianis,
” ibid, La Colonna Trajana,
” &c. ibid, oblong fol. 4. “Le
pitture antiche del sepolcro de* Nasoni nelia via Flaminia,
&c.
” ibid, J. P. Bellorii nummus Antonini
Pii de anni novi auspiciis explicatus,
” ibid, Gli antichi sepolcri, owero Mausolei Romani et Etruschi, &c.
” Rome, Le antiche lucerne sepolcrali,
&c.
” ibid. Veteres arcus Augustorum,
triumphis insignes, ex reliquiis quae Rom* adhuc supersunt,
” Leyden, Vite de pittori, scultori
et architetti moderni,
” Leyden, Vet.
Philosophorum, Poetarum, &c. Imagines,
” Rome,
ivate resentment near Paris, in 1564. Henry II. and Charles IX. vouchsafed him their esteem, and the cardinal de Tburnon his friendship, defraying the expences of his travels.
, M. D. of the faculty of Paris, was born
about 1518, in the Maine. He travelled into Judea, Greece,
and Arabia and published in 1555, in 4to, a relation of
whatever he had remarked most worthy of notice in those
countries. He composed several other works, now rare,
which were much esteemed at the time, for their correctness, and the erudition with which they abound. The
chief of them are, 1. “De Arboribus coniferis,
” Paris,
Histoire de la nature des
Oiseaux,
” Portraits d'Oiseaux,
” Histoire des Poissons,
” De
la nature et diversity des Poissons,
”
we are doubly obliged to you for it. Might I presume to beg the favour of you to thank, in my name, cardinal de Rohan, M. and Madame Dangeau, and the curate of St Sulpice,
"I wish, my lord, I were as eloquent as you are full of zeal and charity, to testify my grateful acknowledegment of your liberality, aqd the charities you have procured us; but in our present consternation, we are not in a condition to express any other sentiment than that of grief. Your alms came at a very seasonable time, for I was reduced almost to the last penny. I am labouring to get money for bills for 1000 livres, which the bishop of Frejus was pleased to send us, and six more of Mr. Fontanteu, though just upon the decay of the bills of 1000 livres, they are not very current, yet I hope I shall succeed. You, my lord, have prevented these difficulties, and we are doubly obliged to you for it. Might I presume to beg the favour of you to thank, in my name, cardinal de Rohan, M. and Madame Dangeau, and the curate of St Sulpice, for their charities.
ntioned, some say occurred long after, when he was hesitating whether he should accept the office of cardinal.
, in Lat. Petrus Bembus, one of the
restorers of polite literature in Italy, was born at Venice in
1470, of an ancient and honourable family. His father,
Bernardo, who died in 1518, was an accomplished scholar,
and distinguished statesman, who maintained a friendly intercourse with many illustrious and learned persons of the
age, and is honourably spoken of by various writers. On
one of his embassies to Florence he carried his son, then
in his eighth year, to improve him in the Italian language,
which was supposed to be spoken and written in that city
with the greatest purity. Atter two years, he returned
home with his father, and was placed under the tuition of
Joannes Alexander Urticius, and continued to apply to his
studies with great assiduity, acquiring in particular a critical knowledge of the Latin tongue. Being solicitous of
acquiring a knowledge also of the Greek, the study of
which was at that time confined to very few, he resolved to
undertake a voyage to Messina, and avail himself of the
instructions of the celebrated Constantino Lascaris. Accordingly he set out in 1492, accompanied by Agnolo Gabrielii, a young Venetian of distinction, his friend and fellow-student, and profited greatly by the instructions of
Lascaris. During this residence in Sicily, which lasted
more than two years, he composed a work in Latin, entitled “P. Bembi de vEtna ad Angelum Chabrielem liber,
”
which was published the same year in which he returned,
1495, 4to, and is said to have been the first publication
from the Aldine press “in literis rotundis.
” His compositions both in Latin and Italian soon began to extend his
reputation, not only through the different states of Italy,
but also to distant countries. His father, flattered with the
approbation bestowed on his son, was desirous of employing his talents in the service of his country in some public
station, and for some time Bembo occasionally pleaded as
an advocate with success and applause, until being disappointed in obtaining a place which was given to a rival
much inferior in merit, he discovered that reluctance for
public life, which, in obedience to his father, he had but
imperfectly concealed, and determined to devote his whole
attention to literature, as connected with the profession of
the church. About this time, it is said, that his resolution
was confirmed by accidentally going into a church when
the officiating priest was reading a portion of the evangelical history, and had just come to the words, “Peter, follow
me,
” which Bembo looked upon as a divine admonition.
