es, executed in the most masterly manner. He had at this time been elected a member of the Royal and Antiquary Societies. In 1768, he resigned his office of architect to their
In 1762, he was appointed architect to their majesties.
In 1764, he published the result of his researches at Spalatro, in one volume large folio: it was entitled, “Ruins of
the Palace of the Emperor Dioclesian, at Spalatro, in Dalmatia.
” It is enriched with seventy-one plates, executed
in the most masterly manner. He had at this time been
elected a member of the Royal and Antiquary Societies.
In 1768, he resigned his office of architect to their majesties, it being incompatible with a seat in parliament, and
he being this year elected representative for the county of
Kinross. By this time, in conjunction with his brother
James Adam, he had been much employed by the nobility
and gentry, both in constructing many noble modern edifices, and in embellishing ancient mansions: and, in 1773,
they first began to publish “The Works in Architecture
of R. and J. Adam,
” in numbers, four of which appeared
before
, a learned and industrious English antiquary, and one of the members of the first society of antiquaries,
, a learned and industrious English
antiquary, and one of the members of the first society of
antiquaries, was the son of Clement Agard, of Foston (not Toston, as in the Biog. Brit.) in Derbyshire, by Eleanor,
the daughter of Thomas Middleborough, of Egbaston in
Warwickshire. He was born 1540, and originally studied
law; but it does not appear that he was at either university. He afterwards became a clerk in the Exchequer office; and in 1570 was made deputy chamberlain of the
Exchequer, which he held forty-five years. During this
time, he had leisure and industry to accumulate large
collections of matters pertaining to the antiquities of his country; and his rseal in these researches procured him the acquaintance of that eminent benefactor to English literature
and antiquities, sir Robert Cotton, with whom he enjoyed
the strictest friendship as long as he lived. Wood, in his
Athenae, has made a strange mistake here in ascribing
Agard’s proficiency in antiquary knowledge to Sir Robert,
who was but just born the year Agard came into office.
There can be no doubt, however, that they improved and
assisted each other in their pursuits. Agard also could
number the most eminent and learned men of the age
among his friends and coadjutors. It was in his days,
about 1572, that the society of antiquaries was formed by
archbishop Parker; and among the names of its original
members, we find Agard, Andrews, Bouchier, Camden,
Carew, Cotton, Dodderidge, Ley, Spelman, Stow, Dethicke, Lambart, and others. In this society, Agard read
these essays, which have since been published by Hearne,
in his “Collection of Curious Discourses,
”
, an eminent antiquary, lived in the seventeenth century. Under the pontificate of
, an eminent antiquary, lived in
the seventeenth century. Under the pontificate of Urban
VIII. he resided in the court of cardinal Barberini; and
afterwards pope Alexander VII. who had a great esteem for
him, gave him the appointment of examiner of antiquities
in the Roman territory. He published the two following
works, which are now scarce, and much valued. 1. “La
Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie, con la
giunta di Lionardo Agostini,
” Rome, Delia Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie,
parte prima.
” This first part, which has become very rare,
contains only engravings of the medals, to which a description was promised, in a second. part, which never appeared. Agostini used the same plates as Paruta, and added
about four hundred medals to those in Paruta’s edition, but
still without explanations. After his death, Paruta’s plates
having fallen into the hands of Marco Maier, a bookseller,
he published at Lyons, in 1697, anew edition, in folio,
entitled, “La Sicilia di Filippo Paruta descritta con Medaglie, e ristampata con aggiunta di Lionardo Agostini,
hora in miglior ordine disposta da Marco Maier, arrichita
d'una descrittione compendiosa di quella famosa isola.
”
But notwithstanding the explanations and historical additions of this editor, this edition is less valued than those of
Paruta and Agostini. The best and most complete is that
which Havercamp published in Latin, at Leyden, 1723,
3 vols. folio, with a commentary; these form the sixth,
seventh, and eighth volumes of Grsevius’s Thesaurus. The
other work of Agostini is, 2. “Le Gemme antiche figurate
di Lionardo Agostini, con le annotazioni del sig. Gio.
Pietro Bellori,
” part I. Rome, Consiglier di pace,
” which was written by Lionardo Agosti.
, a French antiquary, and canon of the cathedral of Montpelier, lived in the middle
, a French antiquary,
and canon of the cathedral of Montpelier, lived in the
middle of the eighteenth century; but we have no particulars of his birth or death. The family of Aigrefeuille in
Languedoc, has produced many distinguished ecclesiastics
and magistrates. Our author published “Histoire de la
ville de Montpellier, depuis son origine,
” Histoire
Ecclesiastique de Montpellier,
”
, a lawyer and antiquary, was born at Nismes, and not at Vivarais, as Castel asserts
, a lawyer and antiquary,
was born at Nismes, and not at Vivarais, as Castel asserts
in his history of Languedoc. His family was noble, but
more famous for the talents of Poldo, and his father James.
He originally studied with a view to practice at the bar,
but Nismes becoming, in 1552, the seat of the presidial
court, he was appointed to the office of counsellor, which
he held during life with much reputation, and employed
his leisure hours in the cultivation of jurisprudence and
polite literature. His first work was a French translation,
of St. Julian, archbishop of Toledo, on death, and a future state. This was followed by a translation, from the
Latin of Æneas Sylvius (Pius II.) of a history of the Taborites of Bohemia; but his most curious work is his
“History of Nismes,
” fol.
, an ecclesiastic of Florence, and an able antiquary, flourished in the beginning of the sixteenth century. He published,
, an ecclesiastic of Florence,
and an able antiquary, flourished in the beginning of the
sixteenth century. He published, 1. “De mirabilibus novae etveteris urbis Romae,
” a work divided into three books,
and dedicated to pope Julius II. Rome, 1505, 4to; reprinted 1510, 1515, 1519, and 1520; and although more
able works have been published on the same subject since,
this of Albertini still enjoys its reputation. 2. “Tractatus
brevis de laudibus Florentias et Saonse,
” written in Memoriale di molte Statue, e Picture sono mellinclita Cipta di Florentia per mano di Sculptori, et Pictori
excellenti moderni, ed antiqui.
” Florence,
versification, Mr. Warton, in his History of Poetry, informs us, that Conringius, a very intelligent antiquary in this sort of literature, mentions an anonymous Latin poet,
Such is the account that has been commonly given of this extraordinary man. We shall now advert to some circumstances upon which modern research has thrown a new light. All the accounts represent Aldhelm as having been a very considerable man for the time in which he lived. It is evident, says Dr, Henry, from his works, which are still extant, that he had read the most celebrated authors of Greece and Rome, and that he was no contemptible critic in the languages in which these authors wrote. In the different seminaries in which he was educated, he acquired such a stock of knowledge, and became so eminent for his literature, not only in England but in foreign countries, that he was resorted to by many persons from Scotland, Ireland, and France. Artville, a prince of Scotland, sent his works to Aldhelm to be examined by him, and entreated him to give them their last polish, by rubbing off their Scotch rust. Besides the instructions which Aldhelm received from Maildulphus, in France and Italy, he had part of his education, and as it would seem the most considerable part, at Canterbury, under Theodore, archbishop of that city, and Adrian, the most learned professor of the sciences, who had ever been in England. The ardour with which he prosecuted his studies at that place, is well represented in a letter written by him to Hedda, bishop of Winchester; which letter also gives a good account of the different branches of knowledge in the cultivation of which he was then engaged. These were, the Roman jurisprudence, the rules of verses ard the musical modulation of words and syllables, the doctrine of the seven divisions of poetry, arithmetic, astronomomy, and astrology. It is observable, that Aldhelm speaks in very pompous terms of arithmetic, as a high and difficult attainment: though it is now so generally taught, as not to be reckoned a part of a learned education. In opposition to what has been commonly understood, that Aldhelm was the first of the Saxons who taught his countrymen the art of Latin versification, Mr. Warton, in his History of Poetry, informs us, that Conringius, a very intelligent antiquary in this sort of literature, mentions an anonymous Latin poet, who wrote the life of Charlemagne in verse, and adds that he was the first of the Saxons that attempted to write Latin verse. But it ought to have been recollected, that Aldhelm died above thirty years before Charlemagne was born. Aldhelm’s Latin compositions, whether in prose or verse, as novelties, were deemed extraordinary performances, and excited the attention and adruiration of scholars in other countries. His skill in music has obtained for hhn a considerable place in sir John Hawkins’s History of Music.
, an antiquary of great learning, was born of Greek parents, Jan. 12, 1583,
, an antiquary of great learning, was born of Greek parents, Jan. 12, 1583, and educated
in the Greek college founded by pope Gregory XIII.
where he made a vast progress in learning, and was no less
esteemed for the integrity of his morals. He afterwards
entered into holy orders. He probably at first intended to
settle in Greece, and applied to a.' Greek bishop, who ordained him a sub-deacon; but he afterwards changed his
mind, and received the other sacred orders from the hands
of the bishops of the Romish church. Erythneus, in his
“Pinacotheca,
” although a zealous Roman Catholic, insinuates, that in this change Alemanni was influenced by
the prospect of interest. His fortune, however, being still
inconsiderable, he employed himself in teaching the Greek
language to several persons of distinguished rank, and
gained the friendship of Scipio Cobellutius, who was at
that time secretary of the briefs to pope Paul V. This
paved the way for his obtaining the post of secretary to
cardinal Borghese, which, however, he did not fill to the
entire satisfaction of his employer, from his being more
intimately conversant in Greek than Latin, and mixing
Greek words in his letters. He was afterwards made keeper
of the Vatican library, for which he was considered as
amply qualified. He died July 24, 1626. His death is said
to have been occasioned by too close an attendance on
the erection of the great altar of the church of St. Peter
at Rome. It was necessary for him to watch that no person
should carry away any part of the earth dug up, which had
been sprinkled with the blood of the martyrs, and in his
care he contracted some distemper, arising from the vapours, which soon ended his days. He published “Procopii Historic Arcana, Gr. et Lat. Nic. Alernanno interprete,
cum ejus et Maltreti notis,
” Paris, Description of St. John de Lateran,
”
, a learned Dutch antiquary, was born in 1654, and amidst the duties of his office as first
, a learned Dutch antiquary, was born in 1654, and amidst the duties of his office
as first commissioner of convoys and licences, found leisure
to publish many curious works. His first, in 1699, was a
“Dissertation on Tournaments,
” in which he treats of the
ceremonies used at the court of Holland ti the days of
chivalry. The third edition, published in 1740, by Peter
van der Schelling, his son-in-law, had the addition of a
dissertation on the origin, progress, and decline, of tournaments and single combats. Alkemade was afterwards
editor of the metrical chronicle of Melis Sitoke, Leyden,
1699, fol. containing a history of Holland to 1337, with
engraved portraits of all the counts of Holland. In 1700,
he published “Muntspiegel der Graven van Holland,
” &c.
Delft, fol. a chronological series of coins struck under the
reigns of the counts from Floris III. to Philip II. His next
work was a treatise on modes of Burial, Delft, 1713, 8vo.
This, he modestly says, is only an attempt which may perhaps excite others to investigate the subject more fully.
But his principal work, and that which is most esteemed
by his countrymen, was published in 1732, under the title
of “Nedenandsche Displechtigheden,
” 3 vols. 8va, a
work not only extremely curious for its illustration of the
ancient manners of the Dutch, but for the number of its
beautiful engravings. His son-in-law assisted in completing and preparing this work for the press. After publishing some other works of less note, he concluded his
literary labours by a description of the town of Brill, and
died in 1737, at the advanced age of eighty-three.
, esq. an English antiquary, was an attorney at Darlington, but, having a strong propensity
, esq. an English antiquary, was an
attorney at Darlington, but, having a strong propensity to
the study of our national antiquities, devoted his time and
fortune to this rational and useful pursuit. His first production, printed in his own house, was, “' ue recommendatory Letter of Oliver Cromwell to William Lenthall,
esq. speaker of the House of Commons, for erecting a
college and university at Durham, and his Letters Patent
(when lord protector) for founding the same; with the Address of the provost and fellows of the said college, &c.
”
4to. “A sketch of the Life and Character of Bishop Treror,
” The Life of 'St. Cuthbert,
” Collections relating to Sherborn Hospital,
” and others mentioned in Cough’s British Topography, vol.1, p. 332. Being
possessed of twenty manuscript volumes relating to the
antiquities of the counties of Durham and Northumberland,
bequeathed to him, in 1774, by the late rev. Thomas Randall, vicar of EHingham in Northumberland, he published
“An Address and Queries to the public, relative to the
compiling a complete Civil and Ecclesiastical History of
the ancient and present state of the County Palatine of
Durham,
”
, an English lawyer and antiquary, was born at Great Hadham in Hertfordshire, about the end of
, an English lawyer and antiquary, was born at Great Hadham in Hertfordshire, about the end of the seventeenth century, and was educated at Eton; whence he went to King’s college, Cambridge, and took his bachelor’s degree in 1707, and his master’s in 1711. He afterwards studied law, was called to the bar, and by the influence of Arthur Onslow, speaker of the house of commons, became a master in chancery. His reputation as a lawyer was inconsiderable, but he was esteemed a good classical scholar, and a man of wit and convivial habits. He became afterwards an alderman of the corporation of Guildford, and an useful magistrate in that neighbourhood. He died April 11, 1754, and was buried in the Temple church. He collected a biographical account of the members of Eton college, which by his will, dated 1753, he ordered to be placed in the libraries of the two colleges, and a third copy to be given to his patron, Mr. Onslow. He also compiled, at his leisure hours, or rather made collections for, an English dictionary of obsolete words, of words which have changed their meaning, as villain, knave, and of proverbial or cant words, as helter-skelter, which he derived from hiiariter cderiter. It is not known what became of this manuscript. He bequeathed his fortune, and probably his books, to a brother who was a Turkey merchant.
ian, and consistory counsellor to the bishop of Passau, He studied the classics under the celebrated antiquary Eckhel, keeper of the medals at Vienna, and while with him,
a modern German
poet, was born at Vienna, Jan. 24, 1755; his father was a
civilian, and consistory counsellor to the bishop of Passau,
He studied the classics under the celebrated antiquary
Eckhel, keeper of the medals at Vienna, and while with
him, imbibed such a taste for reading-the ancient poets,
that he knew most of their writings by heart, and was always so fond of this study, that he remembered with gratitude, to the last hour of his life, the master who had initiated him in it, nor did he neglect his favourite authors,
even when obliged to attend the courts of law. When the
death of his parents had put him in possession of a considerable patrimony, he made no other use of his doctor’s and advocate’s titles, than in reconciling the differences of such
clients as addressed themselves to him for advice. His first
poetical attempts appeared in the Muses’ Almanack, and
other periodical publications at Vienna, and of these he
published a collection at Leipsic in 1784, and at Klagenfurth in 1788, which procured him the honour of being
ranked among the best poets of his country for elegance,
energy, and fertility of imagination. In the “New Collection of Poetry,
” printed at Vienna in Doolin of Mentz,
” and “Bliomberis,
” two poems of
the romantic cast, in imitation of.Wieland, to whom the
last was dedicated. In 1791, he published a German translation of Florian’s “Numa Pompilius,
” which some have
thought equal to the original, but in many parts it is deficient in elegance. It was, however, his last performance,
except the assistance he gave to some literary contemporaries in translating the foreign journals. During the three
last years of his life, he was secretary and inspector of the
court theatre, and died May 1, 1797, of a nervous fever.
He was a man of warm affections and gaiety of temper, and
of his liberality he afforded a striking instance in the case
of Haschka the poet, whom he regarded as one of the
cipal supporters of German literature. He not only ac
commodated him with apartments in his house, but made
him a present of 10,000 florins. Of his faults, it is only
recorded that he was a little vain, and a little given to the
pleasures of the table.
ot to be unravelled without great labour, yet nothing can withstand the indefatigable toil of a true antiquary. Amboise procured other manuscripts; collated them together,
lived in the latter end of the
sixteenth, and beginning of the seventeenth centuries, and
acquired in his own time considerable fame upon account
of his learning, and some portion of the spirit of literary
research. He was the son of a surgeon, but became a
great favourite in the courts of Charles IX. of France, and
his brother Henry III. and was gradually advanced to offices of high trust in the state. From his childhood, he
said, he had been always fond of looking into old libraries,
and turning over dusty manuscripts. In some of these researches he laid his hands on the letters of Abelard and
Heloise, which he read with much pleasure, and was induced to pursue his inquiries. He found other works of
the same author; but they were ill-written, and not to be
unravelled without great labour, yet nothing can withstand
the indefatigable toil of a true antiquary. Amboise procured other manuscripts; collated them together, and
finally produced one fair copy, which made ample compensation, he says, for all the labour he had endured.
Even posterity, he thinks, will be grateful to him, and
know how to value the pleasure and the profit, they will
derive from his researches. Not satisfied, however, with
the copy he possessed, he still wished to enlarge it. He
applied to different monasteries, and he again searched the
libraries in Paris, and not without success. His friends
applauded his zeal, and gave him their assistance. His
manuscripts swelled to a large bulk, and he read, arranged,
and selected what pleased him best. The rising sun, he
says, often found him at his task. So far fortune had
smiled upon his labours, but somewhat was wanting to give
them the last finish. He went over to the Paraclet, where the
abbess, Madame de Rochefoucauld, received him with the
greatest politeness. He declared the motive of his journey;
she took him by the hand, and led him to the tomb of
Abelard and Heloise. Together they examined the library
of the abbey, and she shewed him many hymns, and
prayers, and homilies, written by their founder, which were
still used in their church. Amboise then returned to Paris,
and prepared his work for the press. As the reputation of
his author, he knew, had been much aspersed by some
contemporary writers, he wished to remove the undeserved
stigma, and to present him as immaculate as might be, before the eyes of a more discerning age. With this view
he wrote a long “Apologetic preface,
” which he meant
should be prefixed to the work. In this preface, an inelegant and affected composition, he labours much to shew
that Abelard was the greatest and best man, and Heloise
the greatest and best woman, whom the annals of human
kind had recorded. He first, very fairly, brings the testimony of those, who had spoken evil of them, whom he endeavours to combat and refute. To these succeeds a list
of their admirers. He dwells on their every word, and
gives more weight to their expressions, and the result is
what we might expect from the pen of Amboise. The compilation, however, although unsuccessful in its main design, contains. some curious matter, and may be read with,
pleasure. But he did not live to see it published, for it was
not printed till the year 1616. He died before this, but
the exact time is not known. The editor of the Dictiounaire Historique places his death in 1620, which must be a
mistake. His works are, 1. “Notable Discours, en forme
de dialogue, touchant la vraie et parfaicte amitie,
” translated from the Italian of Piccolomini, Lyons, 1577, 16mo.
2. “Dialogue et Devis des Damoiselles, pour les rendre
vertueuses et bienheureuses en la vraye et parfaicte amitie.
”
Paris, Regrets facetieux et
plaisantes Harangues funebres sur la mort de divers animaulx,
” from the Italian of Ortensio Lando, Paris, Les Neapolitaines,
” a French comedy,
Paris, Desesperades, ou Eglogues amourouses,
” Paris, Holophernes,
” printed at Paris,
sel, preacher at St. John’s Wappino-, and Mr. John Lewis, minister of Margate, an eminent divine and antiquary. Some time before 1720, in attending Dr. Desaguliers’ lectures,
Mr. Ames very early discovered a taste for English history and antiquities, in which he was encouraged by his
two friends Mr. Russel, preacher at St. John’s Wappino-,
and Mr. John Lewis, minister of Margate, an eminent divine and antiquary. Some time before 1720, in attending Dr. Desaguliers’ lectures, he formed an acquaintance
with Mr. Peter Thompson, an eminent Hamburgh merchant, and member for St. Alban’s, a gentleman of great
humanity, and strong natural parts, who supplied the want
of a liberal education by a conversation with men and
books. He was also a lover of our national antiquities, and
many years fellow of the royal and antiquary societies.
This friendship continued uninterrupted till the death of
Mr. Ames. Some time before 1730, Mr. Lewis, who had
himself collected materials for such a subject, suggested to
Mr. Ames the idea of writing the history of printing in England. Mr. Ames declined it at first, because Mr. Palmer,
a printer, was engaged in a similar work, and because he
thought himself by no means equal to an undertaking of
so much extent, But when Mr. Palmer’s book came out,
it was far from answering the expectations of Mr. Lewis, or'
Mr. Ames, or those of the public in general. Mr. Ames,
therefore, at length consented to apply himself to the task,
and after twenty-five years spent in collecting and arranging his materials, in which he was largely assisted by Mr.
Lewis and other learned friends, and by the libraries of
lord Oxford, sir Hans Sloane, Mr. Anstis, and many others,
published, in one vol. 4to, 1749, “Typographical Antiquities, being an historical account of Printing in England,
with some memoirs of our ancient Printers, and a register
of the books printed by them, from the year 1471 to 1600;
with an appendix concerning printing in Scotland and Ireland to the same time.
” In his preface he speaks with
great humility of his work, and of its imperfections; but it
certainly has no faults but what may well be excused in the
first attempt to accomplish an undertaking of such vast extent. He inscribed this work to Philip lord Hardwicke,
lord high chancellor of Great Britain. Mr. Ames was at
this time fellow of the royal and antiquary societies, and
secretary to the latter of these learned bodies. He was
elected F. A. S. March 3, 1736, and on the resignation of
Alexander Gordon, previous to his going to settle in Carolina, 174], v.as appointed secretary. In 1754, the rev.
W. Norris was associated with him, and on his decease
became sole secretary till 1784. This office gave Mr.
Ames further opportunities of gratifying his native curiosity, by the communication as well as the conversation of
the literati; and these opportunities were further enlarged
by his election into the royal society, and the particular
friendship shewn to him by sir Hans Sloane, then president, who nominated him one of the trustees of his will.
ars from reason and ancient history,” &c. His style, indeed, very much resembles that of his brother antiquary and equally laborious collector, Strype. With all this, he appears
Of Mr. Ames’s character, the opinion seems to be uniform, that he possessed an amiable simplicity of manners,
and exemplary integrity and benevolence in social life.
Mr. Cole, who bears him no ojood will, because, as he asserts, he was an Anabaptist, allows that he “was a little,
friendly, good-tempered man, a person of vast application,
and industry in collecting old printed books, prints, and
other curiosities, both natural and artificial.
” It is confessed, on the other hand, that he had not much of what is
called literature, and knew nothing of composition. His
preface to the “Typographical Antiquities
” commences
in the form of a preamble to an act of parliament, “Whereas it appears from reason and ancient history,
” &c. His
style, indeed, very much resembles that of his brother antiquary and equally laborious collector, Strype. With all
this, he appears to have been a man entitled to high
respect for his acquisitions; they were entirely his own, and
instigated by a laudable desire to be useful. The dates in
the preceding account of his life will be sufficient to prove
the absurdity of Horace Walpole’s flippant notice of him,
in which he says, that Mr. Ames took to the study of antiquities “late in life,
” and thac he was “originally
” a
ship-chandler. The truth is, and it is to the honour of his
industry, that he was always an antiquary, and always a
ship-chandler, but principally in articles of ironmongery.
It is necessary to add that an enlarged edition of the
“Typographical Antiquities
” was published by the late
learned and industrious Mr. William Herbert, of whom
some account will be given in its proper place. This was
extended to three volumes quarto, the first of which appeared in, 1785, the second in 1786. and the third in 1790,
a work of inestimable value to the antiquary, the historian,
and the general scholar. To the first volume, Mr. Gough
prefixed “Memoirs of Mr. Joseph Ames,
” from which all
that is valuable in the present article has been taken; and
the same has been retained, with many additional particulars, in the new and very splendid edition of Ames and Herbert, by the rev. Thomas Frognall Dibdin, F. S. A. of
which one volume was published in 1810 and a second
in 1812, which promise ample gratification to the lovers of
typographical antiquities.
, a Scotch antiquary, was the son of the rev. Pat. Anderson, of Edinburgh, where
, a Scotch antiquary, was the son
of the rev. Pat. Anderson, of Edinburgh, where he was
born Aug. 5, 1662. He had a liberal education at the university of that city, which was much improved by genius
and application. When he had finished his studies, he
was placed under the care of sir Hugh Paterson, of Bannockburn, an eminent writer to the signet, and made such
progress, that in 1690 he was admitted a member of that
society, and during his practice discovered so much knowledge joined with integrity, that he probably would have
made a very distinguished figure had he remained longer
in this branch of the law profession. The acquaintance
with ancient writings, however, which he had been obliged
to cultivate in the course of his practice, gratified a taste
for general antiquities and antiquarian research, which he
seems to have determined to pursue, and he happened to
have an early opportunity to prove himself well qualified
for the pursuit. In 1704, a book was published by Mr.
William Atwood, a lawyer, entitled “The superiority and
direct dominion of tl?e Imperial Crown and Kingdom of
England over the Crown and Kingdom, of Scotland.
” In
this, Mr. Anderson, although altogether unknown to Mr.
Atwood, was brought in by him as an evidence and eyewitness to vouch some of the most important original chai%
ters and grants by the kings of Scotland, which AtwoocJ
maintained were in proof of the point he laboured to establish. Mr. Anderson, in consequence of such an appeal,
thought himself bound in duty to his country to publish
what he knew of the matter, and to vindicate the memory
of some of the best of the Scottish kings, who were accused
by Atwood of a base and voluntary surrender of their sovereignty. Accordingly, in 1705, he published “An Essay, shewing that the Crown of Scotland is imperial and
independent,
” Edinburgh, 8vo, which was so acceptable
to his country that the parliament ordered him a reward,
ind thanks to be delivered by the lord chancellor in presence of her majesty’s high commissioner and the estates,
which was done, and at the same time they ordered Atwood’s hook to he burnt at Edinburgh by the hands of the
hangman.
, a learned antiquary of the seventeenth century, was born at Terni, in the duchy
, a learned antiquary of the
seventeenth century, was born at Terni, in the duchy of
Spalatto, and became secretary to the cardinal Hippolito
Aldobrandini, and apostolic prothonotary. He was also a
member of the academy of the Insensati at Perugia, and
made so extensive a collection of curiosities of art of every
kind, that it was thought worthy of the name of the Roman
museum. The marquis Vincenzo Giustiniani engaged Angeloni to publish his series of imperial medal’s, which accordingly appeared under the title “L'Istoria Augusta da
Giulio Cesare Costatino il magno,
” Rome, Storia di Terni,
” Rome,
a French ecclesiastic and antiquary, was born at Frejus, July 25, 1643. When he had finished his
a French ecclesiastic and antiquary,
was born at Frejus, July 25, 1643. When he had finished
his studies, he succeeded an uncle, in a canonry of the
cathedral of that city, and wrote a treatise “De periculis
Canonicorum,
” on the dangers to which the lives of canons
are liable: this curious piece his brother Charles intended
to publish, but it remains in manuscripj;. In 1680, he
published, what was accounted more valuable, a Latin dissertation on the foundation of the church of Frejus, and its
history, lives of the bishops, &c. This was intended as an
introduction to a complete history of the city and church
of Frejus, which is still in manuscript. In 1684, on the
recommendation of father La Chaise, under whom he had
studied theology at Lyons, he was appointed grand-vicar
and official to J. B. de Verthamon, Mshop of Pamiers, who
employed him in restoring peace to his diocese, which had
been disturbed by the regale, a right so called in France,
by which the French king, upon the death of a bishop,
Claimed the revenues and fruits of his see, and the
colladon of all benefices vacant in the diocese, before the appointment of a new bishop. Antelmi was so successful
in this undertaking, that the bishop on his arrival found his
diocese in perfect tranquillity. He then continued to prosecute his studies, and wrote several works, particularly his
disquisition concerning the genuine writings of Leo the
Great, and Prosper Aquitanus, “De veris operibus, &c.
”
Nova de Symbolo
Athanasiano disquisitio,
” Paris,
ni, libri IV.“1728, 4to. and 1738, an improved edition. This work evinces the research of a profound antiquary. 2.” Memoires pour servir a Phistoire del'eglise primatiale
, a learned Portuguese theatine monk, was born at Collares in Estremadura,
in 1676, and died at Lisbon in 1749. He was one of the
iirat members of the Portuguese academy of history, and
contributed various historical papers to their Memoirs; but
the works on which his reputation chiefly rests, are, 1. i: De
Antiquitatibus conventus Bracarugustani, libri IV.“1728,
4to. and 1738, an improved edition. This work evinces
the research of a profound antiquary. 2.
” Memoires pour
servir a Phistoire del'eglise primatiale de Brague,“Lisbon,
1732 44, o vols. 4to. 3.
” Regras de lingoa Portugueza."
Lisbon, 1725, 8vo. His other works were Sermons, and
Lives of the saints.
, a Lutheran divine, and ecclesiastical antiquary, was born at Gustro,n, in 1626, and succeeded his brother Christian
, a Lutheran divine, and ecclesiastical antiquary, was born at Gustro,n, in 1626, and succeeded his brother Christian (the subject of the article before the last) as the logic professor at Rostock in 1633.
He was afterwards appointed almoner to Gustavus Adolphus, duke of Mecklenburgh, and died in 1685, after having published a great many writings, philosophical, historical, and controversial. The greater part are enumerated
by Niceron, vol. XLIII. Those most celebrated in his
time, were: 1. “Lexicon antiquitatum Ecclesiasticarum,
”
Greifswaki, Genealogia Scaligerorum,
” Copenhagen, Trutina statuum Europae
Ducis de Rohan,
” Gustron, Laniena Sabaudica,
” Rostock, Exercit. de Claudii Salmasii erroribus in theologia,
” Wittembero-, Observat. ad Franc. Vavassoris librum de forma Christi,
” Rostock,
, an English divine and antiquary, was born Dec. 5, 1724, in Red Lion street, Glerkenwell, and
, an English divine and antiquary,
was born Dec. 5, 1724, in Red Lion street, Glerkenwell,
and educated at Croydon, Westminster, and Eton schools.
In October 1740, he was admitted of St. John’s college,
Cambridge, and took his degrees, B. A. 1744, M. A. 1748,
B.D. 1756. He was presented by a relation to the rectory
of Hungerton, and in 1759 to that of Twyford, both in
Leicestershire, but resigned the former in 1767, and the
latter in 1769. In 1774 he was elected F. 8. A. and the
same year accepted the college rectory of Barrow, in Suffolk, where he constantly resided for thirty-four years.
In Oct. 1780, he was inducted into the living of Stansfield,
in Suffolk, owing to the favour of Dr. Ross, bishop of
Exeter, who, entirely unsolicited, gave him a valuable
portion of the vicarage of Bampton, in Oxfordshire but
this being out of distance from his college living, he procured an exchange of it for Stansfield. Dr. Ross’s friendship for him began early in college, and continued uniformly steady through all changes of place and situation.
In 1793, he gradually lost his sight, but retained, amidst
so severe a privation to a man of literary research, his accustomed chearfulness. In his latter days he had repeated
paralytic attacks, of one of which he died, June 12, 1808,
in the eighty-fourth year of his age. Mr. Ashby published
nothing himself, but was an able and obliging contributor
to many literary undertakings. In the Archaeologia, vol.
III. is a dissertation, from his pen, on a singular coin of
Nerva, found at Colchester. The Historian of Leicestershire has repeatedly acknowledged his obligations to Mr.
Ashby, particularly for his dissertation on the Leicester
milliary. His services have been also amply acknowledged
by Mr. Nichols for assistance in the life of Bowyer by
Mr. Harmeij in the preface to his “Observations on Scripture
”; and by Dames Barrington, in his work on the
Statutes, p. 212 but both the last without mentioning his
name. The late bishop Percy, Mr. Granger, and Mr.
Gough, have acknowledged his contributions more
pointedly. His valuable library and manuscripts were
sold by Mr. Deck, bookseller at Bury, by a priced catalogue.
, an eminent philosopher, chemist, and antiquary, of the seventeenth century, and founder of the noble museum
, an eminent philosopher, chemist,
and antiquary, of the seventeenth century, and founder
of the noble museum at Oxford, which still bears his name,
was the only son of Mr. Simon Ashmole, of the city of
Litchfield, in Staffordshire, sadler, by Anne, the daughter of
Mr. Anthony Boyer, of Coventry, in Warwickshire, woollen-draper. He was born May 23, 1617, and during his
early r education in grammar, was taught music, in which
he made such proficiency as to become a chorister in the
cathedral at Litchfield. When he had attained the age of
sixteen he was taken into the family of James Paget, esq.
a baron of the exchequer, who had married his mother’s
sister, and as his father died in 1634, leaving little provision for him, he continued for some years in the Paget
family, during which time he made considerable progress
in the law, and spent his leisure hours in perfecting himself in music and other polite accomplishments. In March
1638, he married Eleanor, daughter of Mr. Peter Manwaring, of Smallwood, in the county Palatine of Chester,
and in Michaelmas term the same year, became a solicitor
in Chancery. On February 11, 1641, he was sworn an
attorney of the court of common pleas, and on December
5th, in the same year, his wife died suddenly, of whom
he has left us a very natural and affectionate memorial.
The rebellion coming on, he retired from London, being
always a zealous and steady loyalist, and on May 9, 1645,
became one of the gentlemen of the ordnance in the garrison at Oxford, whence he removed to Worcester, where
he was commissioner, receiver, and register of the excise,
and soon after captain in the lord Ashley’s regiment, and
comptroller of the ordnance. In the midst of all this business he entered himself of Brazen-Nose college, in Oxford, and applied himself vigorously to the sciences, but
especially natural philosophy, mathematics, and astronomy;
and his intimate acquaintance with Mr. (afterwards sir George) Wharton, seduced him into the absurd mysteries
of astrology, which was in those days in great credit. In
the month of July, 1646, he lost his mother, who had
always been a kind parent to him, and for whom he had a
very pious regard. On October 16th, the same year, be
was elected a brother of the ancient and honourable society
of Free and Accepted Masons, which he looked upon as a
high honour, and has therefore given us a particular account of the lodge established at Warrington in Lancashire and in some of his manuscripts, there are very
valuable collections relating to the history of the free
masons. The king’s affairs being now grown desperate,
Mr. Ashmole withdrew himself, after the surrender of the
garrison of Worcester, into Cheshire, where he continued
till the end of October, and then came up to London,
where he became acquainted with Mr. (afterwards sir Jonas)
Moore, William Lilly, and John Booker, esteemed the
greatest astrologers in 'the world, by whom he was caressed, instructed, and received into their fraternity, which
then made a very considerable figure, as appeared by the
great resort of persons of distinction to their annual feast,
of which Mr. Ashmole was afterwards elected steward. Jn
1647 he retired to Englefield, in Berkshire, where he pursued his studies very closely, and having so fair an opportunity, and the advantage of some very able masters,
he cultivated the science of botany. Here, as appears
from his own remarks, he enjoyed in privacy the sweetest
moments of his life, the sensation of which perhaps was
quickened, by his just idea of the melancholy state of the
times. It was in this retreat that he became acquainted
with Mary, sole daughter of sir William Forster, of Aldermarston, in the county of Berks, bart. who was first married to sir Edward Stafford, then to one Mr. Hamlyn, and
lastly to sir Thomas Mainwaring, knt recorder of Reading,
and one of the masters in chancery and an attachment
took place but Mr. Humphrey Stafford, her second son,
had such a dislike to the measure, that when Mr. Ashmole
happened to be very ill, he broke into his chamber, and if
not prevented, would have murdered him. In the latter
end of 1648, lady Mainwaring conveyed to him her estate
at Bradfield, which was soon after sequestered on account
of Mr. Ashmole’s loyalty but the interest he had with
William Lilly, and some others of that party, enabled him
to get that sequestration taken off. On the sixteenth of
November, 1649, he married lady Mainwaring, and settled
in London, where his house became the receptacle of the
most learned and ingenious persons that flourished at that
time. It was by their conversation, that Mr. Ashmole,
who hud been more fortunate in worldly affairs than most
scholars are, and who had been always a curious collector
of manuscripts, was induced to publish a treatise written
by Dr. Arthur Dee, relating to the Philosopher’s stone,
together with another tract on the same subject, by an unknown author. These accordingly appeared in the year
following but Mr. Ashmole was so cautious, or rather
modest, as to publish them by a fictitious name. He at
the same time addressed himself to a work of greater consequence, a complete collection of the works of such English chemists, as had till then remained in ms. which cost
him a great deal of labour, and for the embellishment of
which he spared no expence, causing the cuts that were
necessary, to be engraved at his own house in Black-Friars,
by Mr. Vaughan, who was then the most eminent artist in
that department in England. He imbibed this affection for
chemistry from his intimate acquaintance with Mr. William
Backhouse, of Swallowfield in the county of Berks, who
was reputed an adept, and whom, from his free communication of chemical secrets, Mr. Ashmole was wont to call
father, agreeably to the custom which had long prevailed
among the lovers of that art, improperly, however, called
chemistry for it really was the old superstition of alchemy. He likewise employed a part of his time in acquiring the art of engraving seuls, casting in sand, and
the mystery of a working goldsmith. But all this time,
his great work of publishing the ancient English writers in
chemistry went on and finding that a competent knowlege of the Hebrew was absolutely necessary for understanding and explaining such authors as had written on the
Hermetic science, he had recourse to rabbi Solomon Frank,
by whom he was taught the rudiments of Hebrew, which
he found very useful to him in his studies. At length,
towards the close of the year 1652, his “Theatrum Chymicum Britannicum
” appeared, which gained him great reputation in the learned world, as it shewed him to be a
man of a most studious disposition, indefatigable application, and of wonderful accuracy in his compositions. It
served also to extend his acquaintance considerably, and
among others the celebrated Mr. Seiden took notice of him
in the year 1653, encouraged his studies, and lived in
great friendship with him to the day of his death. He was
likewise very intimate with Mr. Oughtred, the mathematician, and with Dr. Wharton, a physician of great
racter and experience. His marriage with lady -Main-waring, however, involved him in abundance of law-suits
with other people, and at last produced a dispute between
themselves, which came to a hearing on October 8, 1657,
in the court of chancery, where serjeant Maynard having
observed, that in eight hundred sheets of depositions taken
on the part of the lady, there was not so much as a bad
word proved against Mr. Ashrnole, her bill was dismissed,
and she delivered back to her husband. He had now for
some time addicted himself to the study of antiquity and
records, which recommended him to the intimate acquaintance of Mr. (afterwards sir William) Dugdale, whom about
this time he attended in his survey of the Fens, and was
very useful to him in 'that excellent undertaking. Mr.
Ashmole himself soon after took the pains to trace the
Roman road, which in Antoninus’s Itinerary is called Bennevanna, from Weeden to Litchfield, of which he gave
Mr. Dugdale an account, in a letter addressed to him upon
that subject. It is very probable, that after his studies
had thus taken a new turn, he lost somewhat of his relish
for chemistry, since he discontinued the Theatrum Chemicum, which, according to his first design, was to have consisted of several volumes yet he still retained such a remembrance of it, as induced him to part civilly with the
sons of art, by publishing a treatise in prose on the philosopher’s stone, to which he prefixed an admirable preface, in which he wishes to apologize for taking leave of
these fooleries. In the spring of the year 1658, our author began to collect materials for his history of the order
of the garter, which he afterwards lived to finish, and
thereby rendered both the order and himself immortal,
the just reward of the prodigious pains he took in searching
records in the Tower, and elsewhere, comparing them with
each other, and obtaining such lights as were requisite to
render so perplexed a subject clear, and to reduce all the
circumstances of such a vast body of history into their proper order. In September following he made a journey to
Oxford, where he was extremely well received, and where
he undertook to make a full and distinct description of the
coins given to the public library by archbishop Laud, which
was of great use to him in the works which he afterwards
composed. He had lodged and boarded sometimes at a house
in South Lambeth, kept by Mr. John Tradescant, whose
father and himself hud been physic-gardeners there for
many years, and had collected avast number of curiosities,
which, after mature deliberation, Mr. Tradescant and his
wife determined to bestow on Mr. Ashmole, and accordingly sealed and delivered a deed of gift for that purpose,
on December 16, 1659. On the restoration of king Charles
II. Mr. Ashmole was Dearly introduced into the presence
and favour of his majesty, and on June 18, 1660, which was
the second time he had the honour of discoursing with the
king, he graciously bestowed upon him the place of Windsor herald. A few days after, he was appointed by the king
to make a description of his medals, and had them delivered into his hands, and king Henry VHIth’s closet assigned
for his use, being also allowed his diet at court. On August 21st, in the same year, he presented the three books
which he had published, to his majesty, who, as he both
loved and understood chemistry, received them very graciously. On September 3, he had a warrant signed for the
office of commissioner of the excise, in consequence of a
letter written by his majesty’s express command, to the
earl of Southampton, then lord high-treasurer, by Mr. Se^
cretary Morris. About this time, a commission was granted
to him as incidental to the care of the king’s medals, to
examine the famous, or rather infamous, Hugh Peters,
about the contents of the royal library which had fallen
into his hands, and which was very carefully and punctually
executed, but to very little purpose. On November 2d,
he was called to the bar in Middle-Temple hall, and January 15, 1661, he was admitted a fellow of the Royal Society. On February 9th following, the king signed a warrant for constituting him secretary of Surinam in the West
Indies. In the beginning of the year 1662, he was appointed one of the commissioners for recovering the king’s
goods, and about the same time he sent a set of services
and anthems to the cathedral church of Litchfield, in memory of his having been once a chorister there, and he
gave afterwards twenty pounds towards repairing the cathedral. On June 27, 1664, the White Office was opened,
of which he was appointed a commissioner. On Feb. 17,
1665, sir Edward By she sealed his deputation for visiting Berkshire, which visitation he began on the llth
of March following, and on June 9, 1668, he was appointed by the lords commissioners of the treasury, accomptant-general, and country accomptant in the excise.
His second wife, lady Main waring, dying, April 1, in the
same year, he soon after married Mrs. Elizabeth Dugdale,
daughter to his good friend sir William Dugdale, kht. garter king at arms, in Lincoln’s-inn chapel, on Novembers.
The university of Oxford, in consideration of the many
favours they had received from Mr. Ashmole, created him
doctor of physic by diploma, July 19, 1669, which was
presented to him on the 3d of November following, by
Dr. Yates, principal of Brazen-Nose college, in the name
of the university. He was now courted and esteemed by
the greatest people in the kingdom, both in point of title
and merit, who frequently did him the honour to visit him
at his chambers in the Temple, and whenever he went his
summer progress, he had the same respect paid him in the
country, especially at his 'native town of Litchfield, to which
when he came, he was splendidly entertained by the corporation. On May 8, 1672, he presented his laborious
work on the most noble order of the garter, to his most
gracious master king Charles II. who not only received it
with great civility and kindness, but soon after granted to
our author, as a mark of his approbation of the work, and
of his personal esteem for him, a privy seal for 400 pounds
out of the custom of paper. This was his greatest undertaking, and had he published nothing else, would have
preserved his memory, as it certainly is in its kind one of
the most valuable books in our language. On January
29, 1675, he resigned his office of Windsor herald, which
by his procurement, was bestowed on his brother Dugdale,
It was with great reluctancy that the earl marshal parted
with him, and it was not long after, that he bestowed on
him the character of being the best officer in his office. On
the death of sir Edward Walker, garter king at arms, Feb_
20, 1677, the king and the duke of Norfolk, as earl marshal, contested the right of disposing of his place, on which
Mr. Ashmole was consulted, who declared in favour of the
king, but with so much prudence and discretion as not to
give any umbrage to the earl marshal. He afterwards himself refused this high office, which was conferred on his
father-in-law sir -William Dugdale, for whom he employed
his utmost interest. About the close of 1677, a proposal
was made to Mr. Ashmole to become a candidate for the
city of Litchfield, but finding himself poorly supported by
the very persons who would have encouraged him to stand,
he withdrew his pretensions. On the 26th of January,
1679, about ten in the morning, a fire began in the Middle
Temple, in the next chambers to Mr. Aslimole’s,- by which
he lost a library he had been collecting thirty-three years;
but his Mss. escaped, by their being at his house in South
Lambeth. He likewise lost a collection of 9000 coins,
ancient and modern but his more valuable collection of
gold medals were likewise preserved by being at Lambeth
his vast repository of seals, charters, and other antiquities
and curiosities, perished also in the flames. In 1683, the
university of Oxford having finished a noble repository
near the theatre, Mr. Ashmole sent thither that great collection of rarities which he had received from the Tradescants before-mentioned, together with such additions as he
had made to them; and to this valuable benefaction he
afterwards added that of his Mss. and library, which still
remain a monument of his generous love to learning in
general, and to the university of Oxford in particular. In
the beginning of the year 1685, he was invited by the magistrates, and by the dean of Litchfield, to represent that
corporation in parliament but upon king James’s intimating to him, by the lord Dartmouth, that he would take it
kindly if he would resign his interest to Mr. Levvson, he instantly complied.
as published at London, 1717, in 12mo, with the following title “Memoirs of the life of that learned antiquary, Elias Ashmole, esq. drawn up by himself by way of diary, with
2. “Theatrum Chemicum Britannicum, containing several
poetical pieces of our famous English philosophers, who
have written the Hermetique mysteries, in their own ancient language. Faithfully collected into one volume, with
annotations thereon, by Elias Ashmole, esq. qui est Mercuriophilus Anglicus,
” London, The Way to Bliss, in three books, made
public by Elias Ashmole, esq; qui est Mercuriophilus
Anglicus,
” London, The Institution, Laws, and Ceremonies of the most
noble Order of the Garter. Collected and digested into
one body by Elias Ashmole, of the Middle Temple, esq.
Windesore herald at arms. A work furnished with variety
of matter relating to honour and noblesse
” London, The Arms, Epitaphs,.
Feuestral Inscriptions, with the draughts of the Tombs, &c.
in all the churches in Berkshire.
” It was penned in The Antiquities of Berkshire,
” 3 vols. 8vo, 1717, 1723,
and at Reading in 1736, fol. 6. “Familiarum iilustrium
Imperatorumque Romanorum Numismata Oxonire in Bodleianae Bibliotbecoe Archivis descripta et explanata.
”
This work was finished by the author in A description and
explanation of the Coins and Medals belonging to king
Charles II.
” a folio ms. in the king’s cabinet. 8. “A
brief ceremonial of the Feast of St. George, held at Whitehall 1661, with other papers relating to the Order.
”
9. “Remarkable Passages in the year 1660, set down by
Mr. Elias Ashmole.
” 10. “An account of the Coronation
of our Kings, transcribed from a ms. in the king’s private
closet.
” 11 “The proceedings on the day of the Coronation of king Charles II.
” mentioned by Anthony Wood,
as printed in 1672, but he owns he never saw it. 12. “The
Arms, Epitaphs, &c. in some churches and houses in
Staffordshire,
” taken when he accompanied sir William
Dugdale in his visitation. 13. “The Arms, Epitaphs,
Inscriptions, &c. in Cheshire, Shropshire, Derbyshire,
Nottinghamshire, &c.
” taken at the same time. Bishop
Nicolson mentions his intention to write the history and
antiquities of his native town of Litchfield. 14. “Answers
to the objections urged.against Mr. Ashmole’s being made
historiographer to the order of the Garter,
” A. D. A Translation of John Francis Spina’s book of th
Catastrophe of the World; to which was subjoined, Ambrose Merlin’s Prophecy.
” It is doubtful whether this was
ever published. What, indeed, he printed, was but a very
small part of what he wrote, there being scarcely any
branch of our English history and antiquities, on which he
has not left us something valuable, of his own composing,
in that vast repository of papers, which make several folios in his collection of Mss. under the title of, 16. CoU
lections, Remarks, Notes on Books, and Mss. a wonderful
proof of industry and application. 17. “The Diary of
his Life,
” written by himself, which was published at London, 1717, in 12mo, with the following title “Memoirs
of the life of that learned antiquary, Elias Ashmole, esq.
drawn up by himself by way of diary, with an appendix of
original letters. Published by Charles Burman, esquire.
”
The copy from whence these papers were published, was in
the hand-writing of Dr. Robert Plott, chief keeper of the
Ashmolean museum at Oxford, and secretary of the Royal
Society, and was transcribed by him for the use of a near
relation of Mr. Ashmole’s, a private gentleman in Staffordshire. They had been collated a few years before, by
David Perry, M. A. of Jesus’ college in Oxford. The appendix* contains a letter of thanks, dated January 26, 1666,
from the corporation at Litchfield, upon the receipt of a
silver bowl presented to them by Mr. Ashmole a preface
to the catalogue of archbishop Laud’s medals, drawn up by
Mr. Ashmole, and preserved in the public library at Oxford a letter from Dr. Thomas Barlow, afterwards bishop
of Lincoln, to Mr. Ashmole, dated December 23, 1668, on
the present of his books, describing archbishop Laud’s
cabinet of medals a letter from John Evelyn, esq. to recommend Dr. Plott to him for reader in natural philosophy,
and another from Mr. Joshua Barnes, dated from Emanuel
college, Cambridge, October 15, 1688, wherein he desires
Mr. Ashmole’s pardon, for having reflected upon his Order
of the Garter, in his own history of king Edward III. with
Mr. Ashmole’s answer to that letter, dated October 23
following. It is from this diary, which abounds in whimsical and absurd memoranda, that the dates and facts in his
life have been principally taken.