There is nothing in his character, however, that can give
much credibility to this story, which, it ought to be mentioned, some say occurred long after, when he was hesitating whether he should accept the office of cardinal.
Venice, by the advancement of one of its nobility, is supposed to have destined Bembo to the rank of cardinal. But in consequence of the objections urged against some of
An indisposition of a tedious and obstinate nature, the
effect of late watching, close application, and the fatigues
of office, rendering some respite and a change of situation absolutely necessary, with the advice of his physicians,
seconded by the instances of Leo, Bembo retired to Padua
for the sake of its air and baths. It is thought, however,
by one of his biographers, that he had some cause of dissatisfaction with the pontiff, and that he left Rome with a
resolution never to return. Be this as it may, he appears
to have relished his retirement, dividing his time between
his literary labours and the conversation of his learned
friends. His hours, we are told, were sometimes agreeably diversified by the delights of an extensive garden,
where he amused and recreated himself with botanical researches, usually spending the summer season at Villa
Bozza, in the vicinity of Padua, his paternal inheritance,
and the scene of a great part of his juvenile studies. In
this retirement, likewise, he completed his “Prose,
” which
had been begun long before, and which was now published
under the title of “Prose di M. Pietro Bembo,
” Venice,
h superiority among his order, that in 1298 he was appointed general; and, by Boniface VIII. created cardinal bishop of Sabina, from which he was soon after translated to
, was a native of Trevigi, belonging to the state of Venice, and the son of a shepherd,
or, as some say, of a notary. His name was Nicholas
Bocasini. For some time he earned a livelihood by teaching children at Venice, but becoming afterwards a Dominican, he applied himself diligently to his studies, and
acquired such superiority among his order, that in 1298
he was appointed general; and, by Boniface VIII. created
cardinal bishop of Sabina, from which he was soon after
translated to that of Ostia. He discharged likewise several embassies with great reputation, and having returned
from Hungary when Boniface was taken and imprisoned in
his own palace at Anagni, he was one of the two cardinals
who remained with him, when all the others fled. On the
death of that pope, in 1303, our cardinal bishop was
chosen to succeed him, and took the name of Benedict,
the Christian name of his predecessor, in honour of him
who had been the cause of his advancement from a low
station. Among his first measures he granted absolution
to the king of France, and annulled the decrees of Boniface against him, which restored peace to that country, and
this he farther promoted by reinstating the Colonna family
in all their honours and possessions. He made it his study
to quiet the disturbances that his predecessor had raised,
not only in France, but in most other kingdoms, and to
regain by conciliatory measures those whom the haughty
and imperious behaviour of his predecessor had alienated
from the apostolic see; but his pontificate was short. He
died the year following his election, July 6, 1304, not
without suspicion of poison, administered, as some think,
by the relations of Boniface? in revenge for his having received that pope’s enemies into favour, but others impute
this crime to the Florentines, whose city he had laid under
an interdict, when it was distracted by two barbarous factions, called the Neri and the Bianchi. The writers of
Benedict’s time concur in reporting that he was a man
exemplary in every respect, inclined to peace and conciliation, and one who had no desire to enrich his family.
One trait of his character seems to support this last instance
of forbearance. His mother approaching him in a very
rich dress to congratulate him on his promotion, he affected to consider her as an impostor, and said: “My
mother is not a princess, but a poor woman;
” but next
day, when she returned in her ordinary dress, he embraced
her with affection, and treated her with every mark of respect. He wrote comments on the gospel of St. Matthew,
the book of Job, and the Revelations, besides several
sermons, and letters to the king of France and other
princes, concerning the reformation of abuses that had
crept into the church in their respective kingdoms; but of
his works, the only one printed is a comment on the fifth
chapter of Matthew, and some letters in Rainald, Wadding, and Cherubini.