, an eminent English antiquary, was descended from an ancient family of the same name, resident
, an eminent English antiquary, was descended from an ancient family of the same name, resident at, and lords of the manor of Fauld in Staffordshire. His father, Daniel Astle, who was keeper of Needwood forest, died in 1774, and was buried in Yoxal church, where is a neat mural monument erected to his memory. His eldest son, the subject of this article, imbibed an early taste for the study of antiquities, particularly that abstruse and laborious part of it, the decyphering of ancient records, in which the profession of an attorney, to which he was brought up at Yoxal, gave him an opportunity of excelling, far beyond any of his contemporaries. His father was about to fix him in a good country situation, to practise in the profession he had so aptly learnt; but his genius and enthusiasm, fortunately for himself and the public at large, frustrated that design, and induced him to come to London, where alone his taste could be indulged and his talents rewarded. About 1763, he obtained the patronage of Mr. Grenville, then first lord of the treasury and chancellor of the exchequer, who employed him as well in his public as private affairs, and joined him in a commission with the late sir Joseph Ayloffe, bart. and Dr. Ducarel, for superintending the regulation of the public records at Westminster. On the death of his colleague, Mr. Topham was substituted, and both were removed by Mr. Pitt during his administration". Previously, however, to this, if we mistake not, he had enjoyed the patronage of lord Townshend, and soon after he was introduced to the rev. Philip Morant, author of the History of Essex, a gentleman of good property in that country, whose daughter and heiress he soon after married, and by that means, at her father’s death, possessed his estate.
y, he succeeded to the office of keeper of the records. He likewise became a member of the Royal and Antiquary societies, and of several learned bodies on the continent, and
In 1765, he was appointed receiver-general of sixpence
in the pound on the civil list. In 1766 he was consulted
by the committee of the House of Lords, concerning the
printing of the ancient records of parliament. To the superintendance of this work he introduced his father-in-law
Mr. Morant; and on his death in 1770, was himself appointed by the House of Lords to carry on the work, a
service in which he was employed till its completion five
years afterwards. He was then appointed, on the death
of Henry Rooke, esq. his majesty’s chief clerk in the record-office in the Tower of London and on the decease
of sir John Shelly, he succeeded to the office of keeper of
the records. He likewise became a member of the Royal
and Antiquary societies, and of several learned bodies on
the continent, and was one of the trustees of the British
Museum. Of the Antiquary Society, he was long a useful and distinguished member, and contributed several
valuable articles to the Archaeologia, in vols. IV. VII. XI
XII. and XIII. He published also The Will of king
Henry VII.“1775, 4 to.
” A Catalogue of the Mss. in
the Cottonian Library to which are added, many emendations and additions with an appendix, containing an
account of the damage sustained by the fire in 1731
and also a catalogue of the charters preserved in the
same library,“which was communicated by him to S.
Hooper, who published them in 1777, 8vo.
” The
Origin and Progress of Writing, as well hieroglyphic
as elementary illustrated by engravings taken frem,
marbles, Mss. and charters, ancient and modern also,
some account of the origin and progress of Printing,
1784,“4to. A new edition was published in 1803, with
one additional plate from a ms. in the British Museum,
marked Nero, D. IV.; and a portrait of Mr. A. painted
by Howard, and engraved by Shelton, in which the
accidental loss of an eye when at school is concealed.
”The Will of king Alfred,“found in a register of Newminster, Winchester, in the possession of the rev. George
North, and given by Dr. Lort, his executor, to Mr. Astle,
1769, was printed at Oxford, with the illustrations of Mr,
Manning, under the superintendance of sir H. Croft, 1788,
4to.
” An account of the Seals of the King’s Royal Burghs
and Magnates of Scotland, with five plates, 1793," foJ.
The Calendar to the Patent Rolls in the Tower of London, reaching from 3 John to 23 Edward IV. containing grants of offices and lands, restitutions of temporalities
to bishops, abbots, and other ecclesiastical persons confirmations of grants made to bodies corporate, as well ecclesiastical as civil ‘, grants in fee farm special licences
grants of offices special and general patents of creations
of peers; and licences of all kinds which pass the great
seal and on the backs of these rolls are commissions to
justices of the peace, of sewers, and all commissions which
pass the great seal. The Calendar of these Rolls, published
by his Majesty’s command, in pursuance of an address of
the House of Commons, on the report of the Commissioners for inquiring into the state of the Public Records, is
printed from four ms volumes procured, in 1775, by Mr.
Astle, for public use, from the executors of Henry Rooke,
esq. his predecessor in the office of keeper of the Tower
records, collated with two Mss. in the Cottonian library,
marked Titus C. II. and III. which appear to have been
compiled in the reign of James I. by some experienced
clerk, who seems to have selected from the records themselves what appeared to him most useful and interesting.
They supply many omissions and deficiencies in the Tower
copy and, after all, this Calendar, though entitled to
great merit, is only a selection, various entries appearing
on the Patent Rolls not entered here and therefore,
though this work will be found to yield abundant information, no one is to be deterred from an examination of any
record mentioned elsewhere as being on the Patent Roll
because it is not mentioned here. Mr. A’s report on the
state of the records under his care will be found in the report of the Committee abovementioned.
ning to Clapham common, where his house was richly furnished with objects to instruct and delight an antiquary, particularly his library, which contained a large and choice
His principal residence for some years before his deatji was at Battersea-rise, a beautiful eminence adjoining to Clapham common, where his house was richly furnished with objects to instruct and delight an antiquary, particularly his library, which contained a large and choice collection of books and manuscripts amongst the latter was a series of original Saxon charters, hitherto unequalled in number, beauty, and preservation. Here he departed this life, Dec. 1, 1803, in the 69th year of his age after having been for some time afflicted with a dropsical complaint. He left eight sons and daughters.
, a learned Italian antiquary, was born at Venice, Jan. 16, 1672, and soon made very extraordinary
, a learned Italian antiquary,
was born at Venice, Jan. 16, 1672, and soon made very
extraordinary proficiency in classical and polite literature.
In 1698, he lost his parents, and went into the church,
where his merit procured him the offer of preferment,
which his love of a literary life induced him for the present to decline. He became member and secretary of
the academy of the Animosi at Venice, and was likewise a
member of that of the Arcades of Rome, under the name
of Demade Olimpico. He likewise carried on an extensive correspondence with the most eminent scholars of his
age, both Italians and foreigners, particularly Alexander
Burgos, bishop of Catania father Guglielmini, Fardella,
Lazzarini, Apostolo Zeno, Scipio Maffei, Poleni, Morgagni, &c. In his latter days he was master of the choir,
and canon of the ducal church of St. Mark and died in
Venice, June 23, 1743.“He wrote, 1.
” Commentariolum
in antiquum Alcmanis poetse Laconis monumentum,“Venice, 1697, fol. reprinted in the
” Galleria di Minerva,“and by Sallengre in the
” Novus Thesaurus antiquitatum
Romanarum,“Hague, 1718, fol. 2.
” De Deo Brotonte
Epistola,“reprinted in both the above collections. 3.
Many letters and dissertations on Medals, &c. in various
collections. 4.
” Mantui, tragredia sacra musice recitanda,“Venice, 1713. 5.
” Supplices, tragredia sacra," ibid.
1713; besides many lesser pieces in Greek, Latin, and
Italian, in the collections.
which, in Mr. Gough’s opinion, very little deserve it. It were to be wished, says the same excellent antiquary, that more authorities had been given, and the charters and
, son of the preceding, by Anne,
daughter of sir Thomas Dacres of Hertfordshire, was born
in 1646, and educated with great care under the eye of
his father. He became early attached to the study of antiquities, and as he had a very considerable estate settled
upon him, he lived chiefly upon it, pursuing his studies
and exercising old English hospitality. He was elected
to represent his county in parliament as often as he
chose to accept that honour, and his knowledge and integrity induced many of his neighbours to make him the
arbitrator of their differences, which he readily undertook,
and generally executed to the satisfaction of both parties.
He married Louisa, daughter to sir John Carteret, of
Hawnes in Bedfordshire but having by her no issue male,
his father settled his estate on the male issue of sir Edward
Atkyns, which settlement was the unfortunate cause of a
law-suit between the father and son. Sir Robert differed
in other respects from his father’s opinions, being more attached to the house of Stuart, yet he inherited both his prudence and his probity, and was equally esteemed and beloved by men of all parties. His design of writing “The
History of Gloucestershire,
” took its rise from an intention
of the same sort in Dr. Parsons, chancellor of the diocese
of Gloucester, who had been at great pains and trouble to
collect the materials for such a work, in the compiling of
which he was hindered by the infirm and declining state
of his health. Sir Robert, however, did not live to see it
published, which was done by his executors. It appeared
in 1712, in one volume folio. It was very expensive to
the undertaker, who printed it in a pompous manner,
adorning it with variety of views and prospects of the seats
of the gentry and nobility, with their arms and he has
inserted some, which, in Mr. Gough’s opinion, very little
deserve it. It were to be wished, says the same excellent
antiquary, that more authorities had been given, and the
charters and grants published in the original language.
The transcripts of all these were collected by Parsons. The
price of this work, which was five guineas, has been greatly
raised by an accidental fire, Jan. 30, 1712-13, which
destroyed most of the copies in the house of Mr. Bowyer,
printer, in White Fryars. All the plates, except two or
three, falling into the hands of Mr. Herbert, engraver of
charts, he caused the lost ones to he supplied, and republished this book in 1768, correcting the literal errors, but
without so much as restoring in their proper place several
particulars pointed out in the original errata. Great part
of this second edition was also destroyed by fire.
, an eminent English antiquary, descended from an ancient family in Wiltshire, was born at
, an eminent English antiquary, descended from an ancient family in Wiltshire, was born at
Easton-Piers in that county, Nov. 3, 1625 or 1626. He
received the first rudiments of his education in the grammar-school at Malmesbury, under Mr. Robert Latimer;
who had also been preceptor to the famous Thomas
Hobbes, with whom Mr. Aubrey commenced an early friendship, which lasted as long as Mr. Hobbes lived. In 1642,
Mr. Aubrey was entered a gentleman-commoner of Trinity
college at Oxford, where he pursued his studies with great
diligence, making the history and antiquities of England
his peculiar object. About this time the famous “Monasticon Anglicanum
” was talked of in the university, to
which Mr. Aubrey contributed considerable assistance, and
procured, at his own expence, a curious draught of the
remains of Osney abbey near Oxford, which were entirely
destroyed in the civil wars. This was afterwards engraved
by Hollar, and inserted in the Mouasticon with an inscription by Aubrey. In 1646 he was admitted of the Middle
Temple, but the death of his father hindered him from
pursuing the law. He succeeded to several estates in the
counties of Wilts, Surrey, Hereford, Brecknock, and Monmouth, but they were involved in many law-suits. These
suits, together with other misfortunes, by degrees consumed all his estates, and forced him to lead a more active
life than he was otherwise inclined to. He did not, however, break off his acquaintance with the learned at Oxford or at London, but kept up a close correspondence
with the lovers of antiquity and natural philosophy in the
university, and furnished Anthony Wood with a considerable part of the materials for his two large works. W r ood,
however, in his own life, does not speak very respectfully
of his assistant. He calls him a pretender to antiquities,
and after giving an account of the origin of their acquaintance, of the gay appearance which Aubrey made at Oxford, and of his subsequent poverty, Wood adds, “He
was a shiftless person, roving and magotie-headed, and
sometimes little better than erased. And being exceedingly credulous, would stuff his many letters sent to A. W.
with folliries and mis-informations, which sometimes would
guide him into the paths of error.
”
of chemistry and ghosts, his character for veracity has never been impeached and as a very diligent antiquary, his testimony is worthy of attention. Mr. Toland, who was well
The character Mr. Malone has given him, in his “Historical account of the English Stage,
” is worthy of transcription, as the opinion of one who has had every opportunity to investigate his merits. “That,
” says Mr. Malone, “the greater part of his life was devoted to literary
pursuits, is ascertained by the works which he has published, the correspondence which he held with many eminent men, and the collections which he left in manuscript,
and which are now reposited in the Ashtnolean Museum.
Among these collection* is a curious account of our English poets and many other writers. While Wood was preparing his Athenoe Oxonienses, this manuscript was lent to
him, as appears from many queries in his hand-writing in
the margin and his account of Milton, with whom Aubrey was intimately acquainted, is (as has been observed by Mr. Warton) literally transcribed from thence. Wood
afterwards quarreled with Mr. Aubrey, whom in the second
volume of his Fasti, p. 262, he calls his friend, and on
whom, in his History of the University of Oxford he bestows the highest encomium; and, after their quarrel, with
his usual warmth, and, in his loose diction, he represented
Aubrey as a pretender, &c. But whatever Wood in a
peevish humour may have thought or said of Mr. Aubrey,
by whose labours he highly profited, or however fantastical Aubrey may have been on the subject of chemistry and
ghosts, his character for veracity has never been impeached and as a very diligent antiquary, his testimony
is worthy of attention. Mr. Toland, who was well acquainted with him, and certainly a better judge of men
than Wood, gives this character of him
” Though he was
extremely superstitious, or seemed to be so, yet he was a
very honest man, and most accurate in his account of matters of fact. But the facts he knew, not the reflections he
made, were what I wanted."
y been in the hands of archbishop Parker, from whom it passed to Mr. William Lambard, the celebrated antiquary; from him to Thomas Lambard; and at length it came to sir Roger
At length, after being so long buried in obscurity, the
indefatigable Mr. Hearne printed it at Oxford, from a ms.
belonging to sir Thomas Seabright, along with some other
curious tracts, under the title of “Roberti de Avesbury
Historia de mirabilibus gestis Edvardi III. hactenus inedita,
” e Th. Sheld. 1720, 8vo. This ms. was the same
that had formerly been in the hands of archbishop Parker,
from whom it passed to Mr. William Lambard, the celebrated antiquary; from him to Thomas Lambard; and at
length it came to sir Roger Twysden, and with the rest of
his valuable library, was purchased by sir Thomas Seabright. Besides these there are two other Mss. in being,
one in the Harleian collection in the British Museum, and
the other in the university library at Cambridge, with both
which the accurate printed edition was compared. All
these Mss. are thought to be as old as the time in which
our author flourished. There is joined to this history, and
in the same hand-writing, a French chronicle, from the first
planting of Britain to the reign of king Edward III.; but
this Mr. Hearne conceived to be the work of some other
author, and therefore did not print it. There were likewise added to the ms copies, certain notes of a miscellaneous nature, under the title of “Minutiae,
” which Mr,
Hearne has preserved, although of opinion they were not
written by Avesbury.
rest for the liberation of Desgodets and A viler, and likewise for John Foi Vaillant, the celebrated antiquary, who had been a passenger with them. Sixteen months, however,
, descended from a family originally of Nanci in Lorraine, but long established at Paris, was born in the latter city in 1653. From his earliest years, he discovered a taste for architecture, and studying the art with eagerness, soon made very considerable progress. At the age of twenty he was sent to an academy at Rome, founded by the king of France for the education of young men of promising talents in painting, architecture, &c. He was accompanied in the voyage by the celebrated Antony Desgodets, whose measurements of the ancient Roman edifices are so well known. They embarked at Marseilles about the end of 1674, with all the impatience of youthful curiosity, but had the misfortune to be taken by an Algerine corsair, and carried into slavery. Louis XIV. no sooner heard of their disaster, than he made interest for the liberation of Desgodets and A viler, and likewise for John Foi Vaillant, the celebrated antiquary, who had been a passenger with them. Sixteen months, however, elapsed before the Algerines admitted them to be exchanged for some Turkish prisoners in the power of France. Aviler and his friends obtained their liberty, Feb. 22, 1676. During their slavery, Aviler could not conceal his art, although the admiration with which it struck the Algerines, might have afforded them a pretext for detaining one who could be so useful to them. On the contrary, he solicited employment, and had it at least there was extant some time ago, an original plan and elevation of a mosque which he made, and which was built accordingly at Tunis. On being released, however, he went to Rome, where he studied for five years with uninterrupted assiduity, and on his return to France was appointed by M. Mansart, first royal architect, to a considerable place in the board of architecture. While in this situation, iie began to collect materials for a complete course of architectural studies. His first design was to reprint an edition of Vignola, with corrections but perceiving that the explanations of the plates in that work were too short, he began to add to them remarks and illustrations in the form of commentary and, what has long rendered his work valuable, he added a complete series, in alphabetical order, of architectural definitions, which embrace every branch, direct or collateral, of the art, and which have been copied into all the subsequent French dictionaries. He prefixed also a translation of Scamozzi’s sixth book, which treats of the orders.
, an industrious antiquary and collector of literary curiosities, the son of John and Elizabeth
, an industrious antiquary and collector of literary curiosities, the son of John and Elizabeth
Bagford, of the parish of St. Anne, Blackfriars, London,
was born in October 1675, and bred to the humble occupation of shoemaker. He was early led, by whatever
means, to inquiries respecting the antiquities of his own
country, and its literary history, and in the course of his
researches he acquired an extensive knowledge of old
English books, prints, and rarities, dear to the heart of a
collector, which he carefully picked up at low prices, and
sold again for a moderate profit. In this mixture of study
and trade he passed the greater part of his life, and with
such zeal, that he more than once travelled abroad, with
commissions from booksellers, and collectors, whom he
amply satisfied by his skilful punctuality, and moderate
charges. In the course of his labours, he made himself
acquainted with the history of printing, and of the arts connected with it, and in 1707, published in the Philosophical
Transactions, his “Proposals for a History of Printing,
Printers, Illuminators, Chalcography, Paper-making, &c.
”
soliciting the humble price of one pound for a folio volume,
to consist of two hundred sheets. These proposals, of
which there are several copies in the British museum, are
printed on a half-sheet, with a specimen on another, containing the life of Caxton, and a list of his books. The
numerous manuscripts by him on this subject, now in the
British museum, prove that he had at least provided ample
materials for a work of this description, and was not upon
the whole ill qualified to have written it, as far as a liberal
education could have been dispensed with. He had probably no encouragement, however, and at his death, nine
years afterwards, these ms collections were purchased by
Mr. Humphrey Wanley, for lord Oxford’s library, and
came in course with the Harleian Mss. into the British
museum. The assertion, in the last edition of this dictionary, that a part of his collections were deposited in the
public library at Cambridge, and never opened, has been
contradicted on the authority of Dr. Farmer, the late learned master of Emanuel college.
58, relative to London, and the antiquities in its vicinity^ is very creditable to his talents as an antiquary. He was much employed and respected by lord Oxford, Dr. John
and inscriptions alluding to the history of printing. His curious letter to Hearne, in the first volume of the second edition of " LelancTs Collectanea^' p. 58, relative to London, and the antiquities in its vicinity^ is very creditable to his talents as an antiquary. He was much employed and respected by lord Oxford, Dr. John Moore bishop of Ely^ sir Hans Sloane, sir James Austins-, Mr. Clavel, &c; and it is said, that for having enriched bishop Moore’s library with many curiosities (which were purchased by George I. and given to the university of Cambridge), his lordship procured him an admission into the charter-house, as a pensioner on that foundation, in the cemetery of which he was buried. He died at Islington, May 15, 1716, aged sixty-five. In Mr. Dibdin’s Bibliomania, are many curious particulars respecting Bagford, and an estimate of his talents and usefulness founded on Mr. Dibdin’s very laborious inspection of his Mss.
, an English Benedictine monk, and ecclesiastical historian and antiquary, the son of William Baker, gent, and nephew to Dr. David Lewes,
, an English Benedictine monk, and
ecclesiastical historian and antiquary, the son of William
Baker, gent, and nephew to Dr. David Lewes, judge of the
admiralty, was born at Abergavenny, Dec. 9, 1575, and
first educated at Christ’s hospital, London, whence he
went to Oxford, in 1590, and became a commoner of
Broadgate’s hall (now Pembroke college), which he left
without a degree, and joined his brother Richard, a barrister of the middle temple, where he studied law, and in
addition to the loose courses he followed, when at Oxford,
now became a professed infidel. After the death of his
brother, his father sent for him, and he was made recorder
of Abergavenny, and practised with considerable success.
While here, a miraculous escape from drowning recalled
him to his senses as to religion, but probably having no
proper advice at hand, he fell upon a course of Roman
catholic writings, and was so captivated with them that he
joined a small congregation of Benedictines then in London, and went with one of them to Italy, where, in 1605,
he took the habit, and changed his name to Augustin Baker. A fit of sickness rendering it necessary to try his
native air he returned to England, and finding his father oa
his death-bed, reconciled him to the Catholic faith. From
this time he appears to have resided in London and
different places in the country, professing his religion as
openly as could be done with safety. Some years before
his death he spent at Canjbray, as spiritual director ‘of the
English Benedictine nuns there, and employed his time in
making collections for an English ecclesiastical historj’, in
which, when at home, we are told, he was assisted by
Camden, Cotton, Spelman, Selden, and bishop Godwin,
to all of whom, Wood says, “he was most familiarly
known,
” but not, we presume, so sufficiently as this biographer supposes. Wood, indeed, tells us, that when at
the house of gentlemen, he passed for a lawyer, a character
which he supported in conversation by the knowledge he
had acquired in the Temple. He died in Gray’s Inn lane
Aug. 9, 1641, and was buried in St. Andrew’s church. He
wrote a great many religious treatises, but none were published. They amounted to nine large folios in manuscript,
and were long preserved in the English nunnery at Cambray. His six volumes of ecclesiastical history were lost,
but out of them were taken father Reyner’s “Apostolatus
Benedictinorum in Anglia,
” and a good deal of Cressy’s
“Church History.
” Wood has given a prolix account of
this man, which was probably one of those articles in his
Athenee that brought upon him the suspicion of being himself attached to popery. It is certainly written with all the
abject submission of credulity.
hysician in ordinary to the Jking, and physician to the queen. He was also a fellow of the Royal and Antiquary Societies, created a baronet Aug. 26, 1776, and in 1797 was
, an eminent physician, was the son of the Rev. George Baker, who died in 1743, being then archdeacon and registrar of Totness. He was born in 1722, educated at Eton, and was entered a scholar of King’s college, Cambridge, in July 1742, where he took his degree of B. A. 1745, and M. A. 1749. He then began the study of medicine, and took the degree of doctor in 1756. He first practised at Stamford, but afterwards settled in London, and soon arrived at very extensive practice and reputation, and the highest honours of his faculty, being appointed physician in ordinary to the Jking, and physician to the queen. He was also a fellow of the Royal and Antiquary Societies, created a baronet Aug. 26, 1776, and in 1797 was elected president of the College of Physicians, London. Besides that skill in his profession, and personal accomplishments, which introduced him into the first practice, and secured him a splendid fortune, he was a good classical scholar and critic, and his Latin works are allowed to be written in a chaste and elegant style. He died June 15, 1809, in his eighty-eighth year, after having passed this long life without any of the infirmities from which he had relieved thousands.
Mr. Baker was a constant and useful attendant at the meetings of the royal and antiquary societies, and in both was frequently chosen one of the council.
Mr. Baker was a constant and useful attendant at the
meetings of the royal and antiquary societies, and in both
was frequently chosen one of the council. He was peculiarly attentive to all the new improvements which were
made in natural science, and very solicitous for the prosecution of them. Several of his communications are printed
in the Philosophical Transactions and, besides the papers
written by himself, he was the means, by his extensive
correspondence, of conveying to the society the intelligence and observations of other inquisitive and philosophical men. His correspondence was not confined to his
own country. To him we are obliged for a true history of the
coccus polonicus, transmitted by Dr. Wolfe. It is to Mr.
Baker’s communications that we owe the larger alpine
strawberry, of late so much cultivated and approved of in
England. The seeds of it were sent in a letter from professor Bruns of Turin to our philosopher, who gave them
to several of his friends^ by whose care they furnished an
abundant increase. The seeds likewise of the true rhubarb,
or rheum palmatum, now to be met with in almost every
garden in this country, were first transmitted to Mr. Baker
by Dr. Mounsey, physician to the empress of Russia.
These, like the former, were distributed to his various
acquaintance, and some of the seeds vegetated very kindly.
It is apprehended that all the plants of the rhubarb now in
Great Britain were propagated from this source. Two or
three of Mr. Baker’s papers, which relate to antiquities,
may be found in the Philosophical Transactions. The society for the encouragement of arts, manufactures, and
commerce, is under singular obligations to our worthy naturalist. As he was one of the earliest members of it, so
he contributed in no small degree to its rise and establishment. At its first institution, he officiated for some time
gratis, as secretary. He was many years chairman ^of the
committee of accounts and he took an active part in the
general deliberations of the society. In his attendance he
was almost unfailing, and there were few questions of any
moment upon which he did not deliver his opinion. Though,
fronl the lowness of his voice, his manner of speaking was
not powerful, it was clear, sensible, and convincing; what
he said, being usually much to the purpose, and always
proceeding from the best intentions, had often the good
effect of contributing to bring the society to rational determinations, when many of the members seemed to have lost
themselves in the intricacies of debate. He drew up a
short account of the original of this society, and of the
concern he himself had in forming it; which was read before the society of antiquaries, and would be a pleasing
present to the public. Mr*. Baker was a poetical writer in
the early part of his life. His “Invocation of Health
”
got abroad without his knowledge; but was reprinted by
himself in his “Original Poems, serious and humourous,
”
Part the first, 8vo, The Universe^
a poem, intended to restrain the pride of man,
” which has
been several times reprinted. His account of the water
polype, which was originally published in the Philosophical
Transactions, was afterwards enlarged into a separate treatise, and hath gone through several editions. In 1728 he
began, and for five years conducted the “Universal Spectator,
” a periodical paper, under the assumed name of
Henry Stonecastle a selection of these papers was afterwards printed in 4 vols. 12mo. In 1737 he published “Medulla Poetarum Romanorum,
” 2 vols. 8vo, a selection from
the Roman poets, with translations. But his principal publications are, “The Microscope made easy,
” and “Employment for the Microscope.
” The first of these, which
was originally published in 1742, or 1743, has gone through
six editions. The second edition of the other, which, to
say the least of it, is equally pleasing and instructive, appearedin 1764. These treatises, and especially the latter,
contain the most curious and important of the observations
and experiments which Mr. Baker either laid before the
royal society, or published separately. It has been said
of Mr. Baker, “that he was a philosopher in little things.
”
If it was intended by this language to lessen his reputation,
there is no propriety in the stricture. He was an intelligent, upright and benevolent man, much respected by
those who knew him best. His friends were the friends of
science and virtue and it will always be remembered by
his contemporaries, that no one was more ready than himself to assist those with whom he was conversant in their
various researches and endeavours for the advancement of
knowledge and the benefit of society. His eldest son, David Erskine Baker, was a young man of genius and learning, and, like his father, a philosopher, an antiquary, and
a poet. Being very partial to mathematical and geometrical studies, the duke of Montague, then master of the ordnance, placed him in the drawing-room in the Tower, to
qualify him for the royal engineers. In a letter to Dr.
Doddridge, dated 1747, his father speaks of him in these
terms: “He has been somewhat forwarder than boys usually
are, from a constant conversation with men. At twelve
years old he had translated the whole twenty-four books of
Telemachus from the French before he was fifteen, he
translated from the Italian, and published, a treatise on
physic, of Dr. Cocchi, of Florence, concerning the diet
and doctrines of Pythagoras and last year, before he was
seventeen, he likewise published a treatise of sir Isaac
Newton’s Metaphysics, compared with those of Dr. Leibnitz, from the French of M. Voltaire. He is a pretty
good master of the Latin, understands some Greek, is
reckoned no bad mathematician for his years, and knows
a great deal of natural history, both from reading and observation, so that, by the grace of God, I hope he will
become a virtuous and useful man.
” In another letter he
mentions a singular commission given to his son, that of
making drawings of all the machines, designs, and operations employed in the grand fire- works to be exhibited on
occasion of the peace of 1748. It is to be regretted, however, that his father’s expectations were disappointed by a
reverse of conduct in this son, occasioned by his turn for
dramatic performances, and his marrying the daughter of
a Mr. Clendon, a clerical empiric, who had, like himself,
a similar turn. In consequence of this unhappy taste, he
repeatedly engaged with the lowest strolling companies, in
spite of every effort of his father to reclaim him. The
public was, however, indebted to him for “The Companion to the Playhouse,
” Biographia Dramatica
”) been considerably improved,
first in 2 vols. 8vo, and left ready for the
press an arranged collection of all the statutes relating to
bankruptcy, with cases, precedents, &c. entitled
” The
Clerk to the Commission," a work which is supposed to
have been published under another title in 1768.
, a very ingenious and learned antiquary, was descended from a family ancient and wellesteemed, distinguished
, a very ingenious and learned antiquary, was descended from a family ancient and wellesteemed, distinguished by its loyalty and affection for the
crown. His grandfather, sir George Baker, knt. to whom
our author erected a monument in the great church at
Hull, almost ruined his family by his exertions for Charles I.
Being recorder of Newcastle, he kept that town, 1639,
against the Scots (as they themselves wrote to the parliament) with a “noble opposition.
” He borrowed large
sums upon his own credit, and sent the money to the king,
or laid it out in his service. His father was George Baker,
esq. of Crook, in the parish of Lanchester, in the county
of Durham, who married Margaret, daughter of Thomas
Forster of Edderston, in the county of Northumberland,
csq. Mr. Baker was born at Crook, September 14, 1656.
He was educated at the free-school at Durham, under Mr.
Battersby, many years master, and thence removed with
his elder brother George, to St. John’s college, Cambridge, and admitted, the former as pensioner, the latter
as fellow-commoner, under the tuition of Mr. Sanderson, July 9, 1674. He proceeded, B. A. 1677; M. A.
1681; was elected fellow, March 1680; ordained deacon by bishop Compton of London, December 20, 1685;
priest by bishop Barlow of Lincoln, December 19, 1686.
Dr. Watson, tutor of the college, who was nominated, but
not yet consecrated, bishop of St. David’s, offered to take
him for his chaplain, which he declined, probably on the
prospect of a like offer from Crew, lord bishop of Durham,
which he soon after accepted. His lordship collated him to
the rectory of Long- Newton in his diocese, and the same
county, June 1687; and, as Dr. Grey was informed by
some of the bishop’s family, intended to have given him
that of Sedgefieid, worth six or seven hundred pounds ayear, with a golden prebend, had he not incurred his displeasure, and left his family, for refusing to read king
James the Second’s declaration for liberty of conscience.
Mr. Baker himself gives the following account of this affair:
“When the king’s declaration was appointed to be read,
the most condescending thing the bishop ever did was coming to my chambers (remote from his) to prevail with me
to read it in his chapel at Auckland, which I could not do,
having wrote to my curate not to read it at my living at
Long-Newton. But he did prevail with the curate at Auckland to read it in his church, when the bishop was present
to countenance the performance. When all was over, the
bishop (as penance I presume) ordered me to go to the
dean to require him to make a return to court of the names
of all such as did not read it, which I did, though I was one
of the number.
” But this bishop, who disgraced Mr. Baker
for this refusal, and was excepted out of king William’s
pardon, took the oaths to that king, and kept his bishopric
till his death. Mr. Baker resigned Long-Newton August
1, 1690, refusing to take the oaths; and retired to his fellowship at St. John’s, in which he was protected till January
20, 1717, when, with one-and-twenty others, he was dispossessed of it. This hurt him most of all, not for the
profit he received from it but that some whom he thought
his sincerest friends came so readily into the new measures.
particularly Dr. Robert Jenkin the master, who wrote a defence of the profession of Dr. Lake, bishop of Chichester,
concerning the new oaths and passive obedience, and resigned his precentorship of Chichester, and vicarage of Waterbeach, in the county of Cambridge. Mr. Baker could
not persuade himself but he might have shewn the same
indulgence to his scruples on that occasion, as he had done
before while himself was of that way of thinking. Of all
his sufferings none therefore gave him so much uneasiness.
In a letter from Dr. Jenkin, addressed to Mr. Baker, fellow
of St. John’s, he made the following remark on the superscription “I was so then I little thought it should be by
him that I am now no fellow; but God is just, and I am a
sinner.
” After the passing the registering act, I thank you for your kind
concern for me; and yet I was very well apprized of the
late act, but do not think it worth while at this age, and
under these infirmities, to give myself and friends so much
trouble about it. I do not think that any living besides
myself knows surely that my annuity is charged upon any
part of my cousin Baker’s estate or if they do, I can
hardly believe that any one, for so poor and uncertain a reward, will turn informer or if any one be found so poorly
mean and base, I am so much acquainted with the hardships of the world, that I can bear it. I doubt not I shall
live under the severest treatment of my enemies or, if I
cannot live, I am sure I shall die, and that’s comfort enough
to me. If a conveyance will secure us against the act, I
am willing to make such a conveyance to them, not fraudulent or in trust, but in as full and absolute a manner as
words can make it and if that shall be thought good security, I desire you will have such a conveyance drawn and
sent me by the post, and I'll sign it and leave it with any
friend you shall appoint till it can be sent to you.
” He retained a lively resentment of his deprivations and wrote
himself in all his books, as well as in those which he gave
to the college library, “socius ejectus,
” and in some
“ejectus rector.
” He continued to reside in the college
as commoner-master till his death, which happened July 2,
1740, of a paralytic stroke, being found on the floor of his
chamber. In the afternoon of June 29, being alone in his
chamber, he was struck with a slight apoplectic fit, which
abating a little, he recovered his senses, and knew all about
him, who were his nephew Burton, Drs. Bedford and Heberden. He seemed perfectly satisfied and resigned and
when Dr. Bedford desired him to take some medicine then
ordered, he declined it, saying, he would only take his
usual sustenance, which his bedmaker knew the times and
quantities of giving he was thankful for the affection and
care his friends shewed him, but, hoping the time of his
dissolution was at hand, would by no means endeavour to
retard it. His disorder increased, and the third day from
this seizure he departed. He was buried in St. John’s outer
chapel, near the monument of Mr. Ash ton, who founded
his fellowship. No memorial has yet been erected over
him, he having forbidden it in his will. Being appointed
one of the executors of his elder brother’s will, by which a
large sum was bequeathed to pious uses, he prevailed on
the other two executors, who were his other brother Francis
and the hon. Charles Montague, to layout 1310l. of the
money upon an estate to be settled upon St. John’s college
for six exhibitioners. Mr. Masters gives a singular instance
f his unbiassed integrity in the disposal of these exhibitions. His friend Mr. Williams, rector of Doddington, had
applied to Mr. Baker for one of them for his son, and received the following answer
, a learned Italian antiquary and philosopher, was born at Brescia in 1677, and died at Tivoli
, a learned Italian antiquary
and philosopher, was born at Brescia in 1677, and died
at Tivoli in 1765. He entered early into the congregation
of the regular clerks, and arrived at their highest dignities.
His works, all in ItaHan, were, 1. “Sopra le forze moventi.
” 2. “Relazione dell' Aurora Boreale, veduta in
Roma,
” Calogerae opusculis
philologis.
” 3. “Dissertazione sopra certi Vasetti di
creta trovati in una camera sepolcrale nella Vigna di
S. Cesario, in Roma.
” 4. “Dissertazione sopra un‘ antica
piastra di bronzo, che si suppone un’ Orologie da sole:
”
these two are inserted in “Saggi de Dissertation! di Cortona,
” vol. II. and III. He published an edition of Vaillant’s Numismata Imp. Romanorum, Rome, 1743, 4to,
to which Khella published a supplement in 1767, Vienna.
He was also author of remarks on Anastasius Bibliothecarius’s lives of the popes.
rius, Boston of Bury, Fruaientarius, Capgrave, Bostius, BureU lus, Trithemius, Gesner, and our great antiquary John Leland that it consists of nine centuries, comprises the
Bishop Bale’s fame now principally rests on his valuable
collection of British biography, which was first published,
under the title of “lllustrium Majoris Britanniae scriptorum, hoc est, Anglic, Cambriae et Scotia?, Summarium,
”
Ipswich, 1549, 4to, containing only five centuries of writers. To these he added afterwards four more centuries,
with many additions and improvements on the first edition,
the whole printed in a large folio, at Basil, by Oporinus,
1559. The title is greatly enlarged, and informs us, that
the writers, whose lives are there treated of, are those of
the Greater Britain, namely, England and Scotland that
the work commences from Japhet, one of the sons of Noah,
and is carried down through a series of 3618 years, to the
year of our Lord 1557, at which time the author was an exile
for religion in Germany that it is collected from a great
variety of authors, as Berosus, Gennadius, Bede, Honorius,
Boston of Bury, Fruaientarius, Capgrave, Bostius, BureU
lus, Trithemius, Gesner, and our great antiquary John
Leland that it consists of nine centuries, comprises the
antiquity, origin, annals, places, successes, the more remarkable actions, sayings, and writings of each author; in
all which a due regard is had to chronology the whole
with this particular view, that the actions of the reprobate
as well as the elect ministers of the church may historically
and aptly correspond with the mysteries described in the
Revelation, the stars, angels, horses, trumpets, thunder ings, heads, horns, mountains, vials, and plagues, through
every age of the same church. There are appendixes to
many of the articles, and an account of such actions of the
contemporary popes as are omitted by their flatterers, Cargulanus, Platina, &c. together with the actions of the monks,
particularly those of the mendicant order, who (he says)
are meant by the locusts in the Revelation, ch. ix. ver. 3
and 7. To these Appendixes is added a perpetual succession both of the holy fathers and the antichrists of the
church, with curious instances from the histories of various
nations and countries in order to expose their adulteries,
debaucheries, strifes, seditions, sects, deceits, poisonings,
murders, treasons, and innumerable impostures. The book
is dedicated to Otho Henry, prince palatine of the Rhine,
duke of both the Bavarias, and elector of the Roman empire and the epistle dedicatory is dated from Basil in
September, 1557. Afterwards^ in 1559, appeared a continuation of the workj with the addition of five more centuries (which the editors of the Biog. Brit, call a new edition). His other works are divided by Fuller into two parts,
those he wrote when a papist, and those when a protestant:
but Fuller’s list containing only the subjects of his works,
and not the titles or dates, we shall prefer the following list
from Ames and Herbert; premising, that, according to
Fox, in his Acts and Monuments, Bale wrote some books
under the name of John “Harrison. He was the sou of
Henry Bale, and on that account, perhaps, took the name
of Harrison l.
” The Actes of Englysh Votaries, comprehending their unchast practyses and examples by all ages >
from the world’s beginning to this present year, collected
out of their own legendes and chronicles, 8vo, 1546> 1548,
1551, and 1560. 2. “Yet a course at the Homy she Fox,
”
by John Harrison, i. e. Bale, Zurich, Declaration of William Tolwyn,
” London, date uncertain, Ames says The Apology of JohanBale agaynste a ranke
Papyst, answering both hym and hys doctours, that neyther their vowes nor yet their pricsthotic are of the gospel,
but of Antichrist;
” with this, “A brefe exposycion upon,
the xxx chapter of Numeri,
” London, 15,50, 8vo. 4. “An
Expostulation or Coinplaynt, agaynste the blasphemy es of
a frantic Papyst of Hamshyrc,
” with metrical versions ef
the 23d and 130th Psalms,“London, 1552, and 1584, 8vo.
5.
” The Image of both Churches, after the most wonderiul and heavenly Revelation of Sainct John the Evangelist,
contayning a very fruitefull exposicion or paraphrase upon
the same,“first, second, and third parts, London, 1550, and
1584, 8vo. 6. A brefe Chronicle concerning the examination and death of the blessed Martir of Christ, Sir Johan
Oldecastle, Lord Cobham,
” 1544 and 1576, 8vo, reprinted
also in 1729. 7. “The vocacyon of Johan Bale to the
Bishoprick of Ossorie in Ireland, his persecucions in the
same, and final deliveraunce,
” London, A Declaration
of Edmonde Bonner’s Articles, concerning the Cleargye
of London Dyocese, whereby that execrable amychriste is
in his righte colours reueled in the year of our Lord 1554.
Newlye set fourth and allowed,
” London, 1561, 8vo. 9,
“The Pageant of Popes, containing the lyves of all the
bishops of Rome from the beginninge of them to the yeare
of grace 1555, London, 4to, 1574. This is a translation
from Bale’s Latin edition, by J. S. i. e. John Stu'dley. 10.
” A new Comedy or Interlude, concerning the Laws of
Nature, Moises, and Christ,“London, 1562, 4to. This
was written in 1532, and first printed in the time of Edward VI. 11.
” A Tragedie or Enterlucle, manifesting the
chief promises of God unto man, by all ages in the olde
lawe, from the fall of Adam to the incarnation,“London,
1577, 4to. 12.
” A Mystereye of Inyquyte contayned
within the heretycall genealogye of Ponce Pantolabus, is
here both dysclosed and confuted,“Geneva, 1545, 16mo.
13.
” The First Examination of the worthy servaunt of God
Mastres Anne Askew,“Marpurg, 1546, 16mo, and the
” Lattre Examinacion“of the same, ibid. 1547. 14.
” A
brife and fay th full declaration of the true Faith in Christ,“1547, IGmo. Mr. Herbert conjectures this to be Bale’s.
The initials only of the author are given. 15.
” The laboryouse journey and serche of Johan Leylande, for En glandes Antiquitees, &c.“London, 1549, 16mo, reprinted
in the Life of Leland (with those of Wood and Hearne)
1772, and followed there by a memoir of Bale. 16.
” The
confession -of the synner after the sacred scriptures, 1549,
8vo. 17. “A Dialogue or Communycacyon to be had at
a table between two chyldren gathered out of the Holy
Scriptures, by John Bale for his two yonge sonnes, Johan
acid Paule,
” London, Bapt.
Mantuanus’s treatise on Death,
” London, The true hystorie of the Christen departynge of the reverend man D. Martyne Luther, &c.
” A
godly Medytacyon of the Christen Soule, from the French
of Margaret queen of Navarre,
” London, probably, Acts of.
the English Votaries,
” and other pieces written against the
Papists, are best known, although censured for their intemperance and partiality. The character, indeed, of few
writers has been more variously represented., Gesner,
in his Bibliotheca, calls him a writer of the greatest diligence, and bishop Godwin gives him the character of a
laborious inquirer into British antiquities. Similar praise
is bestowed on him by Humphrey in his “Vaticinium de
Koma,
” and by Vogler in his “Introduct. Universal, in
notit. Scriptor.
” who also excuses his asperity against the
Papists, from what England had suffered from them, and
adds, that even the popish writers cannot help praising his
great biographical work. On the other hand, bishop Montague, Andreas Valerius, and Vossius, while they allow his
merit as a writer, object to his warmth and partiality. Pitts,
his successor in British biography, and a bigotted Papist,
rails against him without mercy, or decency, but may be
forgiven on account of the pains he took to give us a more
correct book, or at least, what could be alleged on the
other side of the question. Even Fuller imputes intemperance of mind to him, and calls him “Biliosus Balseus,
”
imputing his not being made a bishop, on his return, by
queen Elizabeth, to this cause but it is equally probable,
that he had conceived some prejudices against the hierarchy,
while residing with the Geneva reformers abroad. We
know this was the case with Coverdale, a man of less equivocal character. Wharton, in his “Anglia Sacra,
” and
Nicolson, in his “Historical Library,
” censure those
errors which in Bale were either unavoidable, or wilful, in
dates, titles of books,- and needlessly multiplying the latter. After all these objections, it will not appear surprising that Bale’s work was speedily inserted among the
prohibited books, in the Index Expurgatorius. Such a
writer was naturally to be forbidden, as an enemy to the
see of Rome. From one accusation, the late Dr. Pegge has
amply defended him in his “Anonymiana
” It was said
that after he had transcribed the titles of the volumes of
English writers which fell into his hands, he either burnt
them or tore them to pieces. This calumny was first pub^
lished by Struvius in his “Acta Literaria,
” upon the authority of Barthius. Upon the whole, with every deduction that can be made from his great work, it must ever be
considered as the foundation of English biography, and as
such, men of all parties have been glad to consult it, although with the caution necessary in all works written in
times of great animosity of sentiment, and political and
religious controversy.
, an English antiquary and biographer, and one of those singular compositions which
, an English antiquary and biographer, and one of those singular compositions which
shoot forth without culture, was born at Campden in Gloucestershire. Being of a weakly constitution, his parents
placed him in the shop of a habit-maker; and in this situation he had the curiosity to acquire the Saxon language. The
time he employed for this purpose was stolen from sleep,
after the labour of the day was over. Lord Chedworth,
and the gentlemen of his hunt, who used to spend about
a month of the season at Campden, hearing of his laudable
industry, generously offered him an annuity of 100l. but
he modestly told them, that 60l. were fully sufficient to
satisfy both his wants and his wishes. Upon this he retired to Oxford, for the benefit of the Bodleian library;
and Dr. Jenner, president, made him one of the eight clerks
of Magdalen college, which furnished him with chambers
and commons, and being thus a gremial, he was afterwards
chosen one of the university beadles, but died in June,
1755, rather young; which is supposed to have been owing
to too intense application. He left large collections
behind him, but published only “Memoirs of British Ladies,
who have been celebrated for their writings or skill in the
learned languages, arts, and sciences,
” I know not what
additions Mr. George Ballard can make to Mr. Stowe’s life;
this I know, that being a taylor himself, he is a great admirer of that plain honest antiquary,
” who was also a
taylor. A very large collection, of his epistolary correspondence is preserved in the Bodleian library.
, a French antiquary, was born at Marnay, in 1700, and entered the order of the barefooted
, a French antiquary, was born
at Marnay, in 1700, and entered the order of the barefooted Carmelites. He was afterwards promoted to be
bishop of Babylon, and French consul, and during his residence in the east, acquired the esteem and confidence of
the native powers, as well as of the French merchants.
He published “Relation faite a Rome, 1754, a le pape
Benoit XIV. du commencement, du progres, et de l'etat
present de la mission de Babylone,
” Fr. and Lat. Rome,
1754, 12mo, which, although often reprinted, is nowscarce. He had also a taste for the fine, arts, and formed
a noble collection of medals, amounting to six thousand
three hundred pieces, of which one of his nephews printed
a catalogue. Having travelled over the Christian establishments of Asia, he had an opportunity of examining the
accounts of former travellers, and his observations, in the
form of a journal, were deposited in the library of the
duke of Orleans. From these D'Anville extracted the
description of an ancient piece of sculpture, which he inserted in vol. XVII. of the Memoirs of the Academy of
Inscriptions. Ballyet died of the plague, at Bagdad, in
1773.
, a celebrated antiquary, was born at Ragusa, a small republic situated in Dalmatia,
, a celebrated antiquary, was born
at Ragusa, a small republic situated in Dalmatia, on the
coast of the Adriatic, and entered when young into the
Benedictine order, in Meleda or Melita, an island not far
from Ragusa. After taking the vows at Naples, he travelled over part of Italy, and intended to have settled at
Florence, a place favourable for literary pursuits. During
this journey his musical Skill, particularly on the organ,
procured him a favourable reception at the different convents in his way, and enabled him to travel agreeably and
without expense. On his arrival at Florence, although still
ft very young man, he was found so able a linguist, that he
was appointed to teach the learned languages in various
religious houses of his order. The celebrated Montfaucon
happening to visit Florence in 1700, he employed Banduri
to examine the manuscripts which he wished to consult for
a new edition of the works of St. Chrysostom, and conceived
such an opinion of him as to recommend him to Cosmo II.
grand duke of Tuscany, who then had a design of restoring
the fame of the university of Pisa. But representing, at
the same time, that it would be advantageous for so young
a man to pass some years at Paris, in the abbey of St. Germain, for farther improvement, the grand duke consented,
and Banduri arrived at Paris about the end of 1702, and
was lodged in the abbey, where his patron Cosmo supplied
him with every thing necessary and useful. His first studies
here, agreeably to his original design, were turned to divinity, and ecclesiastial history, and in May 1705, he published the prospectus of an edition of the works of Nicephorus, patriarch of Constantinople, with prefaces, dissertations, and notes. This he intended to be followed by an
edition of Thfodoriis of IVIopsuesta’s commentary on the
minor prophets, and other ancient commentators. Happcning, however, in the course of his researches, to meet
with several documents relative to the antiquities of Constantinople, he was advised to publish them, along with
ethers already published and this gave rise to his most
celebrated work, “Imperium Orientale, sive Antiquitatis
Constantinopolitanae,
” &c. Paris, Numismata Imperatorum Romanorum, cum Bibliotheca nummaria, sive auctorum qui de re nummaria scripserunt,
” 2 vols. folio, 1718, reprinted by John Albert Fabricius at Hamburgh in 1719, 4to. In both these works Banduri was assisted by the abbe Lama, of Naples, and yet
more by M. de la Barre, who was his associate in the academy of the belles lettres. In 1715 he was elected an
honorary academician, and was very assiduous in his attendance on that learned body. In 1723 he announced his
new edition of Nicephorus and Theodorus of Mopsuesta,
as being ready for publication in 4 vols. folio, but they
never appeared. In 1724 he was appointed librarian to the
duke of Orleans, with apartments in the palace, and there
he died of an attack of the gout, Jan. 14, 1743, aged about
seventy-two or seventy-three years. His eloge, by M.Freret, is inserted in the Memoirs of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, vol. XVI.
, a French antiquary, was born at St. Fargeau in Puisay, in the diocese of Auxerre,
, a French antiquary, was born
at St. Fargeau in Puisay, in the diocese of Auxerre, in
1696, and died at Paris in 1770, after having passed the
greater part of his life in the study of the ancient French
writers, from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. This
pursuit recommended him to many of the literati, who invited him to Paris, and there the abbe La Porte and Graville
engaged him to assist them, in a prolix, but curious work,
entitled “Recueil alphabetique depuis la lettre C jusqu‘a
la fin de l’alphabet,
” which was begun by the abbe Perau,
and printed in 24 vols. 12mo, Paris, 1745, &c. He published afterwards, 1. “Fabliaux et contes des poetes Franc,ais des 12, 13, 14,et 15 siecles,
” Paris, L'Ordene de chivalerie,
” ib. Le Castoiement, ou instructions d' une pere a son fils,
”
a moral work of the thirteenth century, ib. Glossaire du nouveau
tresor de Borel,
” the manuscript of which is in the library
of the French arsenal, with the exception of the first part,
which has been lost.
, a very learned divine and antiquary, in the end of the sixteenth, and part, of the seventeenth century,
, a very learned
divine and antiquary, in the end of the sixteenth, and part,
of the seventeenth century, was born in the parish of St.
Mary the More, in the city of Exeter, about 1572. He was
the second son of Lawrence Barkham, of St. Leonard’s,
near that city, by Joan his wife, daughter of Edward
Bridgeman of Exeter, a near relation of John Bridgeman,
bishop of Chester. In Michaelmas term, 15^7, he was entered a sojourner.of Exeter college in Oxford; and on the
24th of August, the year following, admitted scholar of
Corpus Christi college in the same university. He took the
degre of B. A. February 5 1590-1, and that of M. A. December 12, 1594. On “the 21st of June, 1596, he was
chosen probationer fellow of Corpus Christi college, being
then in orders and July 7, 1603, took the degree of B. D.
Some time after, he became chaplain to Ric. Bancroft,
archbishop of Canterbury: and, after his death, to George
Abbot, his successor in that see. On the llth of June,
1608, he was collated to the rectory of Finchleyin Middlesex, and on the 31st of October, 1610, to the prebend of
Brownswood, in the cathedral of St. Paul’s on the 29th of
March, 1615, to the rectory of Packlesham; the 27th of
May following to the rectory of Lachingdon and, the 5th
of December, 1616, to the rectory and deanery of Bocking, all in the county of Essex. But, in 1617, he resigned
Packlesham, as he had done Finchley in 1615. March 14,
1615, he was created D. D. He had great skill and knowledge in most parts of useful learning, being an exact historian, a good herald, an able divine, a curious critic,
master of several languages, an excellent antiquarian, and
well acquainted with coins and medals, of which he had the
best collection of any clergyman in his time. These he
gave to Dr. Laud, archbishop of Canterbury, who presented
them to the university of Oxford. He died at Bocking,
March 25, 1642, and was buried in the chancel of that
church. He was a man of strict life and conversation, charitable, modest, and reserved, but above all, exemplary in
his duties as a clergyman. Dr. Barkham wrote nothing in
his own name, but assisted others in their works, particularly Speed in his history of Great Britain, which that author gratefully acknowledges. In this work Barkham wrote
” The life and reign of king John,“one of the most valuable in the book and
” The life and reign of king
Henry II.“in the same history. He is likewise the author
of
” The display of Heraldry,“&c. first published at London in 1610, folio, under the name of John Guillim. The
learned author having mostly composed it in his younger
years, thought it too light a subject for him (who was a grave divine) to own, and gave Guillim the copy, who,
adding some trivial things, published it, with the author’s
leave, under his own name. He published also Mr. Ric,
Crakanthorpe’s book against the archbishop of Spalato, entitled
” Defensio Ecclesiie Anglicanee,“Lond. 1625, 4to,
with a preface of his own. It is said also that he wrote a
treatise on coins, which was never published. Fuller, in his
usual, way, says, that he was <fr a greater lover of coins than
of money; rather curious in the stamps than covetous for
the metal thereof.
”
speeches from his own imagination, which he thought was imitating Thucydides. Of his judgment as an antiquary, it may be a sufficient specimen that he traced the institution
In 1700, he married Mrs. Mason, a widow lady of Hemingford, near St. Ives, in Huntingdonshire, with a jointure of c200 per annum. The common report is, that this
lady, who was between forty and fifty, having for some
time been a great admirer of Mr. Barnes, came to
Cambridge, and desired leave to settle an hundred pounds a
year upon him after her death which he politely refused,
unless she would condescend to make him happy in her
person^ which was none of the most engaging. The lady
was too obliging to refuse any thing to “Joshua, for
whom,
” she said, “the sun stood still
” and soon after
they were married. This jointure was probably a help to
him, but he had no church preferment, and bore a considerable part in the printing of some of his works, particularly his Homer. It appears that he was much involved
with the expence of this work, and wrote two supplicating
letters on the subject to the earl of Oxford, which are now
in the British Museum, and weiae copied some years ago,
and printed in the St. James’s Chronicle by George Steevens, esq. What the effect of them was, we know not but
it is said that he at one time generously refused c2000 a
year which was offered to be settled upon him. Upon the
same authority we are told that a copy of verses which he
wrote to prove that Solomon was the author of the Iliad,
was not so much from the persuasion of his own mind, as
to amuse his wife and by that means engage her to supply him with money towards defraying the expences of the
edition. On his monument is a Latin inscription, and
some Greek anacreontics by Dr. Savage, rather extravagant, but composed by way of pleasantry, and which his
widow requested might be inscribed. The English translation, often reprinted, is professedly burlesque but one
curious-fact is recorded on this monument, that he “read
a small English Bible one hundred and twenty-one times
at his leisure,
” which, Mr. Cole remarks, is but once
more than the learned duke de Montausier had read the
Greek Testament. In one of the above-mentioned letters
to Harley, he says, “I have lived in the university above
thirty years fellow of a college, now above forty years
standing, and fifty-eight years of age am bachelor of
divinity, and have preached before kings.
” How Mr.
Barnes was neglected in church preferment cannot now be
ascertained, but it seems not improbable that he did not
seek it, his whole life being spent in study, and his only
wants, those which arose from the expense of his publications. His pursuits were classical, and although from his
constant perusal of the Bible, we may infer his piety, we
know little of him as a divine.
The following is a Jist of Mr. Barnes’s works, published
and unpublished; and from the latter, we may at least
form a very high opinion of his industry. It is unnecessary, perhaps, to add that his editions of the classics are
not now in the highest reputation. Their errors were
pointed out in his life-time, and superior critics have in a
great measure superseded the use of them. While at
Christ-church he published, 1. "Sacred Poems, in five
books, viz. I. These pieces are in English, with a Latin dedication, an. 1669. 2.
” The Life of Oliver Cromwell, the
Tyrant,“an English poem, 1670. 3. Several dramatic
pieces, viz. Xerxes, Pythias and Damon, Holofernes, &c.
some in English and some in Latin; the former written
entirely by himself, the latter in conjunction with others.
Also some tragedies of Seneca translated into English.
4.
” Upon the Fire of London and the Plague,“a Latin
poem in heroic verse. 5.
” A Latin Elegy upon the beheading of St. John the Baptist.“He afterwards published, 6.
” Gerania, or a new discovery of a little sort
of people called Pigmies," 1655, 12mo. 7. 1679, 8vo. 8.
” The History of that most victorious
monarch Edward III. king of England and France, and
lord of Ireland, and first founder of the most noble order
of the Garter; being a full and exact account of the Life
and Death of the said King; together with that of his most
renowned son, Edward Prince of Wales and Acquitain,
surnamed the Black Prince; faithfully and carefully collected from the best and most ancient authors domestic
and foreign, printed books, manuscripts, and records,“Cambridge, 1688, fol. a very elaborate collection of facts,
but strangely intermixed with long speeches from his own
imagination, which he thought was imitating Thucydides.
Of his judgment as an antiquary, it may be a sufficient
specimen that he traced the institution of the order of the
garter to the Phenicians, following his predecessor Aylet
Sammes, who derives all our customs from the same ancient people. 9. His
” Euripides,“1694, fol. 10.
” His
Anacreon,“1705 and 1721, 8vo, which he dedicated to
the duke of Marlborough, who, it has been observed,
knew nothing of Anacreon, or of Greek. 11. His Homer,
” 2 vols. 1711, 4to. The verses he wrote proving
that Solomon wrote the Iliad, are in ms. in the library of
Emanuel college.
, a learned French historian, antiquary, and biographer, was born at Tournay, March 9, 1688. His father,
, a learned
French historian, antiquary, and biographer, was born at
Tournay, March 9, 1688. His father, Paul Joseph de la
Barre, an eminent lawyer, sent him early to Paris, where he
made great proficiency in classical studies, particularly
Greek, which he not only studied critically, but acquired
considerable skill in the collation of ancient manuscripts,
and the antiquities of the language. When Banduri came
to Paris, with some works for the press, young de la Barre
was recommended to him as an assistant in transcribing
and comparing manuscripts, and it was by his aid that Banduri was enabled to publish his “Imperiwm Orientate,' 12
vols. folio, and his
” Medals“(see Banduri) for which
services Banduri prevailed on the grand duke of Tuscany
to grant him a pension, which was punctually paid to de la
Barre, until the death of the last sovereign of the house of
Medici. As soon as de la Barre was at leisure from his
eugagements with Bandnri, the booksellers employed him
on a new edition of D'Acheri’s
” Spicilegium,“which he
accordingly undertook, and which was published in 1723,
3 vols. folio, in a very much improved state. He next contributed to the edition of Moreri’s dictionary of 1125. In
1727 he was admitted a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, a choice whjch the many learned
papers he published in their memoirs fully justified. In
the same year he undertook to continue the literary journal of Verdun, which he did during his life, and added
much to its character. In 1729 he published a work very
interesting to French historians,
” Mcmoircs pour servir a
l'histoire cie France et de Bourgogne.“In 1732 he published new editions of the
” Secretaire du Cabinet,“and
the
” Secretaire dn Cour,“2 vols. 12mo; improving both
very essentially, although we may be allowed to doubt
whether
” Letter-writing“can be effectually taught by
models. In 1733 he revised and corrected an edition of
M. cie Larrey’s
” L'histoire de France, sous le regne de
Louis XIV." 12 mo. In 1735 appeared a new history of
Paris, in 5 vols, taken from that of father Lobineau, but la
Barre wrote only the fifth volume. A very few months before his death he had projected a dictionary of Greek and
Itoman antiquities, which was to form four folio volumes,
and had executed some parts of it with great care and accuracy, at the time of his death, May 23, 1738. Hiseloge
was pronounced by M. de Boze.
s more highly favourable, and we refer with pleasure to it as a memoir in which the curiosity of the antiquary will be amply gratified. Sir Richard thus briefly sums up the
In 1806, sir Richard Colt Hoare, bart. published in two
splendid quarto volumes, “The Itinerary of archbishop
Baldwin through Wales, A. D. 1188, by Giraldus de
Barri; translated into English, and illustrated with views,
annotations, and a life of Giraldus.
” In this life, an elegant and elaborate composition, although the facts are not
materially different from the preceding, yet the colouring
is more highly favourable, and we refer with pleasure to
it as a memoir in which the curiosity of the antiquary
will be amply gratified. Sir Richard thus briefly sums
up the character of Girald: “Noble in his birth, and
comely in his person; mild in his manners, and affable
in his conversation; zealous, active, and undaunted in
maintaining the rights and dignities of his church; moral
in his character, and orthodox in his principles; charitable
and disinterested, though ambitious; learned, though superstitious. Such was Giraldus. And in whatever point
of view we examine the character of this extraordinary
man, whether as a scholar, a patriot, or a divine, we may
justly consider him as one of the brightest luminaries that
adorned the annals of the twelfth century.
”
d professor of history and civil law, and held the offices of assessor of the consistory, secretary, antiquary, and keeper of the royal archives. He died Nov. 5, 1690. He
, son of the preceding, became eminent in the science of jurisprudence, in the prosecution of which he studied at the universities of Copenhagen, Leyden, Oxford, Paris, Leipsic, and at London.
On his return home he was appointed professor of history
and civil law, and held the offices of assessor of the consistory, secretary, antiquary, and keeper of the royal archives.
He died Nov. 5, 1690. He published, 1. “De Holgero
Dano,
” De Longobardis,
” De equestris ordinis Danebrogici a Christiano V. instaurati origine,
” fol. 4: “De causis mortis a Danis gentilibus contemptae.
” 5. “Antiquit. Danic. libri tres,
”
, an English antiquary, was born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, in 1647. He was
, an English antiquary, was
born at St. Edmund’s Bury, in Suffolk, in 1647. He was
some time fellow of Trinity college, Cambridge, and chaplain to archbishop Sancroft, afterwards, by his grace’s favour, rector of Adisham, in Kent, prebendary of Canterbury, and archdeacon of the diocese, and died Oct. 10,
1708. Dr. Thomas Terry, canon of Christ-church, Oxford, published Dr. Battely’s “Antiquitates Rutupinae,
”
in Antiquitates
St. Edmondburgi,
” an unfinished history of his native
place, and its ancient monastery, down to the year 1272.
This was published by his nephew, Oliver Battely, with
an appendix also, and list of abbots, continued by sir
James Burrough, late master of Caius college, Cambridge.
The doctor’s papers are said, in the preface, to remain in
the hands of his heirs, ready to be communicated to any
who will undertake the work. In 1774, Mr. John Duncombe published a translation of the “Antiquitates Rutupinae,
” under the title of “The Antiquities of Richborough and Reculver, abridged from the Latin of Mr.
Archdeacon Battely,
” Lond. Somner’s Antiquities of Canterbury,
” and wrote some
papers and accounts of Eastbridge hospital, in Canterbury,
which are printed in Strype’s life of Whitgift.
de Dairval, an eminent French antiquary, was born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1648. He studied partly at Beauvais,
de Dairval, an eminent French antiquary, was born at Paris, Nov. 29, 1648.
He studied partly at Beauvais, under his uncle Halle, an
eminent doctor of the Sorbonne, and director of that school,
and afterwards at Paris under Danet, author of the dictionaries which bear his name. His inclination was for
medicine as a profession, but family reasons decided in
favour of the law, in which he became an advocate of parliame,nr, and a distinguished pleader. Happening to be
pbligedto go to Dijon about a cause in which his mother
was concerned, he amused his leisure hours in visiting the
libraries and museums with which Dijon at that time
abounded. He pleaded that cause, however, so ably, that
the marquis de la Meilleraye was induced to intrust him
with another of great importance which had brought him
to Dijon, and our young advocate, now metamorphosed
into an antiquary, laid out the fee he received from his
noble client, in the purchase of a cabinet of books, medals,
&c. then on sale at Dijon. With this he returned to Paris,
but no more to the bar, his whole attention being absorbed
in researches on the remains of antiquity. The notions
he had formed on this subject appeared soon in his principal work on the utility of travelling, and the advantages
which the learned derive from the study of antiquities.-It
was entitled “Dd'ntilite des Voyages,
” 2 vols. ie>86, 12mo,
often reprinted, and the edition of Rouen in 1727 is said
to be the best, although, according-to Niceron, not the
most correct. The reputation of this work brought him
acquainted with the most eminent antiquaries of England,
Holland, and Germany, and, when he least expected such
an honour, he was admitted an associate of the academy
of the Ricovrati of Padua, and was generally consulted on
all subjects of antiquity which happened to be the object
of public curiosity. In 1698 he printed a dissertation on
Ptolomy Auletes, whose head he discovered on an ancient
amethyst hitherto undescribed, in the cabinet of the duchess
of Orleans, who rewarded him by the appointment of keeper
of her cabinet of medals. In 1700, he wrote a letter to
Mr. Lister of the royal society of London, describing an
enormous stone found in the body of a horse. He afterwards published separately, or in the literary journals,
various memoirs on antique medals, and in 1705 he was
chosen a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles
lettres. This honour inspirited his labours, and he became
a frequent contributor to the memoirs of the academy.
His last piece is entitled “Dissertation sur le guerre des
Atheniens centre les. penples de Pisle Atlantique.
” His
health now began to decline, although for some time it was
not discovered that his disorder was a dropsy of the chest,
which proved fatal June 27, 1722. His character is represented by all his biographers as being truly amiable. He
bequeathed to the academy, what he valued most, his books,
medals, bronzes, and antique marbles. Two of the latter
of great value, which were brought from Constantinople
by M. Nointal, and are supposed to be more than two thousand years old, contain the names of the Athenian captains
and soldiers who were killed, in one year, in different expeditions. These afterwards became the property of M.
Thevenot, the king’s librarian, who placed them at his
country-house at Issy. Thevenot’s heirs, who had little
taste for antiquities, were about to have sold them to a
stone-cutter for common purposes, when Baudelot heard of
the transaction, anil immediately went in pursuit of the
treasure. Having purchased them, he had them placed in
a carriage of which he never lost sight until they were deposited in a house which he then occupied in the faubourg
of St. Marceau, and when he removed to that of St. Germain, he conveyed them thither with the same care, and
placed them in a small court. Here, however, they were
not quite safe. A considerable part of the house happened
to be occupied by a young lady who had no taste for antiquities, and soon discovered that these marbles were an
incumbrance. In order to make Baudelot remove them,
she pretended to hire the dustmen to take them away.
Baudelot, returning home at night, was told of this project,
and although it was then late, would not go to sleep until
he had seen them deposited in his apartment. They are
now in the museum of antiquities in the Louvre.
kept a Correspondence with most of the learned men of his time, particularly with Edward Lluyd, the antiquary. Some of Mr. Baxter’s letters to him are published in the “Glossarium
In 1731 Mr. Moses Williams issued proposals for printing “Gulielmi Baxter! qua? supersunt enarratio et notae
in D. Junii Jnvetialis Satyras,
” but which was not published. Mr. Baxter contributed also largely to the translation of Plutarch’s Morals by various hands, published
about the beginning of the last century. He perfectly
understood the ancient British and Irish languages, as well
as the northern and eastern tongues. He kept a Correspondence with most of the learned men of his time, particularly with Edward Lluyd, the antiquary. Some of Mr.
Baxter’s letters to him are published in the “Glossarium
Antiq. Ronianarum.
” There are likewise in the Philosophical Transactions, some communications by him, and some
in the first volume of the Archreologia. Most of Mr. Baxter’s life was spent in the education of youth, and for that
purpose he kept a boarding school at Tottenham High-cross
in Middlesex, until he was chosen master of the Mercers
school in London, which situation he held above twenty
rears, but resigned it before his death. He died May
31, 1723, and was buried at Islington.
e was attacked by a disorder which proved fatal, Feb. 21, 1738. Besides a number of philological and antiquary dissertations in the literary journals, he published, 1. “Museum
, grandson of the preceding, was born in 1694. He was first educated at Konigsburgh, where, besides philosophy and theology, he
devoted much of his time to the study of the Oriental
languages, under some rabbis, and under Dr. Abraham
Wolff, professor of theology. In 1713 he began the
study of the Chinese language, but his severe and uninterrupted application having injured his health, he was
recommended to try change of air. With this view he
went to Dantzic, to John Sartorius, professor of rhetoric,
who was his maternal great-uncle, and as soon as he was
able to return to Konigsburgh, he went through his disputation, and obtained a pension. Soon after, he went to
Berlin, where M. Grabe, a privy-counsellor, assisted him
with the means of prosecuting his studies, and there he
formed an intimacy with de la Croze, Jablonski, des Vignoles, Chauvin, and many other learned men of the time.
At Halle, professor Frank introduced him to Solomon Assadi, whose lessons removed many of the difficulties he had
encountered in learning the Arabic; and M. Michaelis and
Heineccius furnished him with much useful information
respecting the Ethiopian and Greek churches. From Halle
he went to Leipsic, where, in Feb. 1717, he was admitted
to the degree of M. A. Here M. Sieber permitted him the
free use of his fine library, and M. Goetze gave him access
to the manuscripts of the public library, of which he made
a catalogue. At the request of M. Mencke he drew up
several curious articles for the Leipsic “Acta eruditorum,
”
particularly one on the triumphal arch of Trajan, another
on the Malabaric new Testament, a third on the Coptic
new Testament, &c. with all which Mencke was so well satisfied, as to make him very advantageous offers if he would
consent to reside at Leipsic. The magistrates of Konigsburgh wrote to him at the same time, that if he wished to
continue his travels, his expences should be defrayed; but
the bad state of his health obliged him to return home.
Recovering a little, he went to Wirtemberg and Berlin,
where M. de la Croze gave him some lessons in the Coptic;
and at Stettin he had the happiness to be admitted to inspect the Chinese collections made by Andrew Muller,
which are preserved there. About the end of autumn
1717, having returned to Konigsburgh, the magistrates
appointed him librarian, and in 1720 and 1721 he was
chosen co-rector and pro-rector of the principal college.
About the beginning of 1726, he was invited to Petersburgh to be professor of Greek and Roman antiquities.
The same year he delivered some orations in the presence
of the empress Catherine, who laid the foundation of the
new academy, in honour of the coronation of Peter II. In
1730 the royal academy of Berlin enrolled him among its
members. He was about to have retired to Konigsburgh,
with his family, when he was attacked by a disorder which
proved fatal, Feb. 21, 1738. Besides a number of philological and antiquary dissertations in the literary journals, he
published, 1. “Museum Sinicum, in quo Sinicae Linguae et
Literaturae ratio explicatur; item grammatica, lexicon, et
diatribae Sinicce reperiuntur,
” Petrop. Historia regni Graecorum
Bactriani,
” ibid. Historia Osrhoena et
Edessena ex nummis illustrata, in qua Edessae urbis, Osrhoeni regni, Abgarorum regum, &c. fata explicantur,
” ib.
, a learned French Jesuit, and classical antiquary, was born in 160U, in the conitat Yenaissin, and entered among
, a learned French Jesuit,
and classical antiquary, was born in 160U, in the conitat
Yenaissin, and entered among the Jesuits in 1619. He
taught rhetoric for seven years at Toulouse, and was afterwards rector of the college of Rhodez. He died in the
college of Montpellier, July 26, 1670. His works, which
discover much valuable literary research, are, 1. “Diatribac dux-, prima de partibus templi Atiguralis; altera, de
mense-et die victoria? Pharsalica;,
” Toulouse, Diatriba de Pharsalici conflictus mense et
die, cum accessionibus et prefatione Henrici Leonard!
Schurztleischii,
” Wirtembcrg, Breviculiim cxpeditionis Hispaniensis Ludovici XIII.
” Toulouse,
164:2, 4 to. 4. “Otia regia Ludovici XIV. regis Christianissimi, sive Polyoenus Gallicus de veterum et recentium
Gallorum stratagematibus,
” Clermont, 1658, 8vo, Francfort, 1661, 8vo. 5. “La Vie de M. Frai^ois D'Estaing,
eveque de Rhodez,
” Clermont, Historia de vita.
Bartholomaei de Martyribus,
” Paris, 4to. 7. “Speculum
veri antistitis in vita Alphonsi Torribii archiepiscopi Litnensis in Peru via,
” Paris, 4to.
nephew of Dr. Thomas James, some time keeper of the Bodleian library; a very industrious and eminent antiquary, who endeavoured to overthrow the great design of all the a
On the other hand, Mr. Berington, in his “History of
the reign of Henry If.
” has attempted a vindication of
Becket, in which he differs considerably from lord Lyttelton and other protestant historians, but for this w must
refer to the book itself. Few men have had more biographers, if reliance could be placed on them, than Becket,
but unfortunately the greater part of them were his panegyrists, and not his historians, and too much under the
influence of the monkish principles of their days, to deserve much credit. The following list, however, of his
biographers may afford some information to the curious
inquirer, taken from Leland, Bale, Pits, and others.
1. Herbert Bosenham, or Bosscham, or de Hoscham, who
was this archbishop’s secretary, and also present at the
slaughter of him. 2. Edward, a monk, of Canterbury, the
martyr’s most intimate friend. 3. Johannes Sarisburiensis,
who accompanied Becket in his exile, but never countenanced his behaviour towards the king, being as sharp a
writer against the encroachments of the papal see, as any
man of his time. 4. Bartholomseus Iscanus, or Exonensis,
bisiiop of Exeter, where he died in 118k 5. E. a monk
of Eveshatn, who dedicated his book, or wrote it by way
of epistle, to Henry, abbot of Croyland. 6. William Stephens, or Fitz-Stephen, a monk of Canterbury, and, for
at reason, usually called Gulielmus Cantuariensis. He
said to have written three several treatises of the life,
martyrdom, and miracles of St. Thomas Becket; which
are now in the Cotton library: But that, which there carries
his name, seems to have been penned by Johannes Carnotensis, who is the same person with Sarisburiensis above
mentioned, since, in the Quadripartite History, what we
have from him is often to be found, in the same words, in
the life there ascribed to Fitz-Stephen. 7. Benedictus
Petroburgensis, abbot of Peterborough, who died in 1200.
8. Alanus Teukesburiensis, abbot of Tewkesbury, who died
about the same time. 9. Roger, a monk of Croyland, who
lived about 1214. It is observed, that St. Thomas’s miracles were become so numerous in this writer’s time, that
he had matter for seven large volumes, in composing
of which he spent no less than fifteen years. 10. Stephen
Langton, a famous successor of Becket’s in the see of Canterbury, whose work on this subject is said be in the
library of Bene't college. 11. Alexander de Hales, so
called from the monastery of Hales in Gloucestershire,
where he was educated, one of the most eminent schoolmen of his age, and master to Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, &c. 12. John Grandison, or Graunston, who died
in 1369. 13. Quadrilogus, or the author of a book, entitled “De vita et processu S.Thomae Cantuariensiset Martyris super Libertate Ecclesiastica.
” It is collected out of
four historians, who were contemporary and conversant
with Becket, viz. Herbert de Hoscham, Johannes Carnotensis, Gulielmus Canterburiensis, and Alanus Teukesburiensis, who are introduced as so many relaters of facts
interchangeably. This book was first printed at Paris in
1495, and is often quoted by our historians, in the reign
of Henry II. by the name of Quadripartita Historia.
14. Thomas Stapleton, the translator of Bede, in whose
book De tribus Thomis, or Of the three Thomas’s, our
saint makes as considerable a figure as either Thomas the
Apostle, or Thomas Aquinas. 15. Laurence Vade, or
Wade, a Benedictine monk of Canterbury, who lived and
died we know not when, or where; unless perhaps he be
the same person with 16. An anonymous writer of Becket’s
life, who appears to have been a monk of that church, and
whose book is said to be in the library at Lambeth. 17.
Richard James, nephew of Dr. Thomas James, some time
keeper of the Bodleian library; a very industrious and
eminent antiquary, who endeavoured to overthrow the
great design of all the above-mentioned authors, in his “Decanonizatio Thomse Cantuariensis et suorum,
” which, with
other manuscript pieces by the same hand, is in the public
library at Oxford. These are the principal writers of our
archbishop’s life besides whom, several other historians
have spoken largely of him as John Bromton, Matthew
Paris, Gervase, &c.
, an ingenious artist and antiquary, was the son of a respectable attorney in the West Riding of
, an ingenious artist and antiquary, was the son of a respectable attorney in the West
Riding of Yorkshire. He was early apprenticed as a housepainter to Mr. George Fleming of Wakefield, from whom
he derived his skill in drawing and limning, as well as imbibed a love for the study of antiquities. To these he
added heraldic and genealogical knowledge, to all which
he applied himself, in his leisure hours, with such unwearied diligence, that his collection, together with the
works of his own hands, became at length very considerable. Scarcely any object arrested his curiosity, particucularly if an antique, of which he did not make a drawing,
and scarcely a church or a ruin in the vicinities of the places
of his abode, that he did not preserve either in pencil or
water-colours. Some years before his death he obtained a
patent for a species of hardened crayons, which would
bear the knife, and carry a point like a pencil; and about
the same time he was elected a fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries of London. But what contributed most to make
him known to those who were unacquainted with him in
any other branch, was his extensive information respecting
genealogical subjects, in consequence of which he frequently had the arrangement of the pedigrees of some of
the first families, which he was enabled to execute from
visitation books, and other authentic documents, which
fell into his hands. Few men possessed more intelligence
respecting the antiquity and descents of the principal families in the inland adjacent counties, and of various others
more remote from him. It is much to his credit, likewise,
that his industry in collecting could only be exceeded by
his willingness to impart any information which he had received. Mr. Beck with died Feb. 17, 1786. Previous to
his death, he had compiled “A Walk in and about the
city of York,
” an the plan of Mr. Gostling’s “Walk in and
about the city of Canterbury,
” but we have not heard that
it has been published.
ion of the observatory, and became eminent as an observer of the phenomena of nature, and a profound antiquary. When the society of the Jesuits was suppressed, Belgrade went
, an eminent Italian mathematician, was born at Udina, Nov. 16, 1704, and from his infancy afforded the promise of being an ornament to his
family and country. At Padua, where he was first educated, his proficiency was extraordinary, and at the age of
nineteen he excited considerable attention by an elegant
Latin oration he delivered in honour of cardinal Barbadici.
He afterwards entered the society of the Jesuits at Udina,
and having completed his noviciate, went to Bologna, and
studied mathematics and theology at Parma, where he was
appointed professor of mathematics and had the direction of
the observatory, and became eminent as an observer of
the phenomena of nature, and a profound antiquary. When
the society of the Jesuits was suppressed, Belgrade went
to Bologna, and was appointed rector of the college of St.
Lucia, where, and in other parts of Italy, he occasionally
resided until his death in 1789. The extent and variety
of his knowledge will be best understood by a list of his
works. 1. “Gratulatio Cardinali J. F. Barbadico, &c.
”
already noticed, Padua, Ad disciplinam Mechanicam, Nauticam, et Geographicam Acroasis critica et
historica,
” Parma, Ad disciplinam Hydrostaticam Acroasis historica et critica,
” ibid. De
altitudine Atmospherae aestimanda critica disquisitio,
” ib.
1743. 5. “De Phialis vitreis ex minimi silicis casa dissilientibusAcroasis,
” Padua, De Gravitatis legibus
Acroasis Physico-mathematica,
” Parma, Devita
B. Torelli Puppiensis commentarius,
” Padua, De
corporis elasticis disquisit. physico-mathem.
” Parma, Observatio Soils defectus et Lunae,
” Parma, I fenomeni Elettrici con i corollari da lor dedotti,
” Parma, Ad Marchionem Scipionem Maphejum
epistolae quatuor,
” Venice, Delia Reflessionc
de Gorpi dall' Acqua,
” &c. Parma, Observatio defectus Lunae habita die 30 Julii in novo observatorio,
1757.
” 14. “Dell‘ azione del caso nelle invenzioni, e
dell’ influsso degli Astri ne' corpi terrestri, dissertationi
due,
” Padua, Observatio defectus Lunae,
”
Parma, De utriusque Analyseos usu in re
physica,
” vol.11, ibid. 1761. 17. “Delle senzazioni del
calore, e del freddo, dissertazione,
” ibid. II
Trono di Nettuno illustrate,
” Cesene, 1766. 19. “Theoria Cochleae. Archimedis,
” Parma, Dissertazione sopra i Torrenti,
” ibid. Delia Rapid ita
delle idee dissertazione,
” Modena, Delia
proporzione tra i talenti dell' Uomo, e i loro usi, dissertazione,
” Padua, De Telluris viriditate, dissertatio,
” Udina, Delia Esistenza di Dio da'
Teoremi Geometrici dimostrata, dissert.
” Udina, Dall‘ Esistenza d’una sola specie d‘esseri ragionevoli e liberi si arguisce l’Esistenza di Dio, dissertazione,
”
ibid. Del Sole bisoguevole d‘alimento, e dell’
Oceano abile a procacciarglielo, dissert. Fisico-matematica,
” Ferrara, Dell' Architettura Egiziana,
dissert.
” Parma,
, an English antiquary, was son of Beaupré Bell, esq. of Beaupré-hall in Upwell and
, an English antiquary, was son of
Beaupré Bell, esq. of Beaupré-hall in Upwell and Outwell
in Clackclose hundred, Norfolk, where the Beaupré family
had settled early in the fourteenth century, and enjoyed the
estate by the name of Beaupré (or de Bello prato) till sir
Robert Bell intermarried with them about the middle of
the sixteenth. Sir Robert was speaker of the house of
commons, 14 Eliz. and chief baron of the exchequer; and
caught his death at the black assize at Oxford, 1577.
Beaupr Bell, his fourth lineal descendant, married Margaret, daughter of sir Anthony Oldfield of Spalding, bart. who
died 1720, and by whom he had issue his namesake the
subject of this article, and two daughters, of whom the
youngest married William Graves, esq. of Fulborn in Cambridgeshire, who thereby inherited the family estate near
Spalding, with the site of the abbey. Mr. Bell, junior, was
educated at Westminster school, admitted of Trinity-college, Cambridge, 1723, and soon commenced a genuine
and able antiquary. He made considerable collections of
church notes in his own and the neighbouring counties, all
which he bequeathed to the college where he received his
education. Mr. Biomfield acknowledges his obligations to
him for collecting many evidences, seals, and drawings, of
great use to him in his “History of Norfolk.
”
d one, one corrected by sir William himself, the other by Beaupré Bell, esq. “a diligent and learned antiquary, who had also made some corrections in his own copy, now in
The late Mr. Cole, of tke Fen-office, editor of the second
edition of sir William Dugdale’s “History of Embanking,
”
a diligent and learned antiquary, who had also made some corrections in his own copy,
now in Trinity college library.
” See his letters, dated
Beaupré hall, May 11, and July 30, 1731, to T. Hearne,
about the pedlar in Swaffham church, a rebus on the name
of Chapman, prefixed to Hemingford, p. 180, and preface,
p. 113. See also, on the same subject, preface to Caius,
p. xlvii. and lxxxiv. and the speech of Dr. Spencer, vicechancellor of Cambridge, to the duke of Monmouth, when
he was installed chancellor, 1674,ib.lxxxvi. In p. lii, Hearne
styles him “Amicus eruditus, cui et aliis nominibus me
devinctum esse gratus agnosco.
” He also furnished him
with a transcript, in his own hand-writing, of bishop Godwin’s catalogue of the bishops of Bath and Wells, from the
original in Trinity college library; App. to Ann. de Dunstable, 835, 837. A charter relating to St. Edmund’s
Bury abbey. Bened. Abbas, p. 865. The epitaph of E.
Beckingham, in Bottisham church, in Cambridgeshire,
Pref. to Otterbourue’s Chron. p. 82. App. to Trokelow,
p. 378. Papers, &c. of his are mentioned in Bibl. Top.
Brit. No. II. p. 57, 58, 62. Walsingham church notes, p. 59,
entered in the Minutes; a paper on the Clepsydra, p. 60;
and five of his letters to Mr. Blomfield are printed, pp. 290,
465 472; one to Dr. Z. Grey, p. 147; one to Mr. N.
Salmon, p. 150; others to Mr. Gale, pp. 169, 191, 302
305; to Dr. Stukeley, p. 176, 178. See also pp. 176, 178,
181, 465, 469, 470, 471. In, Archaeologia, vol. VI. pp.
133, 139, 141, 143, are some letters between him and Mr.
Gale, on a Roman horologium mentioned in an inscription
found at Taloire, a poor small village in the district and on
the lake of Annecey, &c. communicated to him by Mr.
Cramer, professor of philosophy and mathematics.
g James the First, and the only penman of it from 1571 to 1586. Towards the latter end, this learned antiquary occasionally intermixes catalogues of the chancellors, archbishops,
,
an elegant Scottish writer of the sixteenth century, was
descended from an ancient and very honourable family in
that kingdom, where his father, Mr. Thomas Bellenden of
Auchiiioul, was director to the chancery in 1540, and clerk
of accounts in 1541. It does not appear when our author
was born, or where educated but from his writings (frequently intermixed with words of Gallic derivation) it was
probably in France. In his youth he served in the court,
and was in great favour with king James V. as himself informs us, which he might very probahly owe to his fine vein
in poetry, that prince being a great admirer, and a proficient in poetical studies. Having this interest with his
prince, he attained extraordinary preferment in the church,
being made canon of Ross, and archdeacon of Murray, to
which last dignity perhaps he opened his passage, by
taking the degree of doctor of divinity at the Sorbonne.
He likewise obtained his father’s employment of clerk of
accounts, which was very considerable, in the minority of
the king before mentioned; but he was afterwards turned
out by the struggle of factions, in the same reign. We have
no direct authority to prove that he had any share in the
education of king James V. but from some passages in his
poems, and from his addressing many of them to that king,
he appears to have been in some measure particularly attached to his person; and from one of them, we may infer
that he had an interest beyond that of bare duty, in forming a right disposition, and giving wholesome instructions
to that prince. But the work which has transmitted his
name to posterity, is his translation of Hector Boethius,
or, as his countrymen call him, Hector Boeis’s History,
from the Latin into the Scottish tongue, which he performedat the command of his royal master admirably, but
with a good deal of freedom, departing often from his
author, although generally for the sake of truth, and sometimes also adding circumstances, which perhaps might not
be known to Hector Boece. This version, as he called it,
was very well received both in Scotland and England. It
does not appear either from his own writings or otherwise,
how he came to lose his office of clerk of accounts; but he
certainly recovered it in the succeeding reign, was likewise made one of the lords of session; and had credit then
at court, perhaps from his zeal in respect to his religion,
for he was a very warm and inflexible Romanist, and laboured assiduously, in conjunction with Dr. Laing, to impede the progress of the reformation. It may with great
probability be conjectured, that the disputes into which he
plunged himself on this subject, made him so uneasy, that
he chose to quit his native country, that he might reside in
a place, where that disposition, instead of being an hindrance, would infallibly recommend him. This (as it is supposed) carried him to Rome, where, as Dempster tells
us, he died in 1550. He was unquestionably a man of
great parts, and one of the finest poets his country had to
boast, and notwithstanding the obsolete language of his
works, they are not slightly imbued with that enthusiasm
which is the very soul of poesy. His great work appeared
in folio at Edinburgh, in 1536, entitled “The History and
Chronicles of Scotland, compilit and newly correctit and
amendit be the reverend and noble clerk Mr. Hector Boeis,
chanon of Aberdene, translated lately be Mr. John Bellenden, archdene of Murray, and chanon of Rosse, at command of James the Fyfte, king of Scottis, imprintet in
Edinburgh be Thomas Davidson, dwelling fornens the
Fryere-Wynde.
” This translation, as has been observed,
was very far from being close, our author taking to himself the liberty of augmenting and amending the history he
published as he thought proper. He, likewise, distinguished
it into chapters as well as books, which was the only distinction employed by Boethius; which plainly proves, that it
was this translation, and not the original, that Richard
Grafton made use of in penning his chronicle, which Buchanan could scarcely avoid knowing, though he never
misses any opportunity of accusing Grafton, as if he had
corrupted and falsified this author, in order to serve his
own purposes and abuse the people of Scotland; 1 which,
however, is a groundless charge. Our author’s work was
afterwards taken into the largest of our British histories, of
which the bishop of Carlisle has given us the following account: “R. Holinshed published it in English, but was
not the translator of it himself: his friend began the work
and had gone a good way in it, but did not, it seems, live
to finish it. In this there are several large interpolations
and additions out of Major, Lesley, and Buchanan, by
Fr. Thinne, who is also the chief author of the whole story
after the death of king James the First, and the only penman of it from 1571 to 1586. Towards the latter end,
this learned antiquary occasionally intermixes catalogues
of the chancellors, archbishops, and writers of that kingdom.
”
, a celebrated Italian antiquary, was born at Rome about the year 1616, and was intended by his
, a celebrated Italian antiquary, was born at Rome about the year 1616, and was
intended by his father for a place in some chancery, and
with that view he was sent to his maternal uncle Francis
Angeloni, secretary to the cardinal Aldobrandini; but here
he imbibed a very different taste from that of official routine. Angeloni had early contracted a love for the study
of antiquities, and purchased the best books he could find
on the subject, and his pupil insensibly fell into the same
track of curiosity, and even surpassed his master. Christina,
queen of Sweden, having heard of his character, made him
her librarian, and keeper of her museum. Bellori died in
1696, aged near eighty, the greater part of which long life
he passed in the composition of his various works. He had
also acccumulated a valuable collection of books, antiquities, &c. which afterwards made part of the royal collection at Berlin. One of his first works was written in defence
of his master Angeloni, who, having, in 1641, published
his “Historia Augusta, &c.
” (see Angeloni) it was
attacked in France by Tristan, the sieur de St. Amant, in
his “Commentaires Historiques.
” Bellori published a
new edition of Angeloni’s work in 1685, much improved.
His own works are, I. “Nota3 in numismata, turn Ephesia,
turn aliarum urbium, Apibus insignita, cum eorum iconibus aeneis,
” Rome, Fragmenta vestigii
veteris Romae, ex lapidibus Farnesianis,
” ibid, La Colonna Trajana,
” &c. ibid, oblong fol. 4. “Le
pitture antiche del sepolcro de* Nasoni nelia via Flaminia,
&c.
” ibid, J. P. Bellorii nummus Antonini
Pii de anni novi auspiciis explicatus,
” ibid, Gli antichi sepolcri, owero Mausolei Romani et Etruschi, &c.
” Rome, Le antiche lucerne sepolcrali,
&c.
” ibid. Veteres arcus Augustorum,
triumphis insignes, ex reliquiis quae Rom* adhuc supersunt,
” Leyden, Vite de pittori, scultori
et architetti moderni,
” Leyden, Vet.
Philosophorum, Poetarum, &c. Imagines,
” Rome,
rchitecture in this kingdom, which he justly considered a desideratum of the learned and inquisitive antiquary. He was still intent upon this subject, and during the amusement
In the introduction the authorthought it might be useful
to give some account of Saxon, Norman, and what is usually
called Gothic architecture. The many novel and ingenious
remarks, which occurred in this part of the work, soon attracted the attention of those who had turned their thoughts
to the subject. This short essay was favourably received
by the public, and has been frequently cited and referred
to by most writers on Gothic architecture. By a strange
mist-ike, these observations were hastily attributed to the
celebrated Mr. Gray, merely because Mr. Bentham has
mentioned his name among that of others to whom he conceived himself indebted for communications and hints. Mr.
Bentham was never informed of this extraordinary circumstance till the year 1783, when he accidentally met with it
in the Gentleman’s Magazine for the month of February
in that year; upon which he immediately thought it necessary to rectify the mistake, and to vindicate his own
character and reputation as an author from the charge of
having been obliged to Mr. Gray for that treatise, when
he had published it as his own; and this he was enabled to
do satisfactorily, having fortunately preserved the only letter which he had received from Mr. Gray on the subject.
The truth was, that Mr. Bentham had written the treatise
long before he had the honour of any acquaintance with
Mr. Gray, and it was that which first introduced him to
Mr. Gray. What his obligations were will appear by reference to a copy of that letter, which he received from
Mr. Gray when he returned the six sheets which Mr. Bentham had submitted to him at his own request. It happened
that the two last sheets, though composed, were not worked off, which gave Mr. Bentham an opportunity of inserting some additions alluded to in Mr. Gray’s letter. In the
Magazine for July 1784, may be seen the full and handsome apology which this explanation produced from a correspondent, who, under the signature of S. E. had inadvertently ascribed these remarks to Mr. Gray. These remarks have been since printed in an excellent collection
of “Essays on Gothic Architecture,
” published by Mr.
Taylor, of Holborn. When the dean and chapter of Ely
had determined upon the general repair of the fabric of
their church, and the judicious removal of the choir from
the dome to the presbytery at the east end, Mr. Bentham
was requested to superintend that concern as clerk of the
works. With what indefatigable industry and attention he
acquitted himself in that station, and how much he contributed to the improvement and success of the publ.c works
then carrying on, appears as well by the minutes of those
transactions, as by the satisfaction with which the body
recognized his services. This employment gave him a
thorough insight into the principles and peculiarities of
these antient buildings, and suggested to him the idea of
a general history of antient architecture in this kingdom,
which he justly considered a desideratum of the learned
and inquisitive antiquary. He was still intent upon this
subject, and during the amusement of his leisure hours
continued almost to the last to make collections with a view
to some further illustration of this curious point, though his
avocations of one kind or another prevented him from reducing them to any regular form or series. But he did
not suffer these pursuits to call him off from the professional duties of his station, or from contributing his endeavours towards promoting works of general utility to the
neighbourhood. To a laudable spirit of this latter kind,
animated by a zeal for his native place, truly patriotic, is
to be referred his steady perseverance in recommending
to his countrymen, under all the discouragements of obloquy and prejudice, the plans suggested for the improvement of their fens by draining, and the practicability of
increasing their intercourse with the neighbouring counties by means of turnpike roads; a measure till then unattempted, and for a long time treated with a contempt
and ridicule due only to the most wild and visionary projects, the merit of which he was at last forced to rest upon
the result of an experiment made by himself. With this
view, in 1757, he published his sentiments under the title
of “Queries offered to the consideration of the principal
inhabitants of the city of Ely, and towns adjacent, &c.
” and
had at length the satisfaction to see the attention of the
public directed to the favourite object of those with whom
he was associated. Several gentlemen of property and
consideration in the county generously engaged in contributing donations towards setting on foot a scheme to establish turnpike roads. By the liberal example of lord-chancellor Hardwicke, lord Royston, and bishop Mawson, and
the seasonable bequest of 200l. by Geo. Riste, esq. of
Cambridge, others were incited to additional subscriptions.
In a short time these amounted to upwards of 1000l. and
nearly to double that sum on interest. The scheme being
thus invigorated by these helps, and by the increasing
loans of those whose prejudices began now to wear away,
an act was obtained in 1763 for improving the road from
Cambridge to Ely. Similar powers and provisions were in
a few years obtained by subsequent acts, and the benefit
extended to other parts of the isle in all directions, the success of which hath answered the most sanguine expectations
of its advocates. With the same beneficent disposition,
Mr. Bentham in 1773 submitted a plan for inclosing and
draining a large tract of common in the vicinity of Ely,
called Gruntiten, containing near 1300 acres, under the
title of “Considerations and Reflections upon the present
state of the fens near Ely,
” &c. Cambridge, Finis hie officii
atque laboris.
” A fourth brother, the Rev. Jeffery Bentham, precentor of the church of Ely, &c. died in 1792,
aged seventy two. A fifth, the Rev. Edmund Bentham, B.D.
rector of Wootton-Courtnay, Somersetshire, died in Oct.
1781, at Moulsey Grove, near Hampton. Mr. Cole, who
in his ms Athenae, gives some account of the Benthams,
with a mixture of spleen and respect, remarks that this Edmund died in a parish in which he was not buried, was
buried in a parish with which he had no connexion, and
has a monument in a church (Sutton) where he was not
buried, but of which he had been curate for near forty
years.
, an eminent French antiquary, was born at Rheims, March 1, 1567, and not 1557, as asserted
, an eminent French antiquary,
was born at Rheims, March 1, 1567, and not 1557, as asserted by Bayle, Moreri, and Niceron. After finishing his
studies at the university of that city, he became preceptor
to the children of count de St. Souplet, who always testified his respect for him on account of the pains he bestowed
on their education. He then was admitted an advocate,
and appointed law-professor and syndic of the city, a place
which he filled during many of the elections. His talents
and virtues were so highly estimated by his fellow-citizens,
that as a mark of their confidence they employed him on
their affairs at Paris. During his visits to that metropolis,
he commenced a friendship with Dupuy and Peiresc, and
formed an acquaintance with the president de Bellievre,
who obtained for him the place of historiographer by brevet, with a pension of two hundred crowns. He was on a
visit at the country-house of this celebrated magistrate,
when he was attacked by a fever, which terminated fatally,
August 18, 1623, in his fifty -seventh year. The president
honoured him with an affectionate epitaph, which is printed
in his two principal works. He is particularly known in the
literary world by his “Histoire des grands chemins de
l'empire Remain,
” a work in which he was assisted by his
friend Peiresc, who furnished him with many necessary
documents. It was first printed in 4to, 1622, and in the
course of a century became very scarce. In 1712 the first
book of it was translated into English, and published at London, in 8vo, entitled “The general history of the Highways
in all parts of the world, particularly in Great Britain.
” In
De viis antiquorum Romanorum in Italia,
” and
doubtless would have availed himself of Bergier’s labours.
Besides this history of the Roman roads, Bergier had begun a history of Rheims, the manuscript of which the president de Bellievre wished Andre Duschesne to complete,
but some obstruction arising on the part of the chapter of
Rheims, who refused Duschesne access to their archives,
he declined proceeding with the undertaking. The son of
the author, however, John Bergier, unwilling that the whole
should be lost, published the two books left complete by his
father, with a sketch of the other fourteen of which it^as to
consist. This wasentitled “Dessein de I'Histoire de Reims,
”
ibid. Le point
du Jour, ou Traite du Commencement des Jours et de l'endroit ou il est etabli sur la terre,
” Rheims, Archemeron.
” His object is to attain some general rule for avoiding the disputes respecting the celebration of the Catholic
festivals. 2. “Le Bouquet royal,
” Paris, Police generale de la France,
”
th the king’s daughter.” These were formerly in the possession of Mr. Thomas Martin of Palgrave, the antiquary; - A New Year’s gift for 1515,“in the library of New college,
, successively poet laureate of
Henry VII. and VIII. kings of England, was a native of
Tholouse, and an Augustine monk. By an instrument in
Rymer’s Foedera, Vol. XII. p. 317, pro Potta laureafo,
dated 1486, the king grants to Andrew Bernard, poet& laureato, which, as Mr. Warton remarks, we may construe
either “the laureated poet,
” or “a poet laureat,
” a salary of ten marks, until he can obtain some equivalent appointment. He is also supposed to have been the royal
historiographer, and preceptor in grammar to prince Arthur. All the pieces now to be found, which he wrote in
the character of poet laureat, are in Latin. Among them
are, an “Address to Henry VIII. for the most auspicious
beginning of the tenth year of his reign,
” with “An epithrflamium on the Marriage of Francis the dauphin of
France with the king’s daughter.
” These were formerly
in the possession of Mr. Thomas Martin of Palgrave, the
antiquary; - A New Year’s gift for 1515,“in the library
of New college, Oxford and
” Verses wishing prosperity to his Majesty’s thirteenth year,“in the British museum. He has also left some Latin hymns, a Latin life of
St. Andrew, and many Latin prose pieces, which he wrote
as historiographer to both monarchs, particularly a
” Chronicle of the life and achievements of Henry VII. to the
taking of Perkin Warbeck," and other historical commentaries on thq reign of that king, which are all in the
CotIonian library. He was living in 1522, but is not mentioned by Bale, Pits, or Tanner.
, an Italian antiquary of the last century, was born of a noble family, at Mereto inthe
, an Italian antiquary of
the last century, was born of a noble family, at Mereto inthe Frioul, March 13, 1676, and after studying at Venice,
was ordained a priest in 1700. The same year he became
canon -coadjutor of the patriarchal church of Aquileia, and
soon after titular. He had already acquired a decided taste
for the study of antiquities, and was in a country abounding with objects to gratify it, most of which, however, had
been greatly neglected, and even destroyed by the ignorant
inhabitants, who converted every remains of antiquity in
stone to the common purposes of building. To prevent
this for the future, Bertoli formed a society of men of
learning and similar taste, who began with purchasing
every valuable relic they could find, and placed the collection in the portico of the canons’ house, where it soon
became an object of curiosity, not only to travellers, but
to the Aquileians themselves. At the same time he copied,
or caused to be copied, all the monuments in the town, and
in the whole province, and entered into an extensive correspondence with many eminent characters, particularly
Fontanini, to whom he liberally communicated his discoveries, in hopes they might be useful to that learned prelate; but he having deceased in 1736, Bertoli resolved to
take upon himself what he had expected from him, and
was encouraged in this design by Muratori and Apostolo
Zeno. Accordingly he began to publish a series of memoirs and dissertations on subjects of antiquity, which he
wrote at his native place, Mereto, where he resided for
such periods as his official duties at Aquileia permitted.
In 1747 he was elected a member of the Columbarian society of Florence, and next year of that of Cortona, and
died a few years afterwards, but the date is not ascertained
in either of our authorities. His principal publication is
entitled “Le Aritichita di Aquileja profane e sacre,
” Venice
, king’s advocate at Fontenaye-le-Comte, and an able French antiquary, was born at Coulonges-lesRoyaux in Poitou, in 1572, and died
, king’s advocate at Fontenaye-le-Comte,
and an able French antiquary, was born at Coulonges-lesRoyaux in Poitou, in 1572, and died in 1644. In 1614,
he distinguished himself in the assembly of the states by
opposing the receiving of the council of Trent, but he was
better known by his assiduous attention to the antiquities
of France and his works published after his death by his
son and Peter Dupuis his friend, justly entitle him to be
considered as an accurate and judicious historian. These
are, 1. “Histoire des comtes de Poitou et dues de
Guienne,
” Paris, 1647, fol. This was the result of forty years
research, and the extraordinary light he has been able to
throw upon circumstances before in comparative obscurity,
may form a sufficient apology for some few mistakes.
2. “Des eveques de Poitiers, avec les preuves,
” Cornmen taire sur llonsard,
” something of which kind was attempted by many of his contemporaries.
, nephew of the preceding, priest of the oratory of St. Philip de Neri, was also a learned antiquary. He was born at Verona Sept. 9, 1704, the son of John Baptist,
, nephew of the preceding, priest
of the oratory of St. Philip de Neri, was also a learned
antiquary. He was born at Verona Sept. 9, 1704, the
son of John Baptist, brother to Francis Bianchini, and was
educated under the eye of his uncle in the college of Montefiascone. Before 1725, he was promoted to a canonry
in the cathedral, and a prebendal stall in St. Luke, and
was soon after appointed librarian to the chapter: but in
1732 he resigned that and his benefices, and entered into
the congregation of the oratory at Rome, where he divided his time between the pious duties of that order, and
his literary researches, particularly in what related to history and ecclesiastical antiquities. His first publication
was, 1. The fourth and concluding volume of his uncle’s
edition of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Rome, 1735, fol.
2. “Viridiciae canonicarum Scripturarum vulgatse Latinoe
editionis,
” Rome, Evangeliarum
quadruplex Latinse versionis antiquoe, seu veteris Italicte,
nunc primum in lucem editum ex codd. Mss. aureis, argenteis, &c. aliisque plusquam millenariae antiquitatis,
”
Rome, 1749, fol. This may be considered as a part of
the preceding. 4. “Demonstratio historiae ecclesiasticse
quadripartitae monumentis ad fidem temporum et gestorum,
” ibid, Delle porte e mura di Roma, con illustrazioni,
” ibid.
Parere sopra la cagione della morte della
sig. contessa Cornelia Zangari, esposto in una lettera,
”
Verona,
e Forest; which added much to his former reputation, not only as 'a great lawyer, but as an accurate antiquary, and an able historian. It must also be added, that the external
In November 1759, he published a new edition of the
Great Charter, and Charter of the Forest; which added
much to his former reputation, not only as 'a great lawyer,
but as an accurate antiquary, and an able historian. It
must also be added, that the external beauties in the printing, the types, &c. reflected no small honour on him, as
the principal reformer of the Clarendon press, from whence
no work had ever before issued, equal in those particulars
to this. This publication drew him into a short controversy with the late Dr. Lyttelton, then dean of Exeter,
and afterwards bishop of Carlisle. The dean, to assist Mr.
Blackstone in his publication, had favoured him with the
collation of a very curious ancient roll, containing both the
Great Charter, and that of the Forest, of the 9th of Henry
III. which he and many of his friends judged to be an
original. The editor of the Charters, however, thought otherwise, and excused himself (in a note in hjs introduction)
for having made no use of its various readings, “as the
plan of his edition was confined to charters which had
passed the great seal, or else to authentic entries and enrolments of record, under neither of which classes the roll in
question could be ranked.
” The dean, upon this, concerned for the credit of his roll, presented to the Society
of Antiquaries a vindication of its authenticity, dated June
the 8th, 1761 and Mr. Blackstone delivered in an answer
to the same learned body, dated May the 28th, 1762, alleging, as an excuse for the trouble he gave them,
“that he should think himself wanting in that respect
which he owed to the society, and Dr. Lyttelton, if he did
not either own and correct his mistakes, in the octavo edition then preparing for the press, or subijiit to the society’s
judgment the reasons at large upon which his suspicions
were founded.
” These reasons, we may suppose, were
convincing, for here the dispute ended .
s to be the only foundation for the respect paid to his memory by wool-combers. Thus far the learned antiquary Dr. Pegge, in a letter on the history of St. Blase but Butler,
, a saint and martyr, and according to the Breviary, bishop of Sebasta in Cappadocia, deserves this slight
notice, as a person of great note among the vulgar, who in
their processions of the wool-trade, always carry an effigies
or representation of him, as the inventor or patron of their
art of combing it. There was an order of knighthood also
instituted in honour of him; and his day, which stands now
marked in our Calendar, was Feb. 3. He suffered death
in the reign of Dioclesian, about the year 283, according
to the Legenda Aurea, but the English version of that
book has the year 387, neither of which dates are strictly
true, since Dioclesian did not succeed to the empire till
the year 2Si, and died before the latter date. Before his
death, which was by beheading, he was whipped, and had
his flesh tornferreis pectinibiis, with iron combs and this
seems to be the only foundation for the respect paid to his
memory by wool-combers. Thus far the learned antiquary Dr. Pegge, in a letter on the history of St. Blase
but Butler, in his “Lives of the Saints,
” fixes his death in
the year
e, the Prieur de Louval, taken principally from Godefroi’s life of Bayard, published in 1616, and an antiquary tract, entitled” Dissertation surles Tombeaux de Quarrée, village
, a French ecclesiastic, was born at Avallon, April 1, 1649, of poor parents,
who, however, neglected nothing that could contribute to
his having the means of acquiring a fortune by a good education. He first studied at Dijon, and then went through
a course of philosophy at Auxerre. On his return home,
he determined on a military life, and went to Paris in
hopes of being admitted into the royal guards. Not succeeding, he began to study with a view to the church, but
again altered his mind, and accompanied M. de Nointel,
the French ambassador, to Constantinople. On his return
at the end of two years, he went to Bourges to study law,
and having finished his course, he practised for some time
at Avallon with considerable success. Here, however, he
gave himself up to a dissipated life, which ended in a state
of melancholy, during which he wrote to his brother, an
ecclesiastic, who advised him to retire for some months to
a monastery of Carthusians, and meditate. on his past conduct. Bocquillot complied, recovered his peace of mind,
and resumed his ecclesiastical studies. Having received
the order of priesthood, he became curate of Chateiux,
but was obliged some time after to resign it, owing to his
deafness. Being then provided with a canonry at Avallon,
he passed the remainder of his days in the tranquil employment of his pen, composing a great many homilies
and books of practical piety, which he presented gratis to
the booksellers, on condition that he should fix such prices
on them as might suit the pockets of the poor. One of
his best works is his “Traits historique de la Liturgie sacrée ou de la Messe,
” “Paris, 1701, 8vo. He wrote also a
life of the chevalier Bayard, under his fictitious name, the
Prieur de Louval, taken principally from Godefroi’s life of
Bayard, published in 1616, and an antiquary tract, entitled
” Dissertation surles Tombeaux de Quarrée, village
de Bourgoyne," Lyons, 1724, 8vo. He died of an apoplexy Sept. 22, 1728. His life and letters were published
in 1745, 12mo.
lis, T. Hearne, and Mr. Godwin. The last collection bequeathed, that of the late eminent and learned antiquary, Richard Gough, esq. is perhaps the most perfect series of
It would requirea volume to enumerate the many important additions made to the Bodleian library by its numerous benefactors, or to give even a superficial sketch of its ample contents in every branch of science. Among the earliest benefactors were, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex Thomas Sackville, lord Buckhurst and earl of Dorset Robert Sidney, lord Sidney of Penshurst viscount Lisle and earl of Leicester; George Carey,- lord Hunsdon William Gent, esq. Anthony Browne, viscount Montacute John lord Lumley Philip Scudamore, of London, esq. and Lawrence Bodley, younger brother to the founder. All these contributions were made before the year 16 Oo. In 1601, collections of books and manuscripts were presented by Thomas Allen, some time fellow of Trinity college Thomas James, first librarian Herbert Westphaling, bishop of Hereford sir John Fortescue, knt. Alexander Nowell, dean of St. Paul’s John Crooke, recorder of London, and chief justice of the Common Pleas and Nicholas Bond, D. D. president of Magdalen college. The most extensive and prominent collections, however, are those of the earl of Pembroke, Mr. Selden, archbishop Laud, sir Thomas Roe, sir Kenelm Digby, general Fairfax, Dr. Marshall, Dr. Barlow, Dr. Rawlinson, Mr. St. Amand, Dr. Tanner, Mr. Browne Willis, T. Hearne, and Mr. Godwin. The last collection bequeathed, that of the late eminent and learned antiquary, Richard Gough, esq. is perhaps the most perfect series of topographical science ever formed, and is particularly rich in topographical manuscripts, prints, drawings, and books illustrated by the manuscript notes of eminent antiquaries. Since 1780, a fund of more than 4001. a year has been esablished for the purchase of books. This arises from a small addition to the matriculation fees, and a moderate contribution annually from such members of the university as are admitted to the use of the library, or on their taking their first degree.
, a famous French antiquary, was born at Besangon, 1528, and published several collections,
, a famous French antiquary,
was born at Besangon, 1528, and published several collections, which tend to illustrate the Roman antiquities, on
which he had bestowed great attention, having drawn plans
of all the ancient monuments in Italy, and visited all the
antiquities of the isles of Corfu, Cephalonia, and Zante.
He went also to the Morea, and would have proceeded to
Syria, had he not been prevented by a dangerous fever,
which seized him at Methone. Upon his return to his own
country, he was appointed tutor to the sons of Anthony de
Vienne, baron de Clervaut, with whom he travelled into
Germany and Italy. He had left at Montbeliard his antiquities, which he had been collecting with so much pains;
and had the misfortune to lose them all when the people
of Lorraine ravaged Franche Comte“. He had now none
left except those which he had transported to Metz, where
he himself head retired; but as it was well known that he
intended to publish a large collection of antiquities, there
were sent to him from all parts many sketches and draughts
of old monuments, by which means he was enabled to favour the public with his work, entitled,
” De Romano?
urbis topographia et antiquitate.“It consists of four volumes in folio, which are enriched with several prints, by
Theodore de Bry and his sons, 1597 1602. He published also the lives of many famous persons, with their
portraits, entitled,
” Theatrum vitoe humanx,“divided into
four parts, in 4to: the first printed at Francfort, 1597;
the second and third in 1598; and the fourth in 1599.
His treatise,
” De divinatione et magicis praestigiis,“was
not printed till after his death, which happened at Metz,
Oct. 30, 1602. There have been two editions of it: one
at Hainan in 1611, 4to; another at Oppenheim in 1625,
folio. He wrote also a book of
” Emblems,“with de Bry’s
engravings, Francfort, 1595, 4to;
” Parnassus Biceps,“ibid, 1627, fol. a very rare book; and
” Habitus variarum
orbis gentium,“1581, fol. with plates. He published also
some
” Poemata, Epigramrnata, &c." 1574, 16mo; but
these are not so much esteemed as his other performances.
His adventure in a garden of cardinal Carpi at Rome,
shews him a genuine antiquary. This garden was full of
ancient marbles, and situated on the Mons Quirinalis.
Boissard went thither one day with his friends, and immediately parted from them, let them return home, and concealed himself in some of the alleys. He employed the
rest of the day in copying inscriptions and drawing the
monuments; and as the garden gates were shut, he staid
there all night. The next morning, the cardinal, finding
him at this work, could not imagine how a stranger should
get into his garden at an unseasonable hour; but when he
knew the reason of Boissard’s staying there all night, he
ordered him a good breakfast, and gave him leave to
copy and draw whatsoever he should think curious in his
palace.
, an ingenious writer and antiquary, in the beginning of the seventeenth century, was a retainer
, an ingenious
writer and antiquary, in the beginning of the seventeenth
century, was a retainer to the great George Villiers, duke
of Buckingham, under whom he probably enjoyed some
office. He was a Roman catholic; and distinguished Himself by the following curious writings; l.“The Life of
king Henry II.
” intended to be inserted in Speed’s Chronicle; but the author being too partial to Thomas Becket,
another life was written by Dr. Barcham. 2. “The Elements of Armories,
” Lond. Prosopopoeia Basilica,
” a ms. in the Cottonian library. 4.
An English translation of Lucius Florus’s Roman History.
5. “Nero Cæsar, or Monarchic depraved. An historicall
worke, dedicated with leave to the duke of Buckingham,
lord-admiral,
” Lond. Vindiciae Britannicae, or London righted
by rescues and recoveries of antiquities of Britain in general, and of London in particular, against unwarrantable
prejudices, and historical antiquations amongst the learned;
for the more honour, and perpetual just uses of the noble
island and the city.
” It consists of seven chapters. In
the first, he treats “of London before the Britann rebells
sackt and fired it in hatred and defiance of Nero.
” In the
second he shows, that “London was more great and famous in Nero’s days, than that it should be within the
description, which Julius Cæsar makes of a barbarous Britann town in his days.
” In the third, he proves, “that
the credit of Julius Cæsar’s writings may subsist, and yet
London retain the opinion of utmost antiquity.
” In the
fourth, “the same fundamental assertion is upholden with
other, and with all sorts of arguments or reasons.
” The
fifth bears this title, “The natural face of the seat of
London (exactly described in this section) most sufficiently
proved, that it was most antiently inhabited, always presupposing reasonable men in Britain.
” The sixth contains
“a copious and serious disquisition about the old book of
Brute, and of the authority thereof, especially so far forth
as concerns the present cause of the honour and antiquity
of London, fundamentally necessary in general to our national history.
” The last chapter is entitled, <; Special, as
well historical, as other illustrations, for the use of the
coins in my Nero Cæsar, concerning London in and before
that time.“This ms. (for it never was printed) was in the
possession of Hugh Howard, esq and afterwards sold among
Thomas Rawiinson’s to Endymion Porter. Mr. Bolton was
also author of
” Hypercritica, or a rule of judgement for
writing or reading our histories. Delivered in four supercensorian addresses by occasion of a censorian epistle,
prefixed by sir Henry Savile, knt. to his edition of some
of our oldest historians in Latin, dedicated to the late
queen Elizabeth. That according thereunto, a complete
body of our affairs, a Corpus Rerum Anglicarum may at
last, and from among our ourselves, come happily forth in
either of the tongues. A felicity wanting to our nation,
now when even the name thereof is as it were at an end.“It was published by Dr. Hall, at the end of
” Triveti Annales,“Oxford, 1722, 8vo. Bolton likewise intended to
compose a
” General History of England, or an entire and
complete body of English affairs;“and there is in the
Cottonian collection, the outline of a book entitled
” Agon
Heroicus, or concerning Arms and Armories," a copy of
which is in the Biog. Britannica. The time and place of
his death are unknown.
, a French antiquary and miscellaneous writer, was born at Louvres, in the district
, a French antiquary and
miscellaneous writer, was born at Louvres, in the district
of Paris, in 1694, and educated for the ecclesiastical profession; but, devoting himself entirely to literature, he
became under-librarian of St. Victor, and distinguished
both by the politeness of his manners, and the variety as
well as assiduity of his studies. In 1727, he was admitted
a member of the academy of inscriptions and belles lettres,
and made many valuable contributions to its memoirs. His
papers are characterised by simple but correct language,
variety of erudition, clearness of argument, and solidity
of criticism. At the instigation of M. Turgot, a place was
created of historiographer of Paris, and Bonamy being
appointed to occupy it, was led to write various memoirs
relative to the history and antiquities of the city; and on
occasion of the bequest of a curious library to the city, he
was made librarian. From the year 174-7, he conducted the
“Journal of Verdun
” with the strictest propriety and decorum, and indeed in every thing displayed candour and
probity, as well as learning. He died at Paris in 1770.
a painter, engraver, and antiquary, was born at Brussels in 1583, but when in his third year, the
a painter,
engraver, and antiquary, was born at Brussels in 1583, but
when in his third year, the war obliged his parents to remove into Germany. From his earliest years he discovered
a taste for painting, which induced his father to place him
under Giles Van Valkenberg. He afterwards studied in
Italy, and travelling over Germany, settled first at Franhendal, and in 1627 at Francfort on the Maine. His
paintings, principally fruit and flowers, were much admired, but
he perhaps had more reputation as an antiquary, in which
capacity, the earl of Arundel sent him into Italy to Mr.
Petty, who was then collecting for his lordship, and retained him in his service as long as he lived. After the
death of this patron, Vander Borcht was employed by the
prince of Wales (afterwards Charles II.) and lived in esteem
at London several years, till he returned to Antwerp, where
he died in 1660. As an engraver we have some few etchings by him; among the rest the “Virgin and Child,
” a
small upright print, from Parmigiano, engraved at London
in 1637; a “Dead Christ, supported by Joseph of Arimathea,
” from the same master, and “Apollo and Cupid,
” a
small upright oval from Perin del Vago.
s published, which soon proved of the highest benefit to Passeri: for, by its means, this celebrated antiquary, in the latter part of his life, could better explain than he
, a learned Roman cardinal, was
born of a noble family at Velletri, in 1731; and as the second son of the family, was from his birth destined for the
clerical dignities. In youth he appears to have been studious, and particularly attentive to historic and diplomatic
science, and modern and ancient languages. In 1770, he
was appointed secretary to the congregation of Propaganda, the purposes of which are to furnish missionaries to
propagate Christianity, on popish principles; and into this
college children are admitted from Asia and Africa, in
order to be instructed in religion, and to diffuse itj on
their return, through their native countries. A more fit
person could not be selected than Borgia, as he had both
zeal and learning. In 1771, the abbe Amaduzzi, director
of the printing-house of the college, procured the casting
of the Malabar types, and published some works in that
language, as well as in those of the Indians of Ava and of
Pegu. By the care of this new secretary also, an Etruscan
alphabet was published, which soon proved of the highest
benefit to Passeri: for, by its means, this celebrated antiquary, in the latter part of his life, could better explain
than he had ever done some Etruscan monuments of the
highest interest. About this time he began to lay the
foundation of the family museum at Velletri, which, before 1780, exhibited no less than eighty ancient Egyptian
statues in bronze or marble, many Etruscan and Greek
idols, numerous coins, inscriptions, &c. To form some
idea of the total of this museum, it may be observed that
only a small part of it, relative to Arabic antiquity, was the
subject of the description which, in 1782, was published
under the title of “Musaeum Cusicum.
” He had long
before this published “Monumento di Giovanni XVI.
summo Pontifice illustrate,
” Rome, 1750, 8vo. “Breve
Istoria dell‘ antica citta di Tadino nell’ Umbria, &c.
” ibid.
Dissertatione sopra un‘ antica Iscrizione
rinuentanelP Isoladi Malta nell’ anno 1749,
”Fermo, Dissertatione FUologica sopra un' antica gemma in
tagliata.
”
, a learned English antiquary, was born at Pendeen, in the parish of St. Just, Cornwall, February
, a learned English antiquary, was born at Pendeen, in the parish of St. Just, Cornwall, February 2, 1695-6. The family of that name, from which he was descended, had been settled at the place from whence they derived it (Borlase), from the time of king William Rufus. Our author was the second son of John Borlase, esq. of Pendeen, in the parish before mentioned, by Lydia, the youngest daughter of Christopher Harris, esq. of Hayne in the county of Devon; and was put early to school at Penzance, from which he was removed, in. 1709, to the care of the rev. Mr. Bedford, then a learned school-master at Plymouth. Having completed his grammatical education, he was entered of Exeter college, Oxford, in March 1712-13; where, on the 1st of June 1719, he took the degree of master of arts. In the same year, Mr. Borlase was admitted to deacon’s orders, and ordained priest in 1720. On the 22d of. April, 1722, he was instituted, by Dr. Weston, bishop of Exeter, to the rectory of Ludgvan in Cornwall, to which he had been presented by Charles Duke of Bolton . On the 28th of July, 1724, he was married in the church of Illuggan, by his elder brother, Dr. Borlase of Castlehorneck, to Anne, eldest surviving daughter and coheir of William Smith, M. A. rector of the parishes of Camborn and Illuggan. In 1732, the lord chancellor King, by the recommendation of sir William Morice, bart. presented Mr. Borlase to the vicarage of St. Just, his native parish, and where his father had a considerable property. This vicarage and the rectory of Ludgvan were the only preferments he ever received.
, an eminent French historian and antiquary, was a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, and born
, an eminent French historian and antiquary, was a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, and born at Amiens, Aug. 6, 1685. After finishing his course of philosophy and divinity, he studied the learned languages with great success, and his superiors observing his decided taste for literature, made him librarian of St. Germain- des-prez. He afterwards assisted the celebrated Montfaucon in some of his works, and undertook himself an edition of Josephus. When, however, he had made considerable progress in this, he understood that a man of learning in Holland was employed on a similar design, and therefore, with a liberality not very common, sent to him all the collections he had formed for the work. On the death of father Le Long, of the oratory, in 1721, Bouquet was employed in making a collection of the historians of France. Of this important work, a brief account will not be uninteresting.
, an eminent philologer, historian, and antiquary, born Sept. 12, 1612, was the son of James Zuerius, minister
, an eminent philologer,
historian, and antiquary, born Sept. 12, 1612, was the son
of James Zuerius, minister at Bergen-op-Zoom, by Anne
Boxhorn, the daughter of Henry Boxhorn, a minister of
Breda, originally a Roman Catholic, but who embracing the
reformed religion, became minister first in the duchy of
Cleves, then at Woorden in Holland, and lastly at Breda,
which place he left in 1625 when the Spaniards took it, and
retired to Leyden: here he superintended the education of
his grandson, the subject of the present article, who lost
his father when only six years old, and as he had no male
children, gave young Zuerius his name of Boxhorn. Under
his tuition, the youth made great progress in his studies,
and in 1629 published some good poetry on the taking of
Boisleduc, and some other victories which the Dutch had
gained. This was when he was only seventeen years old,
and he was but twenty when he published some more considerable works, as will appear in our list, which induced the
curators of the university of Leyden in the same year, 1632,
to promote him to the professorship of eloquence. His reputation extending, chancellor Oxenstiern, the Swedish
ambassador, made him great offers in queen Christina’s
name, but preferring a residence in his own country, he
was afterwards appointed professor of politics and history
in the room of Daniel Heinsius, now disabled by age. For
some time he carried on a controversy with Salmasius, but
they were afterwards apparently reconciled. Besides his
numerous works, he contributed frequently to the labours
of his learned friends: his career, however, was short, as
he died, after a tedious illness, at Leyden, Oct. 3, 1653, at
the age of only forty -one. How industriously this time was
employed will appear from the following list of his publications. 1. “Poemata,
” Granatarum
encomium,
” Amsterdam, Historian Augustas Scriptores,
” a new edition with his notes, Leyden,
Theatrum, sive Descriptio Comitatus et Urbium Hollandiae,
” ibid. Plinii Panegyricus,
” Leyden, Leyden, 1632 and 1645, 12mo. 7.
” Poetae Satiric!
minores, cum Commentariis,“ibid. 1632, 8vo. 8.
” Respublica Leodiensium,“ibid. 1633, 24mo. 9.
” Apologia pro Navigationibus Hollandorum, adversus Pontum
Heuterum,“ibid. 1633, 24mo, and reprinted at London, 1636, 8vo. 10.
” Emblemata Politica, et Dissertationes Politicae,“Amsterdam, 1634 and 1651, 12mo.
11.
” Julii Csesaris Opera, cum commentariis variorum,“ibid. 16:34, fol. 12.
” Grammatica regia, &c. pro Christina Succor um regina,“Holm. 1635, 12nio, Leyden, 1650.
13.
” Catonis Disticha, Gr. Lat. cum Notis,“Leyden,
1635, 8vo. 14.
” Orationes duae de vera Nobilitate et ineptiis sseculi,“ibid. 1635, fol. 15.
” Oratio inauguralis de
maj estate eioqueuti Romanae,“ibid. 1636, 4to. 16.
44 Orationes Tres, de theologia paganorum, fabulis poetarum, et animarum immortalitate,
” ibid. 1636, 4to. 17.
“Oratio funebris in obitum Dominici Molini,
” ibid. Character causarum Patroni,
” ibid. ibid. 1637, 4to. 20.
” Panegyricus
Principi Fred. Henrico, post Bred am oppugnatam dictus,“Leyden, 1637, fol. 21.
” Quaestiones Roman se, cum Plutarchi qucetionibus Romanis, commentario uberrimo explicatis,“ibid. 1637, 4to, and reprinted in Graevius, vol. V.
22.
” Monumenta illustrium virorum seri incisa et elogia,“ibid. 1633, fol. 23.
” JuStinus, cum notis,“Amsterdam,
1638. 24.
” Panegyricus in classem Hispanorum profligatam,“Leyden, 1639, fol. 25.
” Oratio de Somniis,“ibid. 1639, 4to. 26.
” Historia obsidionis Bredanae,
&c.“ibid. 1640, fol. 27.
” De Typographies artis inventione et inventoribus, Dissertatio,“ibid. 1640, 4to.
In this he is inclined to think that the art of printing
was first discovered at Haerlem, and not at Mentz, as he first
supposed. 28. “Dissertatio de Trapezitis, vulgo Longobardis,” ibid. 1640, 8vo, and Groningen, 1658, 4to. 29.
“Panegyricus in Nuptias principis Arausionensium Gulielmi, et Mariae, Britanniae regis filiae,” Leyden, 1641, fol.
30.
” Oratio in excessum Cornelii Vander Myle,“ibid.
1642, fol. 31.
” Oratio qua Ser. Henricae Mariae, magnae
Britannise reginae urbem Leydensem subeuntis adventum
veneratur,“ibid. 1642, fol. This compliment to our exiled
queen, and a subsequent publication, Bayle informs us,
was disliked by some republicans. 32.
” Oratio in excessum principis Const. Alexandri,“ibid. 1642, fol. 33.
” Commentarius in vitam Agricolae Corn. Taciti,“ibid.
1642, 12mo, and an Apology for this edition,
” adversus
Dialogistam,“Amsterdam, 1643, 12mo. 34.
” Animadversiones in Corn. Taciturn, Amsterdam,“1643, and often
reprinted. 35. The Belgic History to the time of Charles
V. in Dutch, Leyden, 1644, 1649, 4to. 36.
” Chronicon
Zelandiae,“Middleburgh, 1644, 4to. 37. On the worship
of the goddess Nehalennia, in Dutch, Leyden, 1647, 4to.
38.
” Plinii Epistolae cum ejus Panegyrico,“ibid. 1648,
and Amsterdam, 1659, 12mo. 39.
” Dissertatio de Amnestia,“ibid. 1648, 12mo. 40.
” Dissertatio de successione
etjure primogenitorum, in adeundo principatu, ad Carolum
II. Magnse Britanniae regem,“ibid. 1649, 4to. 41.
” De
Majestate Regum, Principumque liber singularis,“a defence
of the former, ibid. 1649, 4to. 42.
”Com.mentariolusde Statu
Fcederatarum Provinciarum Belgii, Hague, 1649. Somi
offence taken by the States of Holland obliged the author to
alter part of this work in the edition 1650. 43. “Oratio
funebris in excessum Adriani Falkoburgii Med. Doct.
” Leyden, Hayraonis Hist, ecclesiastics Breviarium,
” ibid. Disquisitiones Politicae, ex
omni historia selectae,
” Hague, Dissertatio de Groecse, Romanae, et Germanics? Linguarum harmonia,
” Leyden, Historia Universalis Sacra et Profana a nato Christo ad annum 1650,
” ibid.
Orationes varii argumenti,
” Amst. Oratio in excessum
Gul. principis Arausiee, comitis Nassovii, Leyd. 1651, fol.
50.
” Metamorphosis Anglorurn,“Hague, 1653, 12mo.
51.
” Originum Gallicaruna liber,“Amst. 1654, 4to. This
critical history of ancient Gaul procured him much reputation. He was employed on it in his latter days, but did
not live to publish it. The following are also posthumous
52.
” Ideae orationum e selection materia modern! status
politici desumptae,“Leyden, 1657, ]2mo, and Leipsic,
1661, 12mo. 53.
” Institutionum seu disquisitionum Politicarum Libri Duo,“Leipsic, 1659, Amst. 1663. 54.
” Chronologia sacra et prophana,“edited by Bosius,
Francf. 1660, fol. 55.
” Epistolae et Poemata,“Amst.
1662, 12mo, with his life written by James Baselius, a Calvinist minister, and reprinted at Leipsic in 1679, with a
preface by Thomasius. 56.
” Dissertatio de Imperio Romano," Jena, 1664, 12mo.
, a French antiquary, was born at Lyons, Jan. 28, 1680, of parents who gave him an
, a French antiquary, was
born at Lyons, Jan. 28, 1680, of parents who gave him
an excellent education. He attached himself at first to
jurisprudence, but antiquities and medals soon occupied
him entirely. The chancellor de Pontchartrain, the abbe
Bignon, Vaillant, Haruouin, admired him for the amiableness of his manners, and the depth of his learning. In
1705 he published some ingenious dissertations upon
medals and other monuments, which procured him to be
admitted into the academy of inscriptions and belles-lettres,
under the title of pupil; and the year following he became
perpetual secretary. The French academy too admitted
him of their society in 1715, as successor to M. Fenelon.
He was made keeper of the royal cabinet of medals in
1719; and the year after he set out for Holland, with the
view of augmenting that grand collection. On returning
to Paris he devoted the whole of his time to the academy
of belles-lettres, to which he contributed a great many
memoirs, and the cabinet of medals. He had the inspection of the library in 1745, during the illness of M. Maboul, before which time he resigned the place of secretary
to the academy. He died the 10th of September, 1753,
aged seventy-four. He was as estimable for the sweetness
of his temper as for the depth of his knowledge. Among
his works, are: 1. The edition of the first 15 vols. of the
“Memoires de l'academie des inscriptions et belleslettres.
” The historical panegyrics which embellish
these memoirs were printed separately in 2 vols. 12mo.
They are ingenious and agreeable; they may contain
fewer of those delicate strokes with which the éloges
of Fontenelle abound, but perhaps they exceed them
in elegance and taste! They are, however, unequal.
2. The second edition of the “Medallic history of Louis
XIV.
” brought down to his death, 1723, folio. He gives
the drawings and impresses of many of them. 3. “The
history of the emperor Tetricus illustrated by medals.
”
4. Several dissertations on the ancient medals, dispersed
for the most part throughout the “Memoires de l'academie
des belles-lettres.
” 5. He published the “Catalogue of
his library,
” Yellow
Book,
” “Livre jaune, contenant quelques conversations
sur les logomachies, disputes de mots, abus de termes,
”
&c. Bale,
, an Italian historian and antiquary, was a native of Sarzano, in Tuscany, in the fifteenth century.
, an Italian historian and antiquary,
was a native of Sarzano, in Tuscany, in the fifteenth century. He was secretary to the republic of Genoa, but refused the honour of that appointment when offered by pope
Nicholas V. who was his countryman. He died in 1460.
He wrote in elegant Latin five books, “De Bello inter
Hispanos et Genuenses,
” from De Claris Genuensibus,
” and “Orae Ligusticae descriptio,
” Rome,
Jter Italicum,
” has printed
a small work by Bracelli, “De praecipuis Genuensis urbis
familiis.
” His letters, “Epistoloe,
” were printed at Pc.ris,
xtensive researches, and left a much enlarged edition in ms. which is now in the hands of an eminent antiquary, and is intended for publication. About the time of the publication
, secretary to the society of antiquaries,
and rector of the united parishes of St. Mary-hill and St.
Andrew Hubbard, in the city of London, was born at Newcastle-upon-Tyne, about 1743, and educated at Lincoln
college, Oxford, where he took his bachelor’s degree, but
left college in 1774, on being presented by Matthew Ridley, esq. to the curacy of Cramlington, a chapel of ease
to St. Nicholas at Newcastle, from which it is distant about
eight miles. While at the university, he published a poem
“On Illicit Love; written among the Ruins of Godstow
Nunnery,
” Observations on Popular Antiquities, including the whole of Mr. Bourne’s Antiquitates Vulgares,
with Addenda to every chapter of that work; as also an
Appendix, containing such articles on the subject as have
been omitted by that author,
” 8vo. This work is dated
from Westgate-street, Tyne, where the author then resided. He afterwards continued to augment his materials
by subsequent and more extensive researches, and left a
much enlarged edition in ms. which is now in the hands of
an eminent antiquary, and is intended for publication.
About the time of the publication of his “Popular Antiquities,
” he was admitted a member of the society of Antiquaries, and in 1784 was presented by the duke of Northumberland, who, if we mistake not, had been his earliest
friend and patron, to the rectory of St. Mary-hill. In the
same year he was elected resident secretary to the Society
of Antiquaries, on the death of Dr. Morell, the duties of
which office he performed with uncommon ability, and to
the entire satisfaction of the society, who continued to
re-elect him annually until his death.
o a stranger, became easy on closer acquaintance, and he loved to communicate to men of literary and antiquary taste, the result of his researches on any subject in which
He was twice prosecuted by common informers for nonresidence, having let his parsonage-house when he went
to reside in the society’s apartments at Somerset-house;
although none could exceed him in the punctual discharge
of his parochial duties, both on Sundays and week-days.
After the late regulations respecting residence, he constantly slept in the rectory-house. He always took much
exercise, and on the day before his death, had a long ramble with two much-valued friends, with whom he parted in
the evening apparently in perfect health, Sept. 10, 1806.
He rose next morning about seven o'clock, his usual hour,
and went into his study, when his servant took him an egg,
which he usually ate before he went to Somerset- house.
The servant afterwards wondering at his remaining so long
in his study, went into the room and found him lying on
the floor lifeless. He died unmarried, and without leaving
any relation except a very aged aunt. He was buried in
the chancel of his church Sept. 24. In him the Society of
Antiquaries sustained a very great loss. Although his publications were few, his knowledge of antiquities was very
extensive, and he had accumulated a very numerous and
curious library, rich in old English literature, which was
sold by auction some time after his death. His manners,
somewhat repulsive to a stranger, became easy on closer
acquaintance, and he loved to communicate to men of literary and antiquary taste, the result of his researches on
any subject in which they might require information. Many
of his books were supplied with portraits drawn by himself in a style not inferior to the originals, of which they
were at the same time perfect imitations. A small silhouette likeness of him is in the frontispiece to his “History of Newcastle.
”
, a learned mathematician and antiquary, was the son of Robert Brerewood, a reputable tradesman, who
, a learned mathematician
and antiquary, was the son of Robert Brerewood, a reputable tradesman, who was three times mayor of Chester.
Our author was born in that city in 1565, where he was
educated in grammar learning at the free school; and was
afterwards admitted, in 1581, of Brazen-nose college, Oxford, where he soon acquired the character of a hard
student; as he has shewn by the commentaries he wrote
upon Aristotle’s Ethics, when no more than twenty-one
years of age. In 1596 he was chosen the first professor of
astronomy in Gresham college, being one of the two who,
at the desire of the electors, were recommended to them
by the university of Oxford. He loved retirement, and
wholly devoted himself to the pursuit of knowledge. And
though he never published any thing himself, yet he was
very communicative, and ready to impart what he knew to
others, either in conversation or in writing. His retired
situation at Gresham college being agreeable, it did not
appear that he had any other views, but continued there
the remainder of his life, which was terminated by a fever
the 4th of November 1613, at forty-eight years of age, in
the midst of his pursuits, and before he had taken proper
care to collect and digest his learned labours; which,
however, were not lost; being reduced to order, and published after his death, in the following order: 1. “De ponderibus et pretiis veterum nummorum, eorumque cum recentioribus collatione,
” Enquiries touching the
diversity of Languages and Religion, through the chief
parts of the world,
” Elementa Logicae in gratiam studiosae juventutis
in acad. Oxon.
” Tractatus quidam logici
de praedicabilibus et proedicamentis,
” Treatise of the Sabbath,
” 6.
” A second treatise
of the Sabbath,“1632, 4to. 7,
” Tractatus duo, quorum
primus est de meteoris, secundus de oculo,“1631. 8.
” Commentarii in Ethica Aristotelis,“1640,. 4to. Mr.
Wood tells us, that the original manuscript of this, written
with his own hand, is in the smallest and neatest character that his eyes ever beheld; and that it was finished by
him Oct. 27, 1586. 9.
” The patriarchal government of
the ancient Church," 1641, 4to.
mmon law, -he made the former his particular study, and traced its origin with the true spirit of an antiquary. This course of study produced a very much improved edition
, advocate of
the parliament of Paris, and an eminent law writer and
pleader, was born at Montrotier, about four leagues from
Lyons, Feb. 24, 1656. After studying languages and philosophy at Lyons, he came to Paris in 1677 to apply himself to law, and in 1680 was appointed an advocate. Having conceived a preference to the written over the common law, -he made the former his particular study, and
traced its origin with the true spirit of an antiquary. This
course of study produced a very much improved edition of
the works of Claude Henrys, 1708, 2 vols. fol. and afterwards a work of great utility in the French law, which he
undertook at the request of the chancellor D'Aguesseau,
entitled “Recueil des principals questions de droit qui
se jugent diversement dans differens tribunaux du royaume,
”
, a French antiquary, was born Sept. 17, 1528, and entered the society of the Benedictines
, a French antiquary, was born Sept. 17, 1528, and entered the society
of the Benedictines of St. Germain -des-Pres in 1549. He
published in 1601 an edition of Isidorus, fol.; and 1. “Le
Theatre des Antiquity’s de Paris,
” Supplementum antiquitatum Parisiensium,
” Antiquities of
Paris,
” published in Les Pastes de Paris,
”
by Bonfons, improved by our author, La Vie du cardinal Charles de Bourbon,
” uncle of
Henry IV. 1612, 4to. 5. “Chronicon Abbatum regalis
monast S. Germani a Pratis,
”
, esq. of Barton- Seagrave, in Northamptonshire, a celebrated antiquary and topographer, was son and heir of John Bridges, esq. who
, esq. of Barton- Seagrave, in Northamptonshire, a celebrated antiquary and topographer, was son and heir of John Bridges, esq. who purchased that estate, by Elizabeth, sister of sir William Trumbull, secretary of state, and was born at Binfield in Berkshire, about 1666. His grandfather was col. John Bridges of Alcester in Warwickshire; not related to the Chandos family, nor bearing arms of any similitude to them, but said to be descended from Ireland. He was bred to the law, and a member of Lincoln’s-inn, of which he at last became bencher. His practical attention to his profession was probably prevented by his prospect of a private fortune, and the lucrative places which he enjoyed. In 1695 he was appointed solicitor of the customs; in 1711, commissioner of the same; and iii 1715, cashier of excise. He was also one of the governors of Bethlehem hospital, and a fellow of the royal society.
ny who were most eminent in that study; some of whom, and particularly Hearne, the celebrated Oxford antiquary, have borne very honourable testimony to his knowledge, and
In the latter end of his life, about 1719, he began to
form collections towards a history of Northamptonshire;
and employed several persons of abilities and skill to make
drawings, collect information, and transcribe such monuments and records as were essential to his purpose. In this
manner, it is said, he expended several thousand pounds.
The transcripts thus collected extend to upwards of thirty
volumes in folio; besides five volumes, quarto, containing
accounts of churches, &c. and four smaller volumes, in his
own hand-writing. But Mr. Bridges never proceeded to
compose any part of the work himself. He was a man in
the highest degree qualified to direct such an xmdertaking.
His judgment was sound, and his learning various and
extensive. As an investigator of antiquities, his skill and
diligence procured him great respect from many who were
most eminent in that study; some of whom, and particularly Hearne, the celebrated Oxford antiquary, have borne
very honourable testimony to his knowledge, and professed
themselves indebted to his friendly communications. His
collection of books was so judicious, that the catalogues of
his library, printed after his decease, were long, and are
still, retained as valuable by every curious collector. He
died July 30, 1724, at his chambers in Lincolu’s-inn. His
Mss. came into the hands of his brother and heir, William
Bridges, esq. secretary to the stamp office and after many
attempts and delays (of which an interesting, but, to county-historians, not a very encouraging account, may be seen in Mr. Nichols’s Life of Bowyer), formed the basis of
the “History of Northamptonshire,
” published in 2 vols.
fol. by the late Rev. Peter Whalley, grammar-school master of Christ’s hospital; the first vol. in 1762, and the second in 1791. It is a very valuable book, but might have
been greatly improved, if a parochial visitation had previously taken place.
soon after that publication, in 1715. Mr. Brokesby was intimately acquainted with the famous Oxford antiquary, Hearne, who printed a valuable letter of his in the first volume
, was born at Stoke Golding, in
Leicestershire, Sept. 29, 1637, and educated at Trinity
college, Cambridge, and was afterwards rector of Rowley,
in the East riding of Yorkshire. He wrote a “Life of
Jesus Christ;
” and was a principal assistant to Mr. Nelson
in compiling his “Feasts and Fasts of the Church of England.
” He was also author of “An History of the government of the primitive Church, for the three first centuries,
and the beginning of the fourth,
” printed by W. B. The following
treatise challenges you for its patron, and demands its
dedication to yourself, in that I wrote it under your roof>
was encouraged in my studies by that respectful treatment
I there found, and still meet with; and withal, as I was
assisted in my work by your readiness to supply me, out
of your well-replenished library, with such books as I
stood in need of in collecting this history. I esteem myself, therefore, in gratitude obliged to make this public
acknowledgement of your favours, and to tell the world,
that when I was by God’s good providence reduced to
straits (in part occasioned by my care lest I should make shipwreck of a good conscience), I then found a safe retreat and kind reception in your family, and there both
leisure and encouragement to write this following treatise.
”
As Mr. Brokesby’s straits arose from his principles as a
nonjuror, he was, of course, patronised by the most eminent persons of that persuasion. The house of the benevolent Mr. Cherry, however, was his asylum; and there
he formed an intimacy with Mr. Dodwell, whose “Life
”
he afterwards wrote, and with Mr. Nelson, to whom the
Life of Dodwell is dedicated. He died suddenly soon after
that publication, in 1715. Mr. Brokesby was intimately
acquainted with the famous Oxford antiquary, Hearne,
who printed a valuable letter of his in the first volume of
Leland’s Itinerary; and was said to be the author of a tract,
entitled “Of Education, with respect to grammar-schools
and universities,
”
, an eminent physician and antiquary, was born in London, in the parish of St. Michael, Cheapside,
, an eminent physician and
antiquary, was born in London, in the parish of St.
Michael, Cheapside, Oct. 19, 1605. His father was a
merchant, of an ancient family at Upton in Cheshire. He lost
his father very early, and was defrauded by one of his
guardians, by whom, however, or by his mother, who soon
after his father’s death married sir Thomas Dutton, he was
placed at Winchester school. In 1623 he was removed
from Winchester to Oxford, and entered a gentlemancommoner of Broadgate-hall. Here he was admitted to his
bachelor’s degree, Jan. 31, 1626-27, being the first person
of eminence graduated from Broadgate-hall, when endowed and known as Pembroke-college. After taking his
master’s degree, he turned his studies to physic, and practised it for some time in Oxfordshire, but soon afterwards,
either induced by curiosity, or invited by promises, he
quitted his settlement, and accompanied his father-in-law,
who had some employment in Ireland, in a visitation of
the forts and castles, which the state of Ireland then made
necessary. From Ireland he passed into France and Italy;
made some stay at Montpelier and Padua, which were then
the celebrated schools of physic; and, returning home
through Holland, procured himself to be created M. D. at
Leyden, but when he began these travels, or when he
concluded them, there is no certain account. It is, however, supposed that he returned to London in 1634, and
that the following year he wrote his celebrated treatise,
the “Religio Medici,
” which he declares himself never
to have intended for the press, having composed it only
for his own exercise and entertainment. He had, however, communicated it to his friends, and by some means
a copy was given to a printer in 1642, and was no sooner
published than it excited the attention of the public by
the novelty of paradoxes, the dignity of sentiment, the
quick succession of images, the multitude of abstruse allusions, the subtlety of disquisition, and the strength of
language.
, a law-writer and antiquary, son and heir of John Bry<lal, esq. of the Rolls Liberty, was
, a law-writer and antiquary, son and heir of John Bry<lal, esq. of the Rolls
Liberty, was born in Somersetshire about 1635, and became a commoner of Queen’s college, Oxford, in Michaelmas term, 1651, where he took a degree in arts in -1655,
but left the university without completing it by determination. He then settled in Lincoln’s inn, and after the
usual course of law studies was admitted to the bar. After
the restoration he became secretary to sir Harbottle Grirnston, master of the rolls. When he died is uncertain, as
he survived the publication of Wood’s Athenae, from which
we have extracted this brief notice of him, but he appears
to have been living in 1704. He published several law
treatises, some of which are still in estimation: 1. “Jus
imaginis apud Anglos, or the Law of England relating to
the Nobility and Gentry,
” Jus Sigilli; or the law of England touching the four principal
Seals, the great seal, privy seal, exchequer seal, and the
signet; also those grand officers to whose custody those
seals are committed,
” Speculum Juris
Anglicani; or a view of the Laws of England, as they are
divided into statutes, common-law, and customs,
” Jus criminis, or an abridgment of the laws of
treason, murther, conspiracies, poisonings, &c.
” Camera Regis, or a short view of Lon^
don, viz. antiquity, &c, officers, courts, customs, franchises,
” &c. Decus et tutamen; or a prospect of the laws of England, framed for the safeguard of
the king’s majesty,
” Ars transferendi; of
sure guide to the conveyancer,
” Non
compos mentis; or, the law relating to natural fools, mad
folks, and lunatic persons,
” Lex Spuriorum; or, the law relating to bastardy, collected from the
common, civil, and ecclesiastical laws,
” Declaration of the divers preheminences or privileges
allowed by the laws and customs of England, unto the firstborn among her majesty’s subjects the temporal lords in
parliament,
” Jura
Coronae; or, his majesty’s royal rights and prerogatives
asserted against papal usurpations, and all other antimonarchical attempts and practices,
”
, a learned antiquary, was born in Lincolnshire, in the sixteenth century, and flourished
, a learned antiquary, was born in Lincolnshire, in the sixteenth century, and flourished in the
beginning of the seventeenth. He was descended from
the ancient family of the Bucs, or Buckes, of West Stanton, and Herthill, in Yorkshire, and Melford-hall, in Suffolk. His great grandfather, sir John Buc, knight, was
one of king Richard the Third’s favourites, and attended
that unfortunate prince to the battle of Bosworth, where
he lost his crown and life. In the first parliament of king
Henry VII. this sir John Buc was attainted for being one
of the chief aiders and assistants to the king just now mentioned, in the battle of Bosworth, and soon after was beheaded at Leicester. By this attainder his posterity were
reduced to very great distress; but, through the interest
of Thomas duke of Norfolk, the great patron of the family, they had probably some of their estates restored to
them, and, among others, that in Lincolnshire, where our
author was born. In the reign of king James I. he was made
one of the gentlemen of his majesty’s privy-chamber, and
knighted. He was also constituted master of the revels,
whose office was then kept on St. Peter' s-hill, in London.
What he mostly distinguished himself by, was writing
“The Life and Reign of Richard III. in five books,
”
wherein, in opposition to the whole body of English historians, he endeavours to represent that prince’s person
and actions in a quite different light from what they have
been by others; and takes great pains to wipe off the
bloody stains that have been fixed upon his character. He
has also written: “The third universitie of England; or,
a treatise of the foundations of all the colledges, ancient
schooles of priviledge, and of houses of learning, and liberall arts, within and about the most famous citie of London.
With a briefe report of the sciences, arts, and faculties
therein professed, studied, and practised.
” And a treatise
t)f “The Art of Revels.
” Mr. Camden gives him the character of “a person of excellent learning,
” and thankfully
acknowledges that he “remarked many things in his historiei, and courteously communicated his observations to
him.
” He has since received very able support, and
Richard III. has found a powerful advocate in Horace
Walpole, the late lord Orford, who in his “Historic
Doubts
” has, with much ingenuity, at least, shewn that
the evidence produced in confirmation of Richard’s crimes,
is far from being decisive, But we have now an “historic
doubt
” to bring forward of more importance to the present article, which we find in a note on Malone’s Shakspeare, in the following words: “I take this opportunity
of correcting an error into which Anthony Wood has fallen,
and which has been implicitly adopted in the new edition
of the Biographia Britannica, and many other books. The
error I allude to, is, that this sir George Buc, who was
knighted at Whitehall by king James the day before his
coronation, July 23, 1603, was the author of the celebrated * History of king Richard the Third;' which was
written above twenty years after his death, by George
Buck, esq. who was, I suppose, his son. The precise
time of, the father’s death, I have not been able to ascertain, there being no will of his in the prerogative office;
but I have reason to believe that it happened soon after
the year 1622. He certainly died before August 1629.
”
, D. D. a learned and ingenious English clergyman and antiquary, was born in 1716, and educated at Oriel college, Oxford, where
, D. D. a learned and ingenious English clergyman and antiquary, was born in 1716, and educated at Oriel college, Oxford, where he took his master’s degree in 1739. He was afterwards elected a fellow of All-Souls college, where he proceeded B. D. in 1755, and D. D. in 1759. In 1755 he was presented to the vicarage of Cumner in Berkshire, by the earl of Abingdon. He was also rector of Frilsham in the same county. He died and was buried at Cumner, Dec. 24, 1780, being at that time likewise keeper of the archives in the university of Oxford, to which office he was elected in 1777. His talents would in all probability have advanced him to higher stations, had they been less under the influence of those honest principles, which, although they greatly dignify a character, are not always of use on the road to preferment. In truth, says the author of his epitaph, he preserved his integrity chaste and "pure: he thought liberally, and spoke openly; a mean action was his contempt. He possessed not great riches, secular honours, or court favours; but he enjoyed blessings of a much higher estimation, a competency, a sound mind, an honest heart, a good conscience, and a faith unshaken.
Dr. Buckler, who was an able antiquary, assisted his friend and contemporary, Mr. Justice Blackstone,
Dr. Buckler, who was an able antiquary, assisted his
friend and contemporary, Mr. Justice Blackstone, in his
researches respecting the right of fellowships, &c. in AllSouls college, and drew up that valuable work, the “Stemmata Chicheleana; or, a genealogical account of some of
the families derived from Thomas Chichele, of HighamFerrers, in the county of Northampton; all whose
descendants are held to be entitled to fellowships in All-Souls
college, Oxford, by virtue of their consanguinity to archbishop Chichele, the founder,
” Oxford, 1765, 4to. The
college having afterwards purchased, at Mr. Anstis’s sale,
many large ms volumes by him, relating to the history
and constitution of this college, and the case of founder’s
kindred, Dr. Buckler published “A Supplement to the
Stemmata,
” Oxford, A reply to Dr. Huddesford’s observations relating to the delegates of the press, with a narrative of the
proceedings of the proctors with regard to their nomination
of a delegate,
” Oxford,
, M.D. and F. R. S. and F. S.A. an eminent antiquary, of whom our accounts are very scanty, was born at Rjppon in
, M.D. and F. R. S. and F. S.A. an
eminent antiquary, of whom our accounts are very scanty,
was born at Rjppon in Yorkshire 1697, and educated hi
Christ church college in Oxford for some time, but took
his degree in some foreign university; and on his settling
at York, became very eminent in his profession. In 1745
it is said that he proposed joining himself to the pretender,
then at Manchester; but that his friends had interest sufficient to dissuade him from a measure which must have terminated in his ruin. His conduct, therefore, appears to
have unjustly exposed him to censure, if his own account
may be relied on, to this purpose, that “going out of
York, with leave of the mayor, &c. to take care of his estates, on the approach of the rebels, he was taken by
them, and in consequence of that was apprehended Dec. 3,
1745, and detained till March 25, 1746—7.
” This is explained in “British liberty endangered, demonstrated by
the following narrative, wherein is proved from facts, that
J. B. has hitherto been a better friend to the English constitution, in church and state, than his persecutors. Humbly dedicated to the most reverend and worthy the archbishop of Canterbury, late of York (Herring). With a
proper preface, by John Burton, of York, M. D.
” London,
3 749. There was afterwards published “An account of
what passed between Mr. George Thomson of York, and
doctor John Burton of that city, physician and manmidwife, at Mr. sheriff Jubb’s entertainment, and the consequences thereon, by Mr. George Thomson,
” London,
A Treatise on the Non-naturals, in which the
great influence they have on human bodies is set forth, and
mechanically accounted for. To which is subjoined, a
short Essay on the Chin-Cough, with a new method of
treating that obstinate distemper,
” York, 1738, 8vo. In
the title of this work, he calls himself “M. B. Cant, and
M. D. Rhem.
” by which it would appear that his bachelor’s
was a Lambeth degree, and that he graduated as doctor at
Rheims. In 1751, he published “An Essay towards a
complete new system of Midwifery,
” 8vo, and in A Letter to William Smellie, M. D. containing critical
and practical remarks upon his Treatise on the theory and
practice of Midwifery,
” 8vo. But the work by which he is
principally known, and for which he was employed in
making collections during his latter years, was, his “Monasticon Eboracense; and the Ecclesiastical History of Yorkshire, &c.
” the first volume of which was published in
, author of the “Anatomy of Melancholy,” the younger brother of William Burton, the antiquary, the subject of the next article but one, was born at Lindley,
, author of the “Anatomy of Melancholy,
” the younger brother of William Burton, the
antiquary, the subject of the next article but one, was born
at Lindley, Feb. 8, 1576, and had his grammatical education
at Sutton-Colfield; after which, in 1593, he was admitted
a commoner of Brazen-nose college, and elected a student
of Christ church, in 1599, under the tuition (though only for form’s sake) of Dr. John Bancroft, afterwards bishop of
Oxford. He took the degree of B. D. in 16 14, and was
in that year admitted to the reading of the sentences. In
1616, the dean and chapter of Christ church presented
him to the Vicarage of St. Thomas in Oxford, in which
parish he always gave the sacrament in wafers; and George
lord Berkeley bestowed upon him the rectory of Segrave
in Leicestershire. Both these preferments he held till his
decease, which happened at Christ church, January 25,
1639—4O. He was a curious calculator of nativities, and
among others, of his own; and the time of his death answering exactly to his own predictions, it was whispered in the
college, that (to use Anthony Wood’s language), rather
than there should be any mistake in the calculation, he
sent up his soul to heaven through a slip about his neck; but
for this insinuation there appears little foundation. He was
a general scholar and severe student, of a melancholy yet
humourous disposition, and appears to have been a man of
extensive learning, which his memory enabled him to produce upon every subject. In his moral character, he was a
man of great integrity, plain-dealing, and chanty. He
was principally known as the author of a very celebrated
and popular work, entitled “The Anatomy of Melancholy,
”
published first in quarto, and which afterwards went through
several editions in folio, so that the bookseller acquired an
estate by it. This book was compiled by our learned writer
with a view of relieving his own melancholy; but it encreased to such a degree, that nothing could divert him
but going to the bridge foot, and hearing the ribaldry of
the bargemen, which seldom failed to throw him into a
violent fit of laughter. In the intervals of his vapours, he
was one of the most facetious companions in the university.
The “Anatomy of Melancholy
” is for the greater part a
cento, though a very ingenious one. The quotations,
which abound in every page, are pertinent; but if the
author had made freer use of his invention, and less of his
common -place book, his work, perhaps, would have been
more valuable. However, he generally avoids the affected
language, and ridiculous metaphors, which were common
in that age. On Mr. Burton’s monument in Christ church
is his bust, with his nativity, and this description by himself, put up by his brother: “Faucis notus, paucioribus
ignotus, hie jacet Democritusjunior, cui vitam dedit et mortem Melancholia. Obiit viii. Id. Jan. A. C. MDCXXXIX.
”
He left behind him a choice collection of books, many of
which he bequeathed to the Bodleian library, and that of
Brazen-nose college. He left also a hundred pounds, for
a fund to purchase five pounds’ worth of books, every year,
for the library of Christ church.
, another antiquary of the seventeenth century, son of William Burton of Atcham
, another antiquary of the seventeenth century, son of William Burton of Atcham in Shrop^
shire, was born in Austin Friars, London, educated in St.
Paul’s school, and became a student in Queen’s college,
Oxford, in 1625. When at the university, he was patronised by the learned Mr. Allen, of Glocester-hall, who appointed him Greek lecturer there. His indigence obliging
him to leave the university in 1630, after he had taken the
degree of bachelor of the civil law, he was for some time
usher to Mr. Thomas Farnaby, a famous schoolmaster in
Kent. He was afterwards master of the free grammarschool at Kingston upon Thames, in which station he continued till within two years of his death, when he retired
to London, where he died in 1657, and was buried in St.
Clement’s Danes, Strand. He published, 1. “Laudatio*
funebris in obitum D. Thomae Alleni,
” Oxon. Annotations on the first Epistle of Clement the Apostle to the Corinthians,
” Lond. Graecse Linguae Historia,
” ibid. Veteris Linguae Persicae Historia,
” with a recommendatory epistle by Langbaine. 4. “A Commentary on Antoninus’s Itinerary, or
Journey of the Roman Empire, so far as it concerneth Britain,
” Lond. The beloved city, or the Saints’ reign on
earth a thousand years, &c.
” Lond. Commentary on Antoninus
” procured him, from bishop
Kennett, the character of the best topographer since Camden.
g on a fever which proved fatal in October of that year. He was a man of great learning, and an able antiquary. The public is indebted to him for the “Monumentum Anciranum,”
, was
the natural son of the lord of Bnsbec, or Boesbec, and
born at Commines, a town in Flanders, 1522. The early
proofs he gave of extraordinary genius induced his father
to spare neither care nor expence to get him properly instructed, and to obtain his legitimation from the emperor
Charles V. He was sent to study at the universities of
Louvain, Paris, Venice, Bologna, and Padua, and was
some time at London* whither he attended the ambassador
of Ferdinand, king of the Romans, and was present at the
marriage of Philip and Mary. In 1554 he was appointed
ambassador at Constantinople; but made a very short stay
there. Being sent back the following year, his second
embassy proved longer and more fortunate; for it lasted
seven years, and ended in a beneficial treaty. He acquired
a perfect, knowledge of the state of the Ottoman empire,
and the true means of attacking it with success; on which
subject he composed a very judicious discourse, entitled
“De re militari contra Turcam instituenda consilium.
”
Without neglecting any thing that related to the business
of his embassy, he laboured successfully for the republic
of letters, collecting inscriptions, purchasing manuscripts,
searching after rare plants, and inquiring into the nature
of animals, and when he set out the second time to Constantinople, he carried with him a painter, to make drawings of the plants and animals that were unknown in the
west. The relation which he wrote of his two journies to
Turkey is much commended by Thuanus. He was desirous of passing the latter part of his life in privacy, but
the emperor Maximilian made choice of him to be governor to his sons; and when his daughter princess Elizabeth
was married to Charles IX. of France, Busbec was nominated to conduct her to Paris. This queen gave him the
whole superintendance of her houshold and her affairs, and,
when she quitted France, on her husband’s death, left him
there as her ambassador, in which station he was retained
by the emperor Rodolph until 1592, when, on a journey
to the Low Countries, he was attacked by a party of soldiers,
and so harshly treated as to bring on a fever which proved
fatal in October of that year. He was a man of great learning, and an able antiquary. The public is indebted to
him for the “Monumentum Anciranum,
” which would be
one of the most curious and instructive inscriptions of antiquity, if it was entire, as it contained a list of the actions
of Augustus. Passing through Ancyra, a city of Galatia,
Busbec caused all that remained legible of that inscription
to be copied from the marble of a ruined palace, and sent
it to Schottus the Jesuit. It may be seen in Gruevius’s
Suetonius. Gronovius published this Monumentum Anciranum at Leyden in 1695, with notes, from a more full
and correct copy than that of Busbec. Busbec also vyrote
“Letters from France to the emperor Rodolph,
” which
exhibit an interesting picture of the French court at that
period. An edition of all his letters was published by
Elzivir at Leyden, 1633, and at London in 1660, 12mo.
His “Itinera Constantinopolitanum et Amasianum
” was
printed at Antwerp, Legationis Turcicæ Epistolæ,
” Francfort,
of absurdities. Mr. Cambridge’s hero, therefore, without any qualities to se< cure our esteem, is an antiquary, a pedant, an alchymist, and what seldom is found among such
Mr. Cambridge was not so fortunate in a hero. He was content to take up Scriblerus where Pope and Swift, or rather Arbuthnot, left him, a motley, ideal being, without an exemplar, combining in one individual, all that is found ridiculous in forgotten volumes, or among the pretenders to science and the believers of absurdities. Mr. Cambridge’s hero, therefore, without any qualities to se< cure our esteem, is an antiquary, a pedant, an alchymist, and what seldom is found among such characters, a poet. In conducting him through a series of adventures, upon the plan sketched by the triumvirate above mentioned, it is with great difficulty that he is able to avoid the error they fell into, either of inventing nonsense for the sake of laughing at it, or of glancing their ridicule at the enthusiasm of useful research, and the ardour of real science and justifiable curiosity. The composition of the Scribleriad is in general so regular, spirited, and poetical, that we cannot but wish the author had chosen a subject of more permanent interest. The versification is elegant, and the epithets chosen with singular propriety. The events, although without much connection, all add something to the character of the hero, and the conversations, most gravely ironical, while they remind us of the serious epics, are never unnecessarily protracted.
with a few immaterial additions. The last and most complete translation of the Britannia, by such an antiquary as Camden would have chosen, the late learned and excellent
The Britannia was translated in 1694 by bishop Gibson,
and published in folio, with large additions at the end of
each county; others are inserted in the body of the book,
distinguished from the original, and Holland’s most material notes placed at the bottom of each page. As this was
grown scarce, and many improvements were communicated
to the editor, he published a new edition 1722, 2 vols. fol.
and additions, greatly enlarged, incorporated with the
text, distinguished by hooks. This edition was reprinted
1753, 2 vols. fol. and again in 1772, with a few corrections and improvements from his lordship’s ms. in his own
copy, by his son-in-law, George Scot, esq. of Wolstonhall, near Chigwell, Essex, who died 1780. A first volume of a translation, by W. O. (William Oldys), esq. was
printed in 4to, but, as Mr. Gough thinks, was never
finished or dated. A manuscript most erroneous translation of it, without acknowledgment, by Richard Butcher,
author of the “Antiquities of Stamford,
” is in St. John’s
college library, Cambridge, with a few immaterial additions. The last and most complete translation of the Britannia, by such an antiquary as Camden would have chosen,
the late learned and excellent Richard Gough, esq. was
published in 1789, 3 vols. fol. of which we shall speak
more at large in his article. Some years afterwards he had
made preparations for a new edition, of which he superintended only the first volume, and announced that fact in
a public advertisement, which did not, however, prevent
an attempt to pass off the whole of a recent edition as his.
Of Mr. Cough’s Life of Camden we have here availed
ourselves, as far preferable to the ill-digested compilation
in the Biog. Britannica.
e that Onufrius Pauvinius dedicated his work “De Antiquis Romanorum nominibus” to him, as the ablest antiquary in Italy. With the study of medals, Caro united that of the
, an Italian poet, was born in 1507,
at Civita Nova, in the march of Ancona, of poor parents.
After his first studies he obtained the patronage of the
illustrious house of Gaddi in Florence, a branch of which,
John Gaddi, legate of Romania, appointed him secretary
of legation, and retained him in his service, with some
interval, until his death. On this event Caro determined
on a life of independence; but unable to resist the liberal
offers of Peter Louis Farnese, accepted the place of confidential secretary in 1543. While with him, Caro had an
opportunity of forming a very fine collection of medals,
and wrote a treatise on the subject. Such was his reputation at this time that Onufrius Pauvinius dedicated his
work “De Antiquis Romanorum nominibus
” to him, as the
ablest antiquary in Italy. With the study of medals, Caro
united that of the sciences, the belles lettres, languages,
and the Italian particularly, which owes great obligations to
him. He composed in that language several works of the
light kind, such as the “Ficheide del P. Siceo (i. e Francis Maria Molza) col Commento dr Ser Agresto (Annibal Caro)
sopra la prima Ficata,
” La diceria de nasi;
”
and a prose comedy, “Gli Straccioni,
” Venice, Letters
” were reprinted at Padua, with a life
of the author, by Alexander Zalioli, and notes by the
editor, 2 vols. 8vo; but the most complete edition is in 6 vols.
Padua, 1765. Caro also translated the Pastorals of Longus, of which Bodoni printed a fine edition at Parma in
1786, 4to. Among his unpublished works are a translation
of Aristotle’s “History of Animals,
” and his treatise above
mentioned on medals.
ounted one of the ablest lawyers and law-writers of his time, and may likewise be praised as a legal antiquary, as he rescued from the archives, where they were unknown or
, one of the sons of the
preceding, was born in 1595, succeeded to his father’s
employments, which he held for forty-six years, and died
in 1666, He was accounted one of the ablest lawyers and
law-writers of his time, and may likewise be praised as a
legal antiquary, as he rescued from the archives, where
they were unknown or forgot, many constitutions and decisions of great curiosity and importance. In his latter
days he retired to Leipsic, and devoted his time entirely
to the study of the Bible, which he is said to have read
over fifty-three times, besides making notes as he went
on, and consulting the commentators. The chief of his
published works are, 1. “Practica rerum criminalium,
”
Detinitiones forenses,
” Comment, ad legern regiam Germanorum,
” Responsa juris Electoralia,
” Definitiones ecclesiastics,
” Decisiones Saxonicae,
”
Processus
Juris Saxonici,
”
sed as a solicitor in Chancery in 1708, in which profession he became eminent. He was also a learned antiquary. Most of his manuscripts and papers relative to antiquities
was admitted a scholar of Trinity-hall, Cambridge,
on the 5th of May, 1704, and proceeded LL. B. He was
afterwards a member of Symond’s-inn, and practised as a
solicitor in Chancery in 1708, in which profession he became eminent. He was also a learned antiquary. Most
of his manuscripts and papers relative to antiquities are
supposed to have been sold by his widow to the late sir
Thomas Cave, bart. He assisted Mr. Jackson, schoolmaster of Coventry, in his account of the benefactions and
charities belonging to that city; and was the editor, though
without his name, of Brewster’s “Collectanea Ecclesiastica,
” to which he added many learned notes. Mr. Samuel
Carte was alive in 1760, but died not long after. Several
manuscript letters of his, relative to subjects of antiquity,
were in Dr. Ducarel’s possession, and are now in that of
Mr, Nichols.
ome years before his decease, he paid his addresses to Miss Dugdale, a descendant of the illustrious antiquary, and the wedding-day was fixed. But he forgot to go to the place
Mr. John Carte was entered at Trinity-hall, Cambridge, Jan. 9, 1707, where he was admitted to the degree of LL. B. Having taken holy orders, he became first vicar ofTachbroke, in the county of Warwick, and was afterwards promoted, by the dean and chapter of Westminster, to the vicarage of Hinckley, in Leicestershire, with the rectory of Stoke annexed. At this place he resided, from the year 1720, till his death, which was on the 17th of December, 1735. Mr. John Carte was very remarkable for his absence of mind. Some years before his decease, he paid his addresses to Miss Dugdale, a descendant of the illustrious antiquary, and the wedding-day was fixed. But he forgot to go to the place appointed for the celebration of the marriage, till the day after the time agreed upon; which the lady, as might justly be expected, resented so much, that she absolutely refused him her hand. Being perpetually absorbed in thought, he was careless in his dress, and destitute of oeconomy. His inattention to money matters he carried to such an excess, that, when the inhabitants of Stoke have brought to him the tithes, which he never took the trouble to ask for, it was not unusual with him, if he chanced to be engaged with a book, to request that they would come at a future time, though perhaps he was the next hour obliged to borrow a guinea for his subsistence. The parsonage-house adjoins to the churchyard; and yet he was frequently so engaged in study, that the sermon -bell used to ring till the congregation were weary of waiting, and the clerk was obliged to remind him of his duty. During the fifteen years in which he was vicar of Hinckley, he neglected to make any demand for tithes of the hamlet of The Hide, belonging to that parish, which afterwards involved the parish in a tedious law-suit. Mr. John Carte’s unaffected piety, his learning, his integrity, his simplicity of manners, and we may probably add, his avoiding to insist upon his legal dues, are still remembered with veneration by his surviving parishioners. He was a most zealous assertor of the rites and ceremonies of the church of England, which, he justly observed, were equally remote from the extremes of popery and fanaticism, and his opinions were founded on the firm basis of scripture, with which he was so intimately acquainted, as to be, able to repeat the greater part of the Bible.
, an eminent Italian antiquary, was born at Palermo, Feb. 18, 1727, of a noble family, and
, an eminent Italian
antiquary, was born at Palermo, Feb. 18, 1727, of a noble
family, and was placed under a private tutor, with a view
to study botany, chemistry, &c. but an accident gave. a
new and decided turn to his pursuits. Not far from Motta
where he lived, stood the ancient Halesa, or Alesa (Tosa),
a colony of Nicosia, celebrated by the Greek and Latin
poets, which was swallowed up by an earthquake in the
year 828, leaving scarcely a \estige of its former state.
One day a ploughman dug up a quantity of coins, which,
he brought to Castello, who conceived an uncommon desire to decypher them, that he might not seem a stranger
to the ancient history of his own country: and applying
himself for instructions to the literati of Palermo, they recommended the study of antiquities as found in the Greek
and Roman authors; and Castello engaged in this pursuit
with such avidity and success, as within three years to be
able to draw up a very learned paper on the subject of a statue which had been dug up, which he published under the
title of “Dissertazione sopra una statua cli marmo trovata
nelle campagne di Alesa,
” Palermo, Osservazioni critiche
sopra un libro stampato in Catania nel 1747, esposta in
una lettera da un Pastor Arcade acl un Accademico Etrnsco,
” Rome, Storia di Alesa antica citta di
Sicilia col rapporto de' suoi pin insigni monumenti, ike.
”
Palermo, Inscrizioni Palermitane,
” Palermo, Sicilise et objacentium Insularum
veterum inscriptionum nova collectio, cum prolegomenis
et notis illustrata,
” ibid. Sicilian Populorum et
Urbium, Regum quoque et Tyrannorum veteres nummi
Saracenorum epocham antecedentes,
” Palermo, Storia
Letteraria della Sicilia,
” and other works. There was
another of the same name, Ignatius Paterno Castello, a
contemporary, and likewise an able antiquary, who died in
1776, and published among other works, “Descrizione
del terribile Terremoto de' 5. Febraro 1783, che afflisse la
Sicilia, distrtisse Messina, e gran parte della Calabria, diretta alle Reale Accademia di Bordeaux, Poesia del Pensante Peloritano,
” Naples,
benefactors. He was interred in the chapel of St. Germain L'Auxerrois, where his tomb was that of an antiquary. It was a sepulchral antique, of the most beautiful porphyry,
The strength of his constitution seemed to give him hopes of a long life: but in the month of July, 1764, a humour settled in one of his legs, which entirely destroyed his health. Whilst he was obliged to keep his bed he seemed less affected by what he suffered, than with the restraint upon his natural activity. When the wound was closed he resumed his usual occupations with great eagerness, visited his friends, and animated the labours of the artists, while he himself was dying. Carried in the arms of his domestics, he seemed to leave a portion of his life in every place he went to. He expired Sept. 5, 1765. By his death his family became extinct, and literary France lost one of her greatest benefactors. He was interred in the chapel of St. Germain L'Auxerrois, where his tomb was that of an antiquary. It was a sepulchral antique, of the most beautiful porphyry, with ornaments in the Egyptian taste. From the moment that he had procured it he had destined it to grace the place of his interment. While he awaited the fatal hour, he placed it in his garden, where he used to look upon it with a tranquil, but thoughtful eye, and pointed it out to the inspection of his friends. He has even given a description of it in the 7th volume of his Antiquities, which was published after his death by Le Beau, to whom we owe this interesting account of him. Count Caylus’s character is to be traced in the different occupations which divided his cares and his life. In society he had all the frankness of a soldier, and a politeness which had nothing in it of deceit or circumvention. Born independent, he applied to studies which suited his taste. His disposition was yet better than his abilities; the former made him beloved, the latter entitled him to respect. Many anecdotes are related of his charity and humanity, and particularly of his generous patronage of rising merit; but this article has already extended to its full proportion, and we must refer to our authorities for more minute particulars.
and have more spirit and humour than we should expect from a professed, and we may add, an incessant antiquary.
The works of count Caylus, besides those already mentioned are, 1. “Nouveaux Sujetsde Peintureetde Sculpture,
” Mcmoires sur la peinture a Pencaustique,
” Description d‘un tableau representant le Sacrifice d’Jpbigenie,
” Histoire d'Hercule le Thebain,
” taken from different authors,
Discours sur les Peintures Antiques.
” 6.
“The Lives of Mignard, Le Moine, and Bouchardon.
” He
wrote also some “Romances
” and “Tales
” during his
hours of relaxation, which were in general well received,
and have more spirit and humour than we should expect
from a professed, and we may add, an incessant antiquary.
, a celebrated critic, chronologer, antiquary, and grammarian, for such Priscian calls him, flourished at
, a celebrated critic, chronologer, antiquary, and grammarian, for such Priscian calls him,
flourished at Rome in the time of Alexander Severus, and is
supposed to have been of the Martian family. His talents
as a grammarian appear only in his book “concerning
Accents,
” frequently cited by Sidonius Apollinaris, and
other things, which are lost; and not in his “De die
jiatali,
” which is the only piece remaining of him. This
treatise was written about the year 238, and dedicated to
Quintus Cerellius, a Roman of the equestrian order, of
whom he speaks very highly in his 15th chapter. Vossius,
in one place, calls this “a little book of gold;
” and, in
another, declares it to be “a most learned work, and of
the highest use and importance to chronologers, since it
connects and determines with great exactness some principal aeras in history.
” It is however a work of a miscellaneous nature, and treats of antiquities as well as chronology.
It was printed at Hamburgh in 1614, with a commentary
by Lindenbrog, whose notes were adopted afterwards in
an edition printed at Cambridge, in 1695; and there is
an edition by Havercamp, 1743, reprinted at Leyden, 1767,
8vo. Sir John Hawkins has translated Censorinus’s remarks on music, which are curious.
may trust the enthusiasm of the Spanish authors in his behalf; he was at the same time philosopher, antiquary, sculptor, architect; an adept in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin,
, a painter of Cordova, acquired fame in the sixteenth century, both in Spain and Italy. His manner approaches somewhat to that of Correggio; the same exactness in the drawing, the same force in the expression, the same vigour in the colouring. It is impossible to contemplate without emotion his picture of the Last Supper in the cathedral of Cordova; where each of the apostles presents a different character of respect and affection for their master; the Christ displays at once an air of majesty and kindness; and the Judas a false and malignant countenance. The talents of Cespedes were not confined to painting, if we may trust the enthusiasm of the Spanish authors in his behalf; he was at the same time philosopher, antiquary, sculptor, architect; an adept in the Hebrew, Greek, Latin, Arabic, and Italian languages, a great poet, and a prolific author. He died in 1608, aged upwards of seventy.
, an able antiquary, was of a good family of Riom, in Auvergnjg, where he was born,
, an able antiquary, was of a good
family of Riom, in Auvergnjg, where he was born, in 1564,
and was educated at Bourges for five years, under the celebrated Cujas. On his return to Riom, he was in 1594
made a counsellor of the presidial, and discharged the duties of that office with great ability and integrity for the
space of forty-four years. During this time he found leisure to improve his knowledge of antiquities, and accumulated a large library, and many series of medals. In order
to gratify his curiosity more completely, he took a journey
to Italy, and visited at Rome all the valuable remains of
antiquity, receiving great kindness from the literati of that
place, and particularly from cardinal Bellarmin. From
this tour he brought home many curious Mss. scarce
books, medals, antique marbles, and above two thousand
gems, which rendered his collection one of the most valuable then in France. After his return he caused all these
gems to be engraven on copper-plate, ranging them
under fifteen classes, of which he made as many chapters
of explanation, but the bad state of his health during his
latter years prevented his publishing this curious work.
He also wrote a treatise “De Annulis,
” which he modestly
withheld from the press on hearing that Kirchman, a German antiquary, had published on the same subject. Notwithstanding his not appearing in print, he was well known
to the learned of his time, and held a correspondence with
most of them. Savaro, in his Commentary upon Sidonius
Apollinaris, and Tristan, in his “Historical Commentaries,
” speak highly of him, nor was he less esteemed by
Bignon, Petau, and Sirmond. He died at Riom, Sept. 19,
1638, of a sickness which lasted two years, almost without any interruption. His heirs sent all his curiosities to
Paris, where they were purchased by the president de
Mesmes, who gave them to the duke of Orleans, and from
him they passed to the royal cabinet.
rwards studied in the inns of court. He was a man of great learning, and distinguished himself as an antiquary, as also by writing the History of the Isle of Man, a manuscript
, another brother of the preceding, was a commoner of Brazen-nose college in Oxford,
and afterwards studied in the inns of court. He was a man
of great learning, and distinguished himself as an antiquary, as also by writing the History of the Isle of Man, a
manuscript copy of which was in the valuable museum of
Mr. Thoresby, of Leeds, and afterwards bought by Edmondson, but it has been also printed at the end of King’s
“Vale Royal of Cheshire,
” in
excellent, but his staircases were his master-pieces, particularly those belonging to the royal and antiquary societies. He did not live, however, to see the whole finished
In 1775, sir W. Chambers was appointed to conduct the building of that great national work, Somerset-place. This appointment was worth 2000l. a year to him, nor was he too liberally rewarded. The terrace behind this magnificent building is a bold effort of conception. His designs for interior arrangements were excellent, but his staircases were his master-pieces, particularly those belonging to the royal and antiquary societies. He did not live, however, to see the whole finished according to the original plan, and all intention of completing what would be truly a national honour, and a great ornament to the metropolis, seems now to be given up. Sir William, however, continued for many years in the highest rank of his profession, and besides being architect to the king, he was surveyor-general of his majesty’s board of works, treasurer of the royal academy, F. It. S. and F. S. A. and member of the royal academy of arts at Florence, and of the royal academy of architecture at Paris.
, a learned French antiquary, was born at Bourges, in 1656. In 1673 he entered among the
, a learned French antiquary,
was born at Bourges, in 1656. In 1673 he entered among
the Jesuits, and according to their custom, for some time
taught grammar and philosophy, and was a popular
preacher for about twenty years. He died at Paris, in
1730. He was deeply versed in the knowledge of antiquity. He published: 1. A learned edition of “Prudentius
” for the use of the Dauphin, with an interpretation and notes, Paris, 1687, 4to, in which he was much
indebted to Heinsius. It is become scarce. 2. Dissertations, in number eighteen, on several medals, gems, and
other monuments of antiquity, Paris, 1711, 4to. Smitten
with the desire of possessing something extraordinary, and
which was not to be found in the other cabinets of Europe,
he strangely imposed on himself in regard to two medals
which he imagined to be antiques. The first was a Pacatianus of silver, a medal unknown till his days, and which
is so still, for that it was a perfect counterfeit has been
generally acknowledged since the death of its possessor.
The other medal, on which he was the dupe of his own
fancy, was an Annia Faustina, Greek, of the true bronze.
The princess there bore the name of Aurelia; whence
father Chainillnrd concluded that she was descended from
the family of the Antonines. It had been struck, as he
pretended, in Syria, by order of a Quirinus or Cirinus,
descended, he asserted, from that Quit-in us who is spoken
of by St. Luke. Chamillard displayed his erudition on
the subject in a studied dissertation; but while he was
enjoying his triumph, a dealer in antiques at Rome declared himself the father of Annia Faustina, at the same
time shewing others of the same manufacture.
, D. D.an eminent scholar and antiquary, was born in 1738, and educated at Magdalencollege, Oxford,
, D. D.an eminent scholar and
antiquary, was born in 1738, and educated at Magdalencollege, Oxford, of which he was some time fellow. He
took his degree of M. A. Oct. 15, 1761, that of B. D. April
23, 1773, and in December of the same year that of D.D.
Having entered into holy orders, he had the college living
of Worldlyham, in Hampshire, and was afterwards rector
of Tilehurst, in Berkshire. His first appearance in the
republic of letters was as editor of the “Oxford Marbles,
”
in which capacity he was employed by the university. The
“Marmora Oxoniensia
” were accordingly printed at the
Clarendon press, in a magnificent folio, in 1763, with an
elegant Latin preface by the editor, and a very copious
index by his friend Mr. Loveday. Mr. Chandler also corrected the mistakes of the former editors, and in some of
the inscriptions, particularly that of the Parian Chronicle,
supplied the lacuna by many ingenious conjectures.
, a learned French antiquary, was born at Paris, Sept. 12, 1538, and became highly distinguished
,
a learned French antiquary, was born at Paris, Sept. 12,
1538, and became highly distinguished for general erudition, and especially for his knowledge of civil and canon
law, history, politics, and the belles lettres. Nor was he
less admired for the excellence of his private character.
Louis XIII. made him intendant of the fortifications of the
gabelles, or excise on salt, &c. in the principality of Sedan,
and lastly intendant of the finances of the duchies of Bar
and Lorrain. He compiled, from original records, “Historical Memoirs of the Houses of Lorrain and Bar;
” the
first part of which only was published at Paris, 1642, folio.
He also published other works on detached parts of French
history; and after his death, his son published his “Treatise on Fiefs,
”
ich his books are written, will readily agree that he was equal to most of his contemporaries. As an antiquary, he had taken much pains in perusing our ancient historians,
, a very learned physician,
and voluminous writer, the son of the rev. Walter Charleton, M. A. some time vicar of Ilminster, and afterwards
rector of Shepton Mallet, in the county of Somerset,
was born at Shepton Mallet, February 2, 1619, and was
first educated by his father, a man of extensive capacity,
though but indifferently furnished with the goods of fortune. He was afterwards sent to Oxford, and entered of
Magdalen Hall in Lent term 1635, where he became the
pupil of the famous Dr. John Wilkins, afterwards bishop
of Chester, under whom he made great progress in logic
and philosophy, and was noted for assiduous application
and extensive capacity, which encouraged him to aim at
the accomplishments of an universal scholar. But as his
circumstances confined him to some particular profession,
he made choice of physic, and in a short time made as
great a progress in that as he had done in his former studies.
On the breaking out of the civil war, which brought the
king to Oxford, Mr. Charleton, by the favour of the king,
had the degree of doctor of physic conferred upon him in
February 1642, and was soon after made one of the physicians in ordinary to his majesty. These honours made
him be considered as a rising character, and exposed him
to that envy and resentment which he could never entirely
conquer. Upon the declension of the royal cause, he came
up to London, was admitted of the college of physicians,
acquired considerable practice, and lived in much esteem
with the ablest and most learned men of the profession;
such as sir Francis Prujean, sir George Ent, Dr. William
Harvey, and others. In the space of ten years before the
Restoration, he wrote and published several very ingenious
and learned treatises, as well on physical as other subjects,
by which he gained great reputation abroad as well as at
home; and though they are now less regarded than perhaps they deserve, yet they were then received with almost universal approbation. He became, as Wood tells
us, physician in ordinary to king Charles II. while in exile,
which honour he retained after the king’s return; and,
upon the founding of the royal society, was chosen one of
the first members. Among other patrons and friends were
William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle, whose life Dr.
Cliarleton translated into Latin in a very clear and elegant
style, and the celebrated Hobbes, but this intimacy, with:
his avowed respect for the Epicurean philosophy, drew
some suspicions upon him in regard to his religion, notwithstanding the pains he had taken to distinguish between
the religious and philosophical opinions of Epicurus in his
own writings against infidelity. Few circumstances seem
to have drawn more censure on him than his venturing to
differ in opinion from the celebrated Inigo Jones respecting
Stonehenge, which Jones attributed to the Romans, and
asserted to be a temple dedicated by them to the god Coelus, or Coelum; Dr. Charleton referred this antiquity to
later and more barbarous times, and transmitted Jones’s
book, which was not published till after its author’s death,
to Olaus Wormius, who wrote him several letters, tending
to fortify him in his own sentiment, by proving that this
work ought rather to be attributed to his countrymen the
Danes. With this assistance Dr. Charleton drew up a
treatise, offering many strong arguments to shew, that this
could not be a Roman temple, and several plausible reasons why it ought rather to be considered as a Danish monument; but his book, though learned, and enriched with
a great variety of curious observations, was but indifferently
received, and but coldly defended by his friends. Jones’s
son-in-law answered it with intemperate warmth, and many
liberties were taken by others with Dr. Charleton’s character, although sir William Dugdale and some other eminent antiquaries owned themselves to be of our author’s
opinion; but it is now supposed that both are wrong.
Notwithstanding this clamour, Dr. Charleton’s fame was
advanced by his anatomical prelections in the college
theatre, in the spring of 1683, and his satisfactory defence
of the immortal Harvey’s claim to the discovery of the
circulation of the blood, against the pretence that was set
up in favour of father Paul. In 1689 he was chosen president of the college of physicians, in which office he continued to the year 1691. A little after this, his circumstances becoming narrow, he found it necessary to seek a
retreat in the island of Jersey; but the causes of this are not
explained, nor have we been able to discover how long he
continued in Jersey, or whether he returned afterwards to
London. All that is known with certainty is, that he died
in the latter end of 1707, and in the eighty-eighth year
of his age. He appears from his writings to have been a
man of extensive learning, a lover of the constitution in
church and state, and so much a lover of his country as to
refuse a professor’s chair in the university of Padua. In
his junior years he dedicated much of his time to the study
of philosophy and polite literature, was as well read in
the Greek and Roman authors as any man of his time, and
he was taught very early by his excellent tutor, bishop
Wilkins, to digest his knowledge so as to command it readily
when occasion required. In every branch of his own
profession he has left testimonies of his diligence and his
capacity; and whoever considers the plainness and perspicuity of his language, the pains he has taken to collect
and produce the opinions of the old physicians, in order
to compare them with the moderns, the just remarks with
which these collections and comparisons are attended, the
succinctness with which all this is dispatched, and the
great accuracy of that method in which his books are
written, will readily agree that he was equal to most of his
contemporaries. As an antiquary, he had taken much pains
in perusing our ancient historians, and in observing their
excellencies as well as their defects. But, above all, he
was studious of connecting the sciences with each other,
and thereby rendering them severally more perfect; in
which, if he did not absolutely succeed himself, he had at
least the satisfaction of opening the way to others, of showing the true road to perfection, and pointing out the
means of applying and making those discoveries useful,
which have followed in succeeding times. There is also
good reason to believe, that though we have few or none
of his writings extant that were composed during the last
twenty years of his life, yet he was not idle during that
space, but committed many things to paper, as materials
at least for other works that he designed. There is now a
large collection of his ms papers and letters on subjects of
philosophy and natural history in the British Museum.
(Ayscough’s Catalogue.) His printed works are, 1 . “Spiritus
Gorgonicus vi sua saxipara exutus, sive de causis, signis,
et sanatione Lithiaseos,
” Leyden, The darkness
of Atheism discovered by the light of nature, a physicotheological treatise,
” London, The Ephesian and Cimmerian Matrons, two remarkable examples of
the power of Love and Wit/ 7 London, 1653 and 1658, 8vo.
4.
” Physiologia Epicuro-Gassendo-Charletoniana: or a
fabric of natural science erected upon the most ancient
hypothesis of atoms,“London, 1654, in fol. 5.
” The Immortality of the human Soul demonstrated by reasons natural,“London, 1657, 4to. 6.
” Oeconomia Animalis novis Anatomicorum inventis, indeque desumptis modernorum Medicorum Hypothesibus Physicis superstructa et
mechanice explicata,“London, 1658, 12mo; Amsterdam,
1659, 12mo; Leyden, 1678, 12mO; Hague, 1681, 12mo.
It is likewise added to the last edition of
” Gulielmi Cole
de secretione animali cogitata.“7.
” Natural history of
nutrition, life, and voluntary motion, containing all the
new discoveries of anatomists,“&c. London, 1658, 4to.
8.
” Exercitationes Physico-Anatomicse de Oeconomia Animali,“London, 1659, 8vo printed afterwards several
times abroad. 9.
” Exercitationes Pathologicæ, in quibus
morborum pene omnium natura, generatio, et causae ex
novis Anatomicorum inventis sedulo inquiruntur,“London,
160, and 1661, 4to. 10.
” Character of his most sacred
Majesty Charles II. King of Great Britain, France, and
Ireland,“London, 1660, one sheet, 4to. 11.
” Disquisitiones duae Anatomico-Physica? altera Anatome pueri de
ccelo tacti, altera de Proprietatibus Cerebri humani,“London, 1664, 8vo. 12.
” Chorea Gigantum, or the most
famous antiquity of Great Britain, vulgarly called Stonehenge, standing on Salisbury Plain, restored to the Danes,“London, 1663, 4to. 13.
” Onomasticon Zoicon, plerorumque animalium differentias et nomina propria pluribus
linguis exponens. Cui accedunt Mantissa Anatomice, et
quiedam de variis Fossilium generibus,“London, 1668 and
1671, 4to; Oxon. 1677, fol. 14.
” Two Philosophical
Discourses the first concerning the different wits of men
the second concerning the mystery of Vintners, or a discourse of the various sicknesses of wines, and their respective remedies at this day commonly used, &c. London, 1663, 1675, 1692, 8vo. 15. “De Scorbuto Liber
singularis. Cui accessit Epiphonema in Medicastros,
”
London, Natural
History of the Passions,
” London, Enquiries into Humane Nature, in six Anatomy-prelections in
the new theatre of the royal college of physicians in London,
” London, Oratio Anniversaria habita in Theatro inclyti Collegii Medicorum Londinensis 5to
Augusti 1680, in commemorationem Beneficiorum a
Doctore Harvey aliisque præstitorum,
” London, 1680, 4to.
19. “The harmony of natural and positive Divine Laws,
”
London, Three Anatomic Lectures concerning, l.The motion of the blood through the veins and
arteries. 2. The organic structure of the heart. 3. The
efficient cause of the heart’s pulsation. Read in the 19th,
20th, and 21st day of March 1682, in the anatomic theatre
of his majesty’s royal college of Physicians in London,
”
London, Inquisitio Physlca de causis
Catameniorum, et Uteri Rheumatismo, in quo probatur
sanguinem in animali fermentescere nunquam,
” London,
Gulielmi Ducis Novicastrensis vita,
”
London, A Ternary of Paradoxes, of the
magnetic cure of wounds, nativity of tartar in wine, and
image of God in man,
” London, The
errors of physicians concerning Defluxions called Deliramenta Catarrhi,
” London, Epicurus his Morals,
” London, The Life
of Marcellus,
” translated from Plutarch, and printed in the
second volume of “Plutarch’s Lives translated from the
Greek by several hands,
” London,
, a learned antiquary of Paris in the last century, went early in life to Rome for
, a learned antiquary of Paris in the last century, went early in life to
Rome for the sake of studying antiquities and the same
taste that had led him to that famous city induced him to
remain there. His “Musaeum Romanum,
” Rome, Thesaurus Antiq. Romanorum.
” The same author
published at Rome a collection of engraved gems, entitled
“Gemme antiche figurate,
” Rome, Auxeus Constantini nummus, &c. explicatus,
” Rome, Le Pitture antiche delle
Grotte di Roma e del Sepolcro di Nasoni, &c.
” the plates
by Pietro Santo and Bartoli, Rome,
ncil in the north, whose son, Thomas Purefoy, of Barvvell in Leicestershire, gave them to the famous antiquary, William Burton, in 1612 and he made use of them in his description
, a learned writer of the sixteenth
century, descended from an ancient family in the Isle of
Wight, was born at Cambridge, June 16, 1514, being the
son of Peter Cheke, gent, and Agnes, daughter of Mr.
Dufford of Cambridgeshire. After receiving his grammatical education under Mr. John Morgan, he was admitted
into St. John’s college, Cambridge, in 1531, where he
became very eminent for his knowledge in the learned
languages, particularly the Greek tongue, which was then
almost universally neglected. Being recommended as such,
by Dr. Butts, to king Henry VIII. he was soon after made
kind’s scholar, and supplied by his majesty with money
for his education, and for his charges in travelling into
foreign countries. While he continued in college he introduced a more substantial and useful kind of learning
than what had been received for some years; and encouraged especially the study of the Greek and Latin languages, and of divinity. After having taken his degrees
in arts he was chosen Greek lecturer of the university.
There was no salary belonging to tnat place: but king
Henry having founded, about the year 1540, a professorship of the Greek tongue in the university of Cambridge,
with a stipend oi forty pounds a year, Mr. Cheke, though
but twenty-six years of age, was chosen the first professor.
This place he held long after he left the university, namely,
till October 1551, and was highly instrumental in bringing
the Greek language into repute. He endeavoured
particularly to reform and restore the original pronunciation of
it, but met with great opposition from Stephen Gardiner,
bishop of Winchester, chancellor of the university, and
their correspondence on the subject was published. Cheke,
however, in the course of his lectures,- went through all
Homer, all Euripides, part of Herodotus, and through
Sophocles twice, to the advantage of his hearers and his
own credit. He was also at the same time universityorator. About the year 1543 he was incorporated master
of arts at Oxford, where he had studied some time. On
the 10th of July 1544 he was sent for to court, in order to
be school- master, or tutor, for the Latin tongue, jointly
with sir Anthony Cooke, to prince Edward and, about
the same time, as an encouragement, the king granted
him, being then, as it is supposed, in orders, one of the
canonries in his new- founded college at Oxford, now Christ
Church but that college being dissolved in the beginning
of 1545, a pension was allowed him in the room of his
canonry. While he was entrusted with the prince’s education, he made use of all the interest he had in promoting
men of learning and probity. He seems also to have
sometimes had the lady Elizabeth under his care. In
1547, he married Mary, daughter of Richard Hill, serjeant of the wine-cellar to king Henry VIII. When his
royal pupil, king Edward VI. came to the crown, he rewarded him for his care and pains with an annuity of one
hundred marks; and also made him a grant of several
lands and manors . He likewise caused him, by a mandamus, to be elected provost of King’s college, Cambridge,
vacant by the deprivation of George Day, bishop of Chichester. In May 1549, he retired to Cambridge, upon
some disgust he had taken at the court, but was the same
Summer appointed one of the king’s commissioners for
visiting that university. The October following, he was one
of the thirty-two commissioners appointed to examine the
old ecclesiastical law books, and to compile from thence a
body of ecclesiastical laws for the government of the
church; and again, three years after, he was put in a new
commission issued out for the same purpose. He returned
to court in the winter of 1549, but met there with great
uneasiness on account of some offence given by his wife
to Anne, duchess of Somerset, whose dependent she was.
Mr. Cheke himself was not exempt from trouble, being of
the number of those who were charged with having suggested bad counsels to the duke of Somerset, and afterwards betrayed him. But having recovered from these
imputations, his interest and authority daily increased, and
he became the liberal patron of religious and learned men,
both English and foreigners. In 1550 he was made chief
gentleman of the king’s privy -chamber, whose tutor he
still continued to be, and who made a wonderful progress
through his instructions. Mr. Cheke, to ground him well
in morality, read to him Cicero’s philosophical works, and
Aristotle’s Ethics; but what was of greater importance, instructed him in the general history, the state and interest,
the laws and customs of England. He likewise directed
him to keep a diary of all the remarkable occurrences that
happened, to which, probably, we are indebted for the
king’s Journal (printed from the original in the Cottonian library) in Burnett’s History of the Reformation. In October, 1551, his majesty conferred on him the honour of
knighthood; and to enuhle him the better to support that
rank, made him a grant, or gift in fee simple (upon consideration of his surrender of the hundred marks abovementioned), of the whole manor of Stoke, near Clare, exclusively of the college before granted him, and the appurtenances in Suffolk and Essex, with divers other lands,
tenements, &c. all to the yearly value of 145l. 19$. 3d.
And a pasture, with other premises, in Spalding; and the
rectory, and other premises, in Sandon. The same year
he held two private conferences with some other learned
persons upon the subject of the sacrament, or transubstantiation. The first on November the 25th, in -secretary
Cecil’s house, and the second December 3d the same year,
at sir Richard Morison’s. The auditors were, the lord
Russel, sir Thomas Wroth of the bed-chamber, sir Anthony Cooke, one of the king’s tutors, Throgmorton,
chamberlain of the exchequer, Mr. Knolles, and Mr. Harrington, with whom were joined the marquis of Northampton, and the earl of Rutland, in the second conference.
The popish disputants for the real presence were, Feckenham, afterwards dean of St. Paul’s, and Yong; and at the
second disputation, Watson. The disputants on the other
side were, sir John Cheke, sir William Cecil, Horn, dean
of Durham, Whitehead, and Grindal. Some account of
these disputations is still extant in Latin, in the library of
Mss. belonging to Bene't college, Cambridge and from
thence published in English by Mr. Strypein his interesting
Life of sir John Cheke. Sir John also procured Bucer’s
Mss. and the illustrious Leland’s valuable, collections for
the king’s library but either owing to sir John’s misfortunes, or through some other accident, they never reached
their destination. Four volumes of these collections were
given by his son Henry Cheke, to Humphrey Purefoy, esq.
one of queen Elizabeth’s council in the north, whose son,
Thomas Purefoy, of Barvvell in Leicestershire, gave them
to the famous antiquary, William Burton, in 1612 and he
made use of them in his description of Leicestershire.
Many years after, he presented them to the Bodleian library at Oxford, where they now are. Some other of these
collections, after Cheke’s death, came into the hands of
William lord Paget, and sir William Cecil. The original
of the “Itinerary,
” in five volumes, 4to, is in the Bodleian library; and two volumes of collections, relating to
Britain, are in the Cottonian.
, a learned divine and antiquary, was born at Ey worth, in Bedfordshire, and was the son of Paul
, a learned divine and antiquary,
was born at Ey worth, in Bedfordshire, and was the son of
Paul Chishull, formerly bible clerk of Queen’s college,
Cambridge, and master of arts, as a member of Pembroke
college, Oxford. His son being intended for the church,
was sent to Oxford, became a scholar of Corpus Christi
college, and received the degree of master of arts in
February 1693; and he was chosen, likewise, a fellow of
his college. Previously to his commencing master of arts,
he had published in 1692, a Latin poem, inquarto, on
occasion of the famous battle of La Hogue, entitled, “Gulielmo Tertio terra manque principi invictissimo in Gallos
pugna navali nuperrime devictos, ' carmen heroic urn,
”
Oxon. When queen Mary died, on the 28th of December 1694, Mr. Chishull was one of the Oxford gentlemen
who exerted their poetical talents in deploring that melancholy event, and his tribute of loyalty is preserved in
the third volume of the Musse Anglicans, but is rather a
school exercise, than a production of genius. In 1698,
having obtained a grant of the traveller’s place, from the
society of Corpus Christi college, he sailed from England
on the 12th of September, and arrived on the 19th of November following at Smyrna. Before he set out on his
voyage, he preached a sermon to the Levant company,
which was published, and probably procured him to be
appointed chaplain to the English factory at Smyrna, in.
which station he continued till the 12th of February,
1701-2. On the 16th of June, 1705, he was admitted to
the degree of bachelor in divinity. In the next year he
engaged in a controversy, which at that time excited
considerable attention, by publishing “A charge of Heresy maintained against Mr. Dodwell’s late Epistolary Discourse concerning the Mortality of the Soul,
” London,
8vo. This was one of the principal books written in
answer to Dodwell on that subject. In 1707, Chishull
exerted his endeavours in opposing the absurdities and
enthusiasm of the French prophets, and their followers, in
a sermon, on the 23d of November, at Serjeant’s-inn
chapel, in Chancery-lane, which was published in the
beginning of 1708, and was entitled, “The great Danger
and Mistake of all new uninspired Prophecies relating to
the End of the World,
” with an appendix of historical
collections applicable to subject. On the 1st of September, in the same year, he was presented to the vicarage of
Walthamstow, in Essex; and in 1711, he had the honour
of being appointed one of the chaplains in ordinary to the
queen. About the same time, he published a visitation
and a few other occasional sermons, preached on public
occasions, all which were favourably received. But he,
soon became more distinguished for his researches in ancient literature and history.
, a learned divine and antiquary, was horn at Haghmon abbey, in Shropshire, in the year 1696,
, a learned divine and antiquary,
was horn at Haghmon abbey, in Shropshire, in the year
1696, and was educated at Shrewsbury school, under the
care of Mr. Lloyd, for whom he always entertained the
greatest regard. From Shrewsbury he was removed to
St. John’s college, in the university of Cambridge, where
he became a fellow, Jan. 22, 1716-17. His election at
so early a period of life was owing to a number of vacancies, occasioned by the removal of several non-juring fellows, in consequence of an act of parliament. He commenced B. A. 1715; in 1719 became M. A.; and the reputation which he acquired when young was such, that he
was chosen to be chaplain to Dr. Adam Ottley, bishop of
St. David’s: but this prelate dying in 1723, he does not
appear to have received any advantage from the appointment. He was afterwards domestic chaplain to Thomas
Holies, duke of Newcastle; in which situation he did not
continue long, as in 1724, he was presented by archbishop
Wake to the rectory of Buxted, in Sussex, without any solicitation of his own, partly on account of his extraordinary
merit, and partly from a regard to the special recommendation of the learned Dr. William Wotton, whose
daughter he married. In 1738, he was made prebendary
and residentiary of the prebend of Hova Villa in the cathedral church of Chichester, Some years before this he had
given to the public a specimen of his literary abilities, in a
preface to his father-in-law Dr. Wotton’s “Leges Walliae
Ecclesiastical,
” Discourse on the Commerce of the Romans,
” which was
highly extolled by Dr. Taylor, in his “Elements of the
Civil Law,
” came either from his hand or from that of his
friend Mr, Bowyer. It is reprinted in that gentleman’s
“Miscellaneous Tracts,
” and in “The Progress of Maritime Discovery,
” by Mr. Clarke’s grandson. But Mr.
Clarke’s chief work was “The Connexion of the Roman,
Saxon, and English Coins; deducing the antiquities,
customs, and manners of each people to modern times; particularly the origin of feudal tenures, and of parliaments:
illustrated throughout with critical and historical remarks
on various authors, both sacred and profane,
” 1767, 4to,
dedicated to the duke of Newcastle. It had been perused
in manuscript by Arthur Onslow, esq. speaker of the house
of commons, who honoured him with some useful hints
and observations: but he was chiefly indebted to Mr.
Bowyer, who superintended the publication, drew up several of the notes, wrote part of the dissertation on the
Roman sesterce, and formed an admirable index to the
whole. By this work our author acquired great reputation. Mr. Pinkerton, in his Essay on Medals, says that a
student cannot begin with a better book in this science.
s one of the happiest examples of that light and beauty, which the learning and spirit of an elegant antiquary may throw on a cloudy and mistaken passage of an ancient poet.
Although antiquities were the favourite study of Mr.
Clarke, he was a secret, and by no means an unsuccessful
votary of the muses. He wrote English verse with ease,
elegance, and spirit. Perhaps there are few better epigrams in our language than that which he composed on
seeing the words Domus ultima inscribed on the vault belonging to the dukes of Richmond in the cathedral of Chichester. Among the happier I'ittle pieces of his sportive
poetry, there are in the Life of Bowyer some animated
stanzas, describing the character of the twelve English
poets, whose portraits, engraved by Vertue, were the favourite ornament of his parlour: but he set so modest and
humble a value on his poetical compositions, that they were
seldom committed to paper, and are therefore very imperfectly preserved in the memory of those, to whom he sometimes recited them. His taste and judgment in poetry appears, indeed, very striking in many parts of his learned
and elaborate “Connexion of Coins.
” His illustration of
Nestor’s cup, in particular, may be esteemed as one of the
happiest examples of that light and beauty, which the
learning and spirit of an elegant antiquary may throw on a
cloudy and mistaken passage of an ancient poet. He gave
a very beneficial proof of his zeal for literature, by the
trouble he took in regulating the library of the cathedral to
which he belonged. He persuaded bishop Mavvson to bestow a considerable sum towards repairing the room appropriated to this purpose. He obtained the donation of many
valuable volumes from different persons; and by his constant and liberal attention to this favourite object, raised an
inconsiderable and neglected collection of books, into a
very useful and respectable public library.
untry, and practised physic with great success. He was also an excellent Greek and Latin scholar and antiquary, and distinguished for his knowledge of medals. He published
, the son of Stephen Le Clerc, a
physician and Greek professor at Geneva, was born Feb. 4,
1652, at that place, and educated in his father’s profession.
After studying at Montpellier and Paris, he took his doctor’s degree at Valentia in 1672, then returned to his own
country, and practised physic with great success. He was
also an excellent Greek and Latin scholar and antiquary,
and distinguished for his knowledge of medals. He published a “Bibliotheque Anatomique
” in conjunction with
Manget, in History of Medicine,
” which extends to the time of
Galen, was published at Geneva in 1696, but the best edition is that of Amsterdam, 1723, 4to. This work is much
praised by Dr. Freind, except the continuation to the sixteenth century. In 1704 he succeeded his father as counsellor of state in the republic of Geneva, after which he
practised very little. In 1715, the king of Sardinia, then
king of Sicily, being at Thonon in Savoy, consulted him
on his own health and that of his queen. The same year
he published his “Historia latorum lumbricorum,
” which
was afterwards published in English, 8vo. He died June
8, 1728.
s travels he became the intimate friend of Newton, Boerhaave, and Dr. Mead. The emperor made him his antiquary. He was esteemed both for his theoretical and practical knowledge.
, of Florence, professor of physic
at Pisa, afterwards of surgery and anatomy at Florence,
was born there in 1693, and died in 1758, at the age of
sixty-two. In the course of his travels he became the intimate friend of Newton, Boerhaave, and Dr. Mead. The
emperor made him his antiquary. He was esteemed both
for his theoretical and practical knowledge. He wrote:
1. “Grsecorum Chirurgici Libri; Sorani unus de Fracturarum signis, Oribasii duo de Fractis, et Luxatis, ex
Collectione Nicetse, Florent.
” O ratio de
Usu Artis Anatomicse, Florent.
” Medicinae laudatio in Gymnasio Pisis habita,
” Del vitto Pythagorico,
” Flor. On
the Baths at Pisa, and Sopra Asclepiadea.
” This was
published by his son, Raymond Cocchi, who succeeded
his father as professor of anatomy, and physician to the
public hospital at Florence.
, an English lawyer, and legal antiquary, was born in the Isle of Ely in 1722, and educated at St. John’s
, an English lawyer, and legal antiquary, was born in the Isle of Ely in 1722, and
educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, which he left
after taking his bachelor’s degree in 1743; and having
studied law in the Inner Temple, was admitted to the bar.
He became afterwards Registrar to the corporation of Bedford Level, and published “A Collection of Laws which
form the constitution of the Bedford Level Corporation,
with an introductory history thereof,
” History of embanking and drayning of divers terms and
marshes, &c.
” originally printed
, an eminent antiquary and benefactor to the history and antiquities of England, was
, an eminent antiquary and benefactor
to the history and antiquities of England, was the son of
William Cole, a gentleman of landed property, at Baberham in Cambridgeshire, by his third wife, Catharine,
daughter of Theophilus Tuer, of Cambridge, merchant,
but at the time she married Mr. Cole, the widow of
Charles Apthorp . He was born at Little Abington, a
village near Baberham, Aug. 3, 1714, and received the
early part of “his education under the Rev. Mr. Butts at
Saffron-Walden, and at other small schools. From these
he was removed to Eton, where he was placed under Dr.
Cooke, afterwards provost, but to whom he seems to have
contracted an implacable aversion. After remaining five
years on the foundation at this seminary, he was admitted
a pensioner of Cla/e hall, Cambridge, Jan. 25, 1733; and
irt April 1734, was admitted to one of Freeman’s scholarships, although not exactly qualified according to that benefactor’s intention: but in 1735, on the death of his father, from whom he inherited a handsome estate, he entered himself a fellow-commoner of Clare Hall, and next
year removed to King’s college, where he had a younger
brother, then a fellow, and was accommodated with better
apartments. This last circumstance, and the society of
his old companions of Eton, appear to have been his principal motives for changing his college. In April 1736, he
travelled for a short time in French Flanders with his halfbrother, the late Dr. Stephen Apthorp, and in October of
the same year he took the degree of B. A. In 1737, in
consequence of bad health, he went to Lisbon, where he
remained six months, and returned to college May 1738.
The following year he was put into the commission of the
peace for the county of Cambridge, in which capacity he
acted for many years. In 1740 his friend lord Montfort,
then lord lieutenant of the county, appointed him one of
his deputy lieutenants and in the same year he proceeded
M. A. In 1743, his health beting again impaired, he
took another trip through Flanders for five or six weeks,
visiting St. Omer’s, Lisle, Tournay, &c. and other principal places, of which he has given an account in his ms
collections. In Dec. 1744 he was ordained deacon in the
collegiate church of Westminster, by Dr. Wilcocks, bishop
of Rochester, and was in consequence for some time curate to Dr. Abraham Oakes, rector of Wethersfield in
Suffolk. In 1745, after being admitted to priest’s orders,
he was made chaplain to Thomas earl of Kinnoul, in
which office he was continued by the succeeding earl,
George. He was elected a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries in 1747; and appears to have resided at Haddenham in the Isle of Ely in 1749, when he was collated by
bishop Sherlock to the rectory of Hornsey in Middlesex,
which he retained only a very short time. Speaking of that
prelate, he says,
” He gave me the rectory of Hornsey,
yet his manner was such that I soon resigned it again to
him. I have not been educated in episcopal trammels,
and liked a more liberal behaviour; yet he was a great
man, and I believe an honest man." The fact, however,
was, as Mr. Cole elsewhere informs us, that he was inducted Nov. 25; but finding the house in so ruinous a condition as to require rebuilding, and in a situation so near
the metropolis, which was always his aversion, and understanding that the bishop insisted on his residing, he resigned within a month. This the bishop refused t accept,
because Mr. Cole had made himself liable to dilapidations
and other expences by accepting of it. Cole continued
therefore as rector until Jan. 9, 1751, when he resigned it
into the hands of the bishop in favour of Mr. Territ. During this time he had never resided, but employed a curate,
the rev. Matthew Mapletoft. In 1753 he quitted the university on being presented by his early friend and patron,
Browne Willis, esq. to the rectory of Bletchley, in Buckinghamshire, which he resigned March 20, 1767, in favour
of his patron’s grandson, the rev. Thomas Willis, and this
very honourably, and merely because he knew it was his
patron’s intention to have bestowed it on his grandson had
he lived to effect an exchange.
is constitution having been shattered and worn down by repeated attacks of the gout. Mr. Cole was an antiquary almost from the cradle, and had in his boyish days made himself
In 1767, after resigning Bletchley, he went into a hired
house at Waterbeche, and continued there two years,
while a house was fitting for him at Milton, a small village
on the Ely road, near Cambridge, where he passed the
remainder of his days, and from which he became familiarly
distinguished as “Cole of Milton.
” In May essay of his antiquarianism
” was taking a copy
both of the inscription and tomb of Ray, the naturalist, in
1734; but it appears that, when he was at Eton school, he
used during the vacations to copy, in trick, arms from the
painted windows of churches, particularly Baberham iii
Cambridgeshire, and Moulton in Lincolnshire* Yet, although he devoted his whole life to topography and biography, he did not aspire to any higher honour than that
of a collector of information for the use of others, and
certainly was liberal and communicative to his contemporaries, and so partial to every attempt to illustrate our
English antiquities, that he frequently offered his services,
where delicacy and want of personal knowledge would have
perhaps prevented his being consulted.
, a laborious antiquary, whose name is familiar as the compiler of peerages and baronetages,
, a laborious antiquary, whose
name is familiar as the compiler of peerages and baronetages, was born in 1682. He was the son of William Collins, esq. gentleman to queen Catherine in 1669, but, as
he himself informs us, the son of misfortune, his father
having run through more than 30,000l. He received, however, a liberal education, and from a very early age culti% T ated that branch of antiquities, to which he dedicated the
remainder of a laborious life. The first edition of his Peerage was published as early as 1708, and we have seen
another edition of 1715, 4 vols. 8vo. It afterwards by various
additions, and under other editors, was extended to seven
volumes, and with a supplement to nine. The last and
most improved of all was published in 1812, under the
care of sir Egerton Brydges, whose attention to the errors
of the preceding editions cannot be too highly praised,
and the additional articles more immediately from his pen
are marked by elegance of style and sentiment and a just
discrimination of character. Mr. Collins’s “Baronetage
”
was first published in The Life of Cecil, Lord Burleigh,
”
Life of Edward the Black Prince,
” Letters and Memorials of State, collected by
Sir Henry Sidney and others,
” Historical Collections of the Noble Families of Cavendish,
Holies, Vere, Harley, and Ogle,
”
, a learned antiquary, born in 1660, was first a lawyer, and in that profession so
, a
learned antiquary, born in 1660, was first a lawyer, and in
that profession so distinguished, as to attract the notice of
pope Clement XI. who appointed him to honourable and
confidential offices. Disgusted, however, by the intrigues
of the court, he gave himself up to retirement, for the purpose of applying to literary pursuits. Here he remained till
he was created cardinal by pope Innocent XIII. which dignity he enjoyed more than twenty years, and died at Rome
in 1743. He wrote a learned and curious work, entitled
“VetusLatium,profanum et sacrum,
” Rome, De civitate et ecclesia Settina;
” Rome, De jure precum primariarum,
”
, a monk of the Ecoles-Pies, and a mathematician and antiquary, was born at Fanano in 1702, and died in 1765, at Pisa, where
, a monk of the Ecoles-Pies, and a
mathematician and antiquary, was born at Fanano in 1702,
and died in 1765, at Pisa, where the grand duke had given
him a chair in philosophy. This science occupied his first
studies, and his success soon appeared from the “Philosophical and Mathematical Institutions,
” Course of Geometrical
Elements,
” written with precision and perspicuity. On
being appointed professor at Pisa, he revised and retouched
his two performances. The former appeared, with considerable corrections, at Bologna in 1742; and the second,
augmented with f< Elements of Practical Geometry,“was
published at Venice in 1748, 2 vols. 8vo. He was well
versed in hydrostatics and history. After having sedulously
applied for several years to the classical authors, and particularly those of Greece, he proposed to write the
” Fasti
of the Archons of Athens,“the first volume of which appeared in 1734, in 4to, and the fourth and last, ten years
after. Being called in 1746 to the chair of moral philosophy and metaphysics, he composed a
” Course of Metaphysics,“which appeared afterwards at Venice in 1758.
His learned friends Muratori, Gorio, Maffei, Quirini, Passionei, now persuaded him to abandon philosophy; and,
at their solicitations, he returned to criticism and erudition. In 1747 he published four dissertations in 4to, on
the sacred games of Greece, in which he gave an exact list
of the athletic victors. Two years afterwards he brought
out, in folio, an excellent work on the abbreviations used
in Greek inscriptions, under this title,
” De notis Graecorum.“This accurate and sagacious performance was
followed by several dissertations relative to objects of learning. But the high esteem in which he was held by his
acquaintance on account of his virtues and industry, was
an interruption to his labours, he being appointed general
of his order in 1754; yet the leisure left him by the arduous duties of his station he devoted to his former studies,
and when the term of his generalship expired, he hastened
back to Pisa, to resume the functions of professor. He
now published several new dissertations, and especially an
excellent work, one of the best of his performances, entitled
” De praefectis urbis.“At length he confined the
whole of hi:; application on the
” History of the University
of Pisa," of which he had been appointed historiographer,
and was about to produce the first volume when a stroke
of apoplexy carried him off, in spite of all the resources of
the medical art, in December 1765.
, an eminent English antiquary, “whose name,” says Dr. Johnson, “must always be mentioned with
, an eminent English
antiquary, “whose name,
” says Dr. Johnson, “must always be mentioned with honour, and whose memory cannot
fail of exciting the warmest sentiments of gratitude, whilst
the smallest regard for learning subsists among us,
” was
son of Thomas Cotton, esq. descended from a very ancient
family, and born at Denton in Huntingdonshire, Jan. 22,
1570; admitted of Trinity college, Cambridge, where he
took the degree of B. A. 1585; and went to London, where
he soon made himself known, and was admitted into a society of antiquaries, who met at stated seasons for their
own amusement. Here he indulged his taste in the prosecution of that study for which he afterwards became so
famous; and in his 18th year began to collect ancient records, charters, and other Mss. In 1600 he accompanied
Camden to Carlisle, who acknowledges himself not a little
obliged to him for the assistance he received from him in
carrying on and completing his “Britannia;
” and the
same year he wrote “A brief abstract of the question of
Precedency between England and Spain.
” This was
occasioned by queen Elizabeth’s desiring the thoughts of the
society of antiquaries upon that point, and is still extant
in the Cotton library. Upon the accession of James I. he
was created a knight; and during this reign was very much
courted and esteemed by the great men of the nation, and
consulted as an oracle by the privy counsellors and ministers of state, upon very difficult points relating to the constitution. In 1608 he was appointed one of the commissioners to inquire into the state of the navy, which had lain
neglected ever since the death of queen Elizabeth; and
drew up a memorial of their proceedings, to be presented
to the king, which memorial is still in his library. In 1609
he wrote “A discourse of the lawfulness of Combats to be
performed in the presence of the king, or the constable
and marshal of England,
” which was printed in An answer to
such motives as were offered by certain military men to
prince Henry, to incite him to affect arms more than
peace.
” This was composed by order of that prince, and
the original ms. remains in the Cotton library. New projects being contrived to repair the royal revenue, which
had been prodigally squandered, none pleased the king so
much as the creating a new. order of knights, called baronets; and sir Robert Cotton, who had been the principal
suggester of this scheme, was in 1611 chosen to be one,
being the thirty-sixth on the list. His principal residence
was then at Great Connington, in Huntingdonshire; which
he soon exchanged for Hatley St. George, in the county
of Cambridge.
e chiefly relied on, and consulted by the archbishop in this work. Leia'.id, also, the first British antiquary, was among the archbishop’s particular friends. Leland had a
As archbishop Cranmer was a learned man hiinself, so he was also a great patron of all solid learning, and of whatever he thought calculated to promote it. Mr. Gilpin observes, that the archbishop always thought himself much interested in the welfare of both the universities, but of Cambridge in particular; and though he does not appear to have bad any legal power there, yet such was his interest at court, and such was the general dependence of the more eminent members of that society upon him, that scarcely any thing was d,one there, either of a public or a private nature, without consulting him. It was his chief endeavour to encourage, as much as possible, a spirit of inquiry; and to rouse the students from the slumber of their predecessors; well knowing, the libertas philosophandi was the great mean of detecting error, and that true learning could never be at variance with true religion. Ascham and Cheke, two of the most elegant scholars of that age, were chiefly relied on, and consulted by the archbishop in this work. Leia'.id, also, the first British antiquary, was among the archbishop’s particular friends. Leland had a wonderful facility in learning languages, and was esteemed the first linguist in Europe. The archbishop soon took notice of him; and, with his usual discernment, recommended him to be the king’s librarian. His genius threw him on the study of antiquities; and his opportunities, on those of his own country. The archbishop, in the mean time, by procuring preferment for him, enabled him to make those inquiries to which his countrymen have been so much indebted.
Mascovius. His principal attachment was to the classics, which he read with the eye of a critic and antiquary. While at Leipsic, he contributed some of his first remarks
, professor of eloquence at Wittemberg, and an eminent philologer, was born at Wolbech, where his father was a clergyman, in 1715. He was
first educated at Hall, whence he removed to Leipsic, and
studied polite literature under Mascovius. His principal
attachment was to the classics, which he read with the eye
of a critic and antiquary. While at Leipsic, he contributed some of his first remarks on classical history and antiquities to the “Acta Eruditorum.
” In Commentarius de originibus pecunise a pecore ante
nummum signatum: accedit ejusdem oratio habita in conventu Academico, cum auspicaret munus Professoris,
”
Petrop. Probabilia critica, in quibus veteres Graeci et Latini scriptores emendantur & declarantur,
”
Leipsic, Opuscula ad historiam et humanitatis
literas spectantia,
” Altenburgh,
, a learned German scholar and antiquary, was born at Grebern, in the bishopric of Bamberg, Sept. 19,
, a learned German
scholar and antiquary, was born at Grebern, in the bishopric of Bamberg, Sept. 19, 1526, and after some elementary instruction from his father, a minister of the
Lutheran church, was sent to Dim, where he studied
Greek and Latin under Gregory Leonard, and by his diligence and progress obtained a pension from the senators
of UJm, which enabled him to pursue his studies without
expense to his father. In 1545 he went to Strasburgh,
where, after applying for some time to polite literature,
he learned Hebrew, and went through a course of divinity,
Still liberally maintained by the city of Ulm; and in 1547
was appointed tutor to a person of rank. Some years after,
he presided over the school at Memmingen, and raised its
reputation very considerably. In 1559 he was chosen professor of moral philosophy and Greek at Tubingen; but
in 1566 was obliged to leave it on account of the plague,
and did not return, along with the other professors, until
1568. At the age of eighty -one, perceiving that he was
near his end, he assembled the whole university, with the
rector at its head, and after entertaining them sumptuously, gave them a goblet worth an hundred florins.
He died Feb. 25, 1607, leaving a library which was valued
at 2000 florins. Besides the learned languages, he was a
good French scholar, but was most distinguished for his
acquairt nee with the modern Greek, and was the first
who taught it in Germany. Of his numerous works, the
following are the most important: 1. “Turco-Graecias
libri octo, utraque lingua edita. Quibus Graecorum status
sub imperio Turcico, in politia et ecclesia, ceconomia et
scholis, jam hide ab amissa Constantinopoli, ad haec usque
tempora, luculenter describitur,
” Basil, Acta et Scripta Theologorum Wirtembergensium, et
Patriarchs Constantinopolitani D. Hieremiae quas utrique
ab anno 1576 usque ad annum 1581 de Augustana Confessione inter se miserunt,
” Gr. & Lat.
Germano-Graeciae libri sex > in quorum prioribus tribus, Orationes, in reliquis Carmina, Gr. & Lat. continentur,
” fol.
without date, but from the dedication, probably 1585.
4. “Annales Suevici, sive Chronica rerum gestarum antiquissimae et inclytae Suevicas Gentis quibus quicquid fere
de ea haberi potuit, ex Lat. & Graec. aliarumque linguarum auctoribus, scriptisque plurimis, non editis, comprehenditur, &c.
” Corona Anni, hoc est, explicatio
Evangeliorum et Epistolarum quae diebus dominicis et
festis in ecclesia proponuntur; e Tubingeiisium, et aliorum
Theologorum eonckmibus, conscripta,
” Wittemberg,
, an accomplished antiquary, descended from a family seated in Suffolk early in the fifteenth
, an accomplished antiquary, descended from a family seated in Suffolk early in the fifteenth
century, and at Hawsted in that county in 1656, of which
latter place he has himself been the historian, was born in
1733; educated at Catherine-hall, Cambridge, of which society he was afterwards fellow; and obtained the first senior
bachelor’s dissertation prize in 1758. In April 1762 he was
presented to the rectory of Hawsted, in Suffolk, by his
father, who died in 1774; as did his mother in 1784. In
March 1774, he became F. S. A.; in December that year
he was instituted to the vicarage of Great Thurlow, in the
same county, on the presentation of his brother-in-law,
the late Henry Vernon, esq.; and in March 1775 was
elected F. R. S. His admirable History of the Parish of
Hawsted (of which he was lord and patron), and Hardwick
House, a perfect model for every work of the same nature,
was originally published as the twenty-third number of the
“Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica,
” and has in the
present year (
That sir John Cullum was a profound antiquary, a good natural historian, and an elegant scholar, the “History
That sir John Cullum was a profound antiquary, a good
natural historian, and an elegant scholar, the “History of
Hawsted
” sufficiently evinces. That he most punctually
and conscientiously discharged the proper duties of his
profession as a divine, has been testified by the grateful recollection of his parishioners. His discourses in the pulpit
were plain, unaffected, and rarely in any degree controversial; adapted to the village congregation which he
gladdened by residing very near them. His attention to
their truest interest was unremitted, and his example their
best guide. His friendships in private life were amiable;
and in his general commerce with the world, the uniform
placidity of his manners, and his extensive literary
acquirements, secured to him universal esteem. He was
among the most valued correspondents of Mr. Gough, who
sincerely lamented his loss. A specimen of his familiar
letters will be found in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1797,
vol. LXVII. p. 995.
, M. D. an antiquary and botanist, was originally an apothecary at Braintree in Essex,
, M. D. an antiquary and botanist, was
originally an apothecary at Braintree in Essex, until about
1730, when he became a licentiate of the college of physicians, and a fellow of the royal society, according to
Pulteney, but his name does not appear in Dr. Thomson’s
list. About the time above-mentioned, Dr. Dale is supposed to have settled at Bocking, where he practised as a
physician until his decease June 6, 1739, in the eightieth
year of his age. He was buried in the dissenters’ burying
ground at Bocking. His separate publications are, 1.
“Pharmacologia, seu Manuductio ad Materiam Medicam,
”
The Antiquities of Harwich and Dover Court,
”
, an eminent Scotch lawyer and antiquary, and brother to the preceding, was born in Edinburgh on the
, an eminent Scotch lawyer and antiquary, and brother to the preceding, was born in Edinburgh on the 28th of October 1726, and was educated at Eton school, where he was distinguished no less for his acquisitions in literature-than for the regularity of his manners. From Eton he was removed, to complete his studies at Utrecht, where he remained till 1746. In 1748 he was called to the Scotch bar, where, notwithstanding the elegant propriety of the cases which he drew, his success did not answer the expectations which had been formed of him. This was not owing either to wajjt of science or to want of industry, but to certain peculiarities, which, if not inherent in his nature, were the result of early and deep-rooted habits. He possessed on all occasions a sovereign contempt, not only for verbal antithesis, but for well-rounded periods, and every thing which had the semblance of declamation; and indeed he was wholly unfitted, by an ill-toned voice, and ungraceful elocution, for shining as an orator. It is not surprizing, therefore, that his pleadings, which were never addressed to the passions, did not rival those of some of his opponents, who, possessed of great rhetorical powers, did not, like him, employ strokes of irony too fine to be perceived by the bulk of any audience, but expressed themselves in full, clear, and harmonious periods. Even his memorials, though classically written, and often replete with valuable matter, did not on every occasion please the court; for they were always brief, and sometimes, it was said, indicated more attention to the minutiye of forms than to the merits of the cause. Yet on points which touched his own feelings, or the interests of truth and virtue, his language was animated, his arguments forcible, and his scrupulous regard to form thrown aside. He was on all occasions incapable of misleading the judge by a false statement of facts, or his clients, by holding out to them fallacious grounds of hope. The character indeed which he had obtained for knowledge and integrity in the Scotch law, soon raised him to an eminence in his profession. Accordingly, in March 1766, he was appointed one of the judges of the court of session with the wannest approbation of his countrymen; and in May 1776 he succeeded to the place of a lord commissioner of the justiciary on the resignation of lord Coalston, his wife’s father. Upon taking his seat on the bench he assumed the title of lord Hailes, in compliance with the usage established in the court of session: this is the name by which he is generally known among the learned of Europe.
so able a writer, who to the learning and skill of a lawyer, joined the industry and curiosity of an antiquary; to whom no object appears frivolous or unimportant that serves
In 1771 he composed a very learned and ingenious paper,
or law-case, on the disputed peerage of Sutherland. He
was one of the trustees of the lady Elizabeth, the daughter
of the last earl, and being then a judge, the names of two
eminent lawyers were annexed to it. In that case, he displayed the greatest accuracy of research, and the most
profound knowledge of the antiquities and rules of descent,
in that country; which he managed with such dexterity of
argument, as clearly established the right of his pupil, and
formed a precedent, at the same time, for the decision of
all such questions in future. In 1773 he published a small
volume, entitled “Remarks on the History of Scotland.
”
Tnese appeared to be the gleanings of the historical research which he was making at that time, and discovered
his lordship’s turn for minute and accurate inquiry into
doubtful points of history, and at the same time displayed
the candour and liberality of his judgment. This publication prepared the public for the favourable reception of
the Annals of Scotland, in 2 vols. 4to, the first of which
appeared in 1776, and the second in 1779, and fully answered the expectations which he had raised. The difficulties attending the subject, the want of candour, and
the spirit of party, had hitherto prevented the Scotch from
having a genuine history of their country, in times previous to those of queen Mary. Lord Hailes carried his attention to this history, as far back as to the accession of
Malcolm Canmore, in 1057, and his work contains the
annals of 14 princes, from Malcolm III. to the death of David II. Aiul happy it was that the affairs of Scotland attracted the talents of so able a writer, who to the learning
and skill of a lawyer, joined the industry and curiosity of
an antiquary; to whom no object appears frivolous or unimportant that serves to elucidate his subject.
, brother to the preceding, keeper of the pictures, medals, &c. and antiquary to his majesty, was originally apprenticed to a coach-painter
, brother to the preceding, keeper
of the pictures, medals, &c. and antiquary to his majesty,
was originally apprenticed to a coach-painter in Clerkenwell, and after quitting his master, went to Rome to pursue the study of painting, where, about the year 1749, an
invitation was given him by Roger Kynaston, esq. of
Shrewsbury, in company with Mr. (afterwards sir John)
Frederick, to accompany them to Naples. From that city
they proceeded in a felucca, along the coast of Calabria,
crossed over to Messina, and thence to Catania, where
they met with lord Charlemont, Mr. Burton, afterwards
lord Cunningham, Mr. Scott, and Mr. Murphy. They
then sailed together in a ship, hired by lord Charlemont
and his party, from Leghorn, with the intention of making
that voyage; the felucca followed first to Syracuse, then
to the isle of Malta, and afterwards separated; but Mr.
Dalton, accompanying the party in the ship, made the
voyage to Constantinople, several parts of Greece, and
Egypt. This voyage led to his publication, which appeared in 1781, called, “Explanation of the set of prints
relative to the manners, customs, &c. of the present inhabitants of Egypt, from discoveries made on the spot, 1749,
etched and engraved by Richard Daiton, esq.
” On his
return to England, he was, by the interest of his noble
patron lord Charlemont, introduced to the notice of his
present majesty, then prince of Wales, who, after his accession to the throne, appointed him his librarian, an office
for which it would appear he was but indifferently qualified, if Dr. Morell’s report be true. Soon after, it being
determined to form a noble collection of drawings, medals,
&c. Mr. Daltou was sent to Italy in 1763, to collect the
various articles suited to the intention. The accomplishment of that object, however, was unfortunately attended
with circumstances which gave rise to sir Robert Strange’s
memorable letter of complaint to the earl of Bute, in which
he says, indignantly, although not altogether unjustly, that
“persecution haunted him, even beyond the Alps, in the
form of Mr. Dalton.
” On this subject it may here be
necessary only to refer to sir Robert’s letter, and to the
authorities in the note.
, a scholar and antiquary of the sixteenth century, was an advocate at Orleans, where
, a scholar and antiquary of the sixteenth century, was an advocate at Orleans, where he
mostly resided, and assessor to the abbey of St. Benoitsur-Loire, which he was frequently obliged to visit, in the
discharge of his office. His taste for polite literature, and
general reputation for such learning as was not very common in his time, recommended him to the esteem of the
cardinal de Chatillon, a liberal Maecenas of that age. The
abbey of St. Benoit having been pillaged during the war
in 1562, Daniel with great difficulty saved some manuscripts, and purchased others from the soldiers, and removed them to Orleans. Among these was the Commentary of Servius on Virgil, which he published in 1600
and the “Aulularia
” of Plautus, which he had printed immediately after rescuing these Mss. in 1564. He prepared also an edition of Petronius, but it was not published
until 1629, after his death. This event took place at
Paris, in 1603, when his friends Paul Petau, and James
Bongars, purchased his library for 15OO livres, and divided the Mss. between them. Among other eminent men,
Daniel was particularly intimate with Buchanan, and has
been highly praised by Scioppius, Scaliger, and Turnebus.
, D. D. an eminent writer and antiquary, was born in the latter part of the sixteenth century in Denbighshire,
, D. D. an eminent writer and antiquary, was born in the latter part of the sixteenth century
in Denbighshire, and educated by William Morgan, afterwards bishop of St. Asaph. He was admitted a student of
Jesus-college, Oxford, in 1589, where he took one degree
in arts, and afterwards became a member of Lincoln-college in the same university. He was rector ol Malloyd, or
Maynlloyd in Merionethshire, and afterwards a canon of
St. Asaph, to which dignity he was promoted by Dr. Parry,
then bishop, whose chaplain he was. He commenced
doctor in 1616, and was highly esteemed by the university,
says Wood, as well versed in the history and antiquities of
his own nation, and in the Greek and Hebrew languages;
a most exact critic, and indefatigable searcher into ancient
writings, and well acquainted with curious and rare authors. The time of his death is not known. His works
are, 1. “Antiques Linguae Britannicse nunc communiter
dictae Cambro-Britannicoe, a suis Cymrascae vel Cambricee,
ab aliis Wallicoe rudimenta,
” &c. Dietionarium Latino-Britannicum,
” Dictionarium Latino-Britannicum,
” which was
begun and greatly advanced by Thomas Williams, physician, before 1600. It was afterwards completed and
published by Dr. Davies. 3. “Aclagia Britannica, authorum
Britannicorum nomina, & quando floruerunt,
” Adagiorum Britannicorum specimen,
” ms. Bibl. Bodl. He
also assisted W. Morgan, bishop of Landaff, and Richard
Parry, bishop of St. Asaph, in translating the Bible into
Welsh, in that correct edition which came out in 1620.
He also translated into the same language (which he had studied at vacant hours for 30 years) the book of “Resolution,
” written by Robert Parsons, a Jesuit.
&c. a kind of bibliographical, biographical, and critical work, “the greatest part (says Baker, the antiquary) borrowed from modern historians, but containing some things
, a Welsh clergyman, was born in
Tre'r-Abbot, in Whiteford parish, Flintshire. Of his personal history little is known, except that he was a good
scholar, very conversant in the literary history of his country, and very unfortunate in attempting to turn his knowlege to advantage. He was a vehement foe to Popery,
Arianism, and Socinianism, and of the most fervent loyalty.
to George I. and the Hanoverian succession. Owing to
some disgust, he quitted his native place, and probably his
profession when he came to London, as he subscribes himself “counsellor-at-law;
” and in one of his volumes has a
long digression on law and law-writers. Here he commenced author in the humblest form, not content with
dedicating to the great, but hawking his books in person
from door to door, where he was often repulsed with rudeness, and seldom appears to have been treated with kindness or liberality. How long he carried on this unprosperous business, or when he died, we have not been able
to discover. Mr. D'Israeli, who has taken much pains to
rescue his name from oblivion, suspects that his mind became disordered from poverty and disappointment. He
appears to have courted the Muses, who certainly were
not very favourable to his addresses. The most curious of
his works consist of some volumes under the general title
of “Athenæ Britannicæ,
” 8vo, the greatest
part (says Baker, the antiquary) borrowed from modern
historians, but containing some things more uncommon,
and not easily to be met with.
” The first of these volumes, printed in In
this he styles himself
” a gentleman of the inns of, court.“The others are entitled
” Athenæ Britannicæ, or a Critical
History of the Oxford and Cambridge Writers and Writings, &c. by M. D.“London, 1716, 8vo. They are all of
so great rarity, that Dr. Farmer never saw but one volume,
the first, nor Baker but three, which were sent to him as a
great curiosity by the earl of Oxford, and are now deposited in St. John’s college, Cambridge. In the British
Museum there are seven. From the
” Icon Libellorum,"
the only volume we have had an opportunity of perusing
attentively, the author appears to have been well acquainted
with English authors, their works and editions, and to have
occasionally looked into the works of foreign bibliographers.
be the best of Dempster’s productions, and affords a very high idea of his abilities as a classical antiquary. One of his dissertations on the Roman Kalendar is inserted
He also published in his own life-time the following
pieces: “Strena Kal. Januar. 1616. ad iilustriss. virum Jacobum Hayum, Dominum ac Baronem de Saley,
” &c. Lond.
Menologium Scotorum, in quo nullus nisi
Scotus gente aut conversatione, quod ex omnium gentium
monimentis, pio studio Dei gloriae. Sanctorum honori.
Patrias ornamento,
” &c. Bonon. Scotia illustrior, seu, Mendicabula repressa,
” Lugd.
Thomae Dempster! a Muresk Scoti Pandectarum in Pisano
Lyceo professoris ordinarii de Etruria regali libri Septem,
opus postumum, in duas partes divisum.
” We are told
in the preface, that when Dempster, in 1619, was about
to remove to Bologna, he left this work in the hands of
the grand duke, by whose order it had been composed,
although he had not quite finished it. It is divided into
seven books, treating of the ancient inhabitants of Etruria,
their kings, their inventions, geography, ancient and modern, &c. with a short history of the house of Medici. The
ancient monuments which are given on ninety-three engravings, are illustrated by some explanations and conjectures by M. Bonarota. Upon the whole, this splendid
publication appears to be the best of Dempster’s productions, and affords a very high idea of his abilities as a
classical antiquary. One of his dissertations on the Roman Kalendar is inserted in Groevius’s Roman Antiquities,
vol. VIII. Passeri published a Supplement to his History of
Etruria, in 1767, fol. and an edition of his Roman Antitiquities, much enlarged.
, D. D. an eminent divine and antiquary, descended from a family of good note in the county of Kent,
, D. D. an eminent divine and antiquary, descended from a family of good note in the county of Kent, was the eldest son of John Denne, gent, who had the place of woodreve to the see of Canterbury, by a patent for life from archbishop Tenison. He was born at Littlebourne, May 25, 1693, and brought up in the freeschools of Sandwich and Canterbury. He went thence to Cambridge, and was admitted of Corpus Christi college, under the tuition of Mr. Robert Dannye, Feb. 25, 1708; and was afterwards a scholar of the house upon archbishop Parker’s foundation. He proceeded B. A. in 1712; M. A. in 1716; and was elected fellow April 20, in the same year. Soon after, he took upon him the office of tutor, jointly with Mr. Thomas Herring, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury; and was ordained deacon on Trinity Sunday 1716, by bishop Trimnell; and priest Sept. 21, 1718. Not long afterwards he was nominated by the college to the perpetual cure of St. Benedict’s church, in Cambridge; whence he was preferred in 1721, to the rectory of Norton-Davy, alias Green’s Norton, in Northamptonshire, upon a presentation from the king; but this he exchanged, Sept. 30, 1723, for the vicarage of St. Leonard, Shoreditch, in London. In 1725 he was appointed preacher of Mr. Boyle’s lecture, and continued so for three years. His next promotion, immediately after taking the degree of D. D. was to the archdeaconry of Rochester, with the prebend annexed, being collated thereto July 22, 1728, by bishop Bradford, to whom he had been domestic chaplain for many years, and whose youngest daughter Susanna he married in 1724. He was instituted July 24, 1729, to the vicarage of St. Margaret’s, Rochester, but this he resigned, on taking possession of the rectory of Lambeth, Nov. 27, 1731, through the patronage of archbishop Wake. He died August 5, 1767, and was buried in the south transept of Rochester cathedral. His widow survived him upwards of thirteen years, dying on the 3d of December, 1780.
Dr. Denne was yet more frequently useful by his researches as an antiquary, and the valuable assistance he contributed to many eminent
Dr. Denne was yet more frequently useful by his researches as an antiquary, and the valuable assistance he
contributed to many eminent antiquaries in the publication
of their works. At the time of his becoming a member of
the chapter of Rochester, not a few of its muniments and
papers were in much confusion; these he digested, and
by that means rendered the management of the affairs of
the dean and chapter easy to his contemporaries and their
successors. He was particularly conversant in English ecclesiastical history; and this employment afforded him an
opportunity of extending his knowledge to many points not
commonly accessible. His attention to such matters began at a very early period; whilst a fellow of Corpus Christi
college, he transmitted to Mr. Lewis, from M8S. in the
libraries of the university of Cambridge, many useful materials for his “Life of Wicliff,
” and when that learned
divine was afterwards engaged in drawing up his “History
of the Isle of Thanet,
” he applied to Mr. Denne for such
information as could be collected from archbishop Parker’s
Mss. in his college. He also collated Hearne’s edition of
the “Textus Rorfensis,
” with the original at Rochester,
and transcribed the marginal additions by I ambarde, Bering,
e. carefully referred to the other Mss. that contain these
instruments, as Reg. Temp. Ruff, and the Cotton library,
with all which he furnished the late venerable Dr. Pegge.
It was evidently his intention to have written a history of
the church of Rochester, and his reading and inquiry were
directed to that object, which, however, he delayed until
his health would not permit the necessary labour of transcription and arrangement.
D‘Ewes (Sir Symonds), an English historian and antiquary, was the son of Paul D’Eues, esq. and born in 1602, at Coxden
D‘Ewes (Sir Symonds), an English historian and antiquary, was the son of Paul D’Eues, esq. and born in
1602, at Coxden in Dorsetshire, the seat of Richard Syxnonds, esq. his mother’s father. He was descended from
an ancient family in the Low Countries, from whence his
ancestors removed hither, and gained a considerable settlement in the county of Suffolk. In 1618, he was entered a
fellow- commoner of St. John’s college in Cambridge and
about two years after, began to collect materials for forming a correct and complete history of Great Britain. He
was no less studious in preserving the history of his own
times; setting down carefully the best accounts he was
able to obtain of every memorable transaction, at the time
it happened. This disposition in a young man of parts
recommended him to the acquaintance of persons of the
first rank in the republic of letters, such as Cotton, Selden,
Spelman, &c. In 1626, he married Anne, daughter to sir
William Clopton of Essex, an exquisite beauty, not fourteen years old, with whom he was so sincerely captivated,
that his passion for her seems to have increased almost to
a degree of extravagance, even after she was his wife. He
pursued his studies, however, as usual, with great vigour
and diligence, and when little more than thirty years of
age, finished that large and accurate work for which he is
chiefly memorable. This work he kept by him during his
life-time it being written, as he tells us, for his own private use. It was published afterwards with this title
“The Journals of all the Parliaments during the reign of
queen Elizabeth, both of the House of Lords and House
of Commons, collected by sir Symonds D'Ewes, of Stowhall in the county of Suffolk, knt. and bart. revised and
published by Paul Bowes, of the Middle Temple, esq.
1682,
” folio. In
d him to very severe usage from Wood, Hearne, &c. as it still must to the contempt of every accurate antiquary. Other writers, however, and such as cannot be at all suspected
Another thing which hurt his character with some particular writers, was a very foolish speech he made in the
long parliament, Jan. 2, 1640, in support of the antiquity
of the university of Cambridge. This was afterwards published under the title of “A Speech delivered in parliament by Symonds D'Ewes, touching the antiquity of Cambridge, 1642,
” 4to, and exposed him to very severe usage
from Wood, Hearne, &c. as it still must to the contempt of
every accurate antiquary. Other writers, however, and
such as cannot be at all suspected of partiality to him, have
spoken much to his honour. Echard, in his History of
England, savs, “We shall next mention sir Symonds
D'Ewes, a gentleman educated at the university of Cambridge, celebrated for a most curious antiquary, highly esteemed by the great Selden, and particularly remarkable
for his Journals of all the parliaments in queen Elizabeth’s
reign, and for his admirable ms library he left behind him,
now in the hands of one of the greatest geniuses of the
age:
” meaning the late earl of Oxford. Some curious
extracts from the ms journal of his own life (preserved among the Harieian Mss.) are printed in the “Bibliotheca
Topographica Britannica, 1783.
” In this he has given a
minute account of his courtship and marriage. The only
love-letter he had occasion to send, and which was accompanied with a present of a diamond carcanet, was as follows:
r of Brighton, in the Isle of Wight, when his kinsman colonel Hammond was governor there. The Oxford antiquary has given us a catalogue of his works, the most extraordinary
, second son of sir John Dingley,
knt. by a sister of Dr. Henry Hammond, was born in Surrey
in 1619, and educated at Magdalen college, Oxford;
where he was a strict observer of all church ceremonies.
He afterwards became a zealous puritan; and was remarkably active in ejecting such as were, by that party, styled
ignorant and scandalous ministers and school-masters. He
was rector of Brighton, in the Isle of Wight, when his
kinsman colonel Hammond was governor there. The Oxford antiquary has given us a catalogue of his works, the
most extraordinary of which is “The Deputation of Angels, or the Angel Guardian 1. proved by the divine
light of nature, &c. 2. from many rubs and mistakes, &c.
3. applied and improved for our information, &c. chiefly
grounded on Acts xii. 15.
” London, 1654, 8vo. He died
in 1659, and was buried in the chancel of Brighton church.
, an eminent antiquary, the son of Matthew Dodsworth, registrar of York cathedral,
, an eminent antiquary, the
son of Matthew Dodsworth, registrar of York cathedral,
and chancellor to archbishop Matthews, was born July
24, 1585, at Newton Grange, in the parish of St. Oswald,
in Rydale, Yorkshire. He died in August 1654; and was
buried at Rufrord, Lancashire. He was a man “of wonderful industry, but less judgment; always collecting and
transcribing, but never published any thing.
” Such is
the report of him by Wood; who in the first part of it,
Mr. Gough observes, drew his own character. “One cannot approach the borders of this county,
” adds this topographer, in his account of Yorkshire, “without paying
tribute to the memory of that indefatigable collector of its
antiquities, Roger Dodsworth, who undertook and executed a work, which, to the antiquaries of the present
age, would have been the stone of Tydides.
” One hundred and twenty-two volumes of his own writing, besides
original Mss. which he had obtained from several hands,
making all together 162 volumes folio, now lodged in
the Bodleian library, are lasting memorials what this county
owes to him, as the two volumes of the Monasticon
(which, though published under his and Dugdale’s names conjointly, were both collected and written totally by him)
will immortalize that extensive industry which has laid the
whole kingdom under obligation. The patronage of general Fairfax (whose regard to our antiquities, which the rage of his party was so bitter against, should cover his faults from the eyes of antiquaries) preserved this treasure,
and bequeathed it to the library where it is now lodged.
Fairfax preserved also the fine windows of York cathedral;
and when St. Mary’s tower, in which were lodged innumerable records, both public and private, relating to the
northern parts, was blown up during the siege of York,
he gave money to the soldiers who could save any scattered
papers, many of which are now at Oxford; though Dodsworth had transcribed and abridged the greatest part before. Thomas Tomson, at the hazard of his life, saved
out of the rubbish such as were legible; which, after passing through several hands, became the property of Dr.
John Burton, of York, being 1868, in thirty bundles.
Wallis says they are in the cathedral library. Fairfax
allowed Dodsworth a yearly salary to preserve the inscriptions in churches.
itle was “De jure Laicorum,” &c. It was written in answer to a book published by William Baxter, the antiquary, and entitled “AntiDodwellism, being two curious tracts formerly
Mr. Dodwell came the same year to England, and resjded at Oxford for the sake of the public library. Thence
he returned to his native country, and in 1672 published,
at Dublin, in 8vo, a posthumous treatise of his late learned
tutor John Steam, M. D. to which he put a preface of his
own. He entitled this book, “De Obstinatione: Opus
posthumum Pietatem Chrisdano-Stoicam scholastico more
suadens:
” and his own preface, “prolegomena Apologetica, de usu Dogmatum Philosophicorum,
” &c. in which
he apologizes for his tutor; who, by quoting so often and
setting a high value upon the writings and maxims of
the heathen philosophers, might seem to depreciate the
Holy Scriptures. Mr. Dodwell therefore premises first,
that the author’s design in that work is only to recommend
moral duties, and enforce the practice of them by the authority of the ancient philosophers; and that he does not
meddle with the great mysteries of Christianity, which are
discoverable only by divine revelation. His second work
was, “Two letters of advice. 1. For the Susception of
Holy Orders. 2. For Studies Theological, especially such
as are rational.
” To the second edition of which, in
1681, was added, “A Discourse concerning the Phoenician History of Sanchoniathon,
” in which he considers
Philo-Byblius as the author of that history. In 1673, he
wrote a preface, without his name, to “An introduction
to a Devout Life,
” by Francis de Sales, the last bishop
and prince of Geneva; which was published at Dublin, in
English, this same year, in 12mo. He came over again
to England in 1674, and settled in London; where he became acquainted with several learned men; particularly,
in 1675, with Dr. William Lloyd, afterwards successively
bishop of St. Asaph, Litchfield and Coventry, and Worcester . With that eminent divine he contracted so great
a friendship and intimacy, that he attended him to Holland,
when he was appointed chaplain to the princess of Orange.
He was also with him at Salisbury, when he kept his residence there as canon of that church; and spent afterwards
a good deal of time with him at St. Asaph. In 1675 he published “Some Considerations of present Concernment;
how far the Romanists may be trusted by princes of another persuasion,
” in 8vo, levelled against the persons concerned in the Irish remonstrance, which occasioned a kind
of schism among the Irish Roman catholics. The year
following he published “Two short Discourses against the
Romanists. 1. An Account of the fundamental Principle
of Popery, and of the insufficiency of the proofs which
they have for it. 2. An Answer to six Queries proposed
to a gentlewoman of the Church of England, by an emissary of the Church of Rome,
” 12mo, but reprinted in
A new preface relating to the bishop of
Meaux, and other modern complainers of misrepresentation.
” In Separation of
Churches from episcopal government, as practised by the
present non-conformists, proved schismatical, from such
principles as are least controverted, and do withal most
popularly explain the sinfulness and mischief of schism.
”
This, being animadverted upon by R. Baxter, was vindicated, in 1681, by Mr. Dodwell, in “A Reply to Mr.
Baxter’s pretended confutation of a book, entitled,
Sepafration of Churches,
” &c. To which were added, “Three
Letters to Mr. Baxter, written in 1673, concerning the
Possibility of Discipline under a Diocesan Government,
”
&c. 8vo. In Dissertations on St. Cyprian,
” composed at the reqviest of Dr. Fell, bishop of Oxford, when he was about to publish his edition of that
father. They were printed in the same size, but reprinted
at Oxford in 1684, 8vo, under the title “Dissertationes
Cyprianse.
” The eleventh dissertation, in which he endeavours to lessen the number of the early Christian martyrs, brought upon him the censure of bishop Burnet, and
not altogether unjustly. The year following, he published
“A Discovirse concerning the One Altar, and the One
Priesthood, insisted on by the ancients in the disputes
against Schism ,
” Lond. 8vo. In 1684, a dissertation of
his on a passage of Lactantius, was inserted in the new
edition of that author at Oxford, by Thomas Spark, in
8vo. His treatise “Of the Priesthood of Laicks,
” appeared in De jure Laicorum,
” &c. It was written in answer to a book published
by William Baxter, the antiquary, and entitled “AntiDodwellism, being two curious tracts formerly written by
H. Grotius, concerning a solution of the question, whether
the eucharist may be administered in the absence of, or
want of pastors.
” About the same time he was preparing
for the press the posthumous works of the learned Dr. John
Pearson, bishop of Chester, Lond. 1688, 4to. He published also,“Dissertations on Irenseus,
” A cautionary discourse of Schism, with a
particular regard to the case of the bishops, who are suspended for refusing to take the new oath,
” London, 8vo.
And when those bishops were actually deprived, and others
put in their sees, he joined the former, looking upon the
new bishops, and their adherents, as schismatics. He
wrote likewise “A Vindication of the deprived Bishops:
”
and “A Defence of the same,
” Unreasonableness of Separation,
” &c.
After having lost his professorship, he continued for some
time in Oxford, and then retired to Cookham, a village
near Maidenhead, about an equal distance between Oxford and London; and therefore convenient to maintain a
correspondence in each place, and to consult friends and
books, as he should have occasion. While he lived there,
he became acquainted with Mr. Francis Cherry of Shottesbrooke, a person of great learning and virtue, for the sake
of whose conversation he removed to Shottesbrooke, where
he chiefly spent the remainder of his days. In 1692, he
published his Camdenian lectures read at Oxford; and, in
1694, “An Invitation to Gentlemen to acquaint themselves
with ancient History
” being a preface to Degory Whear’s
“Method of reading history,
” translated into English by
Mr. Bohun. About this time having lost one or more of
the Dodwells, his kinsmen, whom he designed for his
heirs, he married on the 24th of June, 1694, in the 52d
year of his age, a person, in whose father’s house at Cookham he had boarded several times, and by her had ten
children . In 1696 he drew up the annals of Thucydides
and Xenophon, to accompany the editions of those two
authors by Dr. John Hudson and Mr. Edward Wells. Having likewise compiled the annals of Velleius Paterculus,
and of Quintilian, and Statius, he published them altogether in 1698, in one volume, 8vo. About the same time
he wrote an account of tUe lesser Geographers, published
by Dr. Hudson; and “A Treatise concerning the lawfulness of instrumental music in holy offices:
” occasioned by
an organ being set up at Tiverton in 1696: with some other
things on chronology, inserted in “Grabe’s Spicilegium.
”
In Canon of the New Testament,
” &c.
concerning Mr. Toland’s disingenuous treatment of him.
The year following appeared “A Discourse [of his] concerning the obligation to marry within the true communion, following from their style of being called a Holy
Seed;
” and “An Apology for the philosophical writings
of Cicero,
” against the objections of Mr. Petit; prefixed
to Tally’s five books De Finibus, or, of Moral Ends, translated into English by Samuel Parker, gent, as also the
annals of Thucydides and Xenophon, Oxoa. 4to. In 1703
he published “A Letter concerning the Immortality of the
Soul, against Mr. Henry Layton’s Hypothesis,
” 4to and,
“A Letter to Dr. Tillotson about Schism,
” 8vo, written
in Chronology
of DionX'Sius Halicarnasseus,
” in the Oxford edition of
that historian by Dr. Hudson, folio; his “Two Dissertations on the age of Phalaris and Pythagoras,
” occasioned
by the dispute between Bentley and Boyle; and his “Admonition to Foreigners, concerning the late Schism in
England.
” This, which was written in Latin, regarded
the deprivation of the nonjuring bishops. When the bill
for preventing occasional conformity was depending in
parliament, he wrote a treatise, entitled, “Occasional
Communion fundamentally destructive of the discipline of
the primitive catholic Church, and contrary to the doctrine of the latest Scriptures concerning Church Communion;
” London, A Case in View considered in a
Discourse, proving that (in case our present invalidly deprived fathers shall leave all their sees vacant, either by death or resignation) we shall not then be obliged to keep
up our separation from those bishops, who are as yet involved in the guilt of the present unhappy schism,
” Lond.
1705, 8vo. Some time after, he published “A farther
prospect of the Case in View, in answer to some new objections not then considered,
” Lond. An Epistolary Discourse, proving, from the scriptures and the first fathers,
that the soul is a principle naturally mortal; but immortalized actually by the pleasure of God, to punishment, or
to reward, by its union with the divine baptismal spirit.
Wherein is proved, that none have the power of giving
this divine immortalizing spirit, since the apostles, but
only the bishops,
” Lond. that
Sacerdotal Absolution is necessary for the Remission of
Sins, even of those who are truly penitent.
” This discourse being attacked by several persons, particularly Chishull, Clarke, Norris, and Mills afterwards bishop of Waterford, our author endeavoured to vindicate himself in the
three following pieces: 1. “A Preliminary Defence of the
Epistolary Discourse, concerning the distinction between
Soul and Spirit: in two parts. I. Against the charge of
favouring Impiety. II. Against the charge of favouring
Heresy,
” Lond. 1707, 8vo. 2. “The Scripture account
of the Eternal Rewards or Punishments of all that hear of
the Gospel, without an immortality necessarily resulting
from the nature of the souls themselves that are concerned in those rewards or punishments. Shewing particularly, I. How much of this account was discovered by the
best philosophers. II. How far the accounts of those philosophers were corrected, and improved, by the Hellenistical Jews, assisted by the Revelations of the Old
Testament. III. How far the discoveries fore-mentioned were
improved by the revelations of the Gospel. Wherein the
testimonies also of S. Irenaens and Tertullian are occasionally considered,
” Lond. 1708, 8vo. And, 3. “An
Explication of a famous passage in the Dialogue of S.
Justin Martyr with Tryphon, concerning the immortality
of human souls. With an Appendix, consisting of a letter to the rev. Mr. John Norris, of Bemerton; and an expostulation relating to the late insults of Mr. Clarke and
Mr. Chishull,
” Lond. The case in view
now in fact. Proving, that the continuance of a separate
communion, without substitutes in any of the late invalidlydeprived sees, since the death of William late lord bishop
of Norwich, is schismatical. With an Appendix, proving,
that our late invalidly-deprived fathers had no right to substitute successors, who might legitimate the separation,
after that the schism had been concluded by the decease
of the last survivor of those same fathers,
” Lond.
eous Papers,” which came out in the following year. In 1778 he was elected a member of the royal and antiquary societies. In 1781 he was again applied to by lord Sandwich,
In 1764, his steady patron, lord Bath, died, and bequeathed to him his library; but general Pulteney wishing
that it should not be removed from Bath-house, he relinquished his claim, and accepted 1000l. in lieu of it. General Pulteney, at his death, left it to Dr. Douglas again,
and he again gave it up to the late sir William Pulteney,
for the same sum. It has been erroneously stated that the
valuable library, of which Dr. Douglas was possessed, had
been derived from this source, whereas it was entirely
collected by himself; and the Bath library, after the
death of sir William Pulteney, was lately sold by auction.
In 1764 he exchanged his livings in Shropshire for that
of St. Austin and St. Faith, in Watling-street, London.
In April 1765 he married miss Elizabeth Rooke, daughter
of Henry Brudenell Rooke, esq. During this and the
preceding year, as well as in 1768, he wrote several political papers, which were printed in the Public Advertiser;
and all the letters which appeared in that paper, in 1770
and 1771, under the signatures of Tacitus and Manlius,
were written by him. In 1773, he assisted sir John Dalrymple in the arrangement of his Mss. In 1776 he was
removed from the chapter of Windsor to that of St. Paul’s.
During this and the subsequent year he was employed in
preparing captain Cook’s Journal for publication, which
he undertook at the urgent request of lord Sandwich, then
first lord of the admiralty. In 1777, he assisted lord Hardwicke, in arranging and publishing his “Miscellaneous
Papers,
” which came out in the following year. In
, a surgeon at York, and an eminent antiquary, was much esteemed by Dr. Mead, Mr. Folkes, the two Mr. Gales,
, a surgeon at York, and an eminent
antiquary, was much esteemed by Dr. Mead, Mr. Folkes,
the two Mr. Gales, and all the principal members of the
Royal and Antiquarian Societies. He published, in 1736,
“Eboracum or the History and Antiquities of the City of
York,
” a splendid folio. A copy of it with large manuscript additions was in the hands of his son, the late rev.
William Drake, vicar of Isleworth, who died in 1801, and
was himself an able antiquary, as appears by his articles in
the Archseologia, and would have republisbed his father’s
work, if the plates could have been recovered. Mr. Drake
was elected F. S. A. in 1735, and F. R. S. in 1736. From
this latter society, for whatever reason, he withdrew in
1769, and died the following year. Mr. Cole, who has
a few memorandums concerning him, informs us that when
the oaths to government were tendered to him in 1745, he
refused to take them. He describes him as a middle-aged
man (in 1749) tall and thin, a surgeon of good skill, but
whose pursuits as an antiquary had made him negligent of
his profession. Mr. Cole also says, that Mr. Drake and
Csesar Ward, the printer at York, were the authors of the
“Parliamentary or Constitutional History of England,
”
printed in twenty-four volumes,
scended from the town of Drayton in Leicestershire, which gave name to his progenitors, as a learned antiquary of his acquaintance has recorded; but his parents removing into
, an English poet, was born at
HarshuU, in the parish of Atherston, in the county of
Warwick, in 1563. His family was ancient, and originally
descended from the town of Drayton in Leicestershire,
which gave name to his progenitors, as a learned antiquary
of his acquaintance has recorded; but his parents removing into Warwickshire, our poet was born there. When
he was but ten years of age, he seems to have been page
to some person of honour, as we collect from his own
words: and, for his learning at that time, it appears evidently in the same place, that he could then construe his
Cato, and some other little collection of sentences. It appears too, that he was then anxious to know, “what kind
of strange creatures poets were r
” and desired his tutor of
all things, that if possible “he would make him a poet.
”
He was some time a student in the university of Oxford:
though we do not find that he took any degree there.
In 1588, he seems, from his own description of the
Spanish invasion, to have been a spectator at Dover of its
defeat; and might possibly be engaged in some military
post or employment there, as we find mention of his being
well spoken of by the gentlemen of the army. He took
delight very early, as we have seen, in the study of poetry;
and was eminent for his poetical efforts, nine or ten years
before the death of queen Elizabeth, if not sooaer. In
1593 he published a collection of pastorals, under the
title of “Idea: the Shepherd’s Garland, fashioned in nine
eclogues; with Rowland’s sacrifice to the nine Muses,
”
4to, dedicated to Mr. Robert Dudley. This “Shepherd’s
Garland
” is the same with what was afterwards reprinted
with emendations by our author in 1619, folio, under the
title of “Pastorals,
” containing eclogues; with the “Man
in the Moon;
” but the folio edition of Drayton’s works,
printed in 1748, though the title-page professes to give
them all, does not contain this part of them. Soon after
he published his “Barons’ Wars,
” and “England’s heroical Epistles;
” his “Downfalls of Robert of Normandy,
Matilda and Gaveston;
” which were all written before
near countryman and old acquaintance,
” adds further of him, that, “though those
transalpines account us tramontani, rude, and barbarous,
holding our brains so frozen, dull, and barren, that they
can afford no inventions or conceits, yet may he compare
either with their old Dante, Petrarch, or Boccace, or
their neoteric Marinella, Pignatello, or Stigliano. But
why,
” says Burton, “sould I go about to commend him,
whom his own works and worthiness have sufficiently extolled to the world?
”
, an eminent antiquary and medailist, was born in 1721 at Housseau, in the canton of
, an eminent antiquary and medailist, was born in 1721 at Housseau, in the
canton of Soleure in Switzerland, whence, at nine years of
age, he was sent to Denmark, and entered soon after as a
student in the university of Copenhagen. Having completed his stud'es in that seminary, he repaired to France,
which he considered from that moment as his adopted
country, and entered into a Swiss regiment, in the service
of it. In his military capacity his conduct was such as to
merit and receive the esteem of his superior officers. At
the battle of Fontenoy, he received two musket-shots, but
still remained in his station, and could not be prevailed
upon to leave the field of action, until his leg and part of
his thigh had been carried off by a cannon-ball. Being
thus rendered unfit for service, he was obliged to take
refuge in the hospital for invalids, where he first resolved
to extend his knowledge by cultivating foreign languages.
After an obstinate pursuit of his object, which occupied all
his thoughts, and occasioned several journies among the
northern nations, expressly for the purpose of acquiring
proficiency in this favourite study, he arrived at such a
degree of eminence, as justly to merit the office of interpreter to the royal library for the English, Dutch, German,
and Flemish, as well as the Swedish, Danish, and Russian
languages. He fulfilled the duties of this important station with so much probity and exactness, that the council
of the admiralty appointed him to occupy the same functions in the maritime department; and, during the thirtytwo years in which he filled this office, he gave repeated
proofs of his integrity and disinterestedness.
Possessing a mind equally unclouded by ambition and
the love of pleasure, he employed all his leisure hours in
the study of coins and medals, in which he acquired great
proficiency. He began with considering and collecting
such as had been struck during sieges, and in times of
necessity; a pursuit analogous to his taste, and to the profession to which his early life had been devoted. Having
completed this task, he undertook to form and to publish
a more complete collection of the different species of
money struck by the barons of France, than any that had
hitherto appeared. In this, which may be called a national work, not content with consulting all the authors
who had treated on the subject, he also searched a number of different cabinets, on purpose to verify the original
pieces, and to satisfy himself as to their existence and
authenticity. But while occupied in drawing up an account of the coins of the first, second, and third race of
the kings of France, he was snatched from his favourite
avocations by the hand of death, Nov. 19, 1782, when his
family were left to mourn the loss of a good husband and
father, society to regret an estimable and a modest man,
and the sciences to lament an able and an indefatigable
investigator. In 1790, the works he had finished were
published in a splendid form in 3 vols, imperial 4to, with
many plates, at Paris, under the title, “The Works of
the late Mr. P. A. T. Duby, &c.
” containing in vol. I. a
general collection of pieces struck during sieges, or in
times of necessity; and in vols. II. and III. a treatise on
the money coined by the peers, bishops, abbots, &c. of
France. The coins in these volumes are admirably executed, and the whole is a strong proof of the author’s skill
in antiquities and general knowledge of every branch connected with his subject.
, an eminent English civilian and antiquary, was born in 1713 in Normandy; whence his father, who was descended
, an eminent English civilian and antiquary, was born in 1713 in Normandy; whence his father, who was descended from an ancient family at Caen in that province, came to England, soon after the birth of his second son James, and resided at Greenwich. The early rudiments of instruction he probably received in his own country. In 1729, being at that time a scholar at Eton, he was three months under the care of sir Hans Sloane, on account of an accident which deprived him of the sight of one eye. In 1731, he was admitted a gentleman-commoner of St. John’s college, Oxford; proceeded LL. B. June 1, 1738, and LL. D. Oct. 21, 1742; became a member of the college of Doctors Commons in November, 1743; and married, in 1749, Susanna a worthy woman, who had been his servant; and who survived him till Oct. 6, 1791, when she died in an advanced age.
, an eminent English antiquary and historian, was the only son of John Dngdale, of Shustoke,
, an eminent English antiquary and historian, was the only son of John Dngdale, of
Shustoke, near Coleshill, in Warwickshire, gent, and
born there Sept. 12, 1605. He was placed at the freeschool in Coventry, where he continued till he was fifteen;
and then returning home to his father, who had been edueatrd in St. John’s college, Oxford, and had applied himself
particularly to civil law and history, was instructed by him
in those branches of literature. At the desire of his father,
he married, March 1623, a daughter of Mr. Huntbach, of
Seawall, in Staffordshire, and boarded with his wife’s father till the death of his own, which happened July 1624
but soon after went and kept house at Fillongley, in Warwickshire, where he had an estate formerly purchased by
his father. In 1625 he bought the manor of Blythe, in
Shvstoke, above-mentioned; and the year following, selling his estate at Fillongley, he came and resided at Blythehall. His natimil inclination leading him to the study of
antiquities, he soon became acquainted with all the noted
antiquaries with Burton particularly, whose “Description of Leicestershire
” he had read, and who lived but
eight miles from him, at Lindley, in that county.
In 1638 he went to London, and was introduced to sir
Christopher Hatton, and to sir Henry Spelman by whose
interest he was created a pursuivant at arms extraordinary,
by the name of Blanch Lyon, having obtained the king’s
warrant for that purpose. Afterwards he was made RougeCroix-pursuivant in ordinary, by virtue of the king’s
letters patent, dated March 18, 1640; by which means
having a lodging in the Heralds’ office, and convenient opportunities, he spent that and part of the year following,
in augmenting his collections out of the records in the
Tower and other places. In 1641, through sir Christopher Hatton’s encouragement, he employed himself in
raking exact draughts of all the monuments in
Westminster-abbey, St. Paul’s cathedral, and in many other cathedral and parochial churches of England particularly
those at Peterborough, Ely, Norwich, Lincoln, Newarkupon-Trent, Beverley, Southwell, York, Chester, Lichfield, Tamworth, Warwick, &c. The draughts were taken
by Mr. Sedgwick, a skilful arms-painter, then servant to
sir Christopher Hatton; but the inscriptions were probably copied by Dugdale. They were deposited in sir
Christopher’s library, to the end that the memory of them
might be preserved from the destruction that then appeared
imminent, for future and better times. June 1642 he was
ordered by the king to repair to York; and in July was
commanded to attend the earl of Northampton, who was
marching into Worcestershire, and the places adjacent, in
order to oppose the forces raised by lord Brook for the
service of the parliament He waited upon the king at
the battle of Edge-hill, and afterwards at Oxford, where
he continued with his majesty till the surrender of that
garrison to the parliament June 22, 1646. He was created M. A. October 25, 1642, and April 16, 1644, Chester-heraid. During his long residence at Oxford, he applied himself to the search of such antiquities, in the
Bodleian and other libraries, as he thought might conduce
towards the furtherance of the “Monp.sticon,
” then designed by Roger Dodsworth and himself; as also whatever
might relate to the history of the ancient nobility of this
realm, of which he made much use in his Baronage.
In May 1677, our antiquary was solemnly created Garter principal king at arms, and the
In May 1677, our antiquary was solemnly created Garter principal king at arms, and the day after received from
his majesty the honour of knighthood, much against his
will, on account of the smallness of his estate. In 1681
he published “A short View of the late Troubles in England; briefly setting forth their rise, growth, and tragical
conclusion, &c.
” folio. This is perhaps the least valued
of all his works, or rather the only one which is not very
much valued. He published also at the same time, “The
ancient usage in bearing of such ensigns of honour as are
co'i.monly called Arms, &,c.
” 8vo a second edition of
which was published in the beginning of the year following,
with large additions. The last work he published, was,
“A perfect copy of all summons of the nobility to the
great councils and parliaments of this realm, from the 49th
of king Henry III. until these present times, &e.
” 1685,
folio. He wrote some other pieces relating to the same
subjects, which were never published; and was likewise
the chief promoter of the Saxon Dictionary by Mr. William Somner, printed at Oxford in 1659. His collections
of materials for the Antiquities of Warwickshire, and Baronage of England, all written with his own hand, contained in 27 vols, in folio, he gave by will to the university of Oxford; together with sixteen other volumes, some
of his own hand-writing; which are now preserved in Ashmole’s Museum. He gave likewise several books to the
Heralds’ office, in London, and procured many more for
their library.
me of the Marlborough gems, a task for which he was well qualified, as he was an excellent classical antiquary and medallist. In 1771 he translated” The manner of securing
Before he quitted Turin, Mr. M'Kenzie’s interest with
the duke of Northumberland, then lord lieutenant of Ireland, procured him the promise of a deanery in that
kingdom, which he declined accepting; but soon after received
from the same noble patron a presentation to the rectory
of Elsdon in Northumberland, then worth 800l. a year;
which induced him, in 1766, to return to England, where
he received a present of 1000l. from the king, and was
highly delighted with the reception he met with at Northumberland-house. In 1768 he performed an extensive
tour through the continent with lord Algernon Percy, the
duke of Northumberland’s son. In the course of this tour,
some conversation at Genoa with the marchioness of Babbi,
gave rise to a work which Mr. Dutens afterwards published
at Rome under the title of “The Tocsin,
” and afterwards
at Paris, under the title of “Appel au bons sens.
” After
this tour was finished, he resided for some time at Paris,
where he published several works, and lived in a perpetual round of splendid amusements. In 1776 he returned
to London, and lived much with the Northumberland
family, and with his early patron Mr. M'Kenzie, until
lord Montstuart was appointed envoy-extraordinary to the
court of Turin, whom he accompanied as his friend, but
without any official situation, except that when lord
Montstuart was called to England upon private business,
he again acted for a short time as charge des affaires.
After this, according to his memoirs, his time was divided
for many years between a residence in London, and occasional tours to the continent, with the political affairs of
which he seems always anxious to keep up an intimate acquaintance. At length the death of his first friend and
patron placed him in easy if not opulent circumstances, as
that gentleman left him executor and residuary legatee
with his two nephews, lord Bute and the primate of Ireland. The value of this legacy has been estimated at
15,000l. which enabled Mr. Dutens to pass the remainder of
his life in literary retirement and social intercourse, for
which he was admirably qualified, not only by an extensive knowledge, but by manners easy and accommodating.
In the complimentary strain of a courtier few men exceeded
him, although his profuse liberality in this article was
sometimes thought to lessen its value. He died at his
house in Mount-street, Grosvenor-square, May 23, 1812,
in his eighty-third year. Not many days before his death,
he called, in a coach, on many persons of eminence with
whom he had corresponded, for the sole purpose of returning the letters he had received from them.
His publications, not already noticed were, 1 “Explications des quelques Medailles de peuple, de villes, et des
rois Grecques et Pheniciennes,
” Itineraire des Routes les plus frequentées;
ou Journal d‘un Voyage aux Villes principales de l’Europe,
”
often reprinted. 4. “Histoire de ce qui s’est passe
” pour
establissement d'une Regence en Angleterre. Par M.
L. D. Ne D. R. D. L. Ge. Be.“1789, 8vo; in which he
adopted the sentiments of Mr. Pitt’s administration on the
important question of the regency, which, he says, lost
him the favour of a great personage. 5.
” Recherches sur
le terns le plus recule de l'usage des Voutes chez les
Anciens,“1795. He wrote also the French text of the
second volume of the Marlborough gems, a task for which
he was well qualified, as he was an excellent classical antiquary and medallist. In 1771 he translated
” The manner of securing all sorts of brick buildings from fire,“&c.
from the French of count d'Espie. His last publication, in
1805, was his own history, in
” Memoires d'un Voyageur,"
&c. of which we have availed ourselves in this sketch but,
although this work may often amuse the reader, and add something to the knowledge of human nature, it will not perhaps
create an unmixed regard for the character of the writer.
, a German historian and antiquary, was born at Duingen in the duchy of Brunswick, Sept. 7, 1674.
, a German
historian and antiquary, was born at Duingen in the duchy
of Brunswick, Sept. 7, 1674. Alter studying for some
time at Brunswick and Helmstadt, where he made very
distinguished progress in the belles lettres and history, he
became secretary to the count de Flemming in Poland;
and there became acquainted with the celebrated Leibnitz,
by whose interest he was appointed professor of history at
Helmstadt. After Leibnitz’s death, he was appointed professor at Hanover, where he published some of his works.
Although this place was lucrative, he here contracted debts,
and his creditors having laid hold of a part of his salary to
liquidate some of these, he privately quitted Hanover in
1723, where he left his family, and the following year
embraced the religion of popery at Cologne. He then
passed some time in the monastery of Corvey in Westphalia; and the Jesuits being very proud of their convert,
sent him advantageous offers to settle at Vienna, Passau,
or Wurtzbourg. He chose the latter, and was appointed
the bishop’s counsel, historiographer, and keeper of the
archives and library, and the emperor afterwards granted
him letters of nobility. Pope Innocent XIII. seems also
to have been delighted with his conversion, although his
embarrassed circumstances appear to have been the chief
cause of it. He died in the month of February 1730; and
whatever may be thought of his religious principles, no
doubt can be entertained of his extensive learning and
knowledge of history. He wrote, 1. “Historia studii etymologici linguae Germanicas,
” Hanover, De usu et pr&stantia studii etymologici linguae Gerjnanicse.
” 3. “Corpus historicum medii aevi,
” Leipsic,
Origines Habsburgo-Austriacae,
” Leipsic, Leges Francorum et Hipuariorum,
” &c. ibid. Historia genealogica principumSaxonite superioris, necnon origines Aulialtiiue et Sabaudicae,
” ibid.
Caihechesis theotisca monachi Weissenburgensis, interpretatione illustrate.
” 8. “Leibnitzii collectanea etymologica.
” 9. “Brevis ad historian! Germanise introductio.
” 10. “Programma de antiquissimo
Helmstadiistatu,
” Helmstadt, De diplomate
Caroh magui pro scholis Osnaburgensibus Grsecis et Latinis.
” 12. “Animadversiones historical et criticae in
Joannis Frederic! Schannati dicecesim et hierarchiam Fuldeusem.
” 13. “Annales Franciae orientalis et episcopatus
Wurceburgensis,
” 2 vols. 1731. 14. “De origine Germanorum,
” Gottingen,
, an eminent antiquary and medallist, was born at Entzesfield in Austria, Jan. 13,
, an eminent antiquary and
medallist, was born at Entzesfield in Austria, Jan. 13, 1737,
and in 1751 entered the order of the Jesuits at Vienna,
with whom he studied philosophy, mathematics, divinity,
and the learned languages. His skill in medals, which
appeared very early, induced his superiors to give him the
place of keeper of their cabinet of medals and coins. In
1772, he was sent to Rome, where Leopold II. grand duke
of Florence, employed him to arrange his collection, and
on his return in 1774, he was appointed director of the
imperial cabinet of medals at Vienna, and professor of antiquities. In 1775 he published his first valuable work,
under the title of “Nummi veteres anecdoti ex museis
Csesareo Vindobonensi, Florentine magni Ducis Etruriw,
Granelliaho nunc Ceesareo, aliisque,
” Vienna, 4to, in which
he arranges the various articles according to the new system
which he had formed, and which promises to be advantageous from its simplicity, although it has some trifling
inconveniencies. This was followed by his “Catalogus
Musei Caesarei Vindobonensis Nummorum veterum,
” Vienna, Sylloge nnmmorum veterum anecdotorum thesauri Cbbsarei,
” Vienna, 4to, and “Descriptip nuinmorum Antiochae Syriae, sive specimen artis criticse numerariff,
” ibid.
In Explanation of the Gems
” in the Imperial collection, a very magnificent book. In 1792 he
published the first volume of his great work on numismati<:al history, entitled “Doctrina munmorum veterum,
” and
the eighth and last volume in
, a very eminent antiquary, and particularly conversant in Greek, Roman, and German antiquities,
, a very eminent antiquary,
and particularly conversant in Greek, Roman, and German antiquities, was born at Bremen May 23, 1639, of a
distinguished family. He studied at various seminaries,
principally those of Helmstadt and Leipsic, and travelled
into Swisserland, Italy, Spain, and France. On his return to his native country in 1679, he was received into
the college called the college of ancients, and was deputed by the members of it to go to the imperial court, in
order to explain some differences which had arisen between
the magistrates and burgesses of Bremen. In this he
acquitted himself so much to their satisfaction, that when he
returned, in 1679, he was appointed secretary to the republic, an office which he held with great reputation until
his death, Feb. 15, 1713. His antiquarian pursuits produced, I. “De nuinismatibus quibusdam abstrusis Neronis,
cum Car. Patino per epistolas disquisitio,
” Bremen, Mysteria Cereris et Bacchi, in vasculo ex uno
onyche,
” ibid. Discussio calumniarum
Fellerianarum,
” Epicrisis,
” and by his “Vindicise adversus Eggelingium,
” published at Leipsic, De orbe stagneo
Antinoi, epistola,
” De Miscellaneis Germanise antiquitatibus exercitationes quinque,
”
, a divine and antiquary, descended from a very ancient family in the bishopric of Durham,
, a divine and antiquary, descended
from a very ancient family in the bishopric of Durham,
was born at Newcastle upon Tyne, Jan. 1, 1673, and was
the son of Mr. Ralph Elstob, a merchant of that place.
Being intended for the church, he received his grammatical
education, first at Newcastle, and afterwards at Eton after
which he was admitted of Catharine-hall, in Cambridge
but the air of the country not agreeing with him, he removed to Queen’s college, Oxford. Here his studious turn
acquired him so much reputation, that in 1696 he was
chosen fellow of University college, and was appointed
joint tutor with Dr. C layering, afterwards bishop of Peterborough. At this college Mr. Elstob took the degree of
master of arts, June 8, 1697. In 1701, he translated into
Latin the Saxon homily of Lupus, with notes, for Dr.
Jiickes. About the same time he translated into English
sir John Cheke’s Latin version of Plutarch, “De Superstitione,
” which is printed at the end of Strype’s Life of
Cheke. The copy made use of by Mr. Elstob was a
manuscript in University college, out of which Obadiah
Walker, when master of that college, had cut several
leaves, containing Cheke’s remarks against popery. In
1702, Mr. Elstob was appointed rector of the united
parishes of St. Swithin and St. Mary Bothaw, London,
where be continued to his death, and which appears to be
the only eqclesiastical preferment he ever obtained. In
1703, he published, at Oxford, an edition of Ascham’s
Latin Letters. He was the author, likewise, of an “Essay
on the great affinity and mutual agreement between the
two professions of Law and Divinity,
” printed at London,
with a preface, by Dr. Hickes. This book, in process of
time, became so little known, that Mr. Philip Carteret
Webbe insisted upon it that there was no such work, until
convinced, by an abstract or view of it, which was sent to
Mr. Pegge, from a copy in the library of St. John’s college, Cambridge. It is a thin octavo, and not very scarce.
In 1704, Mr Elstob published two sermons; one, a thanksgiving sermon, from Psalm ciii. 10, for the victory at
Hochstet; and, the other, from 1 Timothy i. 1, 2, on the
anniversary of the queen’s accession. Besides the works
already mentioned, our author, who was a great proficient
in the Latin tongue, compiled an essay on its history and
use collected materials for an account of Newcastle and,
also, the various proper names formerly used in the north
but what is become of these manuscripts is not known. In
1709, he published, in the Saxon language, with a Latin
translation, the homily on St. Gregory’s day. Mr. Elstob
bad formed several literary designs, the execution of which
was prevented by his death, in 1714, when he was only
forty-one years of age. The most considerable of his designs was an edition of the Saxon laws, with great additions, and a new Latin version by Somner, together with
notes of various learned men, and a prefatory history of
the origin and progress of the English laws, down to the
conqueror, and to Magna Charta. This great plan was
completed in 1721, by Dr. David Wilkins, who, in his
preface, thus speaks concerning our author “Hoc Gulielmus Elstob, in literis Anglo-Saxonicis versatissimus
præstare instituerat. Hinc Wheloci vestigia premens, Leges
quas editio ejus exhibet, cum Mss. Cantabrigiensibus,
Bodleiano, Roffensi, et Cottonianis contulerat, versioneque
nova adornare proposuerat, ut sic Leges, antea jam publici
juris factae, ejus opera et studio emendatiores prodiissent.
Veruin morte immatura præreptus, propositum exequi non
potuit.
” Whilst Mr. Elstob was engaged in this design,
Dr. Hickes recommended him to Mr. Harley, as a man
whose modesty had made him an obscure person, and
which would ever make him so, unless some kind patron
of good learning should bring him into light. The doctor
added his testimony to Mr. Elstob’s literature, his great
diligence and application, and his capacity for the work he
had undertaken. Mr. Harley so far attended to Dr. Hickes’s
recommendation as to grant to Mr. Elstob the use of the
books and manuscripts in his library, which our author
acknowledged in a very humble letter. A specimen of
Mr. Elstob’s design was actually printed at Oxford, in
1699, under the title of “Hormesta Pauli Orosii, &c. ad
exemplar Junianum, &c.
” He intended, also, a translation
with notes, of Alfred’s Paraphrastic Version of Orosins;
his transcript of which, with collations, was in Dr. Pegge’s
hands. Another transcript, by Mr. Ballard, with a large
preface on the use of Anglo-Saxon literature, was left by
Dr. Charles Lyltelton, bishop of Carlisle, to the library of
the Society of Antiquaries. Alfred’s Version of Orosius
has since been given to the public, with an English translation, by the honourable Daines Barrington. In his publication, Mr. Barrington observes, that he has made use of
Mr. Elstob’s transcript, and that he has adopted from it
the whimsical title of Hormesta. When it is considered
that Mr. Elstob died in early life, it will be regretted, by
the lovers of antiquarian learning, that he was prevented
from acquiring that name and value in the literary world,
to which he would otherwise probably have arisen.
his life. He was courted and celebrated by all the learned men of his time, particularly the famous antiquary Leland, who addressed a copy of Latin verses to him in his “Encomia
, a gentleman of eminent learning in the reign of king Henry Vlil. and author of several
works, was son of sir Richard Eiyot, of the county of
Suffolk, and educated in academical learning at St. Mary’s
hall in Oxford, where he made a considerable progress in
logic and philosophy. After some time spent at the university, he travelled into foreign countries, and upon his
return was introduced to the court of kiiag Henry, who,
being a great patron of learned men, conferred on him the
honour of knighthood, and employed him in several embassies, particularly to Rome in 1532, about the affair of
the divorce of queen Catharine, and afterwards, about
1536, to the emperor Charles V. Sir Thomas was an excellent grammarian, rhetorician, philosopher, physician,
cosmographer, and historian; and no less distinguished
for his candour, and the innocence and integrity of his life.
He was courted and celebrated by all the learned men of
his time, particularly the famous antiquary Leland, who
addressed a copy of Latin verses to him in his “Encomia
illustrium virorum.
” A similitude of manners, and sameness of studies, recommended him to the intimacy and
friendship of sir Thomas More. He died in 1546, and
was buried the 25th of March, in the church of Carleton,
in Cambridgeshire, of which county he had been sheriff.
His widow afterwards was married to sir James Dyer.
, an English antiquary, was the son of Hugh Erdeswicke, esq. and was born at Sandon
, an English antiquary, was
the son of Hugh Erdeswicke, esq. and was born at Sandon
in Staffordshire. He studied at Brazen-nose college, Oxford, in 1553 and 1554, as a gentleman commoner, and
afterwards returned to Sandon, where he employed much
of his time in antiquarian researches, especially what related to his own county. In this he must have shown
acuteness and judgment as well as industry, for Camden
styles him “venerandse antiquitatis cultor maximus.
” He
died April 11, 1603, and was buried in Sandon church,
which be had a little before repaired and new glazed. He
left behind him, in manuscript, “A short view of Staffordshire, containing the antiquities of the same county.
” He
began this, it is said, in The true use of Armory,
” published under the
name of Will. Wyrley,
in aliquot libros Pauli Æginetae, seu observationes medicamentorum qui hue aetate in usu sunt.” The antiquary Leland was his intimate friend, and in his life-time celebrated
, or Etheridge, or, as in Latin he
writes himself, Edrycus, probably an ancestor of the preceding, was born at Thame in Oxfordshire, and admitted
of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, in 1534; of which he
was made probationer fellow in 1539. In 1543 he was
licensed to proceed in arts; and, two years after, admitted
to read any of the books of Hippocrates’s aphorisms. At
length, being esteemed an excellent Grecian, he was
made the king’s professor of that language about 1553,
and so continued till some time after Elizabeth came to the
crown, when, on account of his joining in the persecution
of the protestants in Mary’s reign, was forced to leave it.
He practised medicine with great success in Oxford, where
he mostly lived; and also took under his care the sons of
many popish gentlemen, to be instructed in the several
arts and sciences; among whom was William Gifford, afterwards archbishop of Rheims. He was reckoned a very
sincere man, and adhered to the last to the catholic religion, though he suffered exceedingly by it. Wood tells
us, that he was living an ancient man in 1588; but does
not know when he died. He was a great mathematician,
skilled in vocal and instrumental music, eminent for his
knowledge of the Greek and Hebrew languages, a poet,
and, above all, a physician. There are musical compositions and Latin poems of his still extant in manuscript. In
manuscript also he presented to queen Elizabeth, when she
was at Oxford in 1566, “Acta Henrici Octavi, carmine
Graeco.
” He also turned the psalms into a short form of
Hebrew verse; and translated the works of Justin Martyn
into Latin. In 1588 was published by him in 8vo, “Hypomnemata quasdam in aliquot libros Pauli Æginetae, seu
observationes medicamentorum qui hue aetate in usu sunt.
”
The antiquary Leland was his intimate friend, and in his
life-time celebrated his praises in these lines:
His son, Christian William, who was born in 1663, and died in 1727, was also a lawyer and classical antiquary. He published at Strasburgh, in 1684, “Dissertatio de ordine
, an eminent lawyer, descended
from an ancient and noble family in East Friesland, was
bora at Norden, Nov. 20, 1629. He had the misfortune
to lose his father, when he was in his sixth year, but by
the care of his mother and relations, he was sent to college, where he made great progress in the earlier classical
studies. He then went to Rintelin, and began a course of
law. In 1651 he removed to Marpurg, about the time when
the academy in that city was restored, and here he recounts
among the most fortunate circumstances of his life that he
had au opportunity of studying under Justus Siriold, or
Schutz, and John Helvicus his son, the former of whom
was chancellor of the academy, and the latter was counsellor to the landgrave of Hesse, and afterwards a member
of the imperial aulic council. Under their instructions he
acquired a perfect knowledge of the state of the empire,
and took his doctor’s degree in 1655. Soon after he was
appointed by George II. landgrave of Hesse, to be professor of law, and his lectures were attended by a great
concourse of students from every part of Germany. In
1669 he was invited by the dukes of Brunswick and Lunenburgh to Helmstadt, where he filled the offices of counsellor and assessor with great reputation. He was also appointed by the circle of Lower Saxony a judge of the imperial chamber of Spire, and in 1678 was received among
the number of its assessors. The emperor Leopold, hearing of his eminent character and talents, engaged him to
come to his court in the rank of aulic counsellor, and to
reward his services, restored the rank of nobility which had
been in his family. Eyben died July 25, 1699. His works
were collected into a folio volume, and printed at Strasburgh in 1708. They are all on subjects of law.
His son, Christian William, who was born in 1663, and died in
1727, was also a lawyer and classical antiquary. He published at Strasburgh, in 1684, “Dissertatio de ordine
equestri veterum Romanorum,
” folio, which was afterwards
inserted in Sallengre’s “Thesaurus.
”
ipally followed the first authority in our references^ it must not remain unnoticed that the learned antiquary, Mr. Raspe, has proved, in the opinion of sir Joshua Reynolds
The fame of this discovery soon spread over Flanders
and into Italy; and when he grew old, but not till then,
he imparted his secret to several painters, both Flemish
and Italian. And it must be confessed the art of painting
is very highly indebted to him for this foundation of the
wonderful success with which succeeding ages have profited by this very useful discovery. As a painter he possessed very good talents, considering the early period of
the art. He copied his heads generally from rtature; his
figures are seldom well composed or drawn. But his power
of producing richness of positive colours is surprising, and
their durability no less so. He paid great attention evidently to nature, but saw her in an inferior style. He la->
boured his pictures very highly, particularly in the ornaments, which he bestowed with a lavish hand, but with alf
the Gothic taste of the time and country in which he lived.
In the gallery of the Louvre is a picture of the “Divine
Being,
” as he chose to call it, represented by an aged
man with a long beard, crowned with the pope’s tiara,
seated in a chair with golden circles of Latin inscriptions
round his head, but without the least dignity of character,
or evident action or intention. It is the very bathos of the
art. At the earl of Pembroke’s, at Wilton house, is a
small picture which does him more credit. -It represents
the nativity of our Saviour, with the adoration of the shepherds, and the composition consists of four figures, besides
the Saviour and four angels, and has in the back ground
the anomaly of the angels at the sa.me time appearing to
the shepherds. It is in oil, and the colours are most of
them very pure, except those of the flesh. The garment
of Joseph is very rich, being glazed thick with red lake,
which is as fresh as if it were new. Almost all the draperies are Sg glazed with different colours, and are still
very clear, except the virgin’s, which, instead of maintaining its blue colour, is become a blackish green. There is
a want of harmony in the work, but it is more the effect
of bad arrangement of the colours than the tones of them.
The glory surrounding the heads of the virgin and child
is of gold. We have been the more particular in stating
these circumstances of this picture, because our readers
will naturally be curious to know how far the original inventor of oil painting succeeded in his process, and they
will see by this account that he went very far indeed, in
what relates to the perfection of the vehicle he used,
which, if he had happily been able to employ as well as
he understood, the world would not have seen many better
painters. He lived to practise his discovery for thirty-one
years, dying in 1441, at the advanced age of seventy-one.
Although in the preceding sketch we have principally
followed the first authority in our references^ it must not
remain unnoticed that the learned antiquary, Mr. Raspe,
has proved, in the opinion of sir Joshua Reynolds beyond
all contradiction, that the art of painting in oil was invented
and practised many ages betbre Van Eyck was born.
, a very learned antiquary of Italy, was born at Urbino, of a noble family, in 1619. After
, a very learned antiquary of Italy, was born at Urbino, of a noble family, in 1619. After he had passed through his first studies at Cagli, he returned to Urbino to finish himself in the law, in which he was admitted doctor at eighteen. Having an elder brother at Rome, who was an eminent advocate, he also went thither, and applied himself to the bar; where he soon distinguished himself to such advantage, that he was likely to advance his fortune. Cardinal Imperiali entertained so great an esteem for him, that he sent him into Spain, to negociate several important and difficult affairs; which he did with such success, that the office of the procurator fiscal of that kingdom falling vacant, the cardinal procured it for him. Fabretti continued thirteen years in Spain, where he was for some time auditor general of the Nunciature. These employments, however, did not engage him so much, but that he found time to read the ancients, and apply himself to polite literature. He returned to Rome with cardinal Bonelli, who had been nuncio in Spain; and from his domestic became his most intimate friend. He was appointed judge of the appeals to the Capitol; which post he afterwards quitted for that of auditor of the legation of Urbino, under the cardinal legate Cerri. His residence in his own country gave him an opportunity of settling his own private affairs, which had been greatly disordered during his absence. He continued there three years, which appeared very long to him, because his inclination to study and antiquities made him wish to settle at Rome, where he might easily gratify those desires to the utmost. He readily accepted, therefore, the invitation of cardinal Corpegna, the pope’s vicar, who employed him in drawing up the apostolical briefs, and other dispatches belonging to his office, and gave him the inspection of the reliques found at Rome and parts adjacent. Alexander VIII. whom Fabretti had served as auditor when cardinal, made him secretary of the memorials, when he was advanced to the pontificate; and had so great a value and affection for him, that he would certainly have raised him to higher dignities, if he had lived a little longer.
, a French antiquary of great fame, whose laborious researches into the earliest
, a French antiquary of great fame,
whose laborious researches into the earliest and most obscure parts of the history of his country, obtained him more
celebrity than profit, was born at Paris in 1529. Having
gone to Italy with cardinal de Tournon, his eminence often
sent him with dispatches to the French court, which served
to introduce him there with advantage, and procured him
the place of first president of the Cour des Monnoies; and
he is said by some to have obtained a pension from Henry
IV. with the title of historiographer. He died in 1601,
overwhelmed with debts. His works were collected in 4to
at Paris, in 1610. The principal of them are, 1. His
“Gaulish and French antiquities,
” the first part of which
treats chiefly of matters anterior to the arrival of the Franks,
the second is extended to Hugh Capet. 2. “A treatise
on the Liberties of the Gallican church.
” 3. “On the
origin of knights, armorial bearings, and heralds.
” 4.
“Origin of dignities and magistracies in France.
” All
these contain much curious matter, not to be found elsewhere, but are written in a harsh, incorrect, and tedious
style. Saxius mentions an edition of his works printed at
Paris in 1710, 2 vols. 4to, which we conceive to be a mistake for 1610. It is said, that the pei'usal of his French
Antiquities gave Louis XIII. an invincible distaste to reading.
as, the former ia 1752, the latter in 1754: these brought him into considerable notice as a poetical antiquary, and it was hoped that he would have been encouraged to modernize
, a poetical and miscellaneous writer,
was born in Yorkshire about 1721. He was educated at
Leeds, under the care of the rev. Mr. Cookson, vicar of
that parish, from whence he went to Jesus college, Cambridge, and took his bachelor’s degree in 1741, and his
master’s in 1745. After being admitted into holy orders,
he settled at Bramham in Yorkshire, near the elegant seat
of that name belonging to Robert Lane, esq. the beauties
of which afforded him the first subject for his muse. He
published his “Bramham Park,
” in Descriptions of
May and Winter,
” from Gawen Douglas, the former ia
1752, the latter in 1754: these brought him into considerable notice as a poetical antiquary, and it was hoped that
he would have been encouraged to modernize the whole of
that author’s works. About the year last mentioned, he
removed to the curacy of Croydon in Surrey, where he had
an opportunity of courting the notice of archbishop Herring, who resided there at that time, and to whom, among
other complimentary verses, he addressed an “Ode on
his Grace’s recovery,
” which was printed in Dodsley’s Collection. These attentions, and his general merit as a
scholar, induced the archbishop to collate him, in 1755, to
the vicarage of Orpington, with St. Mary Cray in Kent.
In 1757 he had occasion to lament his patron’s death in a
pathetic elegy, styled Aurelius, printed with his grace’s
sermons in 1763, but previously in our author’s volume of
poems in 17-61. About the same time he married miss
Furrier of Leeds. In April 1774, by the late Dr. Plumptre’s favour, he exchanged his vicarage for the rectory of
Hayes, This, except the office of chaplain to the princess
dowager of Wales, was the only ecclesiastical promotion
he obtained.
, knt. an English antiquary, was born at Norwich, Nov. 26, 1739, and educated partly at
, knt. an English antiquary, was born at Norwich, Nov. 26, 1739, and educated partly at Scarning, in Norfolk, and partly at Boresdale, in Suffolk, after which he was admitted of Gonville and Caius college, Cambridge, where he proceeded B. A. 1761, M. A. 1764, and was an honorary fellow till Jan. 1, 1766, when he married Ellenor, daughter of Sheppard Frere, esq. of Roydon, in Suffolk, by whom he had no issue. He was afterwards in the commission of the peace, and a deputy-lieutenant, and served the office of sheriff for the county of Norfolk in 1791, with that propriety and decorum that distinguished all his actions; and he left a history of the duties of the office of sheriff, which might be serviceable to his successors. Among other things, he revived the painful duty of attending in person the execution of criminals, as adding to the solemnity and impressive awe of the scene; and he was the first to admit Roman catholics on juries, under the new statute for that purpose enacted. He died at East Dereham, Norfolk, Feb. 14, 1794.
use of the society. His biographer concludes his character with observing, that “if the inquisitive antiquary, the clear, faithful, and accurate writer, be justly valued
Sir John Fenn distinguished himself early by his application to the study of our national history and antiquities,
for which he had formed great collections, particularly
that of Peter Le Neve, for the contiguous counties of Norfolk and Suffolk, from the wreck of that of Thomas Martin, to erect a monument to whose memory in the church
where he was buried, he left a large sum of money. Among
the rest was a large collection of original letters, written
during the reigns of Henry VI. Edward IV. Richard III.
and Henry VII. by such of the Paston family and others,
who were personally present in court and camp, and were,
in those times, persons of great consequence in the county
of Norfolk. These letters contain many curious and authentic state anecdotes, relating not only to Norfolk, but
to the kingdom in general. Two volumes of them were
published in 1787, 4to, and dedicated by permission to
his majesty, who rewarded the merit of the editor with the
honour of knighthood. Two more volumes appeared in
1789, with notes and illustrations by sir John and a fifth
was left nearly ready for the press, which, however, if we
mistake not, has not yet been published. Though he
contributed nothing to the “Archaeologia
” of the Society
of Antiquaries, of which he was a fellow, he was a benefactor to them, by drawing up “Three Chronological
Tables
” of their members, which were printed in a 4to
pamphlet, 1734, for the use of the society. His biographer concludes his character with observing, that “if the
inquisitive antiquary, the clear, faithful, and accurate
writer, be justly valued by literary characters; the intelligent and upright magistrate, by the inhabitants of the
county in which he resided; the informing and pleasing
companion, the warm and steady friend, the honest and
worthy man, the good and exemplary Christian, by those
with whom he was cpnnected; the death of few individuals
will be more sensibly felt, more generally regretted, or
more sincerely lamented.
”
, an English antiquary, was the son of William Feme, of Temple Belwood, in the isle
, an English antiquary, was the son
of William Feme, of Temple Belwood, in the isle of Axholme, in Lincolnshire, esq. by Anne his wife, daughter
and heir of John Sheffield, of Beltoft; and was sent to Oxford when about seventeen years of age. Here he was
placed, as Wood conceives, either in St. Mary’s-hall, or
University college: but leaving the university without a
degree, he went to the Inner Temple, and studied for some
time the municipal law. In the beginning of the reign of
James I. he received the honour of knighthood, being about
that time secretary, and keeper of the king’s signet of the
council established at York for the north parts of England.
He probably died about 1610, leaving several sons behind
him, of whom Henry, the youngest, was afterwards bishop
of Chester, the subject of our next article. In 1586 sir
John published “The Blazon of Gentry, divided into two
parts, &c.
” 4to. This is written in dialogues, and, though
in a language uncommonly quaint and tedious, contains
critical accounts of arms, principles of precedence, remarks upon the times, &c. which are altogether curious.
The nobility of the Lacys, earls of Lincoln, which forms a
part of it, was written in consequence of Albert a Lasco, a
noble German, coming to England in 1583, and claiming
affinity to this family of Lacy, and from this, Feme says,
he was induced to open their descents, their arms, marriages, and lives. The discourse is curious, and during
the century that elapsed after its publication, before the
appearance of Dugdaie’s Baronage, must have been peculiarly valuable.
ellation of “useless enthusiast,” which Mr. Gough applied in his British Topography and that eminent antiquary afterwards allowed that it was certainly unjust so far as regarded
The life of this extraordinary, and in most respects,
amiable man, will be considered in different lights according to the views and objects of the reader. His early
abilities, his travels, and the attention deservedly paid to
his very singular talents and acquisitions at a period when
the powers of the mind are scarcely matured, will excite
our respect and admiration. His very active and able conduct in support of the Virginia company, realizes the expectations which his earlier abilities had raised, and displays a scene in which we must equally admire his spirit,
temper, and judgment. To see openings so brilliant, talents so varied and useful, knowledge of such importance,
buried in a cloister, disappoints the eager hopes, and leads
us to indulge a spirit of invective against institutions, once
perhaps defensible, but in a better aera of refinement at
least “useless,
” and often unjust to society. His biographer, Dr. Peckard, seemed indignant at the appellation of
“useless enthusiast,
” which Mr. Gough applied in his
British Topography and that eminent antiquary afterwards
allowed that it was certainly unjust so far as regarded
the institution at Little Gidding; for to assist their neighbours in medicine, in advice, and in every thing in their
power, was one of their objects. But he asks if the
charge of enthusiasm was not well founded, and if in a
comparative view “useless,
” was a term wholly improper?
To give medicine occasionally, to advise, or bestow alms,
within a limited circle, were not the sufficient employments of a mind equally able and comprehensive, stored
with the wisdom of antiquity, experienced in business,
and matured by travel and exercise. In the way in which
his devotional exercises were conducted, we must perhaps
find something to blame. His too literal interpretation of
some passages in scripture, which led him to rise at one
in the morning, must not only have been ultimately injurious to his own constitution, but, by depriving the constitution of repose at the time best and most naturally adapted
to it, must have rendered the body and mind less fit for
those social duties which are the great objects of our existence. The frequent watchings of the rest of the family
were equally exceptionable, and the ceremonies which he
used only as marks of reverence might be interpreted by his
weaker dependents as signs of adoration. It is the broken
and the contrite heart, not the frequently-bent knee, that
God seems to require: it is the bowing down of the spirit,
rather than the body, that he will not despise. If we
look at the result of this retirement, the works composed
by Mr. Ferrar, we shall find nothing very advantageous to
the credit of this institution.
, of Vincenza, was a Benedictine monk, and eminent as an antiquary. In 1672 he published, at Verona, his “Musae Lapidariae,” in
, of Vincenza, was a Benedictine monk, and eminent as an antiquary. In 1672 he
published, at Verona, his “Musae Lapidariae,
” in folio,
which is a colledlion, though by no means complete or
correct, of the verses found inscribed on ancient monuments. Burman the younger, in his preface to the “Anthologia Latino,
” seems to confound this Ferreti with him
who flourished in the fourteenth century, speaking of his
history of his own times. The exact periods of this author’s birth and death are not known.
, an able antiquary, doctor and lawprofessor at Basil, and afterwards secretary
, an able antiquary, doctor and lawprofessor at Basil, and afterwards secretary of that city,
was born July 6, 1647. His regular studies were philosophy and law, to which he joined a knowledge of Greek
and Roman antiquities, induced at first by a tine museum
which his father had, and which he afterwards greatly
enriched. In 1667 he went to Grenoble and Lyons, where
be contracted an acquaintance with Spoil; and after visiting some other parts of France, arrived in England, and
formed an intimacy with many of its learned men, particularly Dr. Thomas Gale, who was then employed on his
edition of Jamhlicus; and Fesch supplied him with some
useful observations from an ancient manuscript in his library, an obligation which Gale has politely acknowledged.
After his return to Basil, in 1672, he supported some
theses “De Insignibus,
” in which he displayed much
learning, and which were reprinted in German in the form
of a treatise. In 1678 he set out on a tour in search of
antiquary lore, to Austria, Carinthia, and Italy, making
some stay at Padua with his friend Charles Patin, who was
then professor of medicine. He was unanimously admitted a member of the society of the Ricovrati, and pronounced on that occasion a panegyric on the republic of
Venice, in Greek and Latin verse, before the principal
personages of the city of Padua, and it was afterwards
printed. At Rome he visited every object of curiosity,
and made considerable additions to his collection of Greek
and other rare medals. Having examined the very rare
piece of Pylaemon Euergetes, king of Paphlagonia, he
wrote a dissertation on it, which Gronovius reprinted in his
Greek Antiquities. On his return home he took the degree of doctor in law, and was soon after chosen syndic of
the city of Basil, and secretary, and regent of the schools.
He died May 27, 1712. Besides the works above-mentioned, he published some dissertations on subjects of law
and philology, and a discourse on the death of Brandmuller, the learned lawyer.
, a famous Roman medallist, antiquary, and Cicerone, was born in 1664, at Lugano, and died in 1747.
, a famous Roman medallist, antiquary, and Cicerone, was born in 1664, at Lugano, and
died in 1747. Of his personal history, our authority furnishes
no other particulars than that he was a disciple of J. P. Bellori. He was, however, the author of many works on subjects of classical antiquities, written in the Italian language,
particularly “divertimenti delle Medaglie antiche,
” mentioned by Menckenius, and written about 1694. 2. “Osservazioni sopra l'antichita di Roma descritte nel Diario
Italico del Montfaucon,
” &c. Delia Bolla
d‘oro de’ Fanciulli nobili Romani,
” &c. De'
Tali ed altro Strumeriti lusori degli antichi Romani,
” Le Maschere Sceniche e figure Comiche de' antichi
Romani,
” Piombi antichi,
” 1750. The second
” De Plumbeis
antiquorum numismatibus, tarn sacris quam profanis,“1750,
both by Dominicus Cantagallius, whose real name, Winckelrnan seems to say, was Archangelo Contucci. He wrote
also, 7.
” Le Vestigia e Rarita di Roma antica, richercate
et spiegate,“1744; a second book entitled
” La Singolarita, di Roma mcKlerna," and some other tracts.
, a learned Swede, a professor of history, and an antiquary at Upsal, published in 1656, a work of much research, entitled
, a learned Swede, a professor of history, and an antiquary at Upsal, published in
1656, a work of much research, entitled “De Statuis
illustrinm Romanorum,
” 8vo, which he dedicated to
Charles Gustavus king of Sweden. He had passed some
months at Rome in his youth, and this work was partly the
result of his studies and observations there. He died in
1676. We have no farther particulars of his life, and he
is but slightly mentioned in biographical collections.
chased an estate. He was married, and had children. Wood says that “he was a learned man, and a good antiquary, but of a marvellous merry and pleasant conceit,” He was farther
, an English lawyer, and recorder of London in the reign of Elizabeth, was the natural son of Robert Fleetwood, esq. who was the third sou
of William Fleetwood, esq. of Hesketh in Lancashire. He
had a liberal education, and was for some time of Oxford,
whence he went to the Middle Temple, to study the law;
and having quick as well as strong parts, became in a
short time a very distinguished man in his profession. In
1562 he was elected summer reader, and in 1568 double
reader in Lent. His reputation was not confined to the
inns of court; for when it was thought necessary to appoint
commissioners in the nature of a royal visitation in the
dioceses of Oxford, Lincoln, Peterborough, Coventry, and
Litchtield, Fleetwood was of the number. In 1569 he
became recorder of London. It does not appear whether
his interest with the earl of Leicester procured him that
place or not; but it is certain that he was considered as a
person entirely addicted to that nobleman’s service, for he
is styled in one of the bitterest libels of those times, “Leicester’s mad recorder;
” insinuating, that he was placed
in his office to encourage those of this lord’s faction in the
city. He was very zealous against the papists, active in
disturbing mass-houses, committing popish priests, and
giving informations of their intrigues: so zealous, that
once rushing in upon mass at the Portuguese ambassador’s
house, he was, for breach of privilege, committed prisoner
to the Fleet, though soon released. In 1580 he was made
serjeant at law, and in 1592, one of the qneen’s Serjeants;
in which post, however, he did not continue long, for he
died at his house in Noble-street, Aldersgate, February
28, 1594, and was buried at Great Missenden in Buckinghamshire, where he had purchased an estate. He was
married, and had children. Wood says that “he was a
learned man, and a good antiquary, but of a marvellous
merry and pleasant conceit,
” He was farther esteemed
an acute politician; which character was most likely to
recommend him to his patron Leicester. He was a good
popular speaker, and wrote well upon subjects of government. He made a great figure in his profession, being
equally celebrated for eloquence as an advocate, and for
judgment as a lawyer.
the ancient Christian monuments the whole illustrated with very short notes for the use of the young antiquary. In 1692 he translated into English, revised, and prefixed a
, an English bishop, was descended from the family of Fleetwood just mentioned, and
born in the Tower of London, in which his father, JefFery
Fleetwood had resided, Jan. 21, 1656. He was educated
at Eton, whence he was elected to king’s college in Cambridge. About the time of the revolution he entered into
holy orders; and from the first was a celebrated preacher.
He was soon after made chaplain to king William and
queen Mary; and by the interest of Dr. Godolphin, at
that time vice-provost of Eton, and residentiary of St.
Paul’s, he was made fellow of that college, and rector of
St. Austin’s, London, which is in the gift of the dean and
chapter of St. Paul’s. Soon after he obtained also the
lecture of St. Dunstan’s in the West, probably by his great
reputation and merit as a preacher. In 1691 he published,
1. “Inscriptionum Antiquarum Sylloge,
” &c. 8vo. This
collection of ancient inscriptions consists of two parts: the
first, containing remarkable pagan inscriptions collected
from Gruter, Keinesius, Spon, and other writers the
second, the ancient Christian monuments the whole illustrated with very short notes for the use of the young antiquary. In 1692 he translated into English, revised, and
prefixed a preface to, 2. “Jurieu’s plain method of Christian Devotion, laid down in discourses, meditations, and
prayers, fitted to the various occasions of a religious life;
”
the 27th edition of which was printed in 1750. In the
mean time he was highly distinguished by his talents
for the pulpit, which rendered him so generally admired, that he was frequently called to preach upon the
most solemn occasions; as, before the king, queen, lordmayor, &c. In 1701 he published, 3. “An Essay upon
Miracles,
” 8vo, written in the manner of dialogue, and
divided into two discourses. Some singularities in it occasioned it to be animadverted upon by several writers, particularly by Hoadly, in “A Letter to Mr. FleetvVood,
1702;
” which letter is reprinted in Hoadly’s tracts,
nal sermons, may be considered as a model. He was also very learned, but chiefly distinguished as an antiquary. Dr. Hickes acknowledges him as an encourager of his great work
Bishop Fleetwood’s character was great in every respect.
His virtue was not of the fanatical kind, nor was his piety
the least tinctured with superstition; yet he cultivated and
practised both to perfection. As for his accomplishments,
he was inconteslibly the best preacher of his time; and for
occasional sermons, may be considered as a model. He
was also very learned, but chiefly distinguished as an antiquary. Dr. Hickes acknowledges him as an encourager
of his great work entitled “Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus,
” and Mr. Hearne often confesses
himself much obliged by many singular instances of his
friendship. In the “Richardsoniana,
” are two anecdotes
of bishop Fleetwood, which we shall not copy, because we
doubt their authenticity. If true, they would prove that
the religious opinions of our prelate were extremely lax."
, an eminent English scholar and antiquary, was the eldest son of Martin Folkes, esq. counsellor at law,
, an eminent English scholar and antiquary, was the eldest son of Martin Folkes, esq. counsellor at law, and one of the benchers of Gray’s Inn, and was born in Queen-street, Lincoln’s-hm-fields, Oct. 29, 1690. From the age of nine to that of sixteen, he was under the tuition of the learned Mr. Cappel, son and successor to Mr. Lewis Cappel, Hebrew professor at Saumur, in France, which he quitted when that university was suppressed in 1695. After making great proficiency in the Greek and Roman classics under this master, Mr. Folkes was in 1707 entered of Clare-hall, Cambridge, where his progress in all branches of learning, and particularly in mathematics and philosophy, was such, that when he was scarcely more than twenty-three years of age, he was in 1714 admitted a fellow of the royal society, and two years afterwards had so distinguished himself as to be chosen one of the council. About this time he made his first communication to the society, relative to the eclipse of a fixed star in Gemini by the body of Jupiter. This was followed at various times by other papers, for which it may be sufficient to refer to the Philosophical Transactions. In Oct. 1717 he had the degree of M. A. conferred on him by the university of Cambridge, when that learned body had the honour of a visit from king George I. He was chosen a second time of the council of the royal society, December 14, 1718, and continued to be re-chosen every year till 1727; and in Jan. 1723, had the farther distinction of being appointed by their illustrious president, sir Isaac Newton, one of his vice-presidents nor were these honours unjustly bestowed for Mr. Folkes was not only indefatigable himself in observing the secret operations and astonishing objects of nature, but also studious to excite the same vigilance in others. In February 1720, he was elected a fellow of the society of antiquaries.
e council to ber royal highness madame, duchess of Orleans, and in the literary world was an eminent antiquary, and an honorary member of the academy of belles-lettres; He
, born at Paris Jan. 8,
1643, was a man of some political rank, advocate-general
to the grand council, a celebrated intendant, and chief of
the council to ber royal highness madame, duchess of
Orleans, and in the literary world was an eminent antiquary,
and an honorary member of the academy of belles-lettres;
He was successively intendant of Montauban, of Pau, and
of Caen, and within six miles of the latter place, discovered in 1704 the ancient town of the Vinducassians. An
exact account of this discovery is inserted in the first volume of the history of the academy of inscriptions, with an
enumeration of the coins, marbles, and other antiquities
there found. His museum, formed from this and other
sources, was of the most magnificent kind. Some time
before this, he had made a literary discovery also, having
found, in the abbey of Moissac in Querci, a ms. of
“Lactantius de mortibus Persecutorum,
” then only known
by a citation of St. Jerom from it. From this ms. Baluce
published the work. He died Feb. 7, 1721. He was of
gentle manners, though austere virtue; and pleasing,
though deeply learned.
als,” 1776. Montfaucon, in the preface to “L'Antiquit6 Explique,” calls sir Andrew Fountaine an able antiquary, and says that, during his stay at Paris, that gentleman furnished
, knt. whose ancestors
were seated at Narford, in Norfolk, so early as the reign
of Henry III. was educated as a commoner of Christchurch, Oxford, under the care of that eminent encourager of literature, Dr. Aldrich. He at the same time
studied under Dr. Hickes the Anglo-Saxon language, and
its antiquities; of which he published a specimen in
Hickes’s “Thesaurus,
” under the title of “Numismata
Anglo-Saxonica et Anglo-Danica, hreviter illustrataab Andrea Fountaine, eq. aur. & aedis Christi Oxon. alumno. Oxon.
1705,
” in which year Mr. Hearne dedicated to him his
edition of Justin the historian. He received the honour of
knighthood from king William; and travelled over most
parts of Europe, where he made a large and valuable collection of pictures, ancient statues, medals, and inscriptions; and, while in Italy, acquired such a knowledge of
virtu, that the dealers in antiquities were not able to impose on him. In 1709 his judgment and fancy were exerted in embellishing the “Tale of a Tub
” with designs
almost equal to the excellent satire they illustrate. At
this period he enjoyed the friendship of the most distinguished wits, and of Swift in particular, who repeatedly
mentions him in the Journal to Stella in terms of high regard. In December, 1710, when sir Andrew was given,
over by his physicians, Swift visited him, foretold his recovery, and rejoiced at it though he humourously says,
“I have lost a legacy by his living for he told me he had
left me a picture and some books,
” &c. Sir Andrew was
vice-chamberlain to queen Caroline while princess of
Wales, and after she was queen. He was also tutor to
prince William, for whom he was installed (as proxy)
knight of the Bath, and had on that occasion a patent
granted him, dated Jan. 14, 1725, for adding supporters
to his arms. Elizabeth his sister, married colone.1 Clent
of Knightwick, in Worcestershire. Of his skill and judgment in medals ancient and modern, he made no trifling
profit, by furnishing the most considerable cabinets of this
kingdom; but if, as Dr. Warton tells us, Annius in the
“Dunciad
” was meant for him, his traffic was not always
of the most honourable kind. In 1727 he was appointed
warden of the mint, an office which he held till his death,
which happened Sept. 4, 1753. He was buried at Narford, in Norfolk, where he had erected an elegant seat,
and formed a fine collection of old china ware, a valuable
library, an excellent collection of pictures, coins, and
many curious pieces of antiquity. Sir Andrew lost many
miniatures by a fire at White’s original chocolate-house,
in St. James’s-street, where he had hired two rooms for his
collections. A portrait of him, by Mr. Hoare of Bath, is
in the collection at Wilton house; and two medals of him
are engraved in Snelling’s “English Medals,
” L'Antiquit6 Explique,
” calls
sir Andrew Fountaine an able antiquary, and says that,
during his stay at Paris, that gentleman furnished him with
every piece of antiquity that he had collected, which could
be of use to his work; several were accordingly engraved
and described, as appears by sir Andrew’s name on the
plates.
, an English antiquary, was the son of a tradesman at Penshurst, in Kent, where he
, an English antiquary, was the
son of a tradesman at Penshurst, in Kent, where he was
born in Nov. 1632, and his early capacity being known to
the celebrated Dr. Hammond, who was minister of that
place, he took him with him to Oxford during the usurpation. There he procured him the place of chorister in
Magdalen college, and at the same time had him educated
at the school belonging to that college. In 1647 he became a candidate for a scholarship in Corpus Christi college, and succeeded by his skill in classical learning. The
next year he was ejected by the parliamentary visitors,
along with his early patron, Dr. Hammond, to whom,
however, he faithfully adhered, and was serviceable to him
as an amanuensis. Dr. Hammond afterwards procured him
a tutor’s place in a family, where he remained until the
restoration, and then resuming his scholarship at college,
was created M. A. and obtained a fellowship. He was,
several years after, presented by his college to the rectory
of Meysey Hampton, near Fairford, in Gloucestershire,
on which he resided during his life, employing his time
that was not occupied in professional duties, in the study
pf history and antiquities, particularly what regarded his
own country. He died June 28, 1688, according to
Wood, but Atkins mentions his successor, Dr. Beale, with
(he date 1697. Wood informs us that Mr. Fulmau made large collections of history, but published little. We have, however, of his, 1. “Academiae Oxoniensis Notitia,
” Oxford, Appendix to the Life of Edmund Stunton, D. D. wherein some passages are further cleared, which were not fully held forth by the former authors,
” Lond. Corrections and Observations on the first part of Burnet’s History of
the Reformation,
” not a distinct publication, but communicated by the author to Burnet, who published them
at the end of his second volume, and, according to Wood,
not completely. Fulman also collected what are called
the “Works of Charles I.
” but happening to be taken ill
about the intended time of publication (1662), the bookseller employed Dr. Periuchief as editor. It contains,
however, Fulman’s notes. Many of his ms collections
are in the library of Corpus Christi college. He will occur
to be noticed hereafter as editor of Dr. Hammond’s works.
, an Italian cardinal and antiquary, the descendant of a noble family of Bergamo, was born there
, an Italian cardinal
and antiquary, the descendant of a noble family of Bergamo, was born there in 1685, He studied at Milan
and Pavja, and made considerable progress in the knowledge of the civil and canon law. He went afterwards
to Rome, where he held several ecclesiastical preferments,
and in each was admired as much for his integrity as knowledge. Benedict XIV. who well knew his merit, was yet
averse to raising him to the purple, on account of some
disputes between them which took place in 1750. Yet it
is said that Furietti might have received this high honour at
that time, if he would have parted with his two superb
centaurs, of Egyptian marble, which he found in 1736
among the ruins of the ancient town of Adrian in Tivoli,
and which the pope very much wanted to place in the museum Capitolinum. Furietti, however, did not ehuse to
give them up, and assigned as a reason: “I can, if I please,
be honoured with the purple, but I know the court of
Rome, and I do not wish to be called cardinal Centaur /
”
In
t of them, which may be seen in our authority, sufficiently attests his industry and knowledge as an antiquary.
, brother of the preceding, and youngest son of the dean, was born in the parish of St Faith,
near St. Paul’s, London, Dec. 17, 16$2, was educated under
his father at St. Paul’s school, and intended for the university, but his elder brother Roger being sent to Cambridge,
and his father dying 1702, he was provided for in the custom-house, London, and at the time of his death was one
of the land surveyors there. He was one of the revivers of
the society of antiquaries in 1717, and their first treasurer.
On resigning that office Feb. 21, 1740, the society testified
their opinion of his merit and services, by presenting him
with a handsome silver cup, value ten guineas, with a suitable inscription. He was a man of great learning and
uncommon abilities, and well versed in the antiquities of
England, for which he left many valuable collections behind him; but printed nothing in his life-time, except
“A History of Winchester Cathedral,
” London, Archoeologia,
” and spme in the “Bibl.
Top. Britannica.
” He died of a fever Jan. 10, 1754, at
his lodgings at Hampstead. His library and prints were
sold by auction in the same year, by Langford, but his
Mss. became the property of Dr. Stukeley, who married
his sister, and some of them, afterwards descended to Dr.
Ducarel, at whose sale they were purchased by Mr. Gough.
A list of them, which may be seen in our authority, sufficiently attests his industry and knowledge as an antiquary.
, of Milan, a learned ecclesiastical antiquary, and apostolical notary, flourished in the sixteenth century,
, of Milan, a
learned ecclesiastical antiquary, and apostolical notary,
flourished in the sixteenth century, under the pontificate
of Gregory XIII. and Sixtus V. He was an able scholar
in the ancient languages, and had devoted much of his
time to researches in ecclesiastical history. He endeavoured to correct and illustrate the “Roman Martyrology,
”
by new-modelling it, and adding a number of new facts
respecting the saints. This he dedicated to pope Gregory XIII. and published it at Milan in 1577, but it never
was approved by the Roman censors, who thought it too
long to be recited in the canonical office; and others have
accused him of many inaccuracies. He wrote also the
“Lives of the Saints of Milan,
” printed there in Commentary on the Pentateuch,
” ib. Theatrum Pontificate;
” “S. Didaci Complutensis Canonizatio,
” Rome, II perfetto Dittionario,
” Latin
and Italian, Venice, 1659, and 1684. We have no further particulars of his life, except that he died about
the year 1590.
, a learned antiquary of France, member of the academy of inscriptions, and professor
, a learned antiquary of France,
member of the academy of inscriptions, and professor of
Arabic in the royal college at Paris, was born of poor parents at Hollo, a little town of Picardy, in 1646. After
having laid the foundation of learning at Noyon, he went
to Paris, where he learned Hebrew and the Oriental languages; and afterwards made a long voyage into the East,
and acquired an uncommon knowledge of the manners and
of the doctrines of the Mahometans. He returned to his
own country, and was made Arabic professor in 1709; but
did not live many years after, 'his death happening at Paris
in 1715. He was the author of several works, the principal of which are, 1. “An account of the Death of sultan
Osman, and of the Coronation of the sultan Mustapha.
”
2. “A collection of Maxims and Bon Mots, drawn from
the Oriental writers.
” 3. “A Treatise upon the origin of
Coffee.
” 4. “Arabian Tales.
” All these are in French.
The last, usually called “The Arabian Nights Entertainments,
” is a popular book all over Europe, and has been
published in various editions in English for above a century.
Galland was also the author of many curious dissertations
upon some scarce medals, which have been highly commended. He had likewise prepared a translation of the
Alcoran, with notes; and a system of the Mahometan
theology, more exact than any that has yet appeared; but
he did not live long enough to publish them.
gems, inscriptions, and every species of knowledge and research which goes to form the accomplished antiquary. Besides the “Monde primitif,” he published, 1. “Le Patriote
Gebelin was one of the most learned men of his time,
and not only familiar with the ancient and modern languages, but with natural history, mathematics, mythology,
ancient monuments, statues, gems, inscriptions, and every
species of knowledge and research which goes to form the
accomplished antiquary. Besides the “Monde primitif,
”
he published, 1. “Le Patriote Fran$ais et impartiale,
”
Histoire de la guerre des Cevennes, ou de la guerre des Camisards,
” L'Histoire Naturelle de la Parole, ou precis
de la Grammaire Universelle,
” Monde primitif.
” 4. “Dictionnaire etymologique et raisotme des racines Latines, a l'usage des
jteunes gens,
” Lettre sur le Magnetisme
Animal,
” 4to; his defence of this quackery, which for a
time was too much encouraged even in this country. 6.
“Devoirs du prince et du citoyen,
” a posthumous publication which appeared in
ry valuable one, was purchased by George II. as an addition to his own cabinet. His reputation as an antiquary, recommended him to the situation of assistant librarian of
, D. D. son of Emanuel, and
grandson of Andrew Gifford, both dissenting ministers of
the baptist persuasion, was born Aug. 17, 1700, and educated at Tewkesbury in Gloucestershire, under the Rev.
Mr. Jones, author of the “History of the Canon of the
Scripture,
” whose seminary produced, among other eminent men, archbishop Seeker, bishop Butler, and Dr.
Chandler. Mr. Gifford finished his studies under the celebrated Dr. Ward, and being afterwards baptised, was
joined to his father’s church at Bristol, but in 1723 removed to the baptist meeting in Devonshire-square, London. In 1725 his first ministerial duties appear to have
been performed at Nottingham, where he was very
popular. In Feb. 1730 he was invited to London and ordained.
The following year he commenced an intimacy with sir
Richard Ellys, bart. (see Ellys) and became his chaplain,
taking the lead in family worship. Lady Ellys continued
him in the same office, with an annual present of forty
guineas, until her second marriage in 1745. One of Mr.
Gifford’s sermons preached in commemoration of the great
wind in 1703, and published in 1734, was dedicated to sir
Richard. In 1754 Mr. Gifford received the degree of D.D.
from Marischal college, Aberdeen. His favourite study
was that of antiquities, and although at no time a man of
opulence, he made a very large collection of curious
books, Mss. coins, &c. for which he gave liberal prices.
It is said that his collection of coins, which was a very
valuable one, was purchased by George II. as an addition
to his own cabinet. His reputation as an antiquary, recommended him to the situation of assistant librarian of the
British Museum in 1757, in which he was placed by the
interest of the lord chancellor Hardwicke, and some other
friends, but not, as his biographer says, by that of sir
Richard Ellys, who had been dead some years before this
period. To a man of literary curiosity and taste, no situation can be more interesting than that of librarian in the
British Museum, and Mr. Gifford knew how to improve the
opportunities which it affords. Having the talent to receive
and communicate information with unaffected politeness,
his acquaintance among the nobility and gentry soon became extensive. Some of them honoured him by a mutual exchange of friendly visits, and others of the first
rank discovered their respect for him, either by an occasional attendance on his ministry, or by an obliging correspondence and intimacy. Amongst these were the marquis of Lothian, the earl of Halifax, lord Dartmouth, lady
Buchan, lady Huntingdon, &c.
, on the state of religion there, and the education of the negroes. The late rev. Charles Godwin, an antiquary, and benefactor to Baliol college, Oxford, who died in 1770,
In 1616 he published in Latin, “Rerum Anglicarum
Henrico VIII. &c.
” which was translated and published by
his son, Morgan Godwin, under the title of “Annales of
England, containing the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI.
and queen Mary,
” fol. These, as well as his lives of the
bishops, are written in elegant Latin, and with much
impartiality. In 1630, he published a small treatise, entitled “A computation of the value of the Roman Sesterce
and Attic Talent.
” After this he fell into a low and languishing disorder, and died in April 1633. He married,
when a young man, the daughter of Wollton, bishop of
Exeter, by whom he had many children. He appears to
have been a man of great learning and personal worth, and
a zealous champion for the church of England. His son,
Dr. Morgan Godwin, was archdeacon of Shropshire, and
translated, as we have noticed, his father’s “Annales.
”
He was ejected by the parliamentary commissioners, and
his family reduced to distress: he died in 1645, leaving
a son of his own names, who was educated at Oxford, and
afterwards became a minister in Virginia, under the government of sir William Berkeley, but was at last beneficed
near London. When he died is not mentioned. He wrote
some pamphlets, while in Virginia, on the state of religion there, and the education of the negroes. The late
rev. Charles Godwin, an antiquary, and benefactor to Baliol
college, Oxford, who died in 1770, appears to have been
a son of Charles Godwin, of Mon mouth, another son of
bishop Francis Godwin.
, a German antiquary, was born at Venloo, in the duchy of Gueldres, in 1526. His
, a German antiquary, was born
at Venloo, in the duchy of Gueldres, in 1526. His father
was a painter, and he was himself bred up in this art,
learning the principles of it from Lambert Lombard; but
he seems to have quitted the pencil early in life, having a
particular turn to antiquity, and especially to the study of
medals, to which he entirely devoted himself. He considered medals as the very foundation of true history;
and travelled through France, Germany, and Italy, in
order to make collections, and to“draw from them what
lights he could. His reputation was so high in this respect,
that the cabinets of the curious were every where open to
him; and on the same account he was honoured with the
freedom of the city of Rome in Io67. He was the author
of several excellent works, in all which he applies medals
to the illustration of ancient history, and for the greater
accuracy, had them printed in his own house, and corrected them himself. He also engraved the plates for the
medals with his own hands. Accordingly, his books were
admired all over Europe, and thought an ornament to any
library; and succeeding antiquaries have bestowed the
highest praises upon them. Lipsius, speaking of the
” Fasti Consulares,“says, that
” he knows not which to
admire most, his diligence in seeking so many coins, his
happiness in finding, or his skill in engraving them."
Some, however, have said that although his works abound
with erudition, they must be read with some caution. The
fact seems to be, that all his works have many coins not yet
found in cabinets, because his own collection was unfortunately lost, yet the medals which he describes, and
which were once looked upon as fictitious, are yearly
found really existent, and of undoubted antiquity. A
French writer compares him to Pliny the natural historian,
who was thought to deal much in falsehood, till time drew
the truth out of the well; so that as knowledge advances,
most of his wonders acquire gradual confirmation. Yet it
is certain that he was often imposed upon, and the caution
above given is not unnecessary. His coins of the Roman
tyrants, for instance, are clearly false; for they bear Pren.
and Cog. on the exergue, which marks never occur on the
real coins. It has been also said that many errors of this
nature must be committed by a man, whose love and veneration for Roman antiquities was such, that he gave to all
his children Roman names, such as Julius, Marcellus, &c.
so that he might easily receive for antiques what were not
so, out of pure fondness for any thing of that kind. Upon
this principle, it is probable, that he took, for his second
wife, the widow of the antiquary Martini us Smetius; whom
he married more for the sake of Smetius 1 s medals and inscriptions than for any thing belonging to herself. She
was his second wife, and a shrew, who made his latter days
unhappy. He died at Bruges March 14, 1583.
, a Scotch antiquary, the eldest son of John Goodal, a farmer in Banfshire, Scotland,
, a Scotch antiquary, the eldest
son of John Goodal, a farmer in Banfshire, Scotland, was
born about 1706. In 1723 he entered himself a student in
King’s college, Old Aberdeen, but did not continue there
long enough to take a degree. In 1730 he obtained employment in the Advocates’ library, Edinburgh, of whicli
he was formally appointed librarian in 1735. He now assisted the celebrated Thomas lluddiman in compiling the
catalogue of that library, upon the plan of the “Bibliotheca Cardinalis Imperialis,
” and it was published in folio
in An Examination of the Letters said
to be written by Mary to James earl of Both well,
” Staggering state of Scots Statesmen,
” and wrote a preface and life to sir James Balfour’s “Practicks.
” He contributed also to Keith’s “New Catalogue of Scotch
Bishops,
” and published an edition of Fordun’s “Scotichronicon,
” which was not executed with judgment. His
introduction to it was afterwards translated into English,
and published at London in 1769. He died July 28, 1766,
in very poor circumstances, owing to a habit of intemperance.
, a learned antiquary of Florence, was born in 1691, and died Jan. 21, 17,57, in that
, a learned antiquary of
Florence, was born in 1691, and died Jan. 21, 17,57, in
that city. He was the author of an account of the grand
duke’s cabinet, entitled “Museum Florentinum,
” Florent.
Musaeum Etruscum,
”
Musceum Cortonense,
” Roma;, Musaeum
Florentinum
” contains in vol. I. “Gemma?,' 7 dedicated to
Gaston, 100 plates; vol. II. 1732,
” Gemmae,“100 plates;
vol. III. 1734,
” Statuce,“dedicated to Gaston, 100
plates; vols. IV. V. and VI. 1740,
” Numismata," dedicated to Francis III. 115 plates. It is divided into three
parts one consisting of figures, two of dissertations; sometimes bound in 2 vols. and sometimes in three. In 1748,
50 portraits of the eminent professors of painting were engraved, with no farther explanation than their names, the
year in which they were born and died; but this part is
frequently wanting, because these portraits may be found
in the History of the Painters, 4 vols. with their lives, by
Francis Moucke. Vol. VII. is the first volume of the
painters, 1752, 55 portraits. Vol. VIII. the second volume of the painters, 1754, 55 portraits. Vol. IX. the
third volume of the painters, 1756, 55 portraits. Vol. X.
the fourth volume of the painters, 1762, 55 portraits.
Vol. XI. contains 100 portraits of painters, which may be
found in the abbe Pozzi, and their lives by the abbe
Orazis Marrini, Florence, 1764, 2 torn, each, divided into
two parts; the whole bound in 1 vol.
, an eminent antiquary, was born at Antwerp in 1549, and gained a reputation by collecting
, an eminent antiquary, was
born at Antwerp in 1549, and gained a reputation by collecting medals and other antiques. He was chiefly fond of
the rings and seals of the ancients, of which he published
a prodigious number in 1601, under this title, “Dactyliotheca, sive Annulorum Sigillarium, quorum apud priscos
tarn Grsecos quam Romanes usus ex ferro, aere, argento,
& auro, Promptuarium.
” This was the first part of the
work; the second was entitled “Variarum Gemmarum,
quibus Antiquitas in signando uti solita, sculpturae.
” This
work has undergone several editions, the best of which is
that of Leyden, 1625; which not only contains a vast
mumber of cuts, but a short explication of them by Gronovius. In 1608 he published a collection of medals;
which, however, if we may believe the “Scaligerana,
” it
is not safe always to trust. Some have asserted, that
he never studied the Latin tongue, and that the learned
preface prefixed to his “Dactyliotheca,
” was written by
another. Peiresc, as Gassendus relates, used to say, that
“though Gorleeus never studied the Latin tongue, yet he
understood all the books written in Latin concerning medals
and coins;
” but this cannot be reconciled with the accounts
of him in other authors, nor indeed with probability.
Gorlaeus resided principally at Delft, and died there April
15, 1609. His collections of antiques were sold by his
heirs to the pirnce of Wales.
ent master of an ample fortune, he was in all respects pre-eminently qualified for the labours of an antiquary, which rarely meet with an adequate remuneration. Indeed this
Having heard of the difficulties under which Mr. Hutchins
laboured respecting his “History of Dorsetshire,
” Mr.
Gough set on foot a subscription, and was the means of
advancing a very valuable county history, which he superintended through the press. It was published in 1774,
2 vols. foL Twenty years after, he contributed his assistance to a second edition, three volumes of which have
been published, and a fourth is in a state of great forwardness, under the superintendance of Mr. Nichols. In
1779 Mr. Gough was the improver and editor of Martin’s
“History of Thetford,
” Collection
of Royal and Noble Wills.
” The preface and glossary are
by him. In Sepulchral Monuments of Great Britain, applied to illustrate the history of Families, Manners, Habits, and Arts,
at the different periods from the Norman Conquest to the
Seventeenth Century.
” This splendid folio volume, which
contains the first four centuries, was followed in 1796 by
a second, containing the fifteenth century and, in 179I>,
by an introduction to it, with which he thought proper to
conclude his labours, instead of continuing them to the
end of the sixteenth century, as originally intended, Of
this truly magnificent work it is but justice to say, with his
biographer, “that it would alone have been sufficient to
perpetuate his fame and the credit of the arts in England,
where few works of superior splendour have appeared.
”
The independent master of an ample fortune, he was in
all respects pre-eminently qualified for the labours of an
antiquary, which rarely meet with an adequate remuneration. Indeed this work must have convinced the world
that he possessed not only the most indefatigable perseverance, but an ardour which no expence could possibly
deter. One great object of his wishes was to prepare
“The Sepulchral Monuments
” for a new edition. With
this constantly in view, he spared neither trouble nor expence in obtaining an ample store of new and accurate
drawings by the first artists, all which, with the numerous
and beautiful plates already engraved, form part of his noble bequest to the university of Oxford. Among his latest
separate publications were, an Account of the beautiful
Missal presented to Henry VI. by the duchess of Bedford,
purchased at the duchess of Portland’s sale by James Edwards, esq. in whose possession it remains “The History
of Fleshy, in Essex,
” Plates of the Coins of the Seleucidae.
” A few other separate publications, previous to
these, will be noticed at the end of this article.
It is, however, as the learned and acute antiquary that he will be handed down to posterity; and from the epitaph
It is, however, as the learned and acute antiquary that
he will be handed down to posterity; and from the epitaph
written by himself, he appears desirous to rest his fame on
his three publications, the “British Topography,
” the
edition of “Camden,
” and the “Sepulchral Monuments;
”
sufficient indeed to place him in the very first rank of the
antiquaries of the eighteenth century. But while he gave
a preference in point of value, labour, and utility to those
works, he was in no respect ambitious of personal honours.
He took no degree at Cambridge, and resisted the solicitations of many members of tho university of Oxford to
receive an honorary degree; and when he withdrew from
the Royal Society and that of the Antiquaries, from causes
on which we shall not enter, but must ever regret, he no
longer appended to his name the usual initials of fellowship. In politics, he was a linn friend to the house of
Brunswick, and a stranger to the mutability of his contemporaries. “That independence,
” he informs us himself, “which he gloried in possessing as his inheritance,
and which he maintained by a due attention to his income,
discovered itself in his opinions and his attachments. As
he could not hastily form connexions, he may seem to have
indulged strong aversions. lint he could not accommodate
himself to modern manners or opinions; and he had resources within himself, to make it less needful to seek
them from without. And perhaps the greatest inconvenience arising from this disposition was the want of opportunities to serve his friends. But he saw enough of the
general temper of mankind, to convince him that favours
should not be too often asked; and that as to be too much
under obligation is the worst of bondage, so to confer
obligations is the truest liberty.
” Such sentiments and
such conduct do no discredit to men like Mr. Gongh. His
talents, his rank in society, and his years, gave him claims
to respect, which were, what he thought them, undeniable;
and even where he shewed any symptoms of resentment,
they were never beyond the limits which his superior character and long services amply justified.
, in Latin Gutheriusi, a learned and judicious antiquary, and lawyer, was born at Chaumont in Bassigny, and was admitted
, in Latin Gutheriusi, a learned and judicious antiquary, and lawyer,
was born at Chaumont in Bassigny, and was admitted advocate to the parliament of Paris. After having attended
the bar with honour for forty years, he retired into the
country, and devoted himself wholly to study. He died
in 1638. His principal works are, 1. “De vetere Jure
Pontificio urbis Romae,
” De Officiis
domtis Augustae, publicse et privates,
” De jure Manium,
” Leipsic, De
Orbitate toleranda
” the other, < Laus caecitatis," &c.
These works are all esteemed, and some Latin verses which
he wrote have been admired for their elegance.
itenham, in Yorkshire, and succeeding biographers appear to have taken for granted what that eminent antiquary gives only as a report. Other particulars from Leland are yet
, one of the few poets who flourished
in the first periods of our poetical history, is supposed to
have been born before Chaucer, but of what family, or in
what part of the kingdom is uncertain. Leland was informed that he was of the ancient family of the Gowers of
Stitenham, in Yorkshire, and succeeding biographers appear to have taken for granted what that eminent antiquary
gives only as a report. Other particulars from Leland are
yet more doubtful, as that he was a knight and some time
chief justice of the common pleas; but no information respecting any judge of that name can be collected either in
the reign of Edward II. during which he is said to have
been on the bench, or afterwards. Weever asserts that he
was of a Kentish family and, in Caxton’s edition of the
“Confessio Amantis,
” he is said to have been a native of
Wales.