Pamiers, and nine years after translated to Mirepoix. In December 1327, pope John XXII. created him cardinal presbyter of St. Prisca, and in 1334, he was elected pope, contrary
, whose name was James
Fournier, was a native of Saverdun, in the diocese of Pamier, the son of a miller, or of an obscure person; but
some are of opinion that he was descended of a noble family. He embraced a religious Hie when young, among
the Cistertians, and having afterwards received the degree
of master of divinity in the university of Paris, he was
made abbot of Fontfroide, in Narbonne, and when he had
governed that monastery for six years, with great applause,
he was made first bishop of Pamiers, and nine years after
translated to Mirepoix. In December 1327, pope John
XXII. created him cardinal presbyter of St. Prisca, and in
1334, he was elected pope, contrary to all expectation.
The conclave had chosen Comminge, cardinal bishop of
Porto, as the most proper person, but the French cardinal
insisting that he should promise never to go to Rome, he
refused to accept the office on a condition so prejudicial to
the church. In this dilemma, the cardinals being at a loss
whom to nominate, some of them proposed James Fournier, the most inconsiderable of the whole college, “omnium infimus,
” and he was unanimously elected: this
unexpected turn gave occasion to some of the writers of
his days to attribute the whole to divine inspiration, with
as good reason, no doubt, as in the case of any of his predecessors or successors.
e among the Dominicans, In 1672, partly by his t'amily influence, he was preferred to the dignity of cardinal, and soon after to the archbishopric of Benevento, but was with
, otherwise Vincenzo Maria Orsini, a Dominican friar, was a native of the kingdom of Naples, and the eldest son of the duke of Grayina. Being of a religious turn of mind from his tender years, he embraced a monastic life among the Dominicans, In 1672, partly by his t'amily influence, he was preferred to the dignity of cardinal, and soon after to the archbishopric of Benevento, but was with the utmost difficulty prevailed upon, to accept of the papal dignity, alleging that he was utterly unacquainted with state affairs, and too old to acquire that species of knowledge. Being, however, obliged to acquiesce, he began with those measures which corresponded with his previous disposition, and the retired life he had led; reducing the pleasures and pomp of his court, suppressing abuses, and restraining the licentiousness of his clergy. With a view to these changes, he held a provincial synod in the Lateran in 1725, but the Jesuits, of which three were at this time cardinals, highly provoked at his approving the doctrine of the Dominicans, concerning grace and predestination, found means to render all his endeavours ineffectual. On another occasion, he rose above the bigotry of his predecessors, by expressing a wish for the diffusion of scriptural knowledge; and with that, view, he permitted the people in general to peruse the sacred volume, and encouraged the multiplication of copies in the modern languages, which, although it displeased the rigid catholics, was approved by a majority of the members of that church. Benedict, about the same time, testified his devotion to the muses, by publicly decorating Perfetti, a Tuscan poet, with a crown of laurel.
hief blemish was that easiness of temper, and reluctance to active business, which led him to suffer cardinal Coscia, an unprincipled Neapolitan, to have the entire management
One leading object with him was to unite the four religious communities in Christendom. He proposed that four
councils should be held at different places, each consisting
of a certain number of representatives of the Romish,
Greek, Lutheran, and Calvinist churches; but it is unnecessary to add that this scheme was found impracticable.
In all his transactions, however, with the catholic sovereigns
of Europe, he endeavoured to operate by a conciliatory
temper, and although not always successful, yet the purity
of his intentions was visible. It has been said that he was
more of a monk than of a pope, by which we may probably understand, that he was more attached to what he
conceived to be the genuine interests of the church, than
to her political influence. Indefatigable in his apostolical
duties, he continued to preach and pray, attended to all
pontifical and sacerdotal functions, and directed the conduct of subordinate prelates, and ministers of the church.
He frequently visited the poor, and not only gave them
spiritual comfort, but relieved them by his bounty, selling
for that purpose the presents which he received. He
habituated himself to the plainest fare, and lived in the
most frugal manner, like a hermit in his cell, that he might
more liberally bestow upon others the blessings of fortune.
His chief blemish was that easiness of temper, and
reluctance to active business, which led him to suffer cardinal
Coscia, an unprincipled Neapolitan, to have the entire
management of the government, and would listen to no
complaints against him, although Coscia was guilty of the
most enormous and notorious extortions. Yet he died,
without losing his popularity, Feb. 21, 1730, in the
sixth year of his pontificate. His works were published in
3 vols. 1728, fol. under the title of “Opera di Benedetto XIII.
”
hurch of St. Peter, then successively archbishop of Theodosia, and bishop of Ancona. He received the cardinal’s hat in 1728, was deputy of the congregation of the holy office
, whose name was Prosper Lambertini, was
born in 1675, at Bologna. He was appointed canon of the Basilicon, or great church of St. Peter, then successively archbishop of Theodosia, and bishop
of Ancona. He received the cardinal’s hat in 1728, was
deputy of the congregation of the holy office the same year,
became archbishop of Bologna in 1731, and succeeded
pope Clement XII. August 17, 1740. He then took the
name of Benedict XIV. zealously endeavoured to calm the
dissensions which had arisen in the church, patronised arts
and sciences, founded several academies at Rome, and declared openly in favour of the Thomists. This pope did
justice to the memory of the celebrated cardinal Noris; published the bull “Omnium sollicitudinum
” against certain
ceremonies, and addressed a brief to cardinal Saldanha for
the reformation of the Jesuits, which was the foundation
of their destruction. He had also established a congregation to compose a body of doctrine, by which the troubles
of the church might be calmed. This pontiff was a very
able canonist, and well acquainted with ecclesiastical history and antiquities. Though he governed with great wisdom, and was very zealous for religion, he was lively in his
conversation, and fond of saying bonmots. He died 1758,
aged 83. His works were published before his death in
16 vols. 4to, by Azevedo. The four last contain his briefs,
bulls, &c. The five first are, “A treatise on the Beatification and Canonization of haints,
” in which the subject is exhausted; an abridgement of it was published in
French, 1759, 12mo. The sixth contains the actions of
the saints whom he canonized. The two next consist of
supplements, and remarks on the preceding ones. The
ninth treats on the “Sacrifice of the Mass,
” and the tenth
on the “Festivals instituted in honour of Jesus Christ and
the Holy Virgin.
” The eleventh is entitled “Ecclesiastical Institutions;
” an excellent work, containing his instructions, mandates, letters, &c. while he was hishop of
Ancona, and afterwards archbishop of Bologna. The
twelfth is a “Treatise on Diocesan Synods.
” All the above
are in Latin. Caraccioli published his life at Paris, 1784,
12mo. It was begun in the life time of Benedict, and part
of it submitted to him by the author, to whom the pope
said, “If you were a historian, instead of a panegyrist, I
should thank you for the picture you have drawn, and with
which I am perfectly satisfied.
”
, or Benno, a writer of the eleventh century, was created a cardinal by the anti-pope Guibert, who assumed the name of Clement III.
, or Benno, a writer of the eleventh century, was created a cardinal by the anti-pope Guibert, who
assumed the name of Clement III. Benno, who was one
of his most zealous partisans, made many attacks on the
popes, accusing Sylvester II. of magic, Gregory VI. of
simony, &c. and wrote, under the title of a “Life of Gregory VII.
” a bitter satire against that pontiff. He died
about the close of the eleventh century. His life of Gregory was printed in the “Fasciculus rerum Expetendarum
et Fugiendarum,
”
ive it up than sue for it. His mother’s name, however, being Laporte, he claimed relationship to the cardinal Richelieu, who without examining too nicely into the matter,
, a French poet and wit of
the seventeenth century, was born at Lyons-la-Foret, a
small town in Upper Normandy, in 1612. He was born
but not educated a Protestant, his father having turned
Catholic when he was very young; and when about seven
or eight years of age, he went to be confirmed, the bishop
who performed the ceremony asked him “if he was not
willing to change his name of Isaac for one more Christian.
”
*' With all my heart,“replied he,
” provided I get any
thing by the exchange.“The bishop, surprized at such
a ready answer, would not change his name.
” Let his
name be Isaac still,“said he,
” for whatever it is, he will
make the most of it." Benserade lost his father when he
was very young; and being left with little fortune, and
this much involved in law, he chose rather to give it up
than sue for it. His mother’s name, however, being Laporte, he claimed relationship to the cardinal Richelieu,
who without examining too nicely into the matter, had him
educated, and would have provided for him in the church
if he had not preferred the court, where he soon became
famous for his wit and poetry; and Richelieu granted him
a pension, which was continued till the death of this cardinal. It is probable that Benserade would have found the
same protection in the duchess of Aiguillon, if the following four verses, which he had made on the death of the
cardinal, had not given her great offence: