ere was resident in Paris, Heloise, the niece of Fulbert, one of the canons of the cathedral church, a lady about eighteen years of age, of great personal beauty,
An incident now occurred in his life, which has given him
more popular renown than his abilities as a philosopher, a
theologian, or a writer, could have conferred, but which
has thrown a melancholy shade on his moral character.
About this time, there was resident in Paris, Heloise, the
niece of Fulbert, one of the canons of the cathedral church,
a lady about eighteen years of age, of great personal
beauty, and highly celebrated for her literary attainments.
Abelard, who was now at the sober age of 40, conceived
an illicit passion for this young lady, flattering himself
that his personal attractions were yet irresistible. Fulbert,
who thought himself honoured by the visits of so eminent
a scholar and philosopher, while he had any reason to
place them to his own account, welcomed him to his house,
as a learned friend whose conversation might be instructive to his niece, and was therefore easily prevailed upon,
by a handsome payment which Abelard offered for his
board, to admit him into his family as an inmate. When
this was -concluded upon, as he apprehended no danger
from one of Abelard’s age and gravity, he requested him
to devote some portion of his leisure to the instruction of
Heloise, at the same time granting him full permission to
treat her in all respects as his pupil. Abelard accepted the
trust, and, we gather from his own evidence, with no other
intention than to betray it. “I was no less surprized,
” he
says, “than if the canon had delivered up a tender lamb
to a famished wolf,
” &c. In this infamous design he succeeded but too well, and appears to have corrupted her
mind, as, amidst the rage of her uncle, and the reflections
which would naturally be made on such a transaction, every
other sentiment in her breast was absorbed in a romantic and
indecent passion for her seducer. Upon her pregnancy being
discovered, it was thought necessary for her to quit her
uncle’s house, and Abelard conveyed her to Bretagne,
where she was delivered of a son, to whom they gave the
name of Astrolabus, or Astrolabius. Abelard now proposed to Fulbert to marry his niece, provided the marriage might be kept secret, and Fulbert consented; but
Heloise, partly out of regard to the interest of Abelard,
whose profession bound him to celibacy, and partly from a
less honourable notion, that love like hers ought not to submit to ordinary restraints, at first gave a peremptory refusal. Abelard, however, at last prevailed, and they were
privately married at Paris; but in this state they did not
experience the happy effects of mutual reconciliation. The
uncle wished to disclose the marriage, but Heloise denied
it; and from tbis time he treated her with such unkindness
as furnished Abelard with a sufficient plea for removing
her from his house, and placing her in the abbey of Benedictine nuns, in which she had been originally educated.
Fulbert, while he gave the provocation, pretended that
Abelard had taken this step in order to rid himself of an
incumbrance which obstructed his future prospects. Deep
resentment took possession of his soul, and he meditated
revenge; in the pursuit of which he employed some ruffians to enter Abelard’s chamber by night, and inflict upon
his person a disgraceful and cruel mutilation, which was
accordingly perpetrated. The ruffians, however, were apprehended, and punished according to the law of retaliation; and Fulbert was deprived of his benefice, and his
goods confiscated.
is sons of the same name. All his family, without exception, studied the law; and he had a daughter, a lady of great learning, who gave public lectures ou the Roman
, an eminent
lawyer, who first collected the various opinions and decisions of his predecessors, in the Roman law, into one body,
was born at Florence, in 1151, or, according to some
writers, in 1182. He was the scholar of Azzo, and soon
became more celebrated than his master. Yet it is thought
that he did not begin the study of law before he was forty
years old. When professor at Bologna, he resigned his
office in order to complete a work on the explanation of
the laws, which he had long meditated, and in which he
was now in danger of being anticipated by Odefroy. By
dint of perseverance for seven years, he accumulated the
vast collection known by the title of the “Great Gloss,
”
or the “Continued Gloss
” of Accursius. He may be considered as the first of glossators, and as the last, since no one
has attempted the same, unless his son Cervot, whose
work is not in much esteem; but he was deficient in a
proper knowledge of the Greek and Roman historians,
and the science of coins, inscriptions, and antiquities,
which are frequently necessary in the explanation of the
Roman law. On this account, he was as much undervalued
by the learned lawyers of the fourteenth and sixteenth
centuries, as praised by those of the twelfth and thirteenth,
who named him the Idol of Lawyers. They even established it as a principle, that the authority of the Glosses
should be universally received, and that they should rally
round this perpetual standard of truth. The different studies pursued in the ages of Accursius’ friends and enemies,
will account for their different opinions of his merits; the
one consisted of accumulated learning, interpretation, and
commentary, the other approached nearer to nature and
facts, by adding the study of antiquities, and of the Greek
and Latin historians. Another reason probably was, that
Accursius, who has been careless in his mode of quotation,
became blamed for many opinions which belong to Irnerius, Hugolinus, Martinus Bulgarus, Aldericus, Pileus, &c.
and others his predecessors, whose sentiments he has not
accurately distinguished. The best edition of his great
work is that of Denis Godefroi, Lyons, 1589, 6 vols. fol,
Of his private life we have no important materials. He
lived in splendour at a magnificent palace at Bologna,
or at his villa in the country; and died in his 78th year, in
1229. Those who fix his death in 1260 confound him
with one of his sons of the same name. All his family,
without exception, studied the law; and he had a daughter, a lady of great learning, who gave public lectures ou
the Roman law in the university of Bologna. Bayle doubts
this; but it is confirmed by Pancirollus, Fravenlobius, and
Paul Freyer. The tomb of Accursius, in the church of
the Cordeliers at Bologna, is remarkable only for the
simplicity of his epitaph “Sepnlchrum Accursii glossatoris legum, et Francisci ejus filii.
”
removed in 1750, to Spaldwick in Huntingdonshire; where, in 1752, he married miss Reymes of Norwich, a lady who died in 1811, at a very advanced age. A few weeks after
, D. D. a dissenting clergyman,
of considerable learning, was born at Northampton, June
9, 1729, and was educated under Dr. Doddridge, whose
manner in the pulpit he closely followed for many years.
After being admitted to preach, he removed in 1750, to
Spaldwick in Huntingdonshire; where, in 1752, he married miss Reymes of Norwich, a lady who died in 1811, at
a very advanced age. A few weeks after his marriage, he
was called to be minister of a congregation of dissenters at
Market Harborough, Leicestershire. His receiving this appointment was owing to a singular occurrence in the history of popular elections. Two candidates had appeared
who divided the congregation so equally that a compromise
was impossible, unless by each party giving up their
favourite, and electing a third candidate, if one could be
found agreeable to all. At this crisis Mr. Addington was
recommended, and unanimously chosen. In this place he
remained about thirty years, and became highly popular
to his increasing congregation by the pious discharge of
his pastoral duties, and by his conciliatory manners. In,
1758 he opened his house for the reception of pupils to
fill up a vacancy in the neighbourhood of Harborough, occasioned by the rev. Mr. Aikin’s removal to Warrington.
This scheme succeeded; and for many years he devoted
nine hours each day to the instruction of his pupils, and
compiled several books for their improvement; as, 1. “A
system of Arithmetic,
” 2 vols. 8vo. 2. “The Rudiments
of the Greek tongue,
” Eusebes to Philetus; or Letters from a Father to his Son, on a devout
temper and life,
” Maxims religious
and prudential, with a Sermon to young People,
” 12mo.
5. “The Youth’s Geographical Grammar,
” Dissertation on the religious knowledge of the ancient
Jews and Patriarchs; to which is annexed a specimen of a
Greek and English Concordance,
” The Life of St. Paul the Apostle,
”
ut to death by Caligula for refusing to accuse Marcus Silanus. His mother’s name was Julia Procilla, a lady of exemplary virtue. He studied philosophy and civil law
was born at the colony of Forum-Julii, or Frejus in Provence, A. D. 40, in the reign of Caligula. His father’s name was Julius Græcinus, a man of senatorian rank, and famous for his eloquence. He was put to death by Caligula for refusing to accuse Marcus Silanus. His mother’s name was Julia Procilla, a lady of exemplary virtue. He studied philosophy and civil law at Marseilles, as far as was suitable to his character as a Roman and a senator. His first service in war was under Suetonius Paulinus in Britain; and upon his return to Rome he married Domitia Decidiana, with whom he lived in the utmost harmony and tranquillity. He was chosen questor: in Asia at the same time that Salvius Titianus was pro-consul there; and he preserved his integrity, though that province was extremely rich, and Titianus, who was very avaricious, would have readily countenanced his extortions in order to screen his own. He was afterwards chosen tribune of the people, and then praetor, under the emperor Nero. In Vespasian’s time he was made legate to Vettius Bolanus in Britain, and upon his return was ranked among the patricians by that emperor, and afterwards appointed governor of Aquitania; which post he held for three years, and upon his return was chosen consul, and then governor of Britain, where he distinguished himself by his courage and conduct in several campaigns. He subdued the Ordovices, or people of North Wales, and the island Mona, or Anglesey; and then reformed the abuses occasioned by the avarice or carelessness of the former governors, putting a stop to all manner of extortions, and causing justice to be impartially administered.
In 1694, he married Anne le Fevre d‘Ormesson, a lady worthy of him, and with whom he lived happily until her
In 1694, he married Anne le Fevre d‘Ormesson, a lady worthy of him, and with whom he lived happily until her death at the village of Anteuil in 1735, when she was interred, agreeably to her own orders, in the common burial place of the parish; and there her husband desired also to be interred, and for some time a simple cross only pointed out the remains of the chancellor D’ Aguesseau. Louis XV. however, caused a magnificent monument, in the form of an obelisk, to be erected, which remained until destroyed by the revolutionary rabble. It has since been repaired at the public expense; and in 1810 the statue of D‘ Aguesseau was placed before the peristyle of the legislative, palace, parallel to that of the famous L’Hopital.
ral were produced under the pontificate of LeoX. In the year 1516, he married Alessandra Serristori, a lady of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous offspring. The
, an eminent Italian poet, was born of a noble family at Florence, in 1475, and passed the early part of his life in habits of friendship with Bernardo and Cosimo Rucellai, Trissino, and other scholars who had devoted themselves more particularly to the study of classical literature. Of the satires and lyric poems of Alamanni, several were produced under the pontificate of LeoX. In the year 1516, he married Alessandra Serristori, a lady of great beauty, by whom he had a numerous offspring. The rank and talents of Alamanni recommended him to the notice and friendship of the cardinal Julio de Medici, who, during the latter part of the pontificate of Leo X. governed on the behalf of that pontiff the city of Florence. The rigid restrictions imposed by the cardinal on the inhabitants, by which they were, among other marks of subordination, prohibited from carrying arms under severe penalties, excited the indignation of many of the younger citizens of noble families, who could ill brook the loss of their independence; and among the rest, of Alamanni, who, forgetting the friend in the patriot, not only joined in a conspiracy against the cardinal, immediately after the death of Leo X. but is said to have undertaken to assassinate him with his own hand. His associates were Zanobio Buondelmonti, Jacopa da Diaceto, Antonio Brueioli, and several other persons of distinguished talents, who appear to have been desirous of restoring the ancient liberty of the republic, without sufficiently reflecting on the mode by which it was to be accomplished. The designs of the conspirators, however, were discovered, and Alamanni was under the necessity of saving himself by flight. After many adventures and vicissitudes, in the course of which he returned to Florence, and took an active part in the commotions that agitated his country, he finally withdrew to France, where he met with a kind and honourable reception from Francis I. who was a great admirer of Italian poetry, and not only conferred on him the order of St. Michael, but employed him in many important missions.
public the ignominy of those servile chains, which they feared to shake off, or were proud to wear.” A lady of the court, hearing one day the author accused of having
Some time after this, d‘Alembert published his Philosophical, Historical, and Philological Miscellanies: these
were followed by the Memoirs of Christina queen of Sweden; in which M. d’Alembert brought forward those abstract and impracticable notions respecting the natural
rights of mankind which desolated his country; and was
bold. enough to assert them as unanswerable propositions.
His Essay on the Intercourse of Men of Letters with Persons high in rank and office, was intended, and too well
calculated, to excite popular contempt for the privileged
orders, of, in the language of Condorcet, to “expose to
the eyes of the public the ignominy of those servile chains,
which they feared to shake off, or were proud to wear.
”
A lady of the court, hearing one day the author accused of
having exaggerated the despotism of the great, and the
submission they require, answered slyly, “If he had consulted me, I would have told him still more of the matter.
”
by Holland, France, Spain, and Portugal, and arrived at Turin, May 5, 1772. A violent attachment to a lady of quality of this place engrossed his mind for two years,
, an eminent Italian
poet of the last century, was born at Asti, in Piedmont,
Jan. 17, 1749, of an ancient family, and sent for education
to Turin, where he was principally under the care of the
count Benoit Alfred, his father’s cousin. His progress,
however, was for some time very slow, partly owing to bad
health, and partly to temper; and when his tutor died, he
left the academy at the age of sixteen, almost as ignorant
as he entered it, and without having acquired a taste for any
thingbut riding. His next passion was for travelling, in which
he appeared to have no-other object than moving from one
place to another. In less than two years he visited a great
part of Italy, Paris, England, Holland, and returned to
Piedmont, without having sought to know any thing, to
study any thing, or to gratify any curiosity. His second
tour was yet more extensive and more rapid: in eighteen
months he travelled through Germany, Denmark, Sweden,
Russia, Prussia, and returning through the Spa and Holland, went again to England. During this second visit to
London, he engaged in affairs of gallantry, and discovered
many oddities of behaviour, but in neither of his visits did
he give himself the trouble to learn the language. After
remaining in London seven months, he returned, with the
utmost expedition, by Holland, France, Spain, and
Portugal, and arrived at Turin, May 5, 1772. A violent attachment to a lady of quality of this place engrossed his mind
for two years, but had the happy effect of first inspiring him
with a taste for poetry and poetical composition. After
some imperfect attempts, he wrote a sort of tragedy, called
“Cleopatra,
” which he procured to be acted at Turin,
June 16, 1775, with a small piece “The Poets,
” by way of
farce, in which the author endeavoured to turn his own
tragedy into ridicule. The success of these two pieces,
although confined to only two representations, decided Alfieri to become an author, and proved the commencement
of a new life. At this time, he knew French very imperfectly, scarcely any thing of Italian, and nothing of Latin.
The French he determined to forget altogether, but to cultivate Italian and Latin, and study the best authors in both.
The study, accordingly, of the Latin and the pure Tuscan
languages, and of dramatic composition, upon a new
plan of his own invention, occupied all his time, and
gave employment to that activity and sprightliness of mind
and fancy which had hitherto been dissipated on trifles.
His first two tragedies were “Philip II.
” and “Polinice;
”
and these were followed at short intervals, by “Antigone,
”
“Agamemnon,
” &c. to the amount of fourteen, within less
than seven years; and within the same space, he wrote
several pieces in prose and verse, a translation of Sallust,
“A Treatise on Tyranny,
” “Etruria avenged,
” in four
cantos, and five “Odes
” on the American revolution. He
afterwards recommenced his travels, and added to his collection of tragedies, “Agis,
” “Sophonisba,
” “Brutus I.
”
“Brutus II.
” and others. Although he had a dislike to
France, he came thither to print his theatre, and with him
the lady of his affections, the princess of Schomberg, the
wife of the last prince of the house of Stuart, who, when
set at liberty by the death of her husband, bestowed her
hand on Alfieri. On his arrival in France, he found that
nation ripe for a revolution, to the principles of which he
was at first inclined, and expressed his opinion very freely
in “Parigi Shastigliato,
” an ode on the taking of the Bastille; but the horrors of revolutionary phrenzy which followed, induced him to disavow publicly the principles
which he had professed, and he resolved to lose the property that he had acquired in France, rather than to appear
to maintain them any longer. Accordingly he left France
ia August 1792, and the following year, his property in
the funds was confiscated, and his furniture, papers, and books
sequestered and sold at Paris. In 1794, he published a
declaration in the gazette of Tuscany, in which he avowed
some of the works left behind him, and disavowed others
which he thought might be found among his papers, or altered without his consent, and published as his. Among
the latter was his “Etruria avenged,
” and the “Treatise
on Tyranny
” above mentioned; but it is certain that he had
caused an edition of these and some other pieces of the
same stamp to be published at Kell, about the time he arrived in France, and now disavowed them merely because
he had changed his opinions. From this time, ruminating
on the unjust treatment he had received at Paris, he never
ceased to express his contempt of the French nation in
what he wrote, but he resumed his pen and his studies
with more eagerness than ever. At the age of forty-eight
he began the study of Greek, and continued it with his
usual ardour, and the rest of his life was employed in making
translations from that language, and in writing comedies,
tragedies, and satires. His incessant labours at length
brought on a complaint of which he died at Florence (where he had resided from the time of his leaving France), Oct.
8, 1803, and was interred in the church of St. Croix, where
his widow erected a splendid monument to his memory,
executed by Canova, between the tombs of Machiavel and
Michael Angelo. The inscription was written by himself,
and is as flattering as his life, written also by himself, and
published at Paris, 1809, and in English at London, 1810,
2 vols. His posthumous works, in 13 volumes, were published in 1804, at Florence, although with London on the
title: they consist of a number of translations, and some
original dramas in a singular taste, and not very likely to
be adopted as models. A French translation of his dramatic works was published at Paris, 1802, 4 vols. 8vo.
Petitot, the translator, has added some judicious reflexions
on the forms given to the Italian tragedy by Alfieri, and
notwithstanding its weak parts, this collection is a mine
which some new authors have frequently worked. His
lofty expression, or attempt at expression, and his anxious
search for forcible thoughts, sometimes render him obscure;
and he appears to have encumbered his genius with more
designs than it could execute. Of his personal character,
various accounts have been given. In his “Life,
” he is
sufficiently favourable to himself; but there are few traits
in his character that are not rather objects of warning than
of imitation. From his youth he appears to have been the
slave of passion and temper, averse to the restraints of a
well-regulated mind, and consequently many of his opinions, whether good or bad, were hastily conceived, and
hastily abandoned.
mphlet entitled “A letter to the Reviewers, occasioned by their account of a book called Memoirs. By a lady.” 3vo. 1755. This lady signs herself Maria de Large; and
The monthly reviewers of the time having given an account of this work unsatisfactory to the author, he published
(for there can be little doubt but he was the author) a
pamphlet entitled “A letter to the Reviewers, occasioned
by their account of a book called Memoirs. By a lady.
”
3vo. 1755. This lady signs herself Maria de Large; and
subjoined are some remarks signed Anna Maria Gornwallis.
, a lady of extraordinary talents in an age of barbarism, was the
, a lady of extraordinary talents in
an age of barbarism, was the daughter of the emperor
Alexius Comnenus I. and after his death in 1118, conspired to dethrone his brother John, and place the crown
on the head of her husband Nicephorus Briennius; but
while she displayed the spirit and intrigue of the most politic of the male sex, her designs were baffled by the want
of vigour, and the effeminacy of her husband. She applied herself, however, to such studies as could be prosecuted in that age, and associated much with the learned
men of Constantinople, whose fame she endeavoured to
rival by the “Alexiad.
” or “The life of the emperor Alexius Comnenus,
” her father, which she wrote in a style
that was much admired. It is divided into fifteen books;
and, making some allowance for the flattering portrait
given of her father, her frequent digressions, and inaccuracy as to dates, contains a very curious assemblage of
facts, and many spirited remarks on the Roman pontiff,
whose pretensions to spiritual sovereignty she treats with
very little respect; nor does she ever mention the French
nation but as a barbarous people, whose name would Hefile the beauty and elegance of history. The president
Cousin, however, published a very correct and elegant
French translation of the life of Alexius, which is in the 4th
volume of the Byzantine historians. There was also an
edition printed at the Louvre, with the learned notes of
David Hoeschelius, 1651, fol. Her husband died in 1137;
but the time of her own death has not been ascertained.
r Thomas Parry, in Lambeth; and Mr. Seymour was committed to the Tower for his contempt, in marrying a lady of the royal family without the king’s leave. It does not
, commonly called the lady Arabella, was so often talked of for a queen, that custom seems
to have given her a right to an article in this manner under
her Christian name, as that by which our historians distinguish her. She was the daughter of Charles Stuart, earl
oY Lenox, who was younger brother to Henry lord Darnley,
father to king James VI. of Scotland, and First of England,
by Elizabeth, daughter of sir William Cavendisu, km. She
was born, as near as can be computed, in 1577, and educated at London, under the eye of the eld countess of
Lenox, her grand-mother. She was far from being either
beautiful in her person, or from being distinguished by
any extraordinary qualities of mind; and yet she met with
many admirers, on account of her royal descent and near
relation to the crown of England. Her father dviug in
1579, and leaving her thereby sole heiress, as some understood, of the house of Lenox, several matches were projected for her at home and abroad. Her cousin, king
James, inclined to have married her to lord Esme Stuart,
whom he had created duke of Lenox, and whom before his
marriage he considered as his heir; but this match was
prevented by queen Elizabeth, though it was certainly a
very fit one in all respects. As the English succession was
at this time very problematical, the great powers on the
Continent speculated on many husbands for the lady Arabella, such as the duke of Savoy, a prince of the house of
Farnese, and others. In the mean time, this lady had some
thoughts of marrying herself at home, as Thuanus relates,
to a son of the earl of Northumberland, but it is not credible that this took effect, though he says it did privately.
The very attempt procured her queen Elizabeth’s displeasure, who confined her for it. In the mean time her title
to the crown, such as it was, became the subject, amongst
many others, of father Persons’ s famous book, wherein are
all the arguments for and against her, and which served to
divulge her name and descent all over Europe; and yet
this book was not very favourable to her interest. On the
death of the queen, some malcontents framed an odd design of disturbing the public peace, and amongst other
branches of their dark scheme, one was to seize the lady
Arabella, and to cover their proceedings by the sanction of
her title, intending also to have married her to some
English nobleman, the more to increase their interest, and
the better to please the people. But this conspiracy was
fatal to none but its authors, and those who conversed with
them; being speedily defeated, many taken, and some executed. As for the lady Arabella, it does not appear that
she had any knowledge of this engagement in her behalf,
whatever it was; for domestic writers are perplexed, and
foreign historians ruu into absurdities, when they
endeadeavour to explain it. She continued at liberty, and in
apparent favour at court, though her circumstances were
narrow till the latter end of the year 1608, when by
some means she drew upon her king James’s displeasure.
However, at Christmas, when mirth and good-humour prevailed at court, she was again taken into favour, had a service of plate presented to her of the value of two hundred
pounds, a thousand marks given her to pay her debts, and
some addition made to her annual income. This seems to
have been done, in order to have gained her to the interest
of the court, and to put the notions of marriage she had
entertained out of her head; all which, however, proved
ineffectual; for in the beginning of the month of February
1609, she was detected in an intrigue with Mr. William
Seymour, son to the lord Beauchamp, and grandson to the
earl of Hertford, to whom, notwithstanding, she was. privately married some time afterwards. Upon this discovery,
they were both carried before the council, and severely reprimanded, and then dismissed. In the summer of 1610,
the marriage broke out, on which the lady was sent into
close custody, at the house of sir Thomas Parry, in Lambeth; and Mr. Seymour was committed to the Tower for
his contempt, in marrying a lady of the royal family without the king’s leave. It does not appear that this confinement was attended with any great severity to either; for
the lady was allowed the use of sir Thomas Parry’s house
and gardensj and the like gentleness, in regard to his high
quality, was shewn to Mr. Seymour. Some intercourse
they had by letters, which after a time was discovered,
and a resolution taken thereupon to send the lady to Durham, a resolution which threw her into deep affliction.
Upon this, by the interposition of friends, she and her
husband concerted a scheme for their escape, which was
successfully executed in the beginning, though it ended
unluckily. The lady, under the care of sir James Crofts,
was at the house of Mr. Conyers, at Highgate, from whence
she was to have gone the next day to Durham, on which
she put a fair countenance now, notwithstanding the trouble
she had before shewn. This made her keepers the more
easy, and gave her an opportunity of disguising herself,
which she did on Monday the 3d of June, 1611, by drawing over her petticoats a pair of large French-fashioned
hose, putting on a man’s doublet, a peruke which covered
her hair, a hat, black cloak, russet boots with red tops, and
a rapier by her side. Thus equipped, she walked out between three and four with Mr. Markham. They went a
mile and half to a little inn, where a person attended with
their horses. The lady, by that time she came thither, was
so weak and faint, that the hostler, who held the stirrup
when she mounted, said that gentleman would hardly hold
out to London. Riding, however, so raised her spirits,
that by the time she came to Blackwall, she was pretty well
recovered. There they found waiting for them two men,
a gentlewoman, and a chambermaid, with one boat full of
Mr. Seymour’s and her trunks, and another boat for their
persons, in which they hasted from thence towards Woolwich. Being come so far, they bade the watermen row on
to Gravesend. There the poor fellows were desirous to
land, but for a double freight were contented to go on to
Lee, yet being almost tired by the way, they were forced
to lie still at Tilbury, whilst the rowers went on shore to
refresh themselves; then they proceeded to Lee, and by
that time the day appeared, and they discovered a ship
at anchor a mile beyond them, which was the French
bark that waited for them. Here the lady would have lain
at anchor, expecting Mr. Seymour, but through the importunity of her followers, they forthwith hoisted sail and put
to sea. In the mean time Mr. Seymour, with a peruke and
beard of black hair, and in a tawny cloth suit, walked alone
without suspicion, from his lodging out at the great west
door of the Tower, following a cart that had brought him
billets. From thence he walked along by the Towerwharf, by the warders of the south gate, and so to the iron
gate, where one Rodney was ready with a pair of oars to
receive him. When they came to Lee, and found that the
French ship was gone, the billows rising high, they hired
a fisherman for twenty shillings, to put them on board a
certain ship that they saw under sail. That ship they
found not to be it they looked for, so they made forwards
to the next under sail, which was a ship from Newcastle.
This with much ado they hired for forty pounds, to carry
them to Calais, and the master performed his bargain, by
which means Mr. Seymour escaped, and continued in Flanders. On Tuesday in the afternoon, my lord treasurer being advertised that the lady Arabella had made an escape,
sent immediately to the lieutenant of the Tower to set
strict guard over Mr. Seymour, which he promised, after
his yxrt manner, “he would thoroughly do, that he would;
”
but, coming to the prisoner’s lodgings-, he found, to his great
amazement, that he was gone from thence one whole day
before. A pink being dispatched from the Downs into
Calais road, seized the French bark, and brought back the
lady and those with her; but, before this was known, the
proclamation issued for apprehending them. As soon as
she was brought to town, she was, after examination, committed to the Tower, declaring that she was not so sorry for
her own restraint, as she should be glad if Mr. Seymour
escaped, for whose welfare, she affirmed, she was more concerned than for her own. Her aunt, the countess of Shrewsbury, was likewise committed, on suspicion of having
prompted the lady Arabella, not only to her escape, but to
other things, it being known that she had amassed upwards
of twenty thousand pounds in ready money. The earl of
Shrewsbury was confined to his house, and the old earl of
Hertford sent for from his seat. By degrees things grew
cooler, and though it was known that Mr. Seymour continued in the Netherlands, yet the court made no farther
applications to the archduke about him. In the beginning of 1612, a new storm began to break out; for the
lady Arabella, either pressed at an examination, or of her
own free will, made some extraordinary discoveries, upon
which some quick steps would have been taken, had it not
shortly after appeared, that her misfortunes had turned her
head, and that, consequently, no use could be made of her
evidence. However, the countess of Shrewsbury, who before had leave to attend her husband in his sickness, was,
very closely shut up, and the court was amused with abundance of strange stories, which wore out by degrees, and
the poor lady Arabella languished in her confinement till
the 27th of September, 1615, when her life and sorrows
ended together. Even in her grave this poor lady was not
at peace, a report being spread that she was poisoned, because she happened to die within two years of sir Thomas
Overbury. Sir Bull. Whitlocke has put this circumstance
in much too strong a light; for it was a suspicion at most,
and never had the support of the least colour of proof. As
for her husband, sir William Seymour, he soon after her
decease, procured leave to return, distinguished himself
by loyally adhering to the king during the civil wars,
and, surviving to the time of the Restoration, was restored to his great-grandfather’s title of duke of Somerset, by an act of parliament, which entirely cancelled
his attainder and on the giving his royal assent to this act,
king Charles II. was pleased to say in full parliament, what
perhaps was as honourable for the family as the title to
which they are restored, flis words were these: “As this
is an act of an extraordinary nature, so it is in favour of a
person of no ordinary merit: he has deserved of my father,
and of myself, as much as any subject possibly could do;
and I hope this will stir no man’s envy, because in doing it
I do no more than' what a good master should do for such a
servant.
” By his lady Arabella, this noble person had no
issue: but that he still preserved a warm affection for her
memory, appears from hence, that he called one of his
daughters by his second wife, Frances, daughter and coheiress of Robert Devereux, earl of Essex, Arabella Seymour.
74. His father, while he was in the government of Rheggio, in Lombardy, espoused Daria de Malaguzzi, a lady of wealth and family, descended from one of the first houses
, one of the most eminent Italian poets, was born Sept. 8, 1474. His father, while he was in the government of Rheggio, in Lombardy, espoused Daria de Malaguzzi, a lady of wealth and family, descended from one of the first houses in llneggio, and by her had five aons, Ludovico, Gabriele, Carlo, Galasso, and Alessandro; and the same number of daughters. These sons were all well accomplished, and, for their many excellent qualities, patronised by several princes. Gabriele gave himself up to literary pursuits, and is, said to have arrived at great excellence in Latin poetry, but to have been too close an imitator of Statius: he died at Ferrara. Carlo, who was of a disposition more inclined to dissipation and gaiety, led the life of a courtier, and. died at the court of Naples. Galasso embraced the profession of the church, was employed in several important offices, and, at last, ended his days, ambassador from the duke of fc'crrara, at the court of Charles V. Alessandro, who was of an inquisitive and enterprising genius, having spent great part of his time in visiting foreign countries, at last finished his life in Ferrara.
Unslation he sent a copy to the pope. On the first of June 1554, Ascham married Mrs. Margaret Howe, a lady of a rood family, with whom he had a very, considerable
The master of St. John’s college at this time, Nicholas
Medcalf, was a great encourager of learning, and his tutor,
Mr. Hugh Fitzherbert, had not only much knowledge, but
also a graceful and insinuating method of imparting it to his
pupils. To a genius naturally prone to learning, Mr. Ascham
added a spirit of emulation, which induced him to study so
hard, that, while a mere boy, he made a great progress in polite learning, and became exceedingly distinguished amongst
the most eminent wits in the university. He took his degree of B. A. on the twenty-eighth of February, 1534,
when eighteen years* of age; and on the twenty-third of
March following, was elected fellow of his college by the
interest of the master, though Mr. Ascham’s propensity to
the reformed religion had made it difficult for Dr. Medcalf,
who, according to Ascham' s account, was a man of uncommon liberality, to carry his good intention into act. These
honours served only to excite him to still greater vigilance
in his studies, particularly in that of the Greek tongue,
wherein he attained an excellency peculiar to himself, and
read therein, both publicly for the university, and privately
in his college, with universal applause. At the commencement held after the feast of St. Peter and St. Paul, in
1536, he was inaugurated M. A. being then twenty-one
years old. By this time many of his pupils came to be
taken notice of for their extraordinary proficiency, and
William Grindall, one of them, at the recommendation of
Mr. Ascham, was chosen by sir John Cheke, to be tutor to
the lady Elizabeth. As he did not accept this honour
himself, he probably was delighted with an academical life,
and was not very desirous of changing it for one at court.
His affection for his friends, though it filled him with a
deep concern for their interests, and a tender regard for
their persons, yet could not induce him to give up his
understanding, especially in points of learning. For this
reason he did not assent to the new pronunciation of the
Greek, which his intimate friend, sir John Cheke, laboured, by his authority, to introduce throughout the
university; yet when he had thoroughly examined, he
came over to his opinion, and defended the new pronunciation with that zeal and vivacity which gave a peculiar
liveliness to all his writings. In July 1542, he supplicated
the university of Oxford to be incorporated M. A. but it &
doubtful whether this was granted. To divert him after
the fatigue of severer studies, he addicted himself to archcry, which innocent amusement drew upon him the censure
of some persons, against whose opinion he wrote a small
treatise, entitled “Toxophilus,
” published in Schoolmaster,
” which he lived to finish, but not to publish. His
application to study rendered him infirm throughout his
whole life, and at last he became so weak, that he was unable to read in the evenings or at night; to make amends
for which, he rose very early in the morning. The year
before his death he was seized with a hectic, which brought
him very low and then, contrary to his former custom,
relapsing into night-studies, in order to complete a Latin
poem with which he designed to present the queen on the
new year, he, on the 23d of December 1568, was attacked
by an aguish ‘distemper, which threatened him with immediate death. He was visited in his last sickness by Dr.
Alexander Nowell, dean of St. ’Paul’s, and Graves, vicar
of St. Sepulchre’s, who found him perfectly calm and
chearful, in which disposition he continued to the 30th of
the same month, when he expired. On the 4th of January
following, he was interred according to his own directions,
in the most private manner, in St. Sepulchre’s church, his
funeral sermon being preached by the before-mentioned
Dr. Nowell. He was universally lamented, and even the
queen herself not only shewed great concern, but was also
pleased to say, that phg had rather have lost ten thousand
pounds than her tutor Ascham. His only failing was too
great a propensity to dice and cock-fighting, which the
learned bishop Nicolson would persuade us to be an unfounded calumny; but as it is mentioned by Camden, as
well as some other contemporary writers, it seems impossible to deny it. It is certain that he died in very indifferent circumstances, as may appear from the address of his
widow to sir William Cecil, in her dedication of his
“Schoolmaster,
” wherein she says expressly, that Mr.
Ascham left her a poor widow with many orphans; and Dr.
Grant, in his dedication of Ascham’s letters to queen Elizabeth, pathetically recommends to her his pupil, Giles
Ascham, the son of our author, representing, that be had
lost his father, who should have taken care of his education, and that he was left poor and without friends. Besides
this son he had two others, Dudley and Sturmur, of whom
we know little. Lord Burleigh took Giles Ascham under
his protection, by whose interest he was recommended to
a scholarship of St. John’s, and afterwards by the queen’s
mandate, to a fellowship of Trinity college in Cambridge,
and was celebrated, as well as his father, for his admirable
Latin style in epistolary writings.
quished. About seven years after, she printed “An Essay in Defence of the Female Sex. In a Letter to a Lady. Written by a Lady.” These publications did not prevent
, a learned and ingenious lady, was
the daughter of Mr. Astell, a merchant at Newcastle-uponTyne, where she was born about 1668. Her uncle, who
was a clergyman, having discovered her superior capacity,
generously undertook to be her preceptor and, under his
tuition, she learned Italian and French, and made a considerable progress in logic, philosophy, and the mathematics. At the age of twenty, she left Newcastle and
went to London, where, and at Chelsea, she spent the
remaining part of her life. Here she assiduously prosecuted her studies, and acquired very considerable attainments in all the branches of polite literature. When the
Rev. John Morris published his “Practical Discourses
upon divine subjects,
” several excellent letters passed
between him and Mrs. Astell upon the love of God, which,
at the request of Mr. Morris, she suffered him to publish
in 1695, without her name, a precaution which their merit rendered useless. Having often observed and lamented
the defects in the education of her sex, which, she said,
were the principal causes of their running into so many
follies and improprieties, she published in 1696, an ingenious treatise, entitled, “A serious Proposal to the Ladies,
for the advancement of their true and greatest interest,
”
&c. and, some time after, a second part, under the same
title, with this addition “wherein a Method is offered
for the Improvement of their Minds.
” Both these performances were published together in 1696, and had, in
some measure, the desired effect. The scheme, indeed,
in her proposal, seemed so rational, that a certain opulent
lady, supposed to be the queen, intended to have given
10,000l. towards the erecting a sort of college for the education and improvement of the female sex and as a retreat to those ladies who preferred retirement and study to
the noise and hurry of the world. Bishop Burnet, hearing
of the design, went to the lady, and powerfully remonstrated against it, telling her it would look like paving the
way for popish orders, and that it would be reputed a nunnery; in consequence of which the design was relinquished. About seven years after, she printed “An Essay
in Defence of the Female Sex. In a Letter to a Lady.
Written by a Lady.
” These publications did not prevent
her from being as intent on her studies as ever and when,
she accidentally saw needless visitors coming, whom she
knew to be incapable of conversing on useful subjects, instead of ordering herself to be denied, she used to look out
at the window, and jestingly tell them, “Mrs. Astell was
not at home.
” In the course of her studies she became
intimately acquainted with many classic authors. Those
she admired most were Xenophon, Plato, Hierocles, Tully,
Seneca, Epictetus, and M. Antoninus. In 1700, she published a book entitled “Reflections-on Marriage,
” occasioned, as it is said, by a disappointment she experienced
in a marriage-contract with an eminent clergyman. However that might be, in the next edition of her book, 1705,
she added a preface, in answer to some objections, which
perhaps is the strongest defence that ever appeared in
print, of the rights and abilities of her own sex.
, Nov. 13, in the year 354, of his father Patricius, a citizen of that place, and his mother Monica, a lady of distinguished piety. He first applied to his studies
, an eminent father of the church,
was born at'Tagasta, Nov. 13, in the year 354, of his father
Patricius, a citizen of that place, and his mother Monica,
a lady of distinguished piety. He first applied to his
studies in his native place, and afterwards at Madora and
Carthage. In this latter city his morals became corrupted,
and he had a son born to him, named Adeodat, the fruit of
a criminal connexion. He then became a proselyte to the
sect of the Manichaeans, and an able defender of their
opinions. The perusal of some part of Cicero’s philosophy
is said first to have detached him from his immoral conduct; but one thing, Baillet says, gave him uneasiness in
this work, and that was his not finding the name of Jesus,
which had been familiar to him from his infancy in the
writings of the celebrated Roman. He resolved, therefore, to read the holy scriptures, but the pride of his heart,
and his incapacity to taste the simple beauties of these,
made him still give the preference to Cicero. In the
mean time he acquired considerable fame in the schools of
eloquence, and was a professor of it successively at Tagasta, at Carthage, at Rome, and at Milan, whither he had
been sent by the prefect Symmachus. St. Ambrose was at
this time bishop of Milan, and Augustin, affected by his
sermons, and by the tears of his mother Monica, began to
think seriously of forsaking his irregularities and his Manichasism. He was accordingly baptised at Milan in the year
387, in the thirty-second year of his age, and renouncing
his rhetorical pursuits, studied only the gospel. On his
return to Tagasta, he betook himself to fasting and prayer,
gave his property to the poor, and formed a society ainorrg
some of his friends. Some time after, being at Hippo,
Valerius, then bishop of that diocese, ordained him a priest
abaut the commencement of the year 391. Next year we
find him disputing with great success against the Manichees, and in the year 392 he gave so learned an exposition of the symbol of faith, in the council of Hippo, that the
bishops were unanimously of opinion he ought to be chosen
one of their number. In the year 395, another council
appointed him coadjutor to Valerius, in the see of Hippo,
and it was in this situation that the spirit and virtues of
Augustin began to display themselves. He established in
the espiscopal mansion a society of clerks, with whom he
lived, and became more active in his opposition to heresies,
particularly the Manichuean, converting one Felix, a very
celebrated character among them. Nor did he less prove
his judgment and eloquence in a conference between the
Catholic 1 bishops and the Donatists at Carthage in the year
411, where he bent his endeavours to procure unity in the
church. His great work “On the city of God,
” now made
its appearance.
stant religion. When the celebrated Ascliam, in a visit to lady Jane in 1550, asked her how so young a lady (not then ahove fourteen) could have arrived at such perfection
, an eminent English
prelate, descended from a very ancient and honourable family, seated at Aylmer-hall, in Norfolk, was born in 1521,
and being a younger brother, was either recommended by
his relations, or recommended himself by his pregnant
parts, to the marquis of Dorset (Henry Grey), afterwards
duke of Suffolk, who honoured him with the title of his
Scholar, and gave him an exhibition at the university of
Cambridge. When he had there attained competent
learning, the marquis took him home, where he became
tutor to his children, amongst whom was the lady Jane,
who for some days was styled queen, and who, under
Aylmer’s tuition, acquired the Latin and Greek tongues,
reading and writing in the latter with ease and elegance,
By his care also, she received right principles of religion,
as he imbibed the opinions of the primitive reformers and
having for his patrons the duke of Suffolk and the carl of
Huntingdon, in the reign of Edward VI., was for some time
the only preacherin Leicestershire; where he had great success in inculcating the, Protestant religion. When the
celebrated Ascliam, in a visit to lady Jane in 1550, asked her
how so young a lady (not then ahove fourteen) could have
arrived at such perfection both in philosophy and the
Greek language, she bore the following testimony to the
merit of her tutor “1 will tell you,
” said she, “and tell
you truth, which, perchance, you will marvel at. One of
the greatest benefits which ever God gave me, is that he
sent so sharp and severe parents, and so gentle a schoolmaster. For when I am in presence either of father or
mother, whether I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go
eat, drink, be merry or sad be sewing, placing, dancing,
or doing any thing else, I must do it, as it were, in such
weight, measure, and number, and even so perfectly, as
God made the world, or else, I am so sharply taunted, so
cruelly threatened, yea, presently sometimes with pinches,
nips, and bobs (or other ways, which I will not name, for the honour I bear them), so without measure misordereo
”,
that I think myself in hell, till time come that I must go
to Mr. Elmer, who teachfeth me so gently, so pleasantly,
with fair allurements to learning, that I think all the time
nothing while I am with him and when I am called from
him, 1 fall a weeping, because whatsoever I do else but
learning, is full of grief, trouble, fear, and wholly misliking unto me and this my book hath been so much my
pleasure, and bringeth daily to me more pleasure, and
more yet, in respect to it, all other pleasures, in very
deed, be but trifles and troubles unto me." Mr. Ascharn
was so affected with this interview, that in a letter to lady
Jane, dated the eighteenth of January, 1551, he speaks of
it in rapture, and by a beautiful apostrophe, addressing
himself to Mr. Ay liner, felicitates him on his having so ingenious a scholar, in a strain of compliment, which he
says the great Sturmius made use of to him, speaking of
his happiness, in having the lady Elizabeth for his pupil.
In this letter it is, that he desires Mr. Aylmer, to whom
be foresaw it would be shewn, to engage the lady Jane,
to write a letter in Greek to himself, and another to Sturmius, and also desires they might continue to live in the
same learned friendship and intercourse, which they had
hitherto done.
reedom of pencil and his incredible expedition in his manner of painting appeared in the portrait of a lady from Haerlem, that he painted at half-length, which was
, an eminent portrait and historical painter, was born at Harlingen, in 1609, but spent the greatest part of his life at Amsterdam and by all the writers on this subject, he is mentioned as an extraordinary painter, particularly of portraits, which he executed with strength, spirit, and a graceful resemblance. He was remarkable for an uncommon readiness of hand, and freedom of pencil and his incredible expedition in his manner of painting appeared in the portrait of a lady from Haerlem, that he painted at half-length, which was begun and finished in one day, though he adorned the figure with rich drapery, and several ornamental jewels. He also painted historical subjects with good success and in that style there is a fine picture of Cimon and Iphigenia, which is accounted by the connoisseurs an excellent performance. In designing academy figures, his expression was so just, and his outline so correct, that he obtained the prize from all his competitors and his works are still bought up at very high prices in the Low Countries. In the collection of the elector Palatine, there is an excellent head of Brouwer, painted by this master and in the Carmelites’ church at Antwerp is preserved a capital picture of the Last Judgment, which is well designed and coloured. Backer died at the age of 42, in 1651, but according to Descarnps, in 1641, at the age of 33.
t assembly. About this time he married Alice, daughter of Benedict Barnham, esq. alderman of London, a lady who brought him an ample fortune, but by whom he never
In the mean time he gave evidence of the steady prosecution of his studies by publishing, in 1605, the first specimen of his great work, in his book “Of the Advancement of Learning,
” a performance of much value even in
its detached state. He continued, however, his diligence
in parliament, and among other topics, endeavoured to
second the views the king had entertained of an union between England and Scotland but his efforts for the crown
were more successful in Westminster-hall than in that assembly. About this time he married Alice, daughter of
Benedict Barnham, esq. alderman of London, a lady who
brought him an ample fortune, but by whom he never had
any children. In 1607, he succeeded in his application
for the solicitorship, on a vacancy, and with that his practice encreased most extensively, there being few causes of
importance in which he was not concerned. He assured
the king, before he obtained this employment, that it
would give him such an increase of capacity, though not
of zeal, to serve his majesty, that what he had done in
times past should seem as nothing, in comparison with the
services he should render for the future and in this respect he is said to have kept his word, for in the session
of parliament hold in the year in which he was made solicitor, he ran through a great variety of business, and that
of a nature which required a man not only of great abilities but of great policy, and of equal reputation. He was,
in the first place, employed by the house of commons to
represent to the king the grievances under which the nation laboured and though the paper relating to them was
couched in terms not very agreeable to the king’s temper,
sir Francis, by his accompanying address, so abated their
harshness as to perform this difficult commission with universal applause. He was likewise employed by the house
at a conference with the lords, to persuade them to join
in an application to the crown, for the taking away the ancient tenures, and allowing a certain and competent revenue in lieu of them and in his speech on this occasion, sir
Francis Bacon set the affair in so clear a light, as excited
that spirit, which at length procured the dissolution of the
court of Wards, a point of the highest consequence to the
Jiberties of this kingdom. He likewise satisfied the house
at a time when they were much out of temper at the manner in which the king’s messages were conveyed to them
and procured their acquiescence in the supplies by a
well-timed speech, which must have convinced the king
of what importance his services were likely to prove.
Amidst all these political and professional engagements,
he found leisure to digest the plan of the second part of
his great work, which he transmitted to some judicious
friends for their opinion. This piece was entitled “Cogitata et Visa,
” and contained the ground-work or plan of
his “Novum Organum,
” so essential a part of his “Instauration,
” that it sometimes bears that title. Bishop
Andrews and sir Thomas Bodley w r ere two of the persons
whose advice he solicited on this occasion, and their answers are printed in his works, where we have likewise a
small discourse in English, under the Latin title of “Filum Labyrinthi,
” which was the original draught of the
“Cogitata et Visa.
” While availing himself of the opinions of his learned contemporaries, he published in 1610,
his celebrated treatise “Of the Wisdom of the Ancients,
”
a work which received and has ever retained the justest applause. It is not easy to say which is most conspicuous in
this, his diligence in procuring the materials, or his judgment in disposing of them.
quired great honour by the eloquent and generous defence he made for a certain le Brun, the valet of a lady in Paris, falsely accused of having assassinated his mistress,
, advocate in the parliament of Paris, and member of the French academy, was
born at Langres, of poor parents, and drew himself out of
obscurity by his talents. He was at first repetiteur in the
college of Lisieux. He then applied himself to the bar
but his memory having failed him at the outset of his first
pleading, he promised never to attempt it again, though it
was thought he might have pleaded with success. Colbert having given him charge of fhe education of one of his sons, Barbier lengthened his name by the addition of d'Aucour. But
this minister dying without having done any thing for his
advancement, he was obliged to return to the bar. Here
he acquired great honour by the eloquent and generous
defence he made for a certain le Brun, the valet of a lady
in Paris, falsely accused of having assassinated his mistress,
but this was his last cause. He died Sept. 13, 1694, at
the age of 53, of an inflammation of the breast. The deputies of the academy, who went to see hirn in his last sickness, were concerned to find him so badly lodged “It is
my comfort,
” said he, “and a very great comfort it is, that
I leave no heirs of my misery.
” The abbe* de Choisi, one of
them, having said, “You leave a name that will never
die
” “Alas, T do not flatter myself on that score,
” returned cl'Aucour “if my works should have any sort of
value in themselves, I have been wrong in the choice of my
subjects. I have dealt only in criticism, which never lasts
long. For, if the book criticised should fall into contempt, the criticism falls with it, since it is immediately
seen to be useless and if, in spite of the criticism, the
book stands it ground, then the criticism is equally forgotten, since it is immediately thought to be unjust.
” He
was no friend to the Jesuits, and the greater part of his
works are against that society, or against the writers of it.
That which does him the most honour is entitled “Sentirnens de Cleanthe sur les Entretiens d‘Ariste et d’Eugene,
par le pere Bouhours,
” Jesuit, in 12mo. This book has
been often quoted, and with good reason, as a model of
just and ingenious criticism. D‘Aucour here distributes
his bon-mots and his learning, without going too great
lengths in his raillery and his quotations. Bouhours was
supposed never to have recovered this attack. The abbe
Granet gave an edition of this work in 1730, to which he
has added two circumstances, which prove that Barbier
would have been as good a lawyer as a critic. The other
writings of d’Aucour are more frivolous, “Les Gaudinettes, l'Onguent pour la brdlure,
” against the Jesuits
“Apollon vendeur de Mithridate,
” against Racine two
satires in miserable poetry. It is not easy to conceive that
he could rally Bouhours in so neat, and the others in so
coarse a manner. It is said that his antipathy to the Jesuits arose from his being one day in their church, when
one of the fathers told him to behave with decency, because locus erat sacer. D'Aucour immediately replied,
Si locus est sacrus. This unfortunate blunder was repeated
from mouth to mouth. The regents repeated it it was
echoed by the scholars and the nickname of Lawyer Sacrus was fixed upon him.
ollowing title “The Phoenix or, the History of Polyarchus and Argenis, translated from the Latin, by a Lady.” In the preface to this it is observed, that the editor
The first edition of the Argenis was printed at Paris in
8vo, in 1621. It has since passed through many editions,
and been translated into several languages. The first
English translation was published in 4to, by Kingsmill
Long, gent, in 1625, 4to. The poetical part was translated by Thomas May, esq. The second edition was published in 1636. There was also an edition in 1628, by sir
Robert Le Grys, said to be by command of king Charles I.
Another translation appeared in 1772, in 4 vols. 12 mo,
under the following title “The Phoenix or, the History
of Polyarchus and Argenis, translated from the Latin, by a
Lady.
” In the preface to this it is observed, that the editor
has made use of both the former translations occasionally,
and whenever a doubt arose, had recourse to the original.
he wrote” Mr. Cottington’s case of Divorce,“in which is discussed the validity of his marriage with a lady whose former husband was living and some years after, another
, a very learned divine and bishop
in the seventeenth century, was born at Langhill, in the
parish of Orton, in Westmorland, in 1607; being the son
<*f Mr. Richard Barlow, descended from the ancient family
of Barlow-moore in Lancashire. He had his first education at the free-school at Appleby, in his own country.
From thence being removed, in the sixteenth year of his
age, to Queen’s college in Oxford, he took his degrees in
arts, that of master being completed the 27th of June,
1633, and the same year was chosen fellow of his college.
In 1635, he was appointed metaphysic-reader in the university; and his lectures being much approved of, were
published in 1637 for the use of the scholars. When
the garrison of Oxford surrendered to the parliament
in 1646, he submitted to the persons then in power and
by tb-^ interest of colonel Thomas Kelsey, deputy governor of that garrison, or more likely by that of Selden or
Dr. Owen, preserved his fellowship, notwithstanding the
parliamentary visitation, of which he gave a ludicrous account, in a pamphlet entitled “Pegasus.
” In The case of a Toleration in matters of religion,' 7 addressed to the famous Rob. Boyle, esq. in which
that subject fs handled with great candour. In 1661, he was
appointed archdeacon of Oxford, in the room of Dr. Barten Holiday, deceased but he was not installed till June 13,
1664, owing to a contest between him and Dr. Thomas
Lamplugh about thut dignity, which, after having lasted
some time, was at length decided in favour of Dr. Barlow, at the assizes held at Oxford, March 1, 1663-4. Being eminent for his skill in the civil and canon law, he was
often applied to as a casuist, to resolve cases of conscience,
about marriage, &c. And on one of these occasions, in
1671, he wrote
” Mr. Cottington’s case of Divorce,“in
which is discussed the validity of his marriage with a lady
whose former husband was living and some years after,
another case of marriage, inserted in his
” Genuine remains.“Upon the death of Dr. W. Fuller, bishop of
Lincoln, which happened April 22, 1675, he obtained, the
same day, a grant of that bishopric, at the recommendation of some of the nobility, and chiefly through the interest of the two secretaries of state, Henry Coventry, esq.
and sir Joseph Williamson, both some time of his college,
and the first formerly his pupil. The 27th of June following, he was consecrated at Ely-house chapel. Archbishop
Sheldon opposed his promotion, though the reasons of it
are not assigned. After his advancement to this see,
bishop Barlow wrote several curious things. They were
generally short, and most of them by way of letter. The
most considerable are these: In 1676,
” The original of
Sine Cures >“concerning
” Pensions paid out of Churchlivings“and a” Survey of the numbers of Papists within
the province of Canterbury
” in 1679, “A letter concerning the Canon Law, allowing the whipping of heretics.
”
But he was most distinguished by his writings against
popery the chief of which were, “Popery, or the principles and positions approved by the Church of Rome, &c.
are very dangerous to all,
” and “A discourse concerning
the Laws ecclesiastical and civil, made against heretics by
popes, emperors, and kings, provincial and general councils, approved by the Church of Rome,
” evidently levelled
against the duke of York. He expressed his zeal against
the papists, not only in writing, but in action. For when,
in 1678, after the discovery of the popish plot, a bill was
brought into parliament, requiring all members of either
house, and all such as might come into the king’s court, or
presence, to take a test against popery our bishop appeared for that bill in the house of lords, and spoke in favour of it. Notwithstanding which we are told, that after
king James II.'s accession to the throne, bishop Barlow
took all opportunities to express his affection, or submission, to him for he sent up an address of thanks to him,
for his first declaration for liberty of conscience, signed by
six hundred of his clergy. He wrote reasons for reading
that king’s second declaration for liberty of conscience
he caused it to be read in his diocese , nay, he was
prevailed upon to assert and vindicate the regal power of dispensing with penal laws, in an elaborate tract, with numerous quotations from canonists, civilians, and divines.
And yet, after the revolution, he was one of those bishops
who readily voted that king James had abdicated his kingdoms. He took the oaths to his successors and no bishop
was more ready than he, to fill the places of such clergymen as refused to take the oaths to king William and queen
Mary. There was nothing in this, however, inconsistent
in one who held his sentiments *in favour of toleration. It
is more doubtful that he was entirely addicted to the Aristotelian philosophy, and a declared enemy to the improvements made by the royal society, and to what he called in
general the new philoso'phy. He was, however, a rigid
Calvinist, and the school divinity was that which he most
admired but when his attachment to Calvin’s notions engaged him in a public opposition to some of Mr. Bull’s
works, he declined a public disputation on the subject.
He has also been blamed for never appearing in his cathedral, nor visiting his diocese in person, but residing constantly at his manor of Bugden but against this he appears to have vindicated himself. His enemies are willing
to allow that he was a good casuist, a man of very exten^
sive learning, an universal lover and favourer of learned
me if, of what country or denomination soever, and a great
master of the whole controversy between the Protestants
and Papists. He died at Bugden, October 8, 1691, in the
eighty-fifth year of his age; and was buried the llth of
the said month, on the north side of the chancel belonging to
that church, near the body of Dr. R. Sanderson, some time
bishop of Lincoln, and, according to his own desire, in the
grave of Dr. William Barlow, formerly bishop of the same
see to whose memory, as well as his own, is erected a
monument, with an inscription which he composed himself
a few days before his death. He bequeathed to the
Bodleian library, all such books of his own, as were not in that
noble collection at the time of his death and the remainder he gave to Queen’s college in Oxford, on which the
society erected, in 1694, a noble pile of buildings, on the
west side of their college, to receive them. All his manuscripts, of his own composition, he left to his two domestic
chaplains, William Otfley and Henry Brougham, prebendaries of Lincoln, with a particular desire that they
would not make any of them public after his decease.
Besides the works already mentioned, he wrote against
popery, 1.'“Confutation of the infallibility of the church
of Rome,
” written in 167S. 2. “A letter to J. Evelyn,
esq. concerning invocation of Saints, and adoration of the
Cross,
” London, The Gun-powder Treason, with a discourse of the manner of its discovery, &c.
” printed at first
in A preface
touching that horrid conspiracy, dated Feb. 1, 1678-9.
”
4. “Brutum Fulmen, or the bull of pope Pius Sextus
against queen Elizabeth,
” Whether the
pope be Antichrist, &c.
” 6. “A few plain reasons why
a Protestant of the church of England should not turn
Roman catholic,
” Pietas in Patrem, or a few tears upon
the lamented death of his most dear and loving Father
Richard Barlow, late of Langhill in Westmorland, who
died December 29, 1636,
” Oxford, A
letter to Mr. John Goodwin, concerning Universal Redemption, by J. Christ,
” For toleration of the Jews,
”
3655. 10. “A letter to Mr. John Tombes in defence of
Anabaptism, inserted in one of Tombes’s books.
” 11. “A
tract to prove that true grace doth not lie so much in the
degree, as in the nature.
” This also is inserted in a book,
entitled Sincerity and Hypocrisy, &c. written by William
Sheppard, esq. 12. “The Rights of the Bishops to judge
in capital eases in parliament cleared, &c.
” Lond. A letter (to his clergy) for the putting in execution the Laws against
Dissenters, written in concurrence to that which was drawn
up by the justices of the peace of the county of Bedford,
at the quarter-sessions held at Ampthill for the said county,
Jan. 14, 1684.
” After his decease, sir Peter Pett
lisbed in Several miscellaneous and weighty
cases of conscience, learnedly and judiciously resolved by
the right rev. father in God, Dr. T ho. Barlow, late lord
bishop of Lincoln.
” Sir Peter published also in The genuine Remains of that learned
prelate, Dr. Thomas Barlow, late lord bishop of Lincoln,
containing divers discourses, theological, philosophical,
historical, &c. in letters to several persons of honour and
quality.
” But these two volumes being published without
the knowledge or consent of the bishop’s two chaplains
above-mentioned, to whom he had left all his manuscripts,
with orders that they should not be published, they severely
Reflected upon the publisher, for the unwarrantable liberty
he had taken.
y, among his friends and followers. Having defeated Audre, the Venetian general, he took Brisse, and a lady of that city presenting him with 2,500 pistoles, to prevent
The confidence with which he inspired the troops, and the love which they had for him, were not merely the effects of his courage: they knew that his prudence was not inferior to his valour, and that he never would expose them wantonly or rashly: he was besides so disinterested, that he left the booty wholly to others, without reserving any part of it for himself. One day, when he had taken 15,Ooo ducats of gold from the Spaniards, he gave half of them to capt. Terdieu, and distributed the rest among the soldiers who accompanied him in the expedition. With the same generous spirit he divided 2,400 ounces of silver plate, which he received as a present from the count de Ligny, among his friends and followers. Having defeated Audre, the Venetian general, he took Brisse, and a lady of that city presenting him with 2,500 pistoles, to prevent her house from being pillaged, Jie divided them into three parts; 1000 he gave to each of the two daughters of the lady, to help, as he said, to marry them, and the 500 which remained he caused to be distributed among the poor nunneries that had suffered most in the pillage of the place. In this lady’s house he lodged until he had recovered from a dangerous wound which he received in the action.
m, in 1531, as ambassador to Venice, where he remained near three years, and formed an intrigue with a lady of family in that place, by whom he had the subject of
, father to the above, a gentleman
of family in Anjou, was educated under Budoeus, and
brought up to the profession of the bar. Happening, however, to go to Rome, he studied Greek under Musurus, a,
learned Candiot, and pursued it with such pleasure and
success, that on his return he determined to devote himself
entirely to the study of classical and polite literature.
From this design, however, he was partly diverted by
Francis I. who being made acquainted with his merit, sent
him, in 1531, as ambassador to Venice, where he remained
near three years, and formed an intrigue with a lady of family in that place, by whom he had the subject of the preceding article. After his return to Paris he was made
counsellor of parliament. In 1539 he was sent as ambassador to Germany, and about 1541 was appointed master of
the requests. The abbeys also of Grenetiere and Charroux
were bestowed upon him. Moreri says, that in 1547 he
assisted at the funeral of Francis I. as one of the eight
masters of the requests; but Saxius says that he died in
1545. In order to make his countrymen acquainted with
the Greek drama, he published translations into French
poetry, of the “Electra
” of Sophocles, Hecuba
” of Euripides, De re vestiaria liber,
” Basil,
lly matured, he refused to acknowledge above four of them, namely, Retirement, ode to Hope, elegy on a Lady, and the Hares, and these he almost rewrote before he would
The praise bestowed on this volume was very flattering. The English critics, who then bestowed the rewards of literature, considered it as an acquisition to the republic of letters, and pronounced that since Mr. Gray (whom in their opinion Mr. Bealtie had chosen for his model) they had not met with a poet of more harmonious numbers, more pleasing imagination, or more spirited expression. But notwithstanding praises which so evidently tended to give a currency to the poems, and which were probably repeated with eagerness by the friends who had encouraged the lication, the author, upon more serious consideration, was so dissatisfied with this volume as to destroy every copy he could procure, and some years after, when his taste and judgment hecame fully matured, he refused to acknowledge above four of them, namely, Retirement, ode to Hope, elegy on a Lady, and the Hares, and these he almost rewrote before he would permit them to be printed with the Minstrel.
for this reason, as Baker supposes, her portrait is usually taken in the habit of a nun. All thw for a lady who had had three husbands, and was now advanced in life,
The virtues of this lady are exceedingly celebrated. Her
humility was such, that she would often say, “on condition that the princes of Christendom would combine themselves, and march against the common enemy the Turks,
she would most willingly attend them, and be their laundress in the camp.
” For her chastity, the rev. Mr. Baker,
who republished bishop Fisher’s “Funeral Sermon
” on
her, in To her daughter Richmond, a book of English,
being a legend of saints; a book of French, called Lucun
another book of French, of the epistles and gospels and
a primer with clasps of silver gilt, covered with purple velvet.
” This was a considerable legacy of its kind at that
time, when few of her sex were taught letters; for it has
often been mentioned as an extraordinary accomplishment
in Jane Shore, the darling mistress of Edward IV. that she
could write and read.
f domestic life by marrying the daughter of M. Lavaisse, an advocate of great practice at Thoulouse. A lady of the court called him to Paris about the year 1772, and
He now cultivated literature in peace, and settled himself in the comforts of domestic life by marrying the
daughter of M. Lavaisse, an advocate of great practice at
Thoulouse. A lady of the court called him to Paris about
the year 1772, and wished to fix him there, by procuring
him the place of librarian to the king; but he did not long
enjoy this* promotion; a dropsy in the chest proved fatal
the following yean. He left a son and a daughter. His
works are: 1. “A Defence of Montesquieu’s ' Esprit des
Loix,
” against the author of the “Nouvelles Ecclesiastiques,
” which is inferior to that which the president de
Montesquieu published himself, but for which that writer
expressed his thanks. 2. “Mes Pense*es, ou, Le Qu'en
dira-t-on?
” There have been better poets than
Voltaire; but none have been ever so well rewarded. The
king of Prussia heaps his bounty on men of talents exactly
from the same motives as induce a petty prince of Germany to heap his bounty on a buffoon or a dwarf.
” 3. “The
<f Memoirs of Madame de Maintenon,
” Letters to M. de Voltaire,
” Age of Louis XIV.
” Voltaire
refuted these remarks in a pamphlet entitled “Supplement
to the age of Louis XIV.
” in which he shews it to be an
odious thing to seize upon a work on purpose to disfigure
it. La Beaumelle in 1754 gave out an “Answer to this
Supplement,
” which he re-produced in 1761, under the
title of “Letters.
” To this Voltaire made no reply; but
shortly after stigmatized it in company with several others,
in his infamous poem the “Pucelle,
” where he describes
la Beaumelle as mistaking the pockets of other men for
his own. The writer, thus treated, endeavoured to cancel
the calumny by a decree of the parliament of Thoulouse
but other affairs prevented him from pursuing this. Voltaire, however, had some opinion of his talents; and the
writer of this article has seen a letter of his in which he
says’: “Ce pendard a bien de Pesprit.
” “The rascal has
a good deal of wit.
” La Beaumelle, on the other hand,
said: “Personne n'ecrit mieux que Voltaire.
” “No one
writes better than Voltaire.
” Yet these mutual acknowledgments of merit did not prevent their passing a considerable part of their life in mutual abuse. The abb
Irail informs us, that la Beaumelle being one day asked
why he was continually attacking Voltaire in his books
“Because,
” returned he, “he never spares me in his and
my books sell the better for it.
” It is said, however, that
la Beaumelle would have left off writing against the author
of the Henriade; and even would have been reconciled
with him, had he not imagined that it would be impossible
to disarm his wrath, and therefore he preferred war to an
insecure peace. 5. “Penses de Seneque,
” in Latin and
French, in 12mo, after the manner of the “Pensees de
Ciceron,
” by the abbe d'Olivet, whom he has rather imitated than equalled. 6. “Commentaire sur la Henriade,
”
Paris, Miscellanies,
” also in ms.
among which are some striking pieces. The author had
a natural bent towards satire. His temper was frank and
honest, but ardent and restless. Though his conversation
was instructive, it had not that liveliness which we perceive
in his writings.
to ditto.” 7. “Memorial addressed to the curators of the Bodleian Library,” no date. 8. “A letter to a Lady on the subject of early Instruction, partiticularly that
At this time nothing seemed to interest him more than
the account of the two Giants Causeways, or groups of prismatic basaltine columns, in the Venetian states, in Italy, in
the LXVth volume of the Philosophical Transactions,
communicated by Mr. Strange, long his majesty’s resident at
Venice. Dr. Beddoes’s retirement from Oxford, about
1792, was accelerated by his intemperance in politics, occasioned by the remarkable circumstances of the times. In
the following year he removed to Bristol, where he began
that career of medical and physiological researches, experiments, and lectures, which made him so generally conspicuous, and which appear to have continued with the
most striking zeal and perseverance to the last moment of
his short life, varied according to circumstances, but never
wholly abandoned. In 1798, his Pneumatic Institution
was opened, which very much excited the attention of the
puhlic, although its practical effects were not correspondent
to the high expectations entertained. Various publications
came from his pen in rapid succession, until 1808, when
he was seized with a disorder which proved fatal, Dec. 24, of
that year. This, which was a dropsy of the chest, he had
mistaken for a hepatic disorder. His character, as given by
his learned and affectionate biographer, is highly favourable, but it presents two subjects of regret, the one that
he should have thought it necessary to waste so much time
on the fleeting politics of the day; the other, that in his
many schemes and experimental researches, he was precipitate and unsteady. He was undoubtedly capable of
great things, but too hurried, too sanguine, too unconscious of the lapse of time, and too little aware of the want
of opportunity for any one man to accomplish any very
numerous ends, either of invention or reformation. The
learned world had reason to lament his early death, because
age might have corrected those blemishes or eccentricities of
his character, which prevented his doing justice, even to
his own designs and his own powers. Had he been less
impetuous, less sanguine, and more capable of fixing and
concentrating his views, he might have accomplished
much more good, and left the world much more benefited
by his extraordinary labours and indefatigable diligence.
Of this labour and diligence, the reader may form a correct
notion by the following list of his publications. I. “Translation of Spailanzani’s dissertations on Natural History,
”
Notes to a translation of Bergman’s Physical and Chemical Essays,
” Translation of Bergman’s essay on Elective Attractions,
” Translation of Scheele’s Chemical Essays,
” edited and
corrected by him, Chemical Experiments and
Opinions extracted from a work published in the last century,
” 1790. 6. Three papers in the Philosophical Trail*.
eactions for 1791 and 1792, on “The affinity between Basaltes and Granite the conversion of cast into malleable
i ron and second part to ditto.
” 7. “Memorial addressed
to the curators of the Bodleian Library,
” no date. 8. “A
letter to a Lady on the subject of early Instruction, partiticularly that of the poor,
” Alexander’s Expedition to the Indian Ocean,
” not
published. 10. “Observations on the nature of demonstrative evidence, with reflections on Language,
” Observations on the nature and cure of Calculus,
Sea-scurvy, Catarrh, and Fever,
” History of
Isaac Jenkins,
” a moral fiction, Letters from.
Dr. Withering, Dr. E wart, Dr. Thornton, &c.
” A Guide for self-preservation and parental affection,
”
A proposal for the improvement of Medicine,
”
Considerations on the medicinal use, and on
the production of Factitious Airs:
” parts I. and II. 1794,
part III. 1795, and parts IV. and V, 1796. 17. “Brown’s
elements of Medicine, with a preface and notes,
” Translation from the Spanish, of Gimbernat’s new
method of operating on Femoral Hernia,
” Outline of a plan for determining the medicinal powers
of Factitious Airs,
” A word in defence of the
Bill of Rights against Gagging-bills, 1795. 21.
” Where
would be the harm of a Speedy Peace?“1795. 22.
” An
essay on the public merits of Mr. Pitt,“1796. 23.
” A
letter to Mr. Pitt on the Scarcity,“1796. 24.
” Alternatives
compared, or, What shall the Rich do to be safe?“25.
” Suggestions towards setting on foot the projected establishment for Pneumatic Medicine,“1797. 26.
” Reports
relating to Nitrous Acid,“1797. 27.
” A lecture introductory to a popular course of Anatomy,“1797. 28.
” A
suggestion towards an essential improvement in the Bristol
Infirmary,“1798. 29.
” Contributions to medical and
physical knowledge from the West of England,“1799.
30.
” Popular essay on Consumption,“1799. 31.
” Notice of some observations made at the Pneumatic Institution,“1799. 32.
” A second and third Report on Nitrous
Acid,“1799, 1800. 33.
” Essay on the medical and domestic management of the Consumptive on Digitalis and
on Scrophula,“1801. 34.
” Hygeia or Essays, moral
and medical, on the causes affecting the personal state of
the middling and affluent classes,“1801-2. 35.
” Rules
of the institution for the sick and drooping Poor.“An edition on larger paper was entitled
” Instruction for people
of all capacities respecting their own health and that of
their children,“1803. 36.
” The manual of Health, or
the Invalid conducted safely through the Seasons,“1806.
37.
” On Fever as connected with Inflammation,“1807.
38.
” A letter to sir Joseph Banks, on the prevailing discontents, abuse, and imperfections in Medicine,“1808.
39.
” Good advice for the Husbandman in Harvest, and for
all those who labour hard in hot births; as also for others
who will take it in warm weather," 1808. Besides these,
Dr. Beddoes was a considerable contributor to several of
the medical and literary journals.
made it, and seriously considered the several blessings which God had bestowed upon him. He married a lady of the ancient and honourable family of L‘Estrange, who
The bishop was very moderate in his sentiments, and in.
his methods of enforcing them; he loved to bring men into
the communion of the church of England, but he did not
like compelling them; and it was his opinion, that Protestants would agree well enough if they could be brought to
understand each other. These principles induced him to
promote Mr. Drury’s design, of endeavouring to reconcile
the Lutherans to the Calvinists, a project which had beea
encouraged by many other worthy persons, and towards
which he subscribed twenty pounds a year, to defray the
expences of Mr. Drury’s negociations. The bishop himself, it must be mentioned, was a Calvinist, which Burnet
thinks was the cause of his having so little preferment in
England. He gave another instance, not only of his charity towards, but his ability in, reconciling those of other
communions, to the churches of England and Ireland.
There were some Lutherans at Dublin, who, for not coming to church and taking the sacrament, were cited into the
archbishop’s consistory, upon which they desired time to
write to their divines in Germany, which was given them,
and when their answers came, they contained some exceptions to the doctrine of the church, as not explaining the
presence of Christ in the sacrament, suitable to their sentiments; to which bishop Bedell gave so full and clear, and
withal so moderate and charitable, an answer, as entirely
satisfied their objections, insomuch that those divines advised their countrymen to join in communion with the
church, which they accordingly did. In this mild and prudent way our prelate conducted his charge, with great reputation to himself, and with the general approbation of all
good men, who were perfectly pleased with his doctrine,
and edified by his example. When the bloody rebellion
broke out in October 1641, the bishop did not at first feel
the violence of its effects; for even those rebels, who in
their conduct testified so little of humanity, professed a
great veneration for him, and openly declared he should be
the last Englishman they would drive out of Ireland. His
was the only English house in the county of Cavan that was
unviolated, notwithstanding that it, and its out-buildings,
the church, and the church-yard, were filled with people
who fled to him for shelter, whom, by his preaching and
prayers, he encouraged to expect and endure the worst
with patience. In the mean time, Dr. Swiney, the Popish
titular bishop of Kilmore, came to Cavan, and pretended
great concern and kindness for bishop Bedell. Our prelate had converted his brother, and kept him in his house
till he could otherwise provide for him; and Dr. Swiney
desired likewise to lodge in his house, assuring him in the
strongest terms of his protection. But this bishop Bedell
declined, in a very civil and well-written Latin letter, urging the smallness of his house, the great number of people
that had taken shelter with him, the sickness of some of his
company, and of his son in particular, but above all, the
difference in their ways of worship, which could not but be
attended with great inconveniency. This had some effect
for a time; but about the middle of December, the rebels,
pursuant, to orders they had received from their council of
state at Kilkenny, required him to dismiss the people that
were with him, which he absolutely refused to do, declaring that he would share the same fate with the rest. They
signified to him upon this, that they had orders to remove
him; to which he answered, in the words of David, “Here
I am, the Lord do unto me as seemeth good to him; the
will of the Lord be done.
” Upon this they seized him, his
two sons, and Mr. Clogy, who had married his step-daughter, and carried them prisoners to the castle of Cloughboughter, surrounded by a deep water, were they put
them all but the bishop in irons. They did not suffer any
of them to carry any thing with them; and the moment the
bishop was gone, Dr. Swiney took possession of his house
and all that belonged to it, and said mass in the church the
Sunday following. After some time the rebels abated of
their severity, took the irons off the prisoners, and suffered
them to be as much at their ease as they could be in so
wretched a place; for the winter was very rigorous, and
the castle being old and ruinous, they would have been exposed to all the severity of the weather, if it had not been
for an honest carpenter who was imprisoned there before
them, and who made use of a few old boards he found there,
to mend a part of the roof, the better to defend them from
the snow and sleet. While thus confined, the bishop, his
sons, and Mr Clogy, preached and prayed continually to
their small and afflicted congregation, and upon Christmas
day his lordship administered the sacrament to them. It is
very remarkable, that.rude and barbarous as the Irish were,
they gave them no disturbance in the performance of divine
service, and often told the bishop they had no personal
quarrel to him, but that the sole cause of their confining
him was, his being an Englishman. After being kept in
this manner for three weeks, the bishop, his two sons, and
Mr. Clogy, were exchanged for two of the O'Rourkes; but
though it was agreed that they should be safely conducted
to Dublin, yet the rebels would never suffer them to be
carried out of the country, but sent them to the house of
Dennis Sheridan, an Irish minister, and convert to the
Protestant religion, to which though he steadily adhered,
and relieved many who fled to him for protection, yet the
Irish suffered him to live quietly among them, on account
of the great family from which he was descended. While
our prelate remained there, and enjoyed some degree of
health, he every Sunday read the prayers and lessons, and
preached himself, though there were three ministers with
him. The last Sunday he officiated was the 30th of Jan.
and the day following he was taken ill. On the second day
it appeared that his disease was an ague; and on the fourth,
apprehending a speedy change, he called for his sons and
his sons’ wives, spoke to them a considerable time, gave
them much spiritual advice, and blessed them, after which
he spoke little, but slumbered out most of his time, only
by intervals he seemed to awake a little, and was then very
cheerful. At length, on the 7th of February, 1641, about
midnight, he breathed his last, in the seventy-first year of
his age, his death being chiefly occasioned by his late imprisonment, and the weight of sorrows which lay upon his
mind. The only care now remaining to his friends was, to
see him buried according to his desire; and since that
could not be obtained but by the new intruding bishop’s
leave, Mr. Clogy and Mr. Sheridan went to ask it, and Mr.
Dillon was prevailed with by his wife, to go and second
their desire. They found the bishop in a state of beastly
intoxication, and a melancholy change in that house, which
was before a house of prayer. The bishop, when he was
awakened out of his drunkenness, excepted a little to their
request, and said the church-yard was holy ground, and
was no more to be defiled with heretics’ bodies; yet he
consented to it at last. Accordingly, February L>, he was
buried next his wife’s coffin. The Irish did him unusual
honours at his burial, for the chief of the rebels gathered
their forces together, and with them accompanied his body
from Mr. Sheridan’s house to the church-yard of Kilmore in
great solemnity, and they desired Mr. Clogy to bury him
according to the office prescribed by the church. But
though the gentlemen were so civil as to offer it, yet it was
not thought advisable to provoke the rabble so much, as
perhaps that might have done; so it was passed over. But
the Irish discharged a volley of shot at his interment, and
cried out in Latin, “Requiescat in pace ultimus Anglorum,
” ‘ May the last of the English rest in peace;’ for
they had often said, that as they esteemed him the best of
the English bishops, so he should be the last that should be
left among them. What came from Edmund Farilly, a Popish priest, at the interment of the bishop, is too remarkable, and is too well attested, to be passed over, who cried
out, “O sit anima mea cum Bedello,
” ‘ I would to God
my soul were with Bedell’s.’ Our prelate had long before
prepared for death, as appears by his will, dated the 15th of
February, 1640, in which there are several legacies, that
shew he had recollected all the memorable passages of his
life before he made it, and seriously considered the several
blessings which God had bestowed upon him. He married
a lady of the ancient and honourable family of L‘Estrange,
who was the widow of the recorder of St. Edmundsbury, a
woman exemplary in her life, humble and modest in her
behaviour, and singular in many excellent qualities, particularly in an extraordinary reverence to him. She bore
him three sons and a daughter. One of the sons and the
daughter died young; only William and Ambrose survived,
for whom he made no provision, but a benefice of eighty
pounds a-year for the eldest and worthy son of such a father, and an estate of sixty pounds a-year for the youngest,
who did not take to learning. This was the only purchase
he made. His wife died three years before the rebellion
broke out, and he preached her funeral sermon himself,
with such a mixture both of tenderness and moderation,
that he drew tears from all his auditors. He was an enemy
to burying in the church, thinking that there was both superstition and pride in it, and believing it was a great annoyance to the living, to have so much of the steam of dead
bodies rising about them. One of the canons in his synod
was against burying in churches, and he often wished that
burying’ places were removed out of all towns. He chose
the least frequented place of the church-yard of Kilmore
for his wife to lie in, and by his will ordered, that he should
be placed next to her, with this inscription:
ir, we have some reason to think, was drawn up for the preceding edition of this work, by his widow, a lady who claims some notice on her own account. She died at
This memoir, we have some reason to think, was drawn
up for the preceding edition of this work, by his widow, a
lady who claims some notice on her own account. She died
at Kensington, Nov. 4, 1800, leaving a character rather
difficult to appreciate. In 1797, she published the “Poems
”
of her son George Monck Berkeley, esq. in a magnificent
quarto volume, with a very long, rambling preface of anecdotes and remarks, amidst which she exhibits many traits
of her own character. She was unquestionably a lady of
considerable talents, but her fancy was exuberant, and her
petty resentments were magnified into an importance visible perhaps only to herself. She had accumulated a stock
of various knowledge, understood French perfectly and
spoke it fluently. She likewise read Spanish and Hebrew,
and always took her Spanish Prayer-book with her to
church. This was but one of her peculiarities. In conversation, as in writing, she was extremely entertaining,
except to those who wished also to entertain; and her stories and anecdotes, although given in correct and fluent
language, lost much or their effect, sometimes from length,
and sometimes from repetition. She had, however, a warm
friendly heart, amidst all her oddities and her very numerous contributions to the Gentleman’s Magazine contain no small portion of entertainment and information.
Her son, the above-mentioned George Monck Berkeley,
published in 1789, an amusing volume of anecdote and
biography, under the title of “Literary Kelics.
”
th on his own account and that of his "mother, whom he always tenderly loved. But at length he found a lady to his mind, and all those different passions that had
Amidst so much study and so many employments, Beroaldo had his relaxations, which do not add so much to his reputation. He was fond of the pleasures of the table, and passionately addicted to play, to which he sacrificed all he was worth. He was an ardent votary of the fair sex; and thought no pains nor expence too great for accomplishing his wishes. He dreaded wedlock, both on his own account and that of his "mother, whom he always tenderly loved. But at length he found a lady to his mind, and all those different passions that had agitated the youth of Beroaldo were appeased the moment he was married. The mild and engaging manners of his bride inspired him with prudence and oeconomy. Beroaldo was from that time quite another man. Regular, gentle, polite, beneficent, envious of no one, doing no one wrong, and speaking no evil, giving merit its due, unambitious of honours, and content with humbly accepting such as were offered him. He had scarcely an enemy, except George Merula, whose jealousy was roused by Beroaldo’s admiration of Politian, whom himself once admired, and afterwards took every opportunity to traduce as a scholar. Beroaldo’s weak state of health brought on premature old age, and he died of a fever, which was considered as too slight for advice, July 7,1505. His funeral was uncommonly pompous; the body, robed in silk and crowned with laurel, was followed by all persons of literary or civic distinction at Bologna.
ct and cold criticism may lay, will not soon be forgiven in Italy. 7.” Letters on the Fine Arts from a lady to her friend, &c.“8. His” Poetry,“containing seven small
His principal works, according to his own arrangement
in the edition above mentioned are, 1. “Ragionamend
filosofici
” con anuotazioni,“a work both religious, moral,
and philosophical. 2.
” Dell' entusiasmo delle belle arti“the professed design of which was to maintain and revive
the studies of imagination; but Bettinelli was not himself
a decided enthusiast, and instead of the fire of imagination, we have here much of the coldness of method. 3.
Eight
” Dialoghi d'amore,“in which he expatiates on the
influences which imagination, vanity, friendship, marriage,
honour, ambition, science, &c. produce on that passion.
In this work is an eloge on Petrarch, one of his most happy
compositions. 4.
” Risorgirnento negli stucii, nelle arti e
ne' costumi dopo il mille.“This in Italy is considered as
a superficial view of the revival of arts and sciences after
the tenth century, and as interfering with Tiraboschi, who
was then employed on the same subject, but to those who
may think Tiraboschi’s work, what it certainly is, insufferably tedious, this will afford much useful information in a
shorter compass. The dissertation on Italian poetry is
particularly valuable. 5.
” Delle lettere e delle arti Mantovane lettere ed arti Modenesi,“an excellent work as
far as regards the literary history of Mantua, which was
now, if we mistake not, written for the first time. 6.
” Lettere dieci di Virgilio agli Arcadi.“Of these letters we
have already spoken, and his attack on Dante and Petrarch, although not altogether without such a foundation as
strict and cold criticism may lay, will not soon be forgiven
in Italy. 7.
” Letters on the Fine Arts from a lady to her
friend, &c.“8. His
” Poetry,“containing seven small
poems, or
” poemetti,“six epistles in familiar verse, sonnets, &c. In all these he is rather an elegant, easy, and
ingenious poet, than a great one. His
” Raccolte“is a
spirited satire on the insipid collections of verses so common in Italy. 9.
” Tragedies,“entitled Xerxes, Jonathan,
Demetrius, Poliorcetes, and Rome saved, with some French
letters, and an Italian dissertation on Italian tragedy. The
” Rome saved“is a translation from Voltaire, indifferently
performed. He also wrote three other tragedies, but inferior to the former, in which there is an evident attempt
at the manner of Racine. 10.
” Lettere a Lesbia Cidonia
sopra gli epigrammi,“consisting of twenty-five letters, with
epigrams, madrigals, and other small pieces, some translated and some original. 11. An
” Essay on Eloquence,“with other essays, letters, miscellanies,
” &c. As a poet,
critic, metaphysician, and historian, Bettinelii’s merit is
esteemed by his countrymen as of the first rate and with
respect to the art of composition, they account him one of
the purest and most elegant writers of the last century,
one of the few who laboured to preserve the genuine Italian idiom from any foreign mixture.
ttera,” Verona, 1731, and an improved edition, Rome, 1743, 8vo. This curious dissertation relates to a lady of rank who was found in her room reduced to ashes, except
, nephew of the preceding, priest
of the oratory of St. Philip de Neri, was also a learned
antiquary. He was born at Verona Sept. 9, 1704, the
son of John Baptist, brother to Francis Bianchini, and was
educated under the eye of his uncle in the college of Montefiascone. Before 1725, he was promoted to a canonry
in the cathedral, and a prebendal stall in St. Luke, and
was soon after appointed librarian to the chapter: but in
1732 he resigned that and his benefices, and entered into
the congregation of the oratory at Rome, where he divided his time between the pious duties of that order, and
his literary researches, particularly in what related to history and ecclesiastical antiquities. His first publication
was, 1. The fourth and concluding volume of his uncle’s
edition of Anastasius Bibliothecarius, Rome, 1735, fol.
2. “Viridiciae canonicarum Scripturarum vulgatse Latinoe
editionis,
” Rome, Evangeliarum
quadruplex Latinse versionis antiquoe, seu veteris Italicte,
nunc primum in lucem editum ex codd. Mss. aureis, argenteis, &c. aliisque plusquam millenariae antiquitatis,
”
Rome, 1749, fol. This may be considered as a part of
the preceding. 4. “Demonstratio historiae ecclesiasticse
quadripartitae monumentis ad fidem temporum et gestorum,
” ibid, Delle porte e mura di Roma, con illustrazioni,
” ibid.
Parere sopra la cagione della morte della
sig. contessa Cornelia Zangari, esposto in una lettera,
”
Verona,
presented by George Pitt, esq. (the late lord Rivers) to the rectory of Pimpern, Dorset, he married a lady to whom he had been some time engaged, by whom he had three
Patronized by Mr. Potinger, his grandfather, who very
early discovered his promising talents and amiable disposition, he was at 12 years of age sent to the king’s college
at Westminster and by his unremitting industry so improved his abilities, that he was elected, before he had
reached his 17th year, student of Christ-church in Oxford.
Being here valued on account of his literary attainments,
and justly beloved for the urbanity of his manners, he was
within four years from his matriculation, elected fellow of
All Souls’ college, where he had an opportunity of cultivating a sincere and unalterable friendship with many gentlemen of the most distinguished reputation and it has
been justly remarked to'-his honour and credit, that he never
made an acquaintance by whom he was not highly respected, or formed an intimacy that was not permanent. The
late excellent judge, sir William Blackstone, who was his
friend and contemporary, and whom he not a little assisted
in his “Stemmata Chicheliana,
” well knew his worth, and
kept up a correspondence with him, with a sincerity and
fervour unaltered and undiminished, to the last hour of his
life. In 1745-6, when party ran high, and the Pretender
had made incursions into England, he served the office of
proctor in the university, and conducted himself in those
troublesome times with a proper spirit and resolution, as
became an upright magistrate and a good man. Being a
few years after, on the death of the rev. Christopher Pitt,
the excellent translator of Virgil’s Æneid, presented by
George Pitt, esq. (the late lord Rivers) to the rectory of
Pimpern, Dorset, he married a lady to whom he had been
some time engaged, by whom he had three children, a
daughter and two sons but his wife, whom he doated on,
with the tenderest affection, was, after the death of her
youngest child, seized with an illness which terminated in
a dropsy, and brought her to the grave in the 36th year of
her age. She was buried, in 1756, in the chancel of the
parish-church of Pimpern.
or ever, Mr. Blackburne was duly sensible and one day, a few weeks before his death, conversing with a lady then resident at Richmond, one of the most amiable and
"Of all this, in his last years, especially when he had retired from the business of controversy, and looked back on the scene which he had quitted for ever, Mr. Blackburne was duly sensible and one day, a few weeks before his death, conversing with a lady then resident at Richmond, one of the most amiable and excellent of her sex, he acknowledged, with great earnestness, that some things which he had written and published in the course of his life he was afraid might have been too warmly or too hastily advanced. Yet no scholar, perhaps, was ever more industrious and indefatigable in the investigation both of facts and of arguments, or less precipitate in delivering his researches to the public, than archdeacon Blackburne.
, a lady remarkable both for her knowledge of the Hebrew language,
, a lady remarkable both for her knowledge of the Hebrew language, and for a peculiar skilfulness in writing it, was born about the time of the restoration, and was daughter and heir of Mr. Robert Fisher of Long-acre. April 26, 1681, she married Mr. Nathanael Bland (then a linen-draper in London, afterwards lord of the manor of Beeston in Yorkshire), by whom she had six children, who all died in their infancy, excepting one son named Joseph, and a daughter called Martha, who was married to Mr. George Moore of Beeston. She was instructed in the Hebrew language by the lord Van Helmont, which she understood to such a degree of perfection, that she taught it to her son and daughter.
robably allow. After the death of his wife, he became enamoured of her sister, who, we are told, was a lady of great beauty, wit, good humour, virtue, and discretion,
We now draw near to his death, which corresponded
more closely with his principles than his friends and admirers will probably allow. After the death of his wife,
he became enamoured of her sister, who, we are told, was
a lady of great beauty, wit, good humour, virtue, and discretion, and who is said not to have been insensible on her
side, but scrupulous only as to the lawfulness of the thing he
proposed, viz. marrying her after her sister. Our author
wrote a letter on this subject, in which he states the case
as of a third person, and treats it with some ingenuity. It
is also said that he applied himself to the archbishop of
Canterbury, and other divines, who having decided against
his opinion, and the lady consequently becoming inflexible,
it threw him into a fit of despair, which ended in a frenzy,
so that he shot himself in the head. The wound, however,
did not prove inured lately mortal he lived after it some
clays and retaining still his passion for that lady, he would
receive nothing hut from her hands during that period.
He died in the month of August, 1693, and was interred
with his family in the church of Ridge, in Hertfordshire.
After Mr. Blount’s decease, abundance of his private letters were published in a work called “The Oracles of
Reason,
” compiled by Mr. Gildon, who in his preface gives
seme account of our author, in a letter addressed to a ladv,
in which he defends Mr. Blount’s manner of dying, and
threatens to follow his example but he lived to change
his opinions afterwards. These “Oracles of Reason
” were
afterwards printed with several of our author’s pieces,
under the title of “The miscellaneous works of Charles
Blount, esq.
”
ueen Elizabeth; and in 1585, married Anne, daughter of Mr. Carew, of Bristol, and widow of Mr. Ball, a lady of considerable fortune. Soon after, he was employed by
Upon the accession of queen Elizabeth in 1558, he returned into England with his father 'and family, who
settled at London and soon after, he was sent to Magdalen college, in Oxford, under the tuition of Dr. Humphrey, afterwards president of that society. In 1563he took
the degree of B. A. and the same year was chosen probationer of Merton college, and the year following admitted
fellow. In 1565, by persuasion of some of the fellows,
he undertook the public reading of a Greek lecture in the
hall of that college, which he continued for some time
without expecting or requiring any stipend but afterwards
the society of their own accord allowed him a salary of
four marks per annum and from that time continued the
lecture to the college. In 1566 he took the degree of
M. A. and the same year read natural philosophy in the
public schools. In 1569 he was elected one of the proctors of the university and after that, for a considerable
time, supplied the place of university orator. Hitherto
Mr. Bodley applied himself to the study of various faculties, without the inclination to profess any one more than
the rest; but, in 1576, being desirous to improve himself
in the modern languages, and to qualify himself for public
business, he began his travels, and spent nearly four years
in visiting France, Germany, and Italy. Afterwards, returning to his college, he applied himself to the study of
history and politics. In 1583 he was made gentleman
usher to queen Elizabeth; and in 1585, married Anne,
daughter of Mr. Carew, of Bristol, and widow of Mr. Ball,
a lady of considerable fortune. Soon after, he was employed by queen Elizabeth in several embassies to Frederick king of Denmark, Julius duke of Brunswick, William landgrave of Hesse, and other German princes, to
erfgage them to join their forces with those of the English,
for the assistance of the king of Navarre, afterwards
Henry IV. of France and having discharged that commission, he was sent to king Henry III. at the time when
that prince was forced by the duke of Guise to quit Paris.
This commission, he tells us, he performed with extraordinary secrecy, not being accompanied by any one servant,
(for so he was commanded), nor with any other letters
than such as were written with the queen’s own hand to
the king, and some select persons about him. “The effect,
” he adds, “of that message it is fit I should conceal;
but it tended greatly to the advantage of all the Protestants
in France, and to the duke’s apparent overthrow, which
also followed soon upon it.
” Camden says nothing more
of this embassy than that queen Elizabeth “not only assisted the king of Navarre, when he was entangled in a
dangerous and difficult war, with money and other military
provisions, but sent over sir Thomas Bodley to support or
encourage the French king when his affairs seemed to be
in a very desperate condition.
”
though so well qualified for it, until late in life. His first performance was entitled “A Letter to a lady on Cardplaying on the Lord’s day, 8vo, 1748; setting forth
Being chosen senior fellow of Dulwich college, he went
to reside there, March 10, 1722, where he remained three
years, and resigned his fellowship May 1, 1725. About
this time he removed to Kensington, living upon a small
fortune he possessed; and here he appears to have become
acquainted with the celebrated Whiston; and partly, as it
is said, by his recommendation, became known to sir Joseph Jekyll, master of the rolls, by whom he was appointed his domestic chaplain, and, in 1729, preacher at
the Rolls, on the resignation of Dr. Butler, afterwards
bishop of Durham. This connection introduced him to
the patronage of lord Hardwicke, by whose means, in 1734,
he was promoted to the deanery of Carlisle, and, in 1738,
to the vicarage of St. Mary’s Reading. He had his degree
of doctor of civil law from the archbishop of Canterbury,
Jan. 13, 1734, and went to reside at Carlisle in 1736. Both
these preferments, the only ones he ever received, he held
until the time of his death. He was an excellent parishpriest, and a good preacher, charitable to the poor, and
having from his own valetudinary state acquired some knowledge of physic, he kindly assisted them by advice and
medicine. He was greatly beloved by his parishioners,
and deservedly; for he performed every part of his duty
in a truly exemplary manner. On Easter Tuesday in 173y
he preached one of the spital sermons at St. Bride’s, Fleet'
street, which was afterwards printed in 4to, but we do
not find that he aspired to the character of an author,
though so well qualified for it, until late in life. His first
performance was entitled “A Letter to a lady on Cardplaying on the Lord’s day, 8vo, 1748; setting forth in a
lively and forcible manner the many evils attending the
practice of gaming on Sundays, and of an immoderate attachment to that fatal pursuit at any time. In 1750 appeared
” The Employment of Time, three essays,“8vo,
dedicated to lord Hardwicke; the most popular of our
author’s performances, and, on its original publication,
generally ascribed to Gilbert West. In this work two distinguished and exemplary female characters are supposed
to be those of lady Anson and lady Heathcote, lord Hardwicke' s daughters. The next year, 1751, produced
” The
Deity’s delay in punishing the guilty considered on the
principles of reason,“8vo; and in 1755,
” An answer to
the question, Where are your arguments against what you
call lewdness, if you can make no use of the Bible?“8vo.
Continuing to combat the prevailing vices of the times, he
published in 1757,
” A Letter to an officer of the army
on Travelling on Sundays,“8vo; and, in the same year,
” The Ghost of Ernest, great grandfather of her royal
highness the princess dowager of Wales, with some account of his life,“8vo. Each of the above performances
contains good sense, learning, philanthropy, and religion,
and each of them is calculated for the advantage of society.
The last work which Dr. Bolton gave the public was not
the least valuable. It was entitled
” Letters and Tracts on
the Choice of Company, and other subjects,“1761, 8vo.
This he dedicated to his early patron, lord Hardwicke, to
whom he had inscribed The Employment of Time, and
who at this period was no longer chancellor. In his address
to this nobleman he says,
” An address to your lordship on
this occasion in the usual style would as ill suit your inclinations as it doth my age and profession. We are both of
us on the confines of eternity, and should therefore alike
make truth our care, that truth which, duly influencing our
practice, will be the security of our eternal happiness.
Distinguished by my obligations to your lordship, I
would be so by my acknowledgments of them: I would not
be thought to have only then owned them when they might
have been augmented. Whatever testimony I gave of
respect to you when in the highest civil office under your
prince, I would express the same when you have resigned
it; and shew as strong an attachment to lord Hardwicke as
I ever did to the lord chancellor. Receive, therefore,
a tribute of thanks, the last which I am ever likely in this
manner to pay. But I am hastening to my grave, with a
prospect which must be highly pleasing to me, unless divested of all just regard to those who survive me."
88, he published his commentary on the feudal law of Venice. After the death of his wife, he married a lady of Padua, where he was admitted to the rank of citizenship,
, an eminent Italian lawyer, poet,
and historian, was born in 1547, at Rovigo in the state of
Venice, and educated at Padua, where, during his lawstudies, he composed some pieces for the theatre which
were much approved. After marrying at Trevisa, or Trevigni, Elizabeth Martinagi, the daughter and heiress of
Marc Antonio, he settled in that place, of which he wrote
the history, and acquired so much reputation that the republic of Venice bestowed on him the office of judge’s
counsellor or assessor, the duties of which he executed
with great probity; and during his holding it wrote his
law tracts. In 1588, he published his commentary on the
feudal law of Venice. After the death of his wife, he
married a lady of Padua, where he was admitted to the
rank of citizenship, and where he resided for the remainder of his life. He died June 23, 1635, at a very advanced age, and was buried in the church of St. James,
with a modest inscription written by himself in 1630. His
principal writings are, 1. “Storia Trevigiana,
” Trevisi,
Letiere Famigliari,
” Rovigo, Orazione
&c. per dirizzare una Statua a Celio Ricchiero Rodigino,
”
ibid. Lezione sopra im Sonetto del Petrarca,
” ibid. Lezione sopra un altro Sonetto del Petrarca,
” ibid. L'arte de
Cenni,
” Vicenza, Discorso del modo
di ben formare a questo tempo una Tragedia,
” Padua,
Discorso sopra la sua Impresa neli'
Accademia Filarmonica,
” ibid. La Re^
publica delle Api, con la quale si dimostra il modo di ben
formare un nuovo Governo Democratico,
” Rovigo, 1627,
4to. 10. “Comentario sopra la legge dell' Senato Veneta,
&c.
” ibid. Comment,
de Furtis, et de componendis Epitaphiis,
” but without
giving the exact titles or dates.
, a lady who was born at Paris in 1718, and died in the same city
, a lady who was born at Paris in 1718, and died in the same city April 18, 1768, had received from nature a good understanding and an excellent taste, which were cultivated by a suitable education. She possessed the foreign languages, and was mistress of all the delicate turns of her own. It is to her that the French are indebted for a translation, said to be accurate and elegant, of Thomson’s Seasons, 1759, 12mo. Madame Bontems had a select society that frequented her house, and though she had a great talent for wit, she only made use of it for displaying that of others. She was not less esteemed for the qualities of her heart than those of her mind.
f; a character he was eminently qualified to support. This year he married miss Margaret Montgomery, a lady who, to the advantages of a polite education, united admirable
The politeness, affability, and insinuating urbanity of
manners, which distinguished Mr. Boswell, introduced him
into the company of many eminent and learned men, whose
acquaintance and friendship he cultivated with the greatest
assiduity. In truth, the esteem and approbation of learned
men seem to have been one chief object of his literary ambition; and we find him so successful in pursuing his end,
that he enumerated some of the greatest men in Scotland
among his friends even before he left it for the first time.
Notwithstanding Mr. Boswell by his education was intended
for the bar, yet he was himself earnestly bent at this period upon obtaining a commission in the guards, and solicited lord Auchinleck’s acquiescence; but returned, however, by his desire, into Scotland, where he received a regular course of instruction in the law, and passed his trials
as a civilian at Edinburgh. Still, however, ambitious of
displaying himself as one of the “manly hearts who guard
the fair,
” he visited London a second time in 1762; and,
various occurrences delating the purchase of a commission, he was at length persuaded by lord Auchinleck to relinquish his pursuit, and become an advocate at the Scotch
bar. In compliance, therefore, with his father’s wishes,
he consented to go to Utrecht the ensuing winter, to hear
the lectures of an excellent civilian in that university; after
which he had permission to make his grand tour of Europe.
The year 1763 may be considered the most important
epocha in Mr. Boswell’s life, as he had, what he thought a
singular felicity, an introduction to Dr. Johnson. This
event, so auspicious for Mr. Boswel!, and eventually so
fortunate for the public, happened on May 16, 1763.
Having continued one winter at Utrecht, during which
time he visited several parts of the Netherlands, he commenced his projected travels. Passing from Utrecht into
Germany, he pursued his route through Switzerland to Geneva; whence he crossed the Alps into Italy, having visited
on his journey Voltaire at Ferney, and Rousseau in the
wilds of Neufchatel. Mr. Bosweli continued some time in
Italy, where he met and associated with lord Mountstuart,
to whom he afterwards dedicated his Theses Juridicae.
Having visited the most remarkable cities in Italy, Mr.
Bosweli sailed to Corsica, travelled over every part of that
island, and obtained the friendship of the illustrious Pasquale de Paoli, in whose palace he resided during his stay
at Corsica. He afterwards went to Paris, whence he returned to Scotland in 1766, and soon after became an advocate at the Scotch bar. The celebrated Douglas cause
was at that time a subject of general discussion. Mr. Boswell published the “Essence of the Douglas cause;
” a
pamphlet which contributed to procure Mr. Douglas the
popularity which he at that time possessed. In 1768 Mr.
Bosweli published his “Account of Corsica, with memoirs
of General Paoli.
” Of this printed performance Dr. Johnson thus expresses himself: “Your journal is curious and
delightful. I know not whether I could name any narrative by which curiosity is better excited or better gratified.
”
This book has been translated into the German, Dutch,
Italian, and French languages; and was received with extraordinary approbation. In the following winter, the theatre-royal at Edinburgh, hitherto restrained by party -spirit,
was opened. On this occasion Mr. Bosweli was solicited
by David Ross, esq. to write a prologue.‘ The effect of
this prologue upon the audience was highly flattering to the
author, and beneficial to the manager; as it secured to the
latter, by the annihilation of the opposition which had
been till that time too successfully’exerted against him,
the uninterrupted possession of his patent, which he enjoyed till his death, which happened in September 1790.
Mr. Bosweli attended his funeral as chief mourner, and
paid the last honours to a man with whom he had spent
many a pleasant hour.
In 1769, was celebrated at Stratford on Avon the jubilee
in honour of Shakspeare. Mr. Boswell. an enthusiastic admirer of the writings of our immortal bard, a. id ever ready
to join the festive throng, repaired thither, and appeared
at the masquerade ay an armed Corsican chief; a character
he was eminently qualified to support. This year he married miss Margaret Montgomery, a lady who, to the advantages of a polite education, united admirable good
sense and a brilliant understanding. She was daughter of
David Montgomery, esq. related to the illustrious family
of Eglintoune, and representative of the antient peerage
of Lyle. The death of this amiable woman happened in
June 1790. Mr. Boswell has honoured her memory with
an affectionate tribute. She left him two sons and three
daughters; who, to use Mr. Boswell' s own words, “if
they inherit her good qualities, will have no reason to
complain of their lot. Dos magna parentum virtus.
” In
1782 lord Auchinleck died. In 1783, Mr. Boswell published his celebrated Letter to the People of Scotland;
which is thus praised by Johnson in a letter to the author;
“I am very much of your opinion your paper contains
very considerable knowledge of history and the constitution, very properly produced and applied.
” Mr. Boswell
communicated the pamphlet to Mr. Pitt, who naturally
gave it his approbation. This first letter was followed by
a second, in which I.Ii. Bosweil displayed his usual energy
and political abilities. In 1785, Mr. Boswell published
“A journal of a tour to the Hebrides
” with Dr. Johnson;
which met a success similar to his entertaining account of
Corsica, and to which we owe his life of that illustrious
character. This year Mr. Boswell removed to London,
and was soon after called to the English bar, but his professional business was interrupted by preparing his most
celebrated work, “The life of Samuel Johnson, LL. D.
”
which was published in 1790, and was received by the
world with extraordinary avidity. It is a faithful history
of Johnson’s life; and exhibits a most interesting picture
of the character of that illustrious mom list, delineated with
a masterly hand. The preparation of a second edition of
this work was the last literary performance of Mr. Boswell.
Mr. Boswell undoubtedly possessed considerable intellectual powers; as he could never have displayed his collection of the witticisms of his friend in so lively a manner as
he has done, without having a picturesque imagination,
and a turn for poetry as well as humour. He had a considerable share of melancholy in his temperament; and,
though the general tenor of his life was gay and active, he
frequently experienced an unaccountable depression of
spirits. In one of these gloomy moods he wrote a series
of essays under the title of “The Hypochondriac,
” which
appeared in the London Magazine, and end with No. 63
in 1732. These he had thoughts of collecting into a volume, but they would have added little to his reputation,
being in general very trifling. Soon after his return from
a visit to Auchinleck, he was seized with a disorder which
put an end to his life, at his house in Portland-street, on
the 19th of June 1795, in the 55th year of his age. Of
his own character he gives the following account in his
journal of the tour to the Hebrides: “I have given a
sketch of Dr. Johnson. His readers may wish to know a
little of his fellow-traveller. Think, then, of a gentleman
of ancient blood; the pride of which was his predominant
passion. He was then in his 33d year, and had been about
four years happily married: his inclination was to be a
soldier; but his father, a respectable judge, had pressed
him into the profession of the law. He had travelled a
good deal, and seen many varieties of human life. He
had thought more than any body supposed, and had a
pretty good stock of general learning and knowledge. He
had all Dr. Johnson’s principles, with some degree of relaxation. He had rather too little than too much prudence;
and, his imagination being lively, he often said things of
which the effect was very different from the intention. He
resembled sometimes * The best good maH, with the worstnatured muse.‘ He cannot deny himself the vanity of
finishing with the encomium of Dr. Johnson, whose friendly
partiality to the companion of this tour represents him as
one ’ whose acuteness would help my enquiry, and whose
gaiety of conversation, and civility of manners, are sufficient to counteract the inconveniencies of travel, in countries less hospitable than we have passed'.
”
, a lady, who merits some notice as a specimen of French female
, a lady, who
merits some notice as a specimen of French female piety in
former days, was born Jan. 8, 1618. Her parents, who
were of noble rank, and distinguished for their piety, gave
her a suitable education, and from the age of five she was
brought up with one of her aunts in the abbey royal of the
Holy Trinity at Caen. When eleven, at her own earnest request, she was admitted to take the habit, and such was her
wise conduct, that only four years after, she was appointed
mistress of the novices. She was soon after chosen prioress, and then commenced her great work, the “Annee Benedictine,
” or lives of the saints, the application to which,
however, did not make her relax from the duties of her office. One of the consequences of her biographical labours,
was a more enlarged sense of what, in her opinion, she
ought to do, and to be, after the example of the Saints
whose lives she was writing. She blushed, we are told, to
praise and to record what she did not practise (not a common feeling among biographers), and although she knew
that the kingdom of heaven was not to be gained by abstinence from certain meats, yet she firmly believed that in
order to be the exact imitator of St. Benedict, she must
join that privation to her other rules: and had an occasion
to bring her principles to the test, when the duchess of
Mecklenburgh formed the design of a new establishment at
Chatillon of the female Benedictines of the Holy Sacrament, and requested her to be one of the number. Madame Bouette assented, although then sixty years old, and
from the rank of prioress in the abbey of St. Trinity, condescended to the humble state of a novice in this new establishment, and afterwards preferred the lowest place in it
to the rank of abbess which was afterwards offered to her.
In her last days, her strength, bodily and mental, decayed:
she became blind, and lame, and lost the use of speech,
in which state she died March 24, 1696, leaving the following momuments of her industry: 1. “L‘ Annie Benedictine, ou, Les Vies des Saints de l’ordre de St. Benoit,
”
Paris, 1667, 7 vols. 4to. 2. “Eloges de plusieurs personnes illustres en piete de l'ordre de St. Benoit,
” 2 vols.
4to. 3. “Vie de Fourrier de Matin court.
” 4. “Exercices de la Mort.
” 5. “Vies des Saintes,
” 2 vols. fol. 6.
“Monologue historique de la Mere de Dieu,
” Paris,
ty to extravagance had already reduced him to considerable embarrassments, when, in 1777, he married a lady of good fortune; but this relief was only temporary; for
, a writer who
would scarcely have deserved notice, if he had not been
obtruded on the public as the author of Junius’s Letters,
was the second son of Alexander Macauley, esq. of the
county of Antrim, in Ireland. He was born in 1746; was
educated at Trinity college, Dublin; and was designed
for the bar; but, instead of prosecuting his original views,
came over to London, where, under the patronage of Mr.
Richard Burke, he soon became known both in the literary
and fashionable world. A propensity to extravagance had
already reduced him to considerable embarrassments,
when, in 1777, he married a lady of good fortune; but
this relief was only temporary; for the same expensive
habits still continued, and at length obliged him to accompany lord Macartney to Madras, in the capacity of a
second secretary. He remained there after his lordship’s
return, and died in 1791, having for some years previously
to his death, held the lucrative office of master attendant,
with little advantage to his circumstances. He wrote in
Ireland, a political periodical paper, called “The Freeholder,
” in Whig,
” published in Almon’s newspaper,
the London Courant, in 1780. In I?y4, he also wrote a
few periodical essays called “The Indian Observer,
” published at Madras. These were reprinted in an 8vo volume,
in 1798, by thejate Mr. Laurence Dundas Campbell, with
a view to establish an assertion which Almon first made,
if we mistake not, purporting that Mr. Boyd was the author of Junius; but unfortunately the reader has “the
bane and antidote
” both before htm in this volume, and
few attempts of the kind can be conceived more injudicious than a comparison between the styles of Boyd and Junius. Boyd wrote after Junius, and, like most political
writers, aims at his style; and the only conclusion which
his friends have arrived at amounts tu this absurdity, that
an imitator must be an original writer; and even this in the
case of Mr. Boyd is peculiarly unfortunate, for his imitations are among the most feeble that have been ever attempted. Mr. Campbell returned to the charge, however,
in 1800, with a publication of “The miscellaneous works
of Hugh Boyd, the author of the Letters of Junius: with
an account of his Life and Writings,
” 2 vols. 8vo.
efore published in the Dublin Journal. This volume, which was addressed to the countess of Eglinton, a lady of great accomplishments, procured him much reputation.
His father died in the year 1728, and his whole property
having been exhausted in the support of his son, the latter
repaired in 1730 to Edinburgh, where his poetical genius
raised him many friends and some patrons of considerable
eminence, particularly the lords Stair, Tweedale, and
Stormont; and there is some reason to think that he was
occasionally entertained at their houses. In 1731, he published a volume of poems, to which was subjoined a
translation of the Tablature of Cebes, and a Letter upon Liberty
which had been before published in the Dublin Journal.
This volume, which was addressed to the countess of Eglinton, a lady of great accomplishments, procured him
much reputation. He also wrote an elegy on the viscountess
Stormont, entitled, “The Tears of the Muses/‘ in compliment to her ladyship’s taste as a patroness of poets.
Lord Stormont was so much pleased with this mark of respect to the memory of his lady, that he ordered a handsome present to be made to the author, whom, however, it
was not easy to find. Such was Boyse’s unsocial turn and
aversion to decent company, that his person was known
only among the lower orders, and Lord Stormont’ s generous intention would have been frustrated, if his agent had
not put an advertisement into the papers desiring the author
of
” The Tears of the Muses“to call upon him. By means
of lady Eglinton and lord Stormont, Boyse became known
to the duchess of Gordon, who likewise was a person of literary taste, and cultivated the correspondence of some of
the most eminent poets of her time. She was so desirous
to raise Boyse above necessity, that she employed her interest in procuring the promise of a place for him; and
accordingly gave him a letter, which he was next day to
deliver to one of the commissioners of the customs at Edinburgh.
” But it unluckily happened that he was then some
miles distant from the city, and the morning on which he
was to have ridden to town with her grace’s letter, proved
to be rainy. This trivial circumstance was sufficient to discourage Boyse, who was never accustomed to look beyond
the present moment: he declined going to town on account
of the rainy weather; and while he let slip the opportunity, the place was bestowed upon another, which the commissioner declared he kept for some time vacant, in expectation of seeing a person recommended by the duchess of
Gordon."
them to be reconciled. Tycho, who chose her because she might be more grateful and subservient than a lady of higher birth, never seems to have repented, but ever
From Rostoc Tycho continued his travels, and prosecuted his studies in the principal towns of Germany and Italy, and particularly at Ausburgh, where he formed an acquaintance with the celebrated Peter Ramus; invented and improved various mathematical instruments, superintended the building of an observatory at the expence of the burgomaster Paul Hainzell, after a plan communicated by himself, and formed a series of astronomical observations and discoveries, which astonished and surpassed all who had hitherto been considered as the greasest proficients in that science. On his return to Copenhagen, in 1570, he was soon disgusted with the necessity of going to court; and meeting with innumerable interruptions of his studies, he removed to Herritzvold, near Knudstorp, the seat of his maternal uncle, Steno Bille, who alone of all his relations encouraged him to persevere in his astronomical labours. Steno consigned to his nephew a commodious apartment, and a convenient place for the construction of his observatory and laboratory. Here Tycho, besides his astronomical researches, seems to have followed with no less zeal the study of chemistry, or rather of alchemy, from the chimerical view of obtaining the philosopher’s stone, that he might amass sufficient riches to settle in some foreign country, but neither his philosophy, or the unwearied zeal with which he prosecuted his studies, could exempt him from the passion of love. Being a great admirer of the fair sex, he conceived a violent inclination for Christina, a beautiful country girl, the daughter of a neighbouring peasant, and alienated his family, who conceived themselves disgraced by the alliance, and refused to hold any intercourse with him, until Frederick II. commanded them to be reconciled. Tycho, who chose her because she might be more grateful and subservient than a lady of higher birth, never seems to have repented, but ever found his Christina an agreeable companion and an obedient wife. About this period, he first appeared as a public teacher, and read lectures on astronomy at the express desire of the king. He explained the theory of the planets, and preceded his explanation by a very learned oration concerning the history and excellency of astronomy and its sister sciences, with some remarks in favour of judicial astrology, a study as congenial to the time as to the inclinations of our philosopher.
“Recueil des oeuvres diverses,” 1664, 2 vols. 12mo, in which collection are one hundred epigrams on a lady who painted, written for a wager, decided, we presume,
Besides his Lucan, he published some sacred poetry, entitled, 1. “Les entretiens solitaires,
” 12mo. 2. “Recueil
des oeuvres diverses,
” Des eclogues poetiques,
” 12mo. 4.
“Defense de l'église Romaine,
” 12mo.
“An Account of the poisonous root lately found mixed with Gentian,” Phil. Trans. N. 486. 6. “Case of a Lady labouring under a Diabetes,” Med. Observ. No. III. 7.
He was interred Dec. 18, in the church-yard of St. Cle^
jnent Danes, in a private manner, according to his request.
His fortune, amounting to near 30,000l. after a few legacies to friends and distant relations, was divided between
his two nephews, Robert Beeby, esq. and Dr. Thomas
Young. The preceding facts may be sufficient to illustrate
Dr. Brocklesby’s character. His future fame as a writer
must rest on his publications, of which the following
is, we believe, a correct list: 1. “Dissertatio Inaug.
de Saliva Sanaet Morbosa,
” Lug. Bat. An
Essay concerning the Mortality of the Horned Cattle,
”
Eulogium Medicum, sive Oratio Anniyersaria Harveiana habita in Theatris Collegii Regal is Me-?
dicorum Londinensium, Die xviii Octobris,
” Œconomical and Medical Observations from 1738 to
1763, tending to the improvement of Medical Hospitals,
”
An Account of the poisonous root lately
found mixed with Gentian,
” Phil. Trans. N. Case
of a Lady labouring under a Diabetes,
” Med. Observ. No.
III. 7. “Experiments relative to the Analysis and Virtues of Seltzer Water,
” ibid. vol. IV. 8. “Case of an
Encysted Tumour in the Orbit of the Eye, cured by
Messrs, Bromfield and Ingram,
” ibid. 9. “A
Dissertation on the Music of the Antients.
” We do not know the
date of this last article, but believe it to be amongst his
early literary amusements. When Dr. Young was at Leyden, a professor, understanding he was a nephew of Dr.
Brocklesby’s, shewed him a translation of it in the German language.
7 he was incorporated M. D, at Oxford. He married in 1641 Mrs. Mileham, of a good family in Norfolk, a lady of very amiable character. Dr. Johnson says this marriage
At the time when this book was published, Dr. Browne
resided at Norwich, where he had settled in 1636, by
the persuasion of Dr. Lushington, his tutor, who was then
rector of Barnham Westgate, in the neighbourhood. It
is recorded by Wood, that his practice was very extensive.
In 1637 he was incorporated M. D, at Oxford. He married in 1641 Mrs. Mileham, of a good family in Norfolk, a
lady of very amiable character. Dr. Johnson says this marriage could not but draw the raillery of contemporary wits
upon a man, who had been just wishing, in his new book,
“that we might procreate, like trees, without conjunction;
” and had lately declared, that “the whole world
was made for man, but only the twelfth part of man for
woman,
” and that “man is the whole world, but woman
only the rib or crooked part of man.
” They lived happily,
however, together for forty-one years, during which she
bore him ten children, of whom one son and three daughters outlived their parents. She survived him two years.
ed some company at Kinnaird, as he was going down stairs about eight o'clock in the evening, to hand a lady into a carriage, his foot slipt, and he fell from a considerable
His concern in the winotrade gave him an opportunity of travelling over a considerable part of Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands, but hearing of his father’s death in 1758, he returned to England, and in 1761 withdrew entirely from the wine-trade. He now, from his observation while in Spain, suggested to the prime minister, Mr. Pitt, afterwards lord Chatham, the practicability of a successful expedition against Ferrol, in Galicia, where the Spaniards had a considerable harbour, and generally stationed a part of their navy; but various circumstances, of which perhaps Mr. Pitt’s resignation was the principal, prevented this enterprise from being attempted. Disappointed in this, he resolved to return to his native country, and pass his time as a private gentleman, cultivating his paternal estate. One of the new ministers, however, lord Halifax, diverted him from this design, and suggested Africa to him as a proper field for enterprize and discovery; and that he might go under the protection of a public character, it was proposed to send him as consul to Algiers. Bruce acceded to these proposals, and left England in the end of June 1762. He passed through France and Italy, and carried with him from the latter country an artist to assist him in his drawings. For his subsequent adventures, his travels into Abyssinia, and his discovery of the sources of the Nile, &c. we must refer to his published travels. He returned to his native country in 1773, and in 1776, he married a daughter of Thomas Dundas of Fingask, esq. by whom he had three children, two of whom, a son and daughter, are still living. After he settled at Kinnaird, his time was chiefly spent in managing his estate, in preparing his travels for the press, and other literary occupations; and he was preparing a second edition of his Travels, when death prevented the execution of/ his design. On Saturday, April 26, 1794, having entertained some company at Kinnaird, as he was going down stairs about eight o'clock in the evening, to hand a lady into a carriage, his foot slipt, and he fell from a considerable height. He was taken up in a state of insensibility, and expired early next morning. Mr. Bruce’s figure was above the common size; his limbs athletic, but well proportioned; his complexion sanguine; his countenance manly and good-tempered; and his manners easy and polite. The whole outward man was such as to announce a character well calculated to contend with the many difficulties and trying occasions, which so extraordinary a journey could not but have thrown in his way. His internal characters, the features of his understanding and disposition, seem in a great measure to have corresponded with these outward lineaments. As a country gentleman, though not without a tincture of haughtiness, he exhibited the elegance of a man of fashion, and the hospitality of a Briton. His personal accomplishments fitted him, in a superior manner, for the undertakings in which he engaged. His constitution was robust, and he had inured himself to every kind of fatigue and exercise. In mental accomplishments he equalled, if not surpassed, the generality of travellers. His memory was excellent, and his understanding vigorous and well cultivated. He understood French, Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, the two first of which he spoke and wrote with facility. Besides Greek and Latin, which he read well, though not critically, he knew the Hebrew, Chaldee, and Syriac; and, in the latter part of his life, compared several portions of the scriptures in those related dialects. He read and spoke with ease, Arabic, Ethiopic, and Amharic. Necessity made him acquainted with these last, and impressed them deeply on his mind. He had applied, during the greatest part of his life, to the study of astronomy, and other practical branches of mathematical learning.
as thought by his contemporaries rather too attentive to the minutiae of economy, and having married a lady who loved dress and ornaments, was somewhat disappointed.
, a very eminent scholar and historian, derived his name of Aretine, or Aretino,
from Arezzo, in which city he was born in the year 1370,
of parents sufficiently wealthy to bestow on him a good
education. In his early youth he was incited to a love of
letters by an extraordinary accident. A body of French
troops, who were marching to Naples to assist Louis of
Anjou in maintaining his claim to trie sovereignty of that
kingdom, at the solicitation of the partizans of a faction
which had been banished from Arezzo, made an unexpected attack upon that city; and, after committing a
great slaughter, carried away many of the inhabitants into
captivity; and, among the rest, the family of Bruni. Leonardo being confined in a chamber in which hung a portrait of Petrarch, by daily contemplating the lineaments of
that illustrious scholar, conceived so strong a desire to signalize himself by literary acquirements, that immediately
upon his enlargement he repaired to Florence, where he
prosecuted his studies with unremitting diligence, under
the direction of John of Ravenna, and Manuel Chrysoloras.
During his residence at Florence, he contracted a strict
intimacy with the celebrated Poggio Bracciolini, and the
latter being afterwards informed by Leonardo that he
wished to procure a presentation to some place of honour
or emolument in the Roman chancery, took every opportunity of recommending him. In consequence of this,
pope Innocent VII. invited him to Rome, where he arrived March 24, 1405, but was at first disappointed in his
hopes, the place at which he aspired being intended for
another candidate, Jacopo d'Angelo. Fortunately, however, the pope having received certain letters from the
duke of Berry, determined to assign to each of the competitors the task of drawing up an answer to them, and the
compositions being compared, the prize was unanimously
adjudged to Leonardo, who was instantly advanced to the
dignity of apostolic secretary, and by this victory considerably increased his reputation, as his competitor was a
man of very considerable talents. (See Angelo, James.)
In 1410 Leonardo was elected chancellor of the city of
Florence, but finding it attended with more labour than
profit, resigned it in 1411, and entered into the service of
pope John XXII. and soon after went to Arezzo, where
he married a young lady of considerable distinction in that
city. He was thought by his contemporaries rather too
attentive to the minutiae of economy, and having married a
lady who loved dress and ornaments, was somewhat disappointed. In a letter to his friend Poggio, after giving an
account of his marriage expences, he adds, “In short, I
have in one night consummated my marriage, and consumed my patrimony.
” In
s book “De Asse,” that he had not more than six hours study on his wedding-day. He married, however, a lady who assisted him in his library, reaching him what books
Budé was a student of incessant application, and when
we consider him as beginning his studies late, and being
afterwards involTed in public business, and the cares of a
numerous family, it becomes astonishing that he found
leisure for the works he gave to the public. He appears
in general to have been taken with the utmost reluctance
from his studies. He even complains in the preface to his
book “De Asse,
” that he had not more than six hours
study on his wedding-day. He married, however, a lady
who assisted him in his library, reaching him what books
he requested, and looking out particular passages which he
might want. In one of his letters he represents himself as
married to two wives, by one of whom he had sons and
daughters; and by the othsr named Philologia, he had
books, which contributed to the maintenance of his natural issue. In another he remarks, that, for the first twelve
years of his marriage, he had produced more children than
books, but hopes soon to bring his publications on a par
with his children. It is of him a story is told, which, if
we mistake not, has been applied to another: One day a
servant entered his study, in a great fright, and exclaimed
that the house was on fire. Budé said calmly, “Why don't
you inform your mistress? you know I never concern myself about the house!
”—What affords some probability
that Budé had imbibed the sentiments of the reformers in
his latter days, is the circumstance of his widow retiring to
Geneva, with some of her family, and making an open
profession of the protestant religion. It appears by the
collections in Baillet, Blount, and Jortin in his “Life of
Erasmus,
” that the eulogies which Budé received from the
learned men of his time are exceedingly numerous. His
works were printed at Basil in 1557, 4 vols. folio. The
most important of them is his “Commentarii Greece
Liuguse,
” which is still highly valued by Greek scholars.
The best edition is that of Basil, 1356, fol.
e university of Gottingen. He married three wives, the second the sister of the first, and the third a lady who courted him in poetry, but from whom, after three years
, a German poet of
considerable celebrity in his own country, and known in
this by several translations of one of his terrific tales, was
born in 1748, at Wolmerswende, in the principality of Halberstadt. His father was a Lutheran minister, and appears
to have given him a pious domestic education; but to school
or university studies young Burger had an insuperable
aversion, and much of his life was consumed in idleness
and dissipation, varied by some occasional starts of industry, which produced his poetical miscellanies, principally ballads, that soon became very popular from the
simplicity of the composition. In the choice of his subjects, likewise, which were legendary tales and traditions,
wild, terrific, and grossly improbable, he had the felicity
to hit the taste of his countrymen. His attention was also
directed to Shakspeare and our old English ballads, and
he translated many of the latter into German with considerable effect. His chief employment, or that from which he
derived most emolument, was in writing for the German
Almanack of the Muses, and afterwards the German Musaeum. In 1787 he lectured on the critical philosophy of
Kant, and in 1789 was appointed professor of belles-lettres
in the university of Gottingen. He married three wives,
the second the sister of the first, and the third a lady who
courted him in poetry, but from whom, after three years
cohabitation, he obtained a divorce. Her misconduct is
said to have contributed to shorten his days. He died in
June 1794. His works were collected and published by
Reinhard, in 1798—99, 4 vols. 8vo, with a life, in which
there is little of personal history that can be read with
pleasure. Immorality seems to have accompanied him the
greater part of his course, but he was undoubtedly a man
of genius, although seldom under the controul of judgment. His celebrated ballad of “Leonora
” was translated
into English in
in Mr. Burke’s narrow circumstances would have been admitted to more than a slight acquaintance with a lady of that description. Though by the death of his elder brother,
It is certain, however, that about 1753 he came to London, and entered himself, as already noticed, as a student
of the Middle Temple, where he is said to have studied,
as in every other situation, with unremitting diligence.
Many of his habits and conversations were long remembered at the Grecian coffee-house (then the great rendezvous of the students of the Middle Temple), and they
were such as were highly creditable to his morals and his
talents. With the former, indeed, we should not know
jhow to reconcile a connection imputed to him at this time
with Mrs. Woffington, the actress, if we gave credit to the
report; but it is not very likely, that one in Mr. Burke’s
narrow circumstances would have been admitted to more
than a slight acquaintance with a lady of that description.
Though by the death of his elder brother, he was to have
succeeded to a very comfortable patrimony, yet as his.
father was living, and had other children, it could not be
supposed that his allowance was very ample. This urged
him to draw upon his genius for the deficiency of fortune,
and we are told that he became a frequent contributor to
the periodical publications. His first publication is said to
have been a poem, which did not succeed. There is no
certain information, however, concerning these early productions, unless that he found it necessary to apply with
so much assiduity as to injure his health. A dangerous
illness ensued, and he resorted for medical advice to Dr.
Nugent, a physician whose skill in his profession was
equalled only by the benevolence of his heart. He was,
if we are not mistaken, a countryman of Burke’s, a Roman
catholic, and at one time an author by profession. This
benevolent friend, considering that the noise and various
disturbances incidental to chambers, must retard the recovery of his patient, furnished him with apartments in
his own house, where the attention of every member of
the family contributed more than medicine to the recovery
of his health. It was during this period that the amiable
manners of miss Nugent, the doctor’s daughter, made a
deep impression on the heart of Burke; and as she could
not be insensible to such merit as his, they felt for each,
other a mutual attachment, and were married soon after
his recovery. With this lady he appears to have enjoyed
uninterrupted felicity. He often declared to his intimate
friends, “That, in all the anxious moments of his public
life, every care vanished when he entered his own house.
”
Mr. Burke' s first known publication, although not immediately known, was his very happy imitation of Bolingbroke, entitled “A Vindication of Natural Society,
” The critics knew the turn of his
periods; his style; his phrases; and above all, the matchless dexterity of his nietaphysical pen: and amongst these,
nobody distinguished himself more than the lately departed
veteran of the stage, Charles Macklin; who, with the
pamphlet in his hand, used frequently to exclaim at the
Grecian coffee-house (where he gave a kind of literary law to the young Templars at that time),
” Oh! sir, this must
be Harry Bolingbroke: I know him by his cloven foot."
But much of this account is mere assumption. Macklin,
and such readers as Macklin, might be deceived; but no
man was deceived whose opinion deserved attention. The
public critics certainly immediately discovered the imitation, and one at least of them was not very well pleased
with it. We are told, indeed, that lord Chesterfield and
bishop Warburton were at first deceived; but this proves
only the exactness of the imitation; a more attentive perusal discovered the writer’s real intention.
otton dipped in holy oil, though none of his sisters were possessed. The other was the apparition of a lady. It was affirmed, that, being asked in a certain company,
From a newspaper of the time of his being arrested at Rome it appears that he was strongly suspected of witchcraft, which suspicion was grounded on two circumstances. The former, that, under pretext of relieving one of his sisters who was possessed by a devil, he obtained from a countryvicar, named Bagario, a pledget of cotton dipped in holy oil, though none of his sisters were possessed. The other was the apparition of a lady. It was affirmed, that, being asked in a certain company, in what attitude and employment the absent lady was at the moment they were speaking of her; Balsamo, to satisfy their curiosity, immediately drew a quadrangle on the floor, and passing his hands to and fro above it, she was fairly seen upon the floor playing at cards with three other persons. A servant was directly dispatched to the lady’s house; who found her exactly in the attitude and employment with the three friends as represented in the figure.
. After the publication of this work, Calvin went to Italy to pay a visit to the duchess of Ferrara, a lady of eminent piety, by whom he was very kindly received.
, one of the chief reformers of the
church, was born at Noyon in Picardy, July 10, 1509. He
was instructed in grammar at Paris under Maturinus Corderius, to whom he afterwards dedicated his Commentary
on the first epistle of the Thessalonians, and studied philosophy in the college of Montaigu under a Spanish professor. His father, uho discovered many marks of hitf
early piety, particularly in his reprehensions of the vices of
his companions, designed him for the church, and got him
presented, May 21, 1521, to the chapel of Notre Dame
de la Gesine, in the church of Noyon. In 1527 he was
presented to the rectory of Marteville, which he exchanged
in 1529 fortlie rectory of Pont I‘Eveque near Noyon. His
father afterwards changed his resolution, and would have
him study law; to which Calvin, who, by reading the
scriptures, had conceived a dislike to the superstitions of
popery, readily consented, and resigned the chapel of Gesine and the rectory of Pont l’Eveque in 1534. He had
never, it must here be observed, been in priest’s orders, and
belonged to the church only by having received the tonsure.
He was sent to study the law first under Peter de l'Etoile
(Petrus Stella) at Orleans, and afterwards under Andrew
Alciat at Bourges, and while he made a great progress in
that science, he improved no less in the knowledge of divinity by his private studies. At Bourges he applied to the
Greek tongue, under the direction of professor Wolmar.
His father’s death having called him back to Noyon, he
staid there a short time, and then went to Paris, where he
wrote a commentary on Seneca’s treatise “De dementia,
”
being at this time about twenty- four years of age. Having
put his name in Latin to this piece, he laid aside his surname Cauvin, for that of Calvin, styling himself in the
title-page “Lucius Calvinus civis Romanus.
” He soon
made himself known at Paris to such as had privately embraced the reformation, and by frequent intercourse with
them became more confirmed in his principles. A speech
of Nicholas Cop, rector of the university of Paris, of which
Calvin furnished the materials, having greatly displeased
the Sorbonne and the parliament, gave rise to a persecu^
tion against the protestants; and Calvin, who narrowly escaped being taken in the college of Forteret, was forced to
retire to Xaintonge, after having had the honour to be introduced to the queen of Navarre, who allayed this first storm
raised against the protestants. Calvin returned to Paris in
1534. This year the reformed met with severe treatment,
which determined him to leave France, after publishing a
treatise against those who believe that departed souls are
in a kind of sleep. He retired to Basil, where he studied
Hebrew; at this time he published his “Institutions of the
Christian Religion,
” a work well adapted to spread his fame,
though he himself was desirous of living in obscurity. It
is dedicated to the French king, Francis I. This prince
being solicitous, according to Beza, to gain the friendship
of the Protestants in Germany, and knowing that they
were highly incensed by the cruel persecutions which their
brethren suffered in France, he, by advice of William de
Bellay, represented to them that he had only punished
certain enthusiasts, who substituted their own imaginations
in the place of God’s word, and despised the civil magistrate. Calvin, stung with indignation at this wicked evasion, wrote this work as an apology for the Protestants who
were burnt for their religion in France. The dedication to
Francis I. is one of the three that have been highly admired: that of Thuanus to his history, and Casaubon’s to
Polybius, are the two others. But this treatise, when first
published in 1555, was only a sketch of a larger work.
The complete editions, both in Latin and in French, with
the author’s last additions and corrections, did not appear
till 1558. After the publication of this work, Calvin went
to Italy to pay a visit to the duchess of Ferrara, a lady of
eminent piety, by whom he was very kindly received.
Prom Italy he came back to France, and having settled his
private affairs, he purposed to go to Strasbourg, or Basil,
in company with his sole surviving brother Antony Calvin;
but as the roads were not safe on account of the war, except through the duke of Savoy’s territories, he chose that
road. “This was a particular direction of Providence,
”
says Bayle; “it was his destiny that he should settle at
Geneva, and when he was wholly intent on going farther,
he found himself detained by an order from heaven, if I
may so speak.
” William Farel, a man of a warm enthusiastic temper, who had in vain used many entreaties to
prevail with Calvin to be his fellow-labourer in that part of
the Lord’s vineyard, at last solemnly declared to him, in
the name of God, that if he would not stay, the curse of
God would attend him wherever he went, as seeking himself and not Christ. Calvin therefore was obliged to
comply with the choice which the consistory and magistrates of Geneva made of him, with the consent of the,
people, to be one of their ministers, and professor of divinity. It was his own wish to undertake only this last
office, but he was gbliged to take both upon him in August
1536. The year following he made all the people declare,
upon oath, their assent to a confession of faith, which contained a renunciation of Popery: and because this reformation in doctrine did not put an entire stop to the immoralities that prevailed at Geneva, nor banish that spirit of
faction which had set the principal families at variance,
Calvin, in concert with his colleagues, declared that they
could not celebrate the sacrament whilst they kept up their
animosities, and trampled on the discipline of the church.
He also intimated, that he could not submit to the regulation which the synod of the canton of Berne had lately
made *. On this, the syndics of Geneva summoned an assembly of the people; and it was ordered that Calvin,
Farel, and another minister, should leave the town in two
days, for refusing to administer the sacrament. Calvin'
retired to Strasbourg, and established a French church in
that city, of which he was the first minister; he was also
appointed to be professor of divinity there* During his
stay at Strasbourg, he continued to give many marks of
his affection for the church of Geneva; as appears, amongst
other things, by the answer which he wrote in 1539, to the
beautiful but artful letter of cardinal Sadolet, bishop of
Carpentras, inviting the people of Geneva to return into
the bosom of the Romish church. Two years after, the
divines of Strasbourg being very desirous that he should
assist at the diet which the emperor had appointed to be
held at Worms and at Ratisbon, for accommodating religious differences, he went thither with Bucer, and had a
conference with Melancthon. In the mean time the people
of Geneva (the syndics who promoted his banishment being now some of them executed, and others forced to fly their country for their crimes), entreated him so earnestly to
return to them, that at last he consented. He arrived at
Geneva, Sept. 13, 1541, to the great satisfaction both of
the people and the magistrates; and the first measure ha
adopted after his arrival, was to establish a form of church,
discipline, and a consistorial jurisdiction, invested with,
the power of inflicting censures and canonical punishments,
married Miss Trenchard, the second daughter of George Trenchard, esq. of Woolverton in Dorsetshire, a lady who contributed to his happiness for upwards of half a
, an ingenious English writer, was born in London, Feb. 14, 1717, of ancestors belonging to the county of Gloucester. His father, who was a younger brother, had been bred to business as a Turkey merchant, and died in London not long after the birth of his son, the care of whom then devolved on his mother and his maternal uncle Thomas Owen, esq. who adopted him as his future representative. He was sent to Eton, school, where quickness of parts supplied the place of diligence; yet although he was averse to the routine of stated tasks, he stored his mind with classical knowledge, and amuseid it by an eager perusal of works addressed to the imagination. He became early attached to the best English poets, and to those miscellaneous writers who delineate human life and character. A taste likewise for the beauties of rural nature began to display itself at this period, which he afterwards exemplified at his seat in Gloucestershire, and that at Twickenham. In 1734, he entered as a gentleman commoner of St. John’s college, Oxford, and, without wishing to be thought a laborious scholar, omitted no opportunity of improving his mind in such studies as were suitable to his age and future prospects. His first, or one of his first, poetical effusions was on the marriage of the prince of Wales, which was published with the other verses composed at Oxford on the same occasion. In 1737, he became a member of Lincoln’s-inn, where he found many men of wit and congenial habits, but as he had declined taking a degree at Oxford, he had now as little inclination to pursue the steps that lead to the bar; and in 1741, in his twenty-fourth year, he married Miss Trenchard, the second daughter of George Trenchard, esq. of Woolverton in Dorsetshire, a lady who contributed to his happiness for upwards of half a century, and by whom he had a family equally amiable and affectionate. She died Sept. 5, 1806, Laving survived her husband four years.
no farther than Sslirigen, whence he returned home, and was married the year after to Anne Truchses, a lady of an ancient and noble family, with whom he lived forty-six
In 1525, when there was an insurrection among the common people through all Germany, commonly called the war of the peasants, Camerarius went into Prussia, but he returned very soon, and was made professor of the belies lettres in an university which the senate of Nuremberg had just founded under the direction and superintendency of Melancthon. In 1526, when the diet of Spires was held, Albert earl of Mansfelt was appointed ambassador to Charles V. of Spain, and Camerarius to attend him as his Latin interpreter; but this embassy being suspended, Camerarius went no farther than Sslirigen, whence he returned home, and was married the year after to Anne Truchses, a lady of an ancient and noble family, with whom he lived forty-six years very happily, and had four daughters and five sons by her, who all did honour to their family. In 1530, the Senate of Nuremberg sent him with some other persons to the diet of Augsburgh, and four years after offered him the place of secretary; but, preferring the ease and freedom of a studious life to all advantages of a pecuniary nature, he refused it. In 1538, Ulric prince of Wittemberg sent him to Tubingen, to restore the discipline and credit of that university and in 1541, Henry, duke of Saxony, and afterwards Maurice his son, invited him to Leipsic, to direct and assist in founding an university there.
Ostrevant, was a regular cauon in the abbey of St. Aubert at Cambray, but retired into Holland with a lady by whom he had several children, according to Foppen, in
, a native of Abscons in Ostrevant, was a regular cauon in the abbey of St. Aubert at
Cambray, but retired into Holland with a lady by whom he
had several children, according to Foppen, in his Bibl.
Belgica, and died there at an advanced age, about 1670.
He maintained himself by drawing up genealogies, which
are in his “Histoire de Cambray et du Cambresis,
” Leyden,
profession of a soldier. Many attempts were made upon him, by the instigation of his mother (who was a lady of another persuasion in religion, and of a most masculine
in foul linen.“Being dissuaded by his should be out of it ere night.' 7
genuity and honour, of the most exemplary manners, and
singular good nature, and of the most unblemished integrity; of that inimitable sweetness and delight in conversation, of so flowing and obliging a humanity and goodness
to mankind, and of that primitive simplicity and integrity
of life, as was scarce ever equalled. His familiarity and
friendship, for the most part, was with men of the most
eminent and sublime parts, and of untouched reputation
in point of integrity. He was a great cherisher of wit and
ianc}', and good parts, in any man; and, if he found them
clouded with poverty or want, a most liberal and bountiful
patron towards them, even above his fortune. As he was
of a most incomparable gentleness, application, and even
submission, to good and worthy, and entire men, so he
was naturally (which could not but be more evident in his place of secretary of state, which subjected him- to another conversation and intermixture than his own election would have done) adversus malos injucundus, unpleasant to bad
men; and was so ill a dissembler of his dislike and disinclination to ill men, that it was not possible for such not to
discern it. There was once in the house of commons such
a declared acceptation of the good service an eminent
member had done to them, and, as they said, to the whole
kingdom, that it was moved, he being present,
” That the
speaker might, in the name of the whole house, give him,
thanks; and then, that every member might, as a testimony of his particular acknowledgement, stir or move his
hat towards him:“the which (though not ordered) when
very many did, the lord Falkland, who believed the service
itself not to be of that moment, and that an honourable
and generous person could not have stooped to it for any
recompense, instead of moving his hat, stretched both his
arms out, and clasped his hands together upon the crown
of his hat, and held it close down to his head, that all men
might see how odious that flattery was to him, and the
very approbation of the person, though at that time most
popular. He was constant and pertinacious in whatsoever
he resolved to do, and not to be wearied by any pains that
were necessary to that end. And therefore having once
resolved not to see London, which he loved above all
places, till he had perfectly learned the Greek tongue, he
went to his own house in the country, and pursued it with
that indefatigable industry, that it will not be believed in
how short a time he was r master of it, and accurately react
all the Greek historians. He had a courage of the most
clear and keen temper, and so far from fear, that he
seemed not without some appetite of danger; and therefore, upon any occasion of action, he always engaged his
person in those troops which he thought, by the forwardness of the commanders, to be most like to he farthest engaged; and in all such encounters he had about him an
extraordinary cheerfulness, without at all affecting the execution that usually attended them; in which he took no
delight, but took pains to prevent it, where it was not by
resistance made necessary. At Edge-hill, when the enemy
was routed, he was like to have incurred great peril, by
interposing to save those who had thrown away their arms,
and against whom, it may be, others were more fierce for
their having thrown them away: so that a man might
think he came into the field, chiefly out of curiosity to see
the face of danger, and charity to prevent the shedding of
blood. Yet in his natural inclination, he acknowledged
he was addicted to the profession of a soldier. Many attempts were made upon him, by the instigation of his mother (who was a lady of another persuasion in religion, and of a most masculine understanding, allayed with the passion and infirmities of her own sex) to pervert him in his
piety to the church of England, and to reconcile him to
that of Rome; which they prosecuted with the more confidence, because he declined no opportunity or occasion of
conference with those of that religion, whether priests or
laics; diligently studied the controversies, and, as was
observed before, exactly read all, or the choicest of the
Greek and Latin fathers; and having a memory so stupendous, that he remembered, on all occasions, whatsoever
he read. He was so great an enemy to that passion and
uncharitableness which he saw produced by difference of
opinion in matters of religion, that in all those disputations
with priests and others of the Roman church, he affected
to manifest all possible civility to their persons, and estimation of their parts but this charity towards them was
much lessened, and any correspondence with them quite
declined, when by sinister arts they had corrupted his two
younger brothers, being both children, and stolen them
from his house, and transported them beyond seas, and
perverted his sisters: upon which occasion he wrote two
large discourses against the principal positions of that religion, with that sharpness of wit and full weight of reason,
that the church, says lord Clarendon, is deprived of great
jewels in the concealment of them, and that they are not
published to the world. As to his person he was little, and
of no great strength: his hair was blackish, and somewhat
flaggy; and his eye black and lively. His body was buried in the church of Great Tew. His usual saying was,
” I pity unlearned gentlemen in a rainy day."
s, whatever might be the motive, love was the consequence, for at Toulouse he met with his Mandetta, a lady whom he has made the subject of his love verses. His poems,
, an Italian scholar of the thirteenth century, was born of one of the most illustrious and
powerful families in Florence. He was a zealous Ghibelin,
and became more so by marrying the daughter of Farinara
Uherti, then at the head of that faction. Curso Donati,
chief of the Guelphs, a man in much credit then at Florence, and the bitter personal enemy of Guido, formed a
plan to assassinate him, and although Guido got notice of
this, and made preparations for defence, he saved his life
only by flight. The state of Florence, tired with such disgraceful dissentions, banished the chiefs of both parties.
Guido was sent to Sarzana, or Serezano, where the bad
air affecting his health, he obtained leave to return to
Florence, and died there in 1300, of the disorder he had
contracted in his exile. His father, Cavalcante de' Cavalcanti, passed for an Epicurean philosopher, and an atheist,
and was therefore placed by Dante, in his Inferno, among
that class of the condemned. The son, however, although
likewise a philosopher, appears not to have belonged to the
same sect. On one occasion, when the attempt was made
to assassinate him, he made a pilgrimage to St. James of
Galicia: but of this, whatever might be the motive, love
was the consequence, for at Toulouse he met with his
Mandetta, a lady whom he has made the subject of his
love verses. His poems, elegant, correct, and occasionally
tinged with a tender melancholy, consist of sonnets and
canzones, and compose the sixth book of the collection of
ancient Italian poets, printed by the Giuuti, 1527, 8vo, a
rare book. His “Canzone d'Amore
” was often printed with
the comments of his countrymen, particularly at Florence,
1568, 8vo; Venice, 1585, 4to; and Sienna, 1602, 8vo.
mself a man of great spirit and fortune. Dying young, he left the care of his children to his widow, a lady of exquisite beauty and admirable accomplishments, who
, duchess of Newcastle, and second wife of the preceding, was born at St. John’s, near Colchester in Essex, about the latter end of the reign of James I. Her father, of whom she was the youngest daughter, was sir Charles Lucas, a gentleman of a very ancient and honourable family, and who was himself a man of great spirit and fortune. Dying young, he left the care of his children to his widow, a lady of exquisite beauty and admirable accomplishments, who took upon herself the education of her daughters, and instructed them in needlework, dancing, music, the French tongue, and other things that were proper for women of fashion. As, however, she had from her infancy an inclination for literature, and spent much of her time in study and writing, her biographers have lamented that she had not the advantage of an acquaintance with the learned languages, which might have improved her judgment, and have been of infinite service to her in the numerous productions of her pen. In 1643 she obtained permission from her mother to go to Oxford, where the court then resided, and where she could not fail of meeting with a favourable reception, on account of the distinguished loyalty of her family, as well as of her own accomplishments. Accordingly, she was appointed one of the maids of honour to Henrietta Maria, the royal consort of Charles I.; and in that capacity accompanied her majesty to France, when the queen was obliged by the civil war to quit England. At Paris Miss Lucas first saw the marquis of Newcastle, then a widower, who admiring her person, disposition, and ingenuity, was married to her at that place, in 1645. The marquis had heard of the lady’s character before he met with her in France; for having been a friend and patron of her gallant brother lord Lucas, he took occasion one day to ask his lordship in what respect he could promote his interest. To this his lordship replied, that he was not solicitous about his own affairs, as being prepared to suffer either exile or death in the royal cause; but that he was chiefly concerned for his sister, on whom he could bestow no fortune, and whose beauty exposed her to danger. At the same time, he represented her other amiable qualities in so striking a light, as raised the marquis’s curiosity to see her. After their marriage, the marquis and marchioness of Newcastle went from Paris to Rotterdam, where they resided six months, and from that to Antwerp, which they fixed upon as the place of their residence during the time of their exile. In this city they enjoyed as quiet and pleasant a retirement as their ruined fortunes would permit. Though the marquis had much respect paid him by all men, as well foreigners as those of his own country, he principally confined himself to the society of his lady, who, both by her writings and her conversation, proved a most agreeable companion to him during his melancholy recess. The exigency of their affairs obliged the marchioness once to come over to England. Her view was to obtain some of the marquis’s rents, in order to supply their pressing necessities, and pay the debts they had contracted; but she could not procure a grant from the rulers of those times, to receive one penny out of her noble husband’s vast inheritance: and had it not been for the seasonable generosity of sir Charles Cavendish, she and her lord must have been exposed to extreme poverty. At length, however, having obtained a considerable sum from her own and the marquis’s relations, she returned to Antwerp, where she continued with him till the restoration, and employed herself in writing several of her works.
London. He provided her, however, with a considerable sum of money, and recommended her by letter to a lady in town with whom he was acquainted. He assured her at
Being harshly treated by those to whose care she was
committed after the death of her mother, she resolved,
whilst very young, to quit the country, and to go up to
London to seek her fortune. The circumstances of her life
at this period are involved in much obscurity, and the particulars which are related seem somewhat romantic. It is
said that she attempted her journey to the capital alone,
and on foot, and on her way thither was met by Anthony
Hammond, esq. father of the author of the “Love Elegies.
” This gentleman, who was then a member of the
university of Cambridge, was struck with her youth and
beauty, and offered to take her under his protection. Her
distress and inexperience inducing her to comply with his
proposal, she accompanied him to Cambridge, where,
having equipped her in boy’s clothes, he introduced her
to his intimates at college, as a relation who was come
down to see the university, and to pass some time with
him. Under this disguise an amorous intercourse was carried on between them for some months; but at length,
being probably apprehensive that the affair would become
known in the university, he persuaded her to go to London. He provided her, however, with a considerable sum
of money, and recommended her by letter to a lady in
town with whom he was acquainted. He assured her at
the same time, that he would speedily follow her, and renew their connection. This promise appears not to have
been performed: but notwithstanding her unfavourable introduction into life, she was married in her sixteenth year
to a nephew of sir Stephen Fox, who did not live more
than a twelvemonth after their marriage; but her wit and
personal attractions soon procured her another husband,
whose name was Carrol, who was an officer in the army,
but who was killed in a duel about a year and a half after
their marriage, when she became a second time a widow
She is represented as having a sincere attachment to Mr.
Carrol, and consequently as having felt his loss as a severe
affliction.
him to the Dauphin, who welcomed him to court. Here he contracted an unhappy and violent passion for a lady of the first rank, which brought on a tedious illness,
, a French poet
and miscellaneous writer, was born at Turin in 1738, and
after being educated among the Jesuits, joined their order,
and became professor of their college at Lyons. In 1761
he gained two academical prizes at Toulouse and Dijon;
the subject of the one was “Duelling,
” and the other an
answer to the question “Why modern republics have acquired less splendour than the ancient.
” This last, before Cerutti was known as its author, was attributed to
Rousseau. It was printed at the Hague in 1761, 8vo,
and reprinted at Paris in 1791. When the order of the
Jesuits was about to be abolished, Cerutti wrote in their
defence “L'Apologie de Pinstitut des Jesuites,
” Yes, the Alcoran.
” His “Apology,
” however, was much admired, and recommended
him to the Dauphin, who welcomed him to court. Here
he contracted an unhappy and violent passion for a lady
of the first rank, which brought on a tedious illness, from
which the friendship of the duchess of Brancas recovered
him, and in her house at Fleville he found an honourable
asylum for fifteen years. This lady, who appears to have
been somewhat of the romantic kind, as soon as she received him into her house, put a ring on his finger, telling
him that friendship had espoused merit. When the revolution broke out, he came to Paris, and became a zealous
partizan, and was much employed by Mirabeau in drawing
up reports. His Memoir on patriotic contributions procured him a place in the legislative body, but he died in
1792, after which the municipality of Paris honoured him
by giving his name to one of the new streets. Besides
the works already mentioned, he published 1. “L'Aigle
et le hibou,
” an apologue in verse, Glasgow and Paris,
1783, 2. <c Recueil de quelques pieces de literature en
prose et en vers,“ibid. 1784. The best of these is a dissertation on antique monuments, occasioned by some
Greek verses discovered on a tomb at Naples, in 1756.
3.
” Les Jardins de Betz,“a descriptive poem, 1792, 8vo.
4.
” Lettre sur les avantages et l'origine de la gaiete“Francaise,
” Lyons, Combien un esprit trop subtil
ressemble a un esprit faux,
” Les vrais
plaisirs ne sont faits que pour la vertu,
” Pourquoi les arts utiles ne sont-ils pas
cultives preferablement aux arts agreables,
” Sur l'origine et les effets du desir de transmettre son
nom a la posterite,
” Hague, Traduction libre de trois odes d'Horace,
” De Tinteret d'un ouvrage dans le sujet, le plan, et le
style,
” Paris, Feuille. villageoise,
” a paper calculated to spread the
revolutionary delusions among the country people, but his
style was not sufficiently simple and popular. In 1793, a
collection of his works was published in an 8vo volume.
Those which are on subjects of literature are ingenious
and interesting, but as a poet he cannot be allowed to rank
high.
nt manuscripts by a gentleman, who had also engaged him to furnish complimentary verses inscribed to a lady with whom that gentleman was in love.” But as this story
The effect, however, of this mild usage was, that instead
of all or any part of the information in his power, he tried
two different falsehoods: the first, “that he was employed
to transcribe the contents of certain ancient manuscripts
by a gentleman, who had also engaged him to furnish
complimentary verses inscribed to a lady with whom that
gentleman was in love.
” But as this story was to rest on
proofs which he could not produce, he next asserted, “that
he had received the paper in question, together with many
other manuscripts, from his father, who had found them
in a large chest in the upper room over the chapel, on the
north side of Redcliffe church.
”
rought the treaty to effect agreeably to the desires of the duchess, and thus acquired the favour of a lady, who afterwards became the inspirer of his sonnets. Her
, was born at Fontenay in Normandy, in 1639. His father, counsellor of state at Rouen, placed him in the college de Navarre at Paris, where he acquired a profound knowledge of the ancient authors, and contracted an intimacy with the duke de Rochefoucault and the abbé Marsillac, whose patronage he acquired by his lively conversation and his various talents; and while he was countenanced by them, he formed an acquaintance that had a great influence on his poetical efforts. The duchess of Bouillon, a niece of cardinal Mazarin, was about to lay out a large garden, and for that purpose thought it necessary to obtain a piece of ground belonging to the estate of the family of Chaulieu. The poet, with much address, brought the treaty to effect agreeably to the desires of the duchess, and thus acquired the favour of a lady, who afterwards became the inspirer of his sonnets. Her house was a temple of the muses; she encouraged, rewarded, and inspired all such as shewed marks of poetic genius; and evinced a particular regard for Chaulieu. Through her he became known to the duke de Vendome, a great friend of the muses, who, as grand prior of France, presented him with a priorate on the isle of Oleron, with an annual revenue of 28,000 livres. To this were afterwards added the abbacies of Pouliers, Renes, Aumale, and St. Stephen, the profits of which enabled him to pass his life in ease and affluence. The first thing by which Chaulieu became known as a poet was a rondeau on Benserade’s translation of Ovid’s Metamorphoses. He soon found opportunities for appearing frequently before the public; and his acquaintance with Chapelle determined him entirely for jovial poetry. Chaulieu was no poet by profession he sung with the flask in his hand, and we are told that in the circle of genial friends he acquired those delicate sentiments which render his poetry at once so natural and so charming. The muses were the best comforts of his age, as they had frequently been in his younger
among the ladies. At one time, in Flanders, he was taken prisoner, but escaped by the “endeavours of a lady of considerable quality;” and at another time, when condemned
, a voluminous poet of the
sixteenth century, w,as born in Shrewsbury about the year
1520. Wood, who has given a long account of him, says
he was of a genteel family, and well educated; and that at
the age of seventeen, his father gave him a sum of money,
and sent him to court, where he lived in gaiety while his
finances lasted. He does not seem, however, to have
gained any thing by his attendance at court, except his
introduction to the celebrated earl of Surrey, with whom
he lived some time as domestic, and by whose encouragement he produced some of his poems. He certainly had
no public employment either now or in queen Elizabeth’s
reign, although some have denominated him poet laureat,
merely, as Mr. Malone thinks, “because he had addressed
many of the noblemen of Elizabeth’s court for near forty
years, and is called by one of his contemporaries, the old
court poet.
” He appears, however, to have continued with
the earl of Surrey, until this virtuous and amiable nobleman was sacrificed to the tyrannical caprice of Henry VIII.
Churchyard now became a soldier, and made several campaigns on the continent, in Ireland, and in Scotland.
Tanner is inclined to think that he served the emperor in
Flanders against the French in the reign of Henry VIII.;
but the differences of dates between his biographers are
not now so reconcileable as to enable us to decide upon this
part of his history. Wood next informs us that he spent
some time at Oxford, and was afterwards patronized by the
earl of Leicester. He then became enamoured of a rich
widow; but his passion not meeting with success, he once
more returned to the profession of arms, engaged in foreign
service, in which he suffered great hardships, and met with
many adventures of the romantic kind; and in the course
of them appears to have been always a favourite among the
ladies. At one time, in Flanders, he was taken prisoner,
but escaped by the “endeavours of a lady of considerable
quality;
” and at another time, when condemned to death as
a spy, he was reprieved and sent away by the “endeavours
of a noble dame.
” On his return he published a great
variety of poems on all subjects; but there is reason to
think that by these he gained more applause than profit, as
it is very certain that he lived and died poor. The time of
his death, until lately was not ascertained; Winstanley and
Cibber place that event in 1570, Fuller in 1602, and Oldys
in 1604, which last is correct. Mr. George Chalmers, in.
his “Apology for the believers in the Shakspeare Mss.
”
gives us an extract from the parish register, proving that
he was buried April 4, of that year, in St. Margaret’s
church, Westminster, near the grave of Skelton. Mr.
D'Israeli, who has introduced him in his “Calamities of
Authors,
” very aptly characterises him as “one of those
unfortunate men, who have written poetry all their days,
and lived a long life, to complete the misfortune.
” His
works are minutely enumerated by Ritson in his “Bibliographia Poetica,
” and some well- selected specimens have
lately appeared in the Censura Literaria. The best of his
poems, in point of genius, is his “Legende of Jane Shore,
”
and the most popular, his “Worthiness of Wales,
” an excellent
soldier, and a man of honest principles,
” who in
and Virgil. The princess Serena had a great esteem for Claudian, and recommended and married him to a lady of great quality and fortune in Libya, as he acknowledges
, a Latin poet, who flourished in the fourth century, under the emperor Theodosius and his sons Arcadius and Honorius, was born in
the year 365. Many learned men imagine him to have
been born at Alexandria, in Egypt; others, however, have
made a Spaniard of him, others a Frenchman, and Plutarch
and Politian suppose Florence to have been the place of his
nativity. It is certain that he came to Rome in the year
395, and insinuated himself into Stilico’s favour, who,
being a person of great abilities, both for civil and military
affairs, though a Goth by birth, was now become so considerable under Honorius, that he may be said for many
years to have governed the western empire. Stilico afterwards fell into disgrace, and was put to death; and it is
more than probable, that the poet was involved in the
misfortunes of his patron, whom he had egregiously flattered, and severely persecuted by Hadrian, who was captain of the guards to Honorius, and seems to have succeeded
Stilico. There is a reason, however, to think that he rose
afterwards to great favour, and obtained several honours
both civil and military. Arcadius and Honorius are said
to have granted him an honour, which seems to exceed
any that had ever been bestowed upon a poet before,
having at the senate’s request ordered a statue to be erected
for him in Trajan’s forum, with a very honourable inscription; and this is said to be confirmed by the late discovery
of a marble, supposed to be the pedestal of Claudiau’s
statue in brass. The inscription runs thus: “To Claudius
Claudianus, tribune and notary, and among other noble
accomplishments, the most excellent of poets: though his
own poems are sufficient to render his name immortal, yet
[as] a testimony of their approbation, the most learned and
[h]appy emperors Arcadius and Honorius have, at the request of the senate, ordered this statue to be erected and
placed in the forum of Trajan.
” Under the inscription
was placed an epigram in Greek, signifying that he had
united the perfections of Homer and Virgil. The princess
Serena had a great esteem for Claudian, and recommended
and married him to a lady of great quality and fortune in
Libya, as he acknowledges very gratefully in an epistle
which he addresses to Serena from thence, a little before
his wedding day.
ide, as he was irregular in his manners, and appears, particularly, to have engaged in an amour with a lady of quality. A reconciliation, however, seems to have been
Pennant informs us that at an audience which the earl
had after one of his expeditions, queen Elizabeth, perhaps
designedly, dropped one of her gloves. His lordship took
it up, and presented it to her; upon which she graciously
desired him to keep it, as a mark of her esteem. In this
manner, Pennant adds, his ambition was gratified with
a reward that suited her majesty’s avarice. With the romantic gallantry of the times, he adorned this glove with
diamonds, and wore it in the front of his high-crowned hat
on days of tournament, as is expressed in the fine print of
him, by Robert White. Another instance of the queen’s
favour to the earl of Cumberland, was her appointing him
her champion in all her tilting matches, from the thirtythird year of her reign. In this office he succeeded the
gallant old knight sir Henry Lea, who resigned it with
much ceremony in 1590. Mr. Wai pole, in his Miscellaneous Antiquities, has obliged the public with an entertaining account of his lordship’s investiture. He excelled
'all the nobility of his time in the exercises of tiltings, turnings, and courses of the field. His magnificent armour
worn on such occasions, adorned with roses and fleurs de lis,
is actually preserved at Appleby castle. In Skipton castle
is a picture of the earl of Cumberland and his family,
which is deemed a curious performance. It is tripartite,
in form of a screen. The earl, who occupies the centre,
is dressed in armour, spotted with stars of gold; but much
of it is concealed by a vest and skirts reaching to his
knees: his helmet and gauntlet, lying on the floor, are
studded in like manner. His lady stands by him in a purple gown, and white petticoat, -embroidered with gold.
She pathetically extends one hand to two beautiful boys,
as if in the action of dissuading her lord from the dangerous
voyages in which he engaged, when more interesting and
tender claims urged the presence of a parent. “How
must he have been affected,
” says Mr. Pennant, “by his
refusal, when he found that he had lost both on his return
from two expeditions, if the heart of a hero does not too
often divest itself of the tender sensations!
” The letters
of Margaret, the earl of Cumberland’s lady, are extant in
manuscript, and also her Diary; from which it appears
that she unfortunately married without liking, and met with
the same return. She complains greatly of the coolness of
her lord, and of his neglecting their daughter, Anne Clifford. The countess of Cumberland even endured great
poverty, of which she writes in a most moving strain to
king James I. to several great persons, and to the earl himself. Mr. Pennant observes, that all her letters are humble, suppliant, and pathetic, though the earl was said to
have parted with her on account of her high spirit. But
although this lady might sometimes be obliged, from peculiar circumstances, to write in a strain of humiliation, it
is certain that she was a woman who possessed great fortitude and magnanimity of mind. This is apparent from
the account her daughter has given of her; nor do we
perceive, in that account, any traces of the poverty which
the letters seen by Mr. Pennant represent her to have endured. Her conduct, after the death of her lord, in the
contest between her and Francis, earl of Cumberland, her
brother-in-law, for the family estate, was truly spirited, as
she would never submit to give up her daughter’s right.
With regard to her quarrel with her husband, the blame
was principally on his side, as he was irregular in his manners, and appears, particularly, to have engaged in an
amour with a lady of quality. A reconciliation, however,
seems to have been effected between the earl and the
countess; for she was present with him at the time of his
decease, and he then expressed much affection towards
her. We learn, from the inscription on the picture before
mentioned, that, during the latter part of his life he felt
the good effects of his early education for he died penitently, willingly, and christianly.
, a lady much distinguished by her literary accomplishments, was
, a lady much distinguished by her literary accomplishments, was born in London, August 16, 1679, the daughter of captain David Trotter, who was a native of Scotland, and a commander in the royal navy, in the reign of king Charles the Second. Her mother was Mrs. Sarah Ballenden, nearly related to the noble lord of that name, and to the illustrious families of Maitland, duke of Lauderdale, and Drumrnond, earl of Perth. She had the misfortune to lose her father when very young; an event which also reduced her mother to narrow circumstances. In her childhood, she surprised a company of her relations and friends with some extemporary verses, on an incident which had happened in the street, and which excited her attention. By her own application and diligence, without any instructor, she learned to write, and also made herself mistress of the French language; but had some assistance in the study of the Latin grammar and logic; and of the latter she drew up an abstract for her own use. She was educated in the protestant religion, but having an early intimacy with several Roman catholic families of distinction, she was led, when very young, to embrace the Romish communion, and continued in it for some years.
e, that when he had been at the bar but a few years, he thought himself in a condition to pretend to a lady of one of the best families, and at the same time of the
, lord chief-justice of England, and one of the most eminent lawyers this kingdom has produced, was descended from an ancient family in Norfolk, and born at Mileham, in that county, 1549. His father was Robert Coke, esq. of Mileham; his mother, Winifred, daughter and coheiress of William Knightley, of Margrave Knightley, in Norfolk. At ten years of age he was sent to a free -school at Norwich; and from thence removed to Trinity-college, in Cambridge. He remained in the university about four years, and went from thence to Clifford Vinn, in London and the year after was entered a student of the Inner Temple. We are told that the first proof he gave of the quickness of his penetration, and the solidity of his judgment, was his stating the cook’s case of the Temple, which it seems had puzzled the whole house, so clearly and exactly, that it was taken notice of and admired by the bench. It is not at all improbable that this might promote his being called early to the bar, at the end of six years, which in those strict times was held very extraordinary. He himself has informed us that the first cause he moved in the King? s-bench, was in Trinity-term, 1578, when he was counsel for Mr. Edward Denny, vicar of Northingham, in Norfolk, in an action of scandalum magnatum, brought against him by Henry lord Cromwell. About this time he was appointed reader of Lyon’s-inn, when his learned lectures were much attended, for three years. His reputation increased so fast, and with it his practice, that when he had been at the bar but a few years, he thought himself in a condition to pretend to a lady of one of the best families, and at the same time of the best fortune in Norfolk, Bridget, daughter and coheiress of John Preston, esq. whom he soon married, and with whom he had in all about 30,000l.
inly Colbert’s natural turn; and he not only loved it, but was very impatient of interruption in it. A lady of great quality was one day urging him, when he was in
In 1669 he was made secretary of state, and entrusted
with the management of affairs relating to the sea: and his
performances in this province were answerable to the confidence his majesty reposed in him. He suppressed several offices, which were chargeable and useless: and in the
mean time, perceiving the king’s zeal for the extirpation
of heresy, he shut up the chamber instituted by the edicts
of Paris and Roan. He proposed several new regulations
concerning criminal courts; and was extremely severe with
the parliament of Tholouse, for obstructing the measures
he took to carry the same into execution. His main design in reforming the tedious methods of proceeding at
law, was to give the people more leisure to apply themselves to trading: for the advancement of which he procured an edict, to erect a general insurance-office at Paris,
for merchants, &c. In 1672 he was made minister of state,
and amidst these multiplied employments, it has been observed that he never neglected his own or his family’s interest and grandeur, or missed any opportunity of advancing
either. He had been married many years, had sons and
daughters grown up; all of whom, as occasion served, he
took care to marry to great persons, and thus strengthened
his interest by powerful alliances. Business, however, was
certainly Colbert’s natural turn; and he not only loved it,
but was very impatient of interruption in it. A lady of
great quality was one day urging him, when he was in the
height of his power, to do her some piece of service; and
perceiving him inattentive and inflexible, threw herself at
his feet,- in the presence of above an hundred persons, crying, “I beg your greatness, in the name of God, to grant
me this favour 1
” Upon which, Colbert, kneeling down
over against her, replied, in the same mournful tone, “I
conjure you, madam, in the name of God, not to disturb
me'!
”
loyment when Urban went to France. He quitted at the same time the ecclesiastical habit, and married a lady by whom he had ten children. His reputation for knowledge
, an ancient Italian poet and philosopher, was born at Stignano in Pescia, in 1330, His father, who was in the army, being involved in the troubles of his country, was obliged to retire to Bologna, where Coluccio was educated, or rather where he taught himself for some time without % master. It appears indeed from a letter which he wrote to Bernardo cli Moglo, that he did not apply himself to the cultivation of polite literature till he was arrived at man’s estate, and that it was then he went to Bologna? and attended the public lectures of the father of the above Bernardo. By his own father’s request, he afterwards studied law, but on his death quitted that profession for eloquence and poetry. It is not stated when he left Bologna, nor when he was permitted to return to Florence; but in 1363, in his thirty-eighth year, we find him the colleague of Francis Bruin, as apostolical secretary to pope Urban V, and it is probable that he quitted this employment when Urban went to France. He quitted at the same time the ecclesiastical habit, and married a lady by whom he had ten children. His reputation for knowledge and eloquence procured him the greatest offers from popes, emperors, and kings; but his love for his native country made him prefer, to the most brilliant prospects, the office of chancellor of the republic of Florence, which was conferred on him in 1375, and which he filled very honourably for thirty years. The letters he wrote appeared so striking to John Galeas Visconti, then at war with the republic, that he declared one letter of Coluccio’s to be more mischievous to his cause than the efforts of a thousand Florentine knights.
ion. Her husband left her a beautiful widow at the age of twenty-two. She resided for some time with a lady to whom she was warmly attached, who was also a widow,
, a French lady of considerable
talents, whose maiden name was Ristau, was born in 1772,
the daughter of a merchant at Bourdeaux, according to
whose wish she was married, at eighteen, to M. Cottin, a
rich banker at Paris, who was also a relation. Her husband left her a beautiful widow at the age of twenty-two.
She resided for some time with a lady to whom she was
warmly attached, who was also a widow, and she devoted
much of her attention to the education of that lady’s two
daughters; but it does not appear that madame de Cottin
herself ever was a mother. Much of her time seems likewise to have been occupied in writing those novels which
have established her fame in that branch in her own
country. She died at Paris, August 25, 1807. Her
principal novels are, 1. “Claire d'Albe,
” Malvina,
” Amelia Mansfield,
” Mathilcle,
” 6 vols. 12mo. 5. “Elizabeth, ou les Exiles cle Siberia,
”
piety or talents at court, for he was almoner to queen Catherine Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII. a lady who was a favourer of the reformed religion, and as such
It is highly probable also that Coverdale was held in
estimation for piety or talents at court, for he was almoner
to queen Catherine Parr, the last wife of Henry VIII. a
lady who was a favourer of the reformed religion, and as
such he officiated at her funeral in Sept. 1548, in the
chapel at Sudeley castle in Gloucestershire, the seat of
her third husband, Thomas, lord Seymour of Sudley; and
took that opportunity of declaring his sentiments on religion in the sermon he preached, which, says our manuscript authority, “was very good and godlie, and in one
place thereof he toke occasion to declare unto the people
howe that there shulde none there thinke, seye nor spread
abrode, that the offeringe which was there don, was don
anye thing to proffytt the deade, but for the poore onlye;
and also the lights which were caried and stode abowte
the corps, were for the honnour of the parson, and for
none other entente nor purpose; and so wente thorowghe
with his Sermon de, and made a godly e Prayer, &c.
”
red life. No person can justly blame Mrs. Unwin for feeling apprehensive that Cowper’s intimacy with a lady of such extraordinary talents, might lead him into perplexities,
In this year, when he was beginning his translation of
Homer, the quiet and even tenour of his life was disturbed
by the necessity he felt of parting with lady Austen. A
short extract from Mr. Hayley will give this matter as clear
explanation as delicacy can permit: “Delightful and advantageous as his friendship with lady Austen had proved,
he now began to feel that it grew -impossible to preserve
that triple cord, which his own pure heart had led him to
suppose not speedily to be broken. Mrs. Unwin, though
by no means destitute of mental accomplishments, was
eclipsed by the brilliancy of the poet’s new friend, and
naturally became uneasy, under the apprehension of being
so, for to a woman of sensibility, what evil can be more
afflicting, than the fear of losing all mental influence over
a man of genius and virtue, whom she has long been accustomed to inspirit and to guide? Cowper perceived
the painful necessity of sacrificing a great portion of his
present gratifications. He felt, that he must relinquish
that ancient friend, whom he regarded as a venerable parent; or the new associate, whom he idolized as a sister of
a heart and mind peculiarly C9ngenial to his own. His
gratitude for past services of unexampled magnitude and
weight, would not allow him to hesitate: with a resolution
and delicacy, that do the highest honour to his feelings,
he wrote a farewell letter to lady Austen, explaining and
lamenting the circumstances that forced him to renounce
the society of a friend, whose enchanting talents and kindness had proved so agreeably instrumental to the revival
of his spirits and to the exercise of his fancy. In those
very interesting conferences with which I was honoured
by lady Austen, I was irresistibly led to express an anxious
desire for the sight of a letter written by Cowper, in a
situation that must have called forth all the finest powers
of his eloquence as a monitor and a friend. The lady
confirmed me in my opinion that a more admirable letter
could not be written; and had it existed at that time, I
am persuaded from her noble frankness and zeal for the
honour of the departed poet, she would have given me a
oopy; but she ingenuously confessed, that in a moment of
natural mortification, she burnt this very tender yet resolute letter. Had it been confided to my care, I am persuaded I should have thought it very proper for publication, as it displayed both the tenderness and the magnanimity of Cowper, nor could I have deemed it a want of
delicacy towards the memory of lady Austen, to exhibit a
proof, that animated by the warmest admiration of the
great poet, whose fancy slie could so successfully call
forth, she was willing to devote her life and fortune to his
service and protection. The sentiment is to be regarded
as honourable to the lady; it is still more honourable to
the poet, that with such feelings as rendered him perfectly
sensible of all lady Austen’s fascinating powers, he could
return her tenderness with innocent gallantry, and yet resolutely preclude himself from her society when he could
no longer enjoy it without appearing deficient in gratitude
towards the compassionate and generous guardian of his
sequestered life. No person can justly blame Mrs. Unwin
for feeling apprehensive that Cowper’s intimacy with a
lady of such extraordinary talents, might lead him into
perplexities, of which he was by no means aware. This
remark was suggested by a few elegant and tender verses,
addressed by the poet to lady Austen, and shown to me by
that lady. Those who were acquainted with the unsuspecting innocence, and sportive gaiety of Cowper,
would readily allow, if they had seen the verses to which
I allude, that they are such as he might have addressed to
a real sister; but a lady only called by that endearing
name, may be easily pardoned if she was induced by them
to hope, that they might possibly be a prelude to a still
dearer alliance. To me they appeared expressive of that
peculiarity in his character, a gay and tender gallantry,
perfectly distinct from arr-orous attachment. If the lady,
who was the subject of the verses, had given them to me
with a permission to print them, I should have thought the
poet himself might have approved of their appearance, accompanied with such a commentary.
”
mmer of 1673 he was made one of the surveyors at sir Robert Shaftoe’s reading. He soon after married a lady who had a right to a considerable fortune; but, being
, bart. lord chancellor of Ireland,
and author of a history of that kingdom, was son to Richard
Cox, esq. captain of a troop of horse, and was born at
Bandon, in the county of Cork, on the 25th of March
1650. He had the misfortune to become an orphan before
he was full three years of age and was then taken care of
by his mother’s father, Walter Bird, esq. of Cloghnakilty.
But his grandfather also dying when he was about nine
years old^ he was then taken under the protection of his
uncle, John Bird, esq. who placed him at an ordinary
Latin school at Cloghnakiity, where he soon discovered a
strong inclination to learning. In 1668, in his eighteenth
year, he began to practise as an attorney in several manor
courts where his uncle was seneschal, and continued it
three years, and was entered of Gray’s Inn in 1671, with
a view of being called to the bar. Here he was so much
distinguished for his great assiduity and consequent improvement, that in the summer of 1673 he was made one
of the surveyors at sir Robert Shaftoe’s reading. He soon
after married a lady who had a right to a considerable fortune; but, being disappointed in obtaining it, he took a
farm near Cloghnakiity, to which he retired for seven
years. Being at length roused from his lethargy by a great
increase of his family, he was, hy the interest of sir Robert Southwell, elected recorder of Kinsale in 1680. He
now removed to Cork; where he practised the law with
great success. But, foreseeing the storm that was going
to fall on the protestants, he quitted his practice, and his
estate, which at that time amounted to 300l. per ann. and
removed with his wife and five children to England, and
settled at Bristol. At this place he obtained sufficient
practice to support his family genteelly, independently of
his Irish estate; and at his leisure hours compiled the
History of Ireland;“the first part of which he published
soon after the revolution, in 1689, under the title of
” Hibernia Anglicana; or the History of Ireland, from the
conquest thereof by the English to the 'present time."
When the prince of Orange arrived in London, Mr. Cox
quitted Bristol, and repaired to the metropolis, where he
was made undersecretary of state. Having given great satisfaction to the king in the discharge of this office, Mr. Cox
was immediately after the surrender of Waterford made
recorder of that city. On the 15th of September 1690, he
was appointed second justice of the court of common
pleas. In April 1691 Mr. Justice Cox was made governor
of the county and city of Cork. His situation now, as a
judge and a military governor, was somewhat singular;
and he was certainly not deficient in zeal for the government, whatever objections may be made to his conduct on
the principles of justice and humanity. During the time
of Mr. Cox’s government, which continued till the reduction of Limerick, though he had a frontier of 80 railes to
defend, and 20 places to garrison, besides Cork and the
fort of Kinsale, yet he did not lose a single inch of ground.
On the 5th of November 1692, Mr. justice Cox received
the honour of knighthood; in July 1693 was nominated
lord chancellor of Ireland, and in October 1706 was created
a baronet. On the death of queen Anne, and the accession of king George I. sir Richard Cox, with the other
principal Irish judges, was removed from his office, and
also from the privy council. He then retired to his seat
in the county of Cork, where he hoped to have ended his
days in peace; hut his tranquillity was disturbed by several attacks which were made against him in the Irish parliament, but though several severe votes were passed
against, him, they were not followed by any farther proceedings. He now divided his time between study, making improvements on his estate, and acts of beneficence.
But in April 1733, he was seized by a fit of apoplexy,
which ended in a palsy, under which he languished till
the 3d of May that year, when he expired without pain,
at the age of 83 years one month and a few days.
ascribed it to jealousy, asserting that he suspected Crichton to be more in favour than himself with a lady whom he passionately loved; and sir Thomas Urqnhart has
The next account we have of Crichton, and which appears to have been transmitted, through sir Thomas Urquharr, to later biographers, is of an extraordinary instance of bodily courage and skill. It is said, that at Mantua there was at this time a gladiator, who had foiled, in his travels, the most famous fencers in Europe, and had lately killed three persons who had entered the lists with him. The duke of Mantua was much grieved at having granted this man his protection, as he found it to be attended with such fatal consequences. Crichton, being informed of his highness’s concern, offered his service, not only to drive the murderer from Mantua, but from Italy, and to fight him for fifteen hundred pistoles. Though the duke was unwilling to expose such an accomplished gentleman to so great a hazard, yet, relying upon the report he had heard of his warlike achievements, he agreed to the proposal; and, the time and place being appointed, the whole court attended to behold the performance. At the beginning of the combat, Crichton stood only on his defence; while the Italian made his attack with such eagerness and fury, that, having over-acted himself, he began to grow weary. Our young Scotchman now seized the opportunity of attacking his antagonist in return; which he did with so much dexterity and vigour, that he ran him through the body in three different places, of which wounds he immediately died. The acclamations of the spectators were loud and extraordinary upon this occasion; and it was acknowledged by all of them, that they had never seen art grace nature, or nature second the precepts of art, in so lively a manner as they had beheld these two things accomplished on that day. To crown the glory of the action, Crichton bestowed the prize of his victory upon the widows of the three persons who had lost their lives in fighting with the gladiator. It is asserted, that, in consequence of this, and his other wonderful performances, the duke of Mantua made choice of him for preceptor to his son Vincentio di Gonzaga, who is represented as being of a riotous temper and a dissolute life. The appointment was highly pleasing to the court. Crichton, to testify his gratitude to his friends and benefactors, and to contribute to their diversion, framed, we are told, a comedy, wherein he exposed and ridiculed all the weaknesses and failures of the several employments in which men are engaged. This composition was regarded as one of the most ingenious satires that was ever made upon mankind. But the most astonishing part of the story is, that Crichton sustained fifteen characters in the representation of his own play. Among the rest, he acted the divine, the philosopher, the lawyer, the mathematician, the physician, and the soldier, with such inimitable grace, that every time he appeared upon the stage he seemed to be a different person . From being the principal actor in a comedy, Crichton soon became the subject of a dreadful tragedy. One night, during the time of carnival, as he was walking along the streets of Mantua, and playing upon his guitar, he was attacked by half a dozen people in masks. The assailants found that they had no ordinary person to deal with; for they were not able to maintain their ground against him. In the issue, the leader of the company, being disarmed, pulled off his mask, and begged his life, telling him that he was the prince his pupil. Crichton immediately fell on his knees, and expressed his concern for his mistake; alleging, that what he had done was only in his own defence, and that if Gonzaga had any design upon his life he might always be master of it. Then, taking his own sword by the point, he presented it to the prince, who immediately received it, and was so irritated by the affront which he thought he had sustained in being foiled with all "his attendants, that he instantly ran Crichton through the heart. Various have been the conjectures concerning the motives which could induce Vincentio di Gonzaga to be guilty of so ungenerous and brutal an action. Some have ascribed it to jealousy, asserting that he suspected Crichton to be more in favour than himself with a lady whom he passionately loved; and sir Thomas Urqnhart has told a story upon this head which is extravagant and ridiculous in the highest degree. Others, with greater probability, represent the whole transaction as the result of a drunken frolic; and it is uncertain, according to Imperiaiis, whether the meeting of the prince and Crichton was by accident or design. However, it is agreed on all hands, that Crichton lost his life in this rencontre. The time of his decease is said, by the generality of his biographers, to have been in the beginning-of July 1583; but lord Buchan, most likely in consequence of a more accurate immiry, fixes it to the same month in the preceding year. There is a difference likewise with regard to the period of life at which Crichton died. The common accounts declare that he was killed in the thirty-second year of his age; but Imperialis asserts that he was only in his twenty-second when that calamitous event took place; and this fact is confirmed by lord Buchan. Criehton’s tragical end excited a very great and general lamentation. If the foolish ravings of sir Thomas Urquhart are to be credited, the whole court of Mantua went three quarters of a year into mourning for him; the epitaphs and elegies that were composed upon his death, and stuck upon his hearse, would exceed, if collected, the bulk of Homer’s works; and, for a long time afterwards, his picture was to be seen in most of the bed-chambers and galleries of the Italian nobility, representing him on horseback, with a lance in one hand and a book in the other. From all this wonderful account we can only infer, with any degree of confidence, that Crichton was a youth of such lively parts as excited great present admiration, and high expectations with regard to his future attainments. He appears to have had a fine person, to have been adroit in his bodily exercises, to have possessed a peculiar facility in learning languages, to have enjoyed a remarkably quick and retentive memory, and to have excelled in a power of declamation, a fluency of speech, and a readiness of reply. His knowledge likewise was probably very uncommon for his years; and this, in conjunction with his other qualities, enabled him to shine in public disputation. But whether his knowledge were accurate or profound, may justly be questioned; and it may equally be doubted whether he would have arisen to any extraordinary degree of eminence in the literary world, which, however, his early and untimely death prevented from being brought to the test of experiment.
he same day more privately by Dr. Hewett, according to the office in the common prayer-book. She was a lady of great beauty, and of a very high spirit; and, after
Oliver’s second son, Henry, born Jan. 20, 1627, he
sent over into Ireland, where he raised him gradually to
the post of lord lieutenant. Though in this he seemed to
give him the preference to Richard, yet in reality he used
him more harshly; for though his abilities were good, his
manners irreproachable, and his submission exemplary,
yet he paid no great deference to his recommendations,
and allowed him as little power as could well be imagined.
This son died March 25, 1674, having married a daughter
of sir Francis Russel, of Chippenham, in Cambridgeshire.
He was buried in the church of Wicken, in the same county,
in which Spinney-abbey, his mansion-house, stood, and
has this simple epitaph in the chancel: “Henricus Cromwell de Spinney obiit 23 die Martii, anno Christi 1673,
unnoque ætatis 47.
” His lady died April 7, 1687, aged 52,
and was buried by him. Cromwell married all his daughters
well, and was kind to their husbands; but it is said that he
gave them no fortunes. Bridget, his eldest, first married
commissary-general Ireton, and after his decease, lieutenantgeneral Fleetwood. Cromwell is said never to have had
but one confidant, and that was Ireton, whom he placed
at the head of affairs in Ireland, where he died of the
plague in 1651. This daughter was a republican, as were
her two husbands, and consequently not quite agreeable
to her father; otherwise a woman of very good sense, and
regular in her behaviour. By Ireton she had one daughter
of her own name, married to Mr. Benclish. Elizabeth,
his second and favourite daughter, was born in 1630, and
married John Claypole, esq. a Northamptonshire gentleman, whom the protector made master of the horse,
created a baronet in 1657, and appointed him one of his
lords. Mary, his third daughter, born in 1636, was married with great solemnity to lord Fauconberg, Nov. 18,
1657; but the same day more privately by Dr. Hewett, according to the office in the common prayer-book. She
was a lady of great beauty, and of a very high spirit; and,
after her brother Richard was deposed, is thought to have
promoted very successfully the restoration of king Charles;
for it is remarkable, that all Cromwell’s daughters, except
the eldest, had a secret kindness for the royal family, of
which, however, he was not ignorant. Lord Fauconberg
was sent to the Tower by the committee of safety, and
was in very high favour with Charles II. He was raised
to the dignity of an earl by king William, and died Dec.
31, 1700. His lady survived him to March, 1712, and
distinguished herself to her death, by the quickness of her
wit and the solidity of her judgment. Frances, the protector’s youngest daughter, was married first to Mr. Robert Rich, grandson to the earl of Warwick, in 1657, who
died Feb. 16th following; and, secondly, to sir John
Russel, of Chippenham, in Cambridgeshire, by whom she
had several children, and lived to a great age.
for the same purpose. In November 1697 (or, as Chaufepie says, in 1702), he married Elizabeth Rose, a lady originally of Dauphiny, and thus, adds one of his Roman
, a learned French writer, was born at Nantes, Dec. 4, 1661. His father, who was a merchant, was also a man of letters, and bestowed much pains on the education of his son, who answered his expectations by the proficiency he made in classical studies. He had, however, provided him with a private tutor, who happened to disgust him by the severity of his manners, and upon this account partly, at the age of fourteen, he desired to take a voyage to some of the West India islands, to which his father traded; but his principal inducement was what he had read in books of voyages, and the conversation of persons who had been in America, all which raised his curiosity to visit the new world. He embarked on board a French ship, with no other books than Erasmus’s Colloquies, and the Gradus ad Parnassum. His passage was not unpleasant, and during his residence at Guadeloupe he borrowed all the Latin books he could discover, and read them with avidity; but the chief advantage he seems to have derived here was an opportunity to learn the English, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese San^uasres. To these he afterwards added an acquaintance with the German, Sclavonic, and AngloSaxon; and studied with much attention the ancient and modern Greek, the Hebrew, Syriac, Coptic, Armenian, Hebrew, Arabic, and even the Chinese. On his return to Nantes in 1677, he found his father’s affairs somewhat deranged, and was obliged to take a part in the business. Medicine appears to have been first suggested to him as a profession, but he found little inclination for that study; and some conferences he happened to have with the Benedictines of the congregation of St. Maur determined him to enter their society. He accordingly made his noviciate in 1673, and applied himself to the study of theology. In 1682 he formally became a member of the congregation. His residence at Paris, in the abbey of St. Germain des Pres, the vast number of books within his reach, and particularly of manuscripts, increased his knowledge and his thirst for knowledge, and some of his earliest labours were bestowed in preparing materials, collecting Mss. &c. for new editions of the works of St. Clement of Alexandria, and St. Gregory Nazianzen. But these were interrupted by certain differences which occurred in the abbey to which he belonged, and of which we have various accounts. The prior of St. Germain, father Loo, had a great aversion to the study of classical and polite literature, and was for confining the members to the strict religious duties of the house. This could not fail to be disgusting to a man of La Croze’s taste: but, according to other accounts, which seem more prohable, he began to entertain religious scruples about this time (lr.96), which induced him to withdraw himself. It is said that his superiors found among his papers a treatise against transubstantiation in his hand-writing, and which they believed to be his composition; but they discovered afterwards that it uas a translation from the English of Stillingfleet. Some other manuscripts, however, sufficiently proved that he had changed his opinion on religious matters; and the dread of persecution obliged him to make his escape to Basil, which he successfully accomplished in May 1696. Here he renounced the Roman catholic religion, and as his intention was to take up his residence, he was matriculated as a student of the college of Basil. He remained in this place, however, only till September, when he departed, provided with the most honourable testimonies of his learning and character from Buxtorf, the Hebrew professor, and Werenfels, dean of the faculty of theology. He then went to Berlin, where his object was to secure a iixed residence, devote himself to study, and endeavour to forget France. In order to introduce himself, he began with offering to educate young men, the sons of protestant parents, which appears to have answered his purpose, as in 1697 we find him appointed librarian to the king of Prussia; but his biographers are not agreed upon the terms. To this place a pension was attached, but not sufficient to enable him to live without continuing his school; and some assert that he was very poor at this time. The probability is, that his circumstances were improved as he became better known, and his reputation among the learned was already extensive. In June of 1697 he went to Francfort to visit the literati of that place, and their fine library, and visited also Brandenburgh for the same purpose. In November 1697 (or, as Chaufepie says, in 1702), he married Elizabeth Rose, a lady originally of Dauphiny, and thus, adds one of his Roman catholic biographers, completed the abjuration of the true religion. In 1698 he first commenced author, and from time to time published those works on which his fame rests. Soon after he became acquainted with the celebrated Leibnitz, with whom he carried on an intimate correspondence. In 17 13 he went to Hamburgh, where he paid many visits to the learned Fabricius, and in his letters speaks with great warmth of the pleasure this journey afforded; but this year, 17 J 3, was not in other respects a vei'y fortunate one to La Croze, and he formed the design of quitting Germany. He had been appointed tutor to the margrave of Schwel, and this employment terminating in 1714, he lost the pension annexed to it, and was reduced to considerable difficulties, of which he wrote to Leibnitz, as to a friend in whom he could confide. Leibnitz, by way of answer, sent him a copy of a letter which he had written to M. BernsdorfT, prime minister to the elector of Hanover, in his behalf. The object likely to be attained by this interest was a professorship at Helmstadt; but as it required subscription to the articles of the Lutheran church, M. la Croze, notwithstanding the persuasions Leibnitz employed, declined accepting it. His affairs, however, soon after wore a more promising aspect, partly in consequence of a prize he gained in the Dutch lottery. In 1717 he had the honour to be engaged as private tutor to the princess royal of Prussia, afterwards margravine of Bareoth. In 1724, for several months his studies were interrupted by a violent fit of the gravel; and on his recovery, the queen of Prussia, who always patronized La Croze, obtained for him the professorship of philosophy in the French college at Berlin, vacant by the death of M. Chauvin. This imposed on him the necessity of drawing up a course of philosophy, but as he never intended to print it, it is said not to have been executed with the care he bestowed on his other works. In 1713 father Bernard Pez, the Benedictine, made him liberal offers if he would return to the church he had forsaken, but this he declined with politeness, offering the arguments which influenced his mind to remain in the protestant church. In 1739 an inflammation appeared on his leg, which inApril put on appearances of mortification, hut did not prove fatal until May 21. About a quarter of an bour before his death he desired his servant to read the 51st and 77th psalms, during which he expired, in the seventy -first year of his age. He was reckoned one of the most learned men of his time, and was frequently called a living library. So extensive was his reading, and so vast iiis memory, that no one ever consulted him without obtaining prompt information. In dates, facts, and references he was correct and ready. We have already noticed how many languages he had learned, but it appears that he made the least progress in the Chinese, to which Leihnitz, in his letters, is perpetuiiy iirging him. The greater part of his life was employed in study, and he had no other pleasures. There was scarcely a book in his library whicli he had not perused, and he wrote ms notes on most of them. His conversation could not fail to be acceptable to men of literary research, as his memory was stored with anecdotes, which he told in a very agreeable manner. He was conscientiously attached to the principles of the reformed religion. He had always on his table the Hebrew Psalter, the Greek Testament, and Thomas a Kempis in Latin: the latter he almost had by heart, as well as Buchanan’s Psalms. His consistent piety and charity are noticed by all his biographers.
, a lady of great genius and learning, was born in Silesia about
, a lady of great genius and learning, was born in Silesia about the beginning
of the seventeenth century, and became celebrated for her
extensive knowledge in many branches of learning, particularly in mathematics and astronomy, upon which she
wrote several ingenious treatises; one of which, under the
title of “Urania Propitia,
” printed in
Madame Dacier was a lady of great virtue as well as learning. She was remarkable
Madame Dacier was a lady of great virtue as well as
learning. She was remarkable for firmness, generosity,
good nature, and piety. The causes of her change of religion are not well explained, but she appears to have
been at least sincere. Her modesty was so great, that she
never spoke of subjects of literature; and it was with some
difficulty that she could at any time be led to do it. There
is an anecdote related of her, which her countrymen say
sets this modesty in a very strong light, although others
may think the pi oof equivocal. It is customary with the
scholars in the northern parts of Europe, who visit, when
they travel, the learned in other countries, to carry with
them a book, in which they desire such persons to write
their names, with some sentence or other. A learned
German paid a visit to madame Dacier, and requested her to
write her name and sentence in his book. She seeing in
it the names of the greatest scholars in Europe, told him,
that she should he ashamed to put her name among those
of so many illustrious persons; and that such presumption
would by no means become her. The gentleman insisting
upon it, she was at last prevailed upon and taking her
pen, wrote her name with this verse of Sophocles, Γυναιξὶν
ὴ πιγὴ φέρει χόσμον, that is, “Silence is the ornament of the
female sex.
” When likewise she was solicited to publish
a translation of some books of scripture, with remarks
upon them, she always answered, that “a woman ought
to read, and meditate upon the scriptures, and regulate her conduct by them, and to keep silence, agreeably to the command of St. Haul.
” Among her other literary honours, the academy of Iticovrati at Padua chose her
one of their body in 1684.
rds became tutor to the lady Anne Clifford, sole daughter and heiress to George, earl of Cumberland, a lady of very high accomplishments, spirit, and intrepidity.
, an English poet and historian, the
son of a music-master, was born near Taunton, in Somersetshire, in 1562. In 1579 he was admitted a commoner
of Magdalen-hall, Oxford, where he continued about three
years, and by the help of an excellent tutor, made
considerable improvement in academical studies. He left the
university, however, without taking a degree, and pursued
the study of history and poetry under the patronage of the
earl of Pembroke’s family. This he thankfully acknowledges in his “Defence of Rhime,
” which is printed in
the late edition of his works, as a necessary document to
illustrate the ideas of poetry entertained in his time. To
the same family he was probably indebted for an university
education, as no notice occurs of his father, who, if a
music-master, could not well have escaped the researches
of Dr. Burney. The first of his product ions, at the age
of twenty-three, was a translation of Paulns Jovius’s ' Discourse of Rare Inventions, both military and amorous,
called Imprese,“London, 1585, 8vo, to which he prefixed an ingenious preface. He afterwards became tutor
to the lady Anne Clifford, sole daughter and heiress to
George, earl of Cumberland, a lady of very high accomplishments, spirit, and intrepidity. To her, when at the
age of thirteen, he addressed a delicate admonitory epistle.
She was married, first to Richard, earl of Dorset, and afterwards to the earl of Pembroke,
” that memorable simpleton,“says lord Orford,
” with whom Butler has so
much diverted himself." The pillar which she erected in
the county of Westmoreland, on the road-side between
Penrith and Appleby, the spot where she took her last
leave of her mother,
re which his friends recommended matrimony. Dante took their advice, but was unfortunate in choosing a lady of a termagant temper, from whom he found it necessary
, an illustrious Italian poet, descended from one of the first families of Florence, of the
name of Caccia Guida. Alighieri was the surname of the
maternal line, natives of Ferrara, so called from a golden
wing which the family bore on their arms. He was born
in 1265, a little after the return of the Guelfs or pope’s
faction, who had been exiled from their native country in
consequence of the defeat at Monte Aperte. The superiority of his genius appeared early, and if we may credit
his biographer Boccaccio, his amorous disposition appeared
almost as soon. His passion for the lady whom he has celebrated in his poem by the name of Beatrice, is said to
have commenced at nine years of age. She was the
daughter of Eoleo Portinari, a noble citizen of Florence.
His passion seems to have been of the platonic kind, according to the account he gives of it in his “Vita Nuova,
”
one of his earliest productions. The lady died at the age
of twenty-six and Dante, affected by the afflicting event,
fell into a profound melancholy, to cure which his friends
recommended matrimony. Dante took their advice, but
was unfortunate in choosing a lady of a termagant temper,
from whom he found it necessary to separate, but not until
they had lived miserably for a considerable time, during
which she bore him several children. Either at this period,
or after the death of his first mistress, he seems by his own
account to have fallen into a profligate course of life, from
which he was rescued by the prayers of his mistress, now
a saint, who prevailed on the spirit of Virgil to attend him
through the infernal regions. It is not easy to reduce this
account to matter of fact, nor is it very clear indeed whether his reigning vice was profligacy, or ambition of worldly
honours. It is certain, however, that he possessed this
ambition, and had reason to repent of it.
ng encouraged to try his success at court, he appeared there as page to Frances duchess of Richmond, a lady of great influence and fashion. He afterwards resided in
, a poet and dramatic writer of considerable note, was the son of John Davenant, who kept the Crown tavern or inn at Oxford, but owing to an obscure ins nuation in Wood’s accountof his birth, ithas been supposed that he was the natural son of Shakspeare; and to render this story probable, Mrs. Davenant is represented as a woman of beauty and gaiety, and a particular favourite of Shakspeare, who was accustomed to lodge at the Crown, on his journies between Warwickshire and London. Modern inquirers, particularly Mr. Steevens, are inclined to discredit this story, which indeed seems to rest upon no very sound foundation. Young Davenant, who was born Feb. 1605, very early betrayed a poetical bias, and one of Iris first attempts, when he was only ten years old, was an ode in remembrance of master William Shakspeare: this is a remarkable production for one so young, and one who lived, not only to see Shakspeare forgotten, but to contribute, with some degree of activity, to that instance of depraved taste. Davenant was educated at the grammarschool of All Saints, in his native city, under Mr. Edward Sylvester, a teacher of high reputation. In 1621, the year in which his father served the office of mayor, he entered of Lincoln-college, but being encouraged to try his success at court, he appeared there as page to Frances duchess of Richmond, a lady of great influence and fashion. He afterwards resided in the family of the celebrated sir Ftilke Greville, lord Brooke, who was himself a poet and a patron of poets. The murder of this nobleman in! 628 depriving him of what assistance he might expect from his friendship, Davenant had recourse to the stage, on which he produced his first dramatic piece, the tragedy of Albovine, king of the Lombards.
omed plainness of garb and neglect of his person; and, notwithstanding these disadvantages, he found a lady, a Miss Milnes of Yorkshire, then residing in London, to
After this, Mr. Day paid his addresses to two sisters in succession, both of whom rejected him. His appearance and manners were indeed not much calculated to charm, and the austere singularities of his sentiments, and the caprices of his temper, all which were parts of the system of happiness he had formed to himself, were tolerable, even by his friends, for a very short period. With the second of these ladies, indeed, he was so enamoured as to tell her that he would endeavour to acquire external refinements; but, finding the progress he made insufficient to abate her dislike, he returned to his accustomed plainness of garb and neglect of his person; and, notwithstanding these disadvantages, he found a lady, a Miss Milnes of Yorkshire, then residing in London, to whom, after a singular courtship, he was united in 1778. The best part of his conduct in this affair was his settling her whole fortune, which was as large as his own, upon herself, totally out of his present or future controul. What follows is of a less amiable complexion. They retired soon after their marriage, first to Stapleford Abbots in Essex, and afterwards to Anningsley, near Chertsey, in Surrey. Here they had no carriage; no appointed servant about Mrs. Day’s own person; no luxury of any sort. Music, in which she was a distinguished proficient, was deemed trivial. She banished her harpsichord and music books. Frequent experiments upon her temper, and her attachment, were made by him whom she lived but to obey and love. Over these, we are told, she often wept, but never repined; and no wife, bound in the strictest fetters, as to the incapacity of claiming a separate maintenance, ever made more absolute sacrifices to the most imperious husband than did this lady, whose independence had been secured. She is even said to have died broken-hearted for his loss, about two years after his departure.
, the second wife of the preceding, and a lady of distinguished ingenuity and merit, was born at a small
, the second wife of the preceding,
and a lady of distinguished ingenuity and merit, was born
at a small country house of her father’s at Coulton in
Wiltshire, May, 14, 1700. She was the daughter of Bernard Granville, esq. afterward lord Lansdowne, a nobleraan whose abilities and virtues, whose character as a poet,
whose friendship with Pope, Swift, and other eminent
writers of the time, and whose general patronage of men
eyf genius and literature, have often been recorded in biographical productions. As the child of such a family, sh^
could not fail of receiving the best education. It was at
Long-Leat, the seat of the Weymouth family, which was
occupied by lord Lansdowne during the minority of the
heir of that family, that Miss Granville first saw Alexander
Pendarves, esq. a gentleman of large property at Roscrow
in Cornwall, and who immediately paid his addresses to
her; which were so strenuously supported by her uncle,
whom she had not the courage to deny, that she gave a
reluctant consent to the match; and accordingly it took
place in the compass of two or three weeks, she being
then in the seventeenth year of her age. From a great
disparity of years, and other causes, she was very unhappy
during the time which this connexion lasted, but endeavoured to make the best of her situation. The retirement
to which she was confined was wisely employed in the
farther cultivation of a naturally vigorous understanding:
and the good use she made of her leisure hours, was eminently evinced in the charms of her conversation, and in
her letters to her friends. That quick feeling of the elegant and beautiful which constitutes taste, she possessed
in an eminent degree, and was therefore peculiarly fitted
for succeeding in the fine arts. At the period we are
speaking of, she made a great proficiency in music, but
painting, which afterwards she most loved, and in which
she principally excelled, had not yet engaged her practical
attention. in 1724 Mrs. Pendarves became a widow;
upon which occasion she quitted Cornwall, and fixed her
principal residence in London. For several years, between
1730 and 1736, she maintained a correspondence with
Dr. Swift. In 1743, as we have seen in the former article,
Mrs. Pendarves was married to Dr. Delany, with whom it
appears that she had long been acquainted; and for whom
he had many years entertained a very high esteem. She
had been a widow nineteen years when this connexion,
which was a very happy one, took place, and her husband
is said to fcave regarded her almost to adoration. Upon
his decease in ftiay 1768, she intended to fix herself at
Bath, and was in quest of a house for that purpose. But
the duchess dowager of Portland, hearing of her design,
went down to the place; and, having in her earl v years
formed an intimacy with Mrs. Delany, wished to have near
her a lady from whom she had necessarily, for several
years, been much separated, and whose heart and talents
she knew would in the highest degree add to thejiappiness of her own life. Her <*race succeeded in her solicitalions, and Mrs. Delany now passed her time between London and Bulstrode. On the death of the duchess-dowager
of Portland, his present majesty, who had frequently seen
and honoured Mrs Delany with his notice at Bulstrode,
assigned her for her summer residence the use of a house
completely furnished, in St. Alhan’s-street, Windsor, adjoining to the entrance of the castle: and, that the having
two houses on her hands might not produce any inconvenience with regard to the expence of her living, his
majesty, as a farther mark of his royal favour, conferred
on her a pension of three hundred pounds a year. On the
15th of April, 1788, after a short indisposition, she departed this life, at her house in St. James’s-place, having
nearly completed the 88th year of her age. The circumstance that has principally entitled Mrs. Delany to a place
in this work is her skill in painting, and in other ingenious
arts, one of which was entirely her own. With respect to
painting, she was late in her application to it. She did
not learn to draw till she was more than thirty years of
age, when she put herself under the instruction of Goupy,
a fashionable master of that time, and much employed by
Frederic prince of Wales. To oil-painting she did not
take till she was past forty. So strong was her passion for
this art, that she has frequently been known to employ herself in it, day after day, from six o'clock in the morning
till dinner time, allowing only a short interval for breakfast. She was principally a copyist; but a very fine one.
The only considerable original work of hers in oil was the
Kaising of Lazarus, in the possession of her friend lady
JBute. The number of pictures painted by her, considering how late it was in life before she applied to the art,
was very great. Her own house was full of them; and
others are among the chief ornaments of Calswich,
Welsborn, and Ham, the respective residences of her nephews,
Mr. Granville and Mr. Dewes, and of her niece Mrs. Port.
Mrs. Delany, among her other accomplishments, excelled
in embroidery and shell-work; and, in the course of her
life, produced many elegant specimens of her skill in these
respects. But, what is more remarkable, at the age of 74 she
invented a new and beautiful mode of exercising her ingenuity. This was by the construction of a Flora, of a
most singular kind, formed by applying coloured papers
together, and which might, not improperly, be called a
species of mosaic work. Being perfectly mistress of her
scissars, the plant or flower which she purposed to imitate
she cut out; that is, she cut out its various leaves and
parts in such coloured Chinese paper as suited her subject;
and, when she could not meet with a colour to correspond
with the one she wanted, she dyed her own paper to
answer her wishes. She used a black ground, as best calculated to throw out her flower; and not the least astonishing part of her art was, that though she never employed
her pencil to trace out the form or shape of her plant, yet
when she had applied all the p eces which composed it,
it hung so loosely and gracefully, that every one was persuaded that it must previously have been drawn out, and
repeatedly corrected by a most judicious hand, before it
could have attained the ease and air of truth which, without any impeachment of the honour of this accomplished
lady, might justly be called a forgery of nature’s works.
The effect was superior to what painting could have produced; and so imposing was her art, that she would sometimes put a real leaf of a plant by the side of one of her
own creation, which the eye could not detect, even when
she herself pointed it out. Mrs. Delany continued in the
prosecution of her design till the 83d year of her age,
when the dimness of her sight obliged her to lay it aside.
However, by her unwearied perseverance, she became
authoress of far the completest Flora that ever was executed by the same hand. The number of plants finished
bv her amounted to nine hundred and eighty. This invaluable Flora was bequeathed by her to her nephew
Court Dewes, esq. and is now in the possession of Barnard
Dewes, esq. of Welsborn in Warwickshire. The liberality
of Mrs. Delany’s mind rendered her at all times ready to
communicate her art. She frequently pursued her work
in company; was desirous of shewing to her friends how
easy it was to execute; and was often heard to lament that
so few would attempt it. It required, however, great patience and great knowledge in botanical drawing. She
began to write poetry at 80 years of age, and her verses
shew at least a pious disposition. Her private character is
thus given by her friend, Mr. Keate. “She had every
virtue that could adorn the human heart, with a mind so
pure, and so uncontaminated by the world, that it was
matter of astonishment how she could have lived in its
more splendid scenes without being tainted with one single atom of its folly or indiscretion. The strength of her
understanding received, in the fullest degree, its polish,
but its weakness never reached her. Her life was conducted by the sentiments of true piety; her way of thinking, on every occasion, was upright and just; her conversation was lively, pleasant, and instructive. She was warm,
delicate, and sincere in her friendships; full of philanthropy and benevolence, and loved and respected by
every person who had the happiness to know her. That
sun-shine and serenity of mind which the good can only
enjoy, and which had thrown so much attraction on her
life, remained without a shadow to the last; not less bright
in its setting, than in its meridian lustre. That form
which in youth had claimed admiration, in age challenged
respect. It presented a noble ruin, become venerable by
the decay of time. Her faculties remained unimpaired to
the last; and she quitted this mortal state to receive in a
better world the crown of a well-spent life.
”
ription, which, after reciting her name, descent, marriages, age, &c. concludes as follows: “She was a lady of singular ingenuity and politeness, and of unaffected
Mrs. Delany was buried in a vault belonging to St.
James’s church; and, on one of its columns, a stone is erected to her memory, with an inscription, which, after reciting her name, descent, marriages, age, &c. concludes
as follows: “She was a lady of singular ingenuity and
politeness, and of unaffected piety. These qualities had
endeared her through life to many noble and excellent
persons, and made the close of it illustrious, by procuring
for her many signal marks of grace and favour from their
majesties.
”
trimental to him; for he had now fixed his attention upon matrimony, and had obtained the consent of a lady; but the priests of the parish in which the ceremony was
, one of the French Encyclopaedists, was born at Portets, in the vicinity of Bonrdeanx, in January 1726; was at an early age admitted into the college of the Jesuits, and, when only fifteen years old, was invested with their order. He was a youth of much imagination and sensibility, and at the same time strongly addicted to mental melancholy; during which he almost uninterruptedly directed his thoughts to the two great extremes of futurity, heaven and hell, which distressed him with perpetual agitations of mind. Deleyre, however, did not long continue in this state of mind, but quitted the Jesuit society, and with this, we have no small reason to believe, every religious faith whatever. As he was of plebeian birth, he could have no expectations from the court; his only alternatives were philosophy and the law; and the latter did not exactly correspond, we are told by his eulogist, either with his sensibility or his independence of mind. Montesquieu was at this time the Miecenas of Guienne, and became the patron of Deleyre from a thorough conviction of his talents: he introduced him to Diderot, d'Alembert, J. J. Rousseau, and Duclos; and his destiny was fixed: he decided for philosophy, and became a writer in the Encyclopedic. In this new capacity his hardihood was not inferior to that of his colleagues; the famous, or rather infamous, article on fanaticism was soon known to have been of his production, and it was likely to have been essentially detrimental to him; for he had now fixed his attention upon matrimony, and had obtained the consent of a lady; but the priests of the parish in which the ceremony was to have been celebrated, refused to unite them, in consequence of their having heard that Deleyre was the author of this article. His patronage, however, was at this time increased, and he had found a warm and steady friend in the due de Nivernois, who interfered in the dispute, and Deleyre obtained the fair object of his wishes. The duke had before this solicited, and successfully, the appointment for him of librarian to the infant prince of Parma, who was at this period committed to the immediate care of Condillac. In this situation he continued for some considerable time; and although a dispute respecting the mode of educating their pupil at length separated him from this celebrated logician, he appears to have always entertained for him the highest degree of respect.
or he died in 1.550. By his wife Joan, daughter of sir Philip Champeruon, of Modbury, in Devonshire, a lady of great beauty and parts, he had six children; of whom,
, knt. one of the gentlemen of the privy chamber to king Henry VIII., was the second son of Thomas Denny, of Cheshunt, in the county of Hertford, esq. by Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas Mannock. He had his education in St. Paul’s school, London, under the celebrated grammarian Lilly; and afterwards in St. John’s college, Cambridge; in both which places he so improved himself, that he became an excellent scholar, as well as a person of great worth. His merit having made him known at court, he was constituted by Henry VIII. one of the gentlemen of the bed-chamber, groom of the stole, and a privy counsellor; and likewise received the honour of knighthood from that prince; with whom being in great favour, he raised a considerable estate on the ruins of the dissolved monasteries. In 1537, Henry gave him the priory of Hertford, together with divers other lands and manors; and in 1539, Dec. 15, the office of steward of the manor of Bedwell and Little Berkhamstead, in Herts; besides which sir Anthony also obtained the manor of Buttenvick, in the parish of St. Peter in St. Alban’s, the manors of the rectory and of the nunnery, in the parish of Cheshunt; and of Great Amwell, all in the county of Hertford. In 1541, there was a large grant made to him by act of parliament, of several lands that had belonged to the abbey of St. Alban’s, lately dissolved; and not content with all this, he found means to procure a thirty-one years’ lease of the many large and rich demesnes that had been possessed by Waltham-abbey, in Essex; of which his lady purchased aftenvards the reversion. In 1544 the king gave him the advantageous wardship of Margaret, the only daughter and heir of Thomas lord Audley, deceased. On the 31st of August, 1546, he was commissioned, with John Gate and William Clerk, esquires, to sign all warrants in the king’s name. Though somewhat rapacious, he was liberal; in this reign he did eminent service to the great school of Sedberg in Yorkshire, belonging to the college wherein he had received his education; the building being fallen to decay, and the lands appropriated thereto sold and embezzled, he caused the school to be repaired, and not only recovered, but also settled the estate so firmly, as to prevent all future alienations. He was also a more faithful servant than his brother courtiers, for when Henry VIII. was on his death-bed, he had the courage to put him in mind of his approaching end, and desired him to raise his thoughts to heaven, to think of his past life, and to call on God for mercy through Jesus Christ. So great an opinion had that capricious monarch of him, that he appointed him one of the executors of his will, and one of the counsellors to his son and successor Edward VI. and hequeathed him a legacy of 300l. He did not live long after this; for he died in 1.550. By his wife Joan, daughter of sir Philip Champeruon, of Modbury, in Devonshire, a lady of great beauty and parts, he had six children; of whom, Henry, the eldest, was father of Edward Denny, knighted in 1589, summoned to parliament in 1605, and advanced Oct. 24, 1626, to the dignity of earl of Norwich. Of sir Anthony Denny’s personal character, one of his contemporaries informs us, that his whole time and cares were employed about religion, learning, and the care of the public, and has highly commended him for his prudence and humanity. He was the early friend and patron of Matthew Parker, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. The learned Henry Howard, earl of Surrey, wrote an excellent epitaph for him some years before his decease; tfnd sir John Cheke, who had a great esteem for him, honoured his memory with an elegant heroic poem.
heir motives; so with this view he published at Paris, in 1638, a piece, entitled “A Conference with a lady about the choice of Religion.” It was reprinted at London
After the death of James, he made as great a figure in
the new court as he had done in the old; and was appointed a gentleman of the bed-chamber, a commissioner
of the navy, and a governor of the Trinity-house. Some
disputes having happened in the Mediterranean with the
Venetians, he went as adoiiral thither with a small fleet in
the summer of 1628; and gained great honour by his bravery and conduct at Algiers, in rescuing many English
slaves, and attacking the Venetian fleet in the bay of
Scanderoon. In 1632 he had an excellent library of Mss.
as well as printed books left him by Ins tutor at Oxford;
but, considering how much the Mss. were valued in that
university, and how serviceable they might be to the students there, he generously bestowed them the very next
year upon the Bodleian library. He continued to this time
a member of the church of England; but, going some time
afterwards into France, he began to have religious scruples, t-nd at length, in 1636, reconciled himself to the
church of Rome. He wrote upon this occasion to Laud an
apology for his conduct; and the archbishop returned him
an answer, full of tenderness and good advice, but, as it
seems, with very little hopes of regaining him. In his
letter to the archbishop, he took great pains to convince
him, that he had done nothing in this affair precipitately,
or without due consideration; and he was desirous that the
public should entertain the same opinion of him. As nothing also has been more common, than for persons who
have changed their system of religion, to vindicate their
conduct by setting forth their motives; so with this view
he published at Paris, in 1638, a piece, entitled “A Conference with a lady about the choice of Religion.
” It was
reprinted at London in
s the attainder and execution of his father for a crime of the highest nature; his own marriage with a lady, though of an extraordinary beauty, of as extraordinary
It has been justly observed by the editors of the last
edition of the Biog. Britannica, that sir Kenelm Digby
seems to have obtained a reputation beyond his merit; yet
his merit was great, and his personal character has been
admirably drawn by lord Clarendon: “He was,
” says
that historian, “a person very eminent and notorious
throughout the whole course of his life, from his cradle to
his grave; of an ancient family and noble extraction; and
inherited a fair and plentiful fortune, notwithstanding the
attainder of his father. He was a man of a very extraordinary person and presence, which drew the eyes of all
men upon him, which were more fixed by a wonderful
graceful behaviour, a flowing courtesy and civility, and
such a volubility of language, as surprised and delighted;
and though in another man it might have appeared to have
somewhat of affectation, it was marvellous graceful in.
him, and seemed natural to his size, and mould of his
person, to the gravity of his motion, and the tune of his
voice and delivery. He had a fair reputation in arms, of
which he gave an early testimony in his youth, in some
encounters in Spain and Italy, and afterwards in an action
in the Mediterranean sea, where he had the command of
a squadron of ships of war set out at his own charge, under
the king’s commission; with which, upon an injury received or apprehended from the Venetians, he encountered
their whole fleet, killed many of their men, and sunk one
of their galeasses; which in that drowsy and unactive time
was looked upon with a general estimation, though the
crown disavowed it. In a word, he had all the advantages
that nature and art, and an excellent education could give
him, which, with a great confidence and presentness of
mind, buoyed him up against all those prejudices and disadvantages (as the attainder and execution of his father for a crime of the highest nature; his own marriage with a lady, though of an extraordinary beauty, of as extraordinary a fame; his changing and rechanging his religion; and some personal vices and licences in his life) which
would have suppressed and sunk any other man, but never
clouded or eclipsed him from appearing in the best places,
and the best company, and with the best estimation and
satisfaction.
” We cati entertain no doubt, therefore, of
the estimation in which he was held", and of the merit
which deserved it; but on the other hand it is impossible
to acquit him of excessive credulity, or of deliberate imposture. His sympathetic powder, and his belief, or his
assertion of the power of transmuting metals, will not now
bear examination, without affecting his character in one or
other of these respects.
Tunbridge, in Kent, where he continued to preach some years during which time he married Miss Ball, a lady at that place.
, an eminent mathematician, was born at Salisbury, on the 29th of May, 1675, being the fourteenth of that name in a direct line. His father was a gentleman possessed of a small estate in the county of Wilts. His mother was of the family of the Luttrells of Dunstercastle, near Taunton, in Somersetshire, whose fortune made a considerable increase to the family income. Mr. Ditton’s father being of the sect of nonconformists, and extremely tenacious of his opinions, entered much into the religious controversifs of those times, and in supporting such contentions impaired his fortune, almost to the ruin of his family. Mr. Humphrey Ditton was the only son; and his father, observing in him an extraordinary good capacity, was desirous that he should not want the advantage of a good education. Accordingly, he placed him in a private academy, under the direction of Dr. Olive, a clergyman of the established church, who, notwithstanding his religious sentiments were different from those of Mr. Ditton’s family, was much esteemed by them for his candour and moderation in those troublesome times. When Mr. Ditton had finished his studies under Dr. Olive, he at the desire of his father, although contrary to his own inclination, engaged in the professioa of divinity, and began to exercise his function at Tunbridge, in Kent, where he continued to preach some years during which time he married Miss Ball, a lady at that place.
In 1730, Mr. Doddridge entered into the matrimonial relation, with a lady who possessed every qualification that could conduce to
In 1730, Mr. Doddridge entered into the matrimonial
relation, with a lady who possessed every qualification
that could conduce to his happiness, and who survived him.
many years. At the first removal of the academy to Northampton, the number of students was small; but it increased
every year; so that, in 1734, it became necessary to have
a stated assistant, to whom the care of some of the junior
pupils was committed. The number of students was, one
year with another, thirty-four. The system of education
being liberal, many received instruction in his academy,
who were members of the established church. And in the
course of the twenty years, during which Mr. Doddridg
presided over it, he acquired high reputation both as a
preacher, tutor, and author. Of his detached works, consisting of tracts and sermons, it would be unnecessary ta
give a particular list, as they are now published in a collection of his works. The most popular of them was his
“Rise and Progress of Religion in the Soul,
” which has
gone through numerous editions, and been translated into
the Dutch, German, Danish, and French languages; and
the most useful is his “Family Expositor,
” in 6 vols. 4to,
which has lately risen in reputation, and been often reprinted in 6 vols. 8vo. His “Course of Lectures,
” published after his death by the rev. Samuel Clark, 1763, 4to, is
also a work of great utility, and was republished in 1794,
2 vols. 8vo, by Dr. Kippis, with very extensive and valuable additions. Dr. Dodd ridge also wrote some hymns,
and though inferior to those of Dr. Watts, he gave at least
one evidence of his poetical taste and powers, in the excellent lines which he wrote on the motto to the arms of
his family, ll dum vivimus vivamus," which are highly
commended by Dr. Johnson, and represented as containing
one of the finest epigrams in the English language.
ce to a stocking-weaver of that place, and that, being almost starved, he ran away, and was hired by a lady as her footman: this lady, it is added, observing that
, an English poet and miscellaneous writer, was born at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, in 1703. His father is said to have kept the tree-school at Mansfield, a situation in which it is natural to suppose he could have bestowed some education on his children, yet it is not easy to reconcile this with the servile track of life into which they were obliged to enter. He is described as a little deformed man, who, after having a large family by his first wife, married at the age of seventy-five a young girl of only seventeen years, by whom he had a child. Of his sons, A Ivory lived many years, and died in the service of the late sir George Saville; Isaac was for some time gardener to Mr. Allen, of Prior-park, and afterwards to lord Weymouth, at Long-leat. In these two families he spent fifty-two years of his life; and has the credit of being the projector of some of the beautiful plantations at both those seats. He retired from Long-leat at the age of seventy-eight, and died about three years after. There was a third, John, whose name with that of Alvory, and of the father, is among the subscribers to our poet’s first publication. James, who was twenty-two years younger than Robert, will come to be mentioned hereafter; when he was taken into partnership. How he passed the preceding part of his time is not known. Of Robert, nothing is now remembered in his native town, but a traditional story, that he was put apprentice to a stocking-weaver of that place, and that, being almost starved, he ran away, and was hired by a lady as her footman: this lady, it is added, observing that he employed his leisure hours in reading, gave him every encouragement; and soon after he wrote an entertainment, which was shewn to Pope and others. Part of this story is probable, but too much of his history is crowded into it. His first service was not that of a lady, nor was the entertainment (The Toy-shop) his first production.
surius in the episcopal chair of Carthage, the election was contested by a powerful party, headed by a lady named Lucilla, and two priests, Brotus and Celestius, who
, bishop of Casae Nigrae in Numidia, is regarded by some as the author of the sect of the Donatists, which took its rise in the year 311, from the following circumstance. Cecilianus having been chosen to succeed Mensurius in the episcopal chair of Carthage, the election was contested by a powerful party, headed by a lady named Lucilla, and two priests, Brotus and Celestius, who had themselves been candidates for the disputed see. They caused Majorinus to be elected, under pretence that the ordination of Cecilianus was null, as having, according to them, been performed by Felix, bishop of Aptonga, whom they accused of being a traditor; that is, of having delivered to the pagans the sacred books and vessels during the persecution, and was therefore unfit to bestow consecration. The African bishops were divided, and Donatus headed the partisans of Majorinus. In the mean time, the affair being brought before the emperor, he referred the judgment to three bishops of Gaul, Maternus of Cologne, Reticius of Autun, and Marinus of Arles, r conjointly with the pope Miltiades. These prelates, in a council held at Rome in 313, composed of fifteen Italian bishops, in which Cecilianus and Donatus appeared, each with ten bishops of their party, decided in favour of Cecilianus; but the division soon being renewed, the Donatists were again condemned by the council of Aries in 3)4; and lastly by an edict of Constantine, of the month of November 316. Donatus, who was returned to Africa, there received the sentence of deposition and of excommunication pronounced against him by pope Miltiades.
m some presents, and encouraged him to go on. At length some of his essays falling into the hands of a lady of quality who attended on queen Caroline, he became known
By these attempts, one after another, he became known
to the clergymen in the neighbourhood; who, upon examining him, found that he had a great deal of merit, made
him some presents, and encouraged him to go on. At
length some of his essays falling into the hands of a lady of
quality who attended on queen Caroline, he became known
to her majesty, who took him under her protection, and
settled on him a yearly pension, supposed to be of 30l.; it
was such a one at least as was sufficient to maintain him
independently of labour. This Duck very gratefully acknowledges in the dedication of his poems to the queen
“Your majesty,
” says he, “has indeed the same right to
them, as you have to the fruits of a tree, which you have
transplanted out of a barren soil into a fertile and beautiful
garden. It was your generosity which brought me out of
obscurity, and still condescends to protect me; like the
Supreme Being, who continual‘.;,’ supports the meanest
creature which his goodness has produced.
” Swift, who
might, one would think, easily have overlooked such an
object as Duck, but whose spleen prompted him to be
satirical on any occasion or none, was so piqued at this
generosity in the queen, while we suppose he thought
himself and his own friends neglected, that he wrote the
following quibbling epigram, as he calls it, “on Stephen
Duck, the thresher and favourite poet:
”
ained in security. After the death of his first wife, by whomhehadthreechildren, he married in 1579, a lady descended from an illustrious Polish family, widow of count
, an eminent prelate, was born Feb.
6, 1533, at Buda, and educated by his uncle, who was
bishop of Vaccia, or Veitzen, and out of respect to him
he took the name of Shardellet. In 1560 the emperor
Ferdinand II. admitted Dudith into his council, and appointed him bishop of Tina. He was sent soon after to the
council of Trent, in the name of the emperor, and all the
Hungarian clergy; and there made a very eloquent speech,
April 9, 1568, which was heard with great pleasure. But
this was not the case with another speech which he delivered in that place on July 6; for, though he shewed
great zeal for the pope, and exclaimed strongly against
Luther, yet he expressed himself so freely, both there and
in his common conversation, on the necessity of episcopal
residence, and in favour of marriage among the clergy,
and administering the cup in the sacrament, that the legates, apprehensive of his drawing many prelates to his
opinion, wrote to the pope, informing him, that Dudith
was a dangerous man, and that it was necessary he should
leave Trent. Upon tnis the pope solicited the emperor to
recall him, which he accordingly did: but Ferdinand, far
from blaming his conduct, rewarded it with the bishopric
of Chonat, and soon after gave him that of five churches.
This prince dying 1564, Dudith was sent by Maximilian
II. into Poland, whither he nad been sent before by
Ferdinand, and privately married lleyna Strazzi, maid of honour to the queen, resigning his bishopric. Rome cited
him, excommunicated him, and even condemned him to
the flames as an heretic, yet he despised her threats, and
remained in security. After the death of his first wife, by
whomhehadthreechildren, he married in 1579, a lady
descended from an illustrious Polish family, widow of count
John Zarnow, and sister of the famous Sborowits, by whom
also he had children. Dudith, at length, openly professed
the reformed religion, and even became a Socinian, according to most authors, particularly of the modern school^
who seem proud of their convert; but the fact is denied
by the writer of his life, who, on the contrary, asserts, he
disputed strongly against Socinus. He then settled at
Breslaw in Silesia, where he died February 23, 1589, aged
56. Dudith, according to the representations both of his
friends and enemies, was a handsome well-made man, of
a peaceable disposition; civil, affable, regular in his conduct, very charitable to the poor, and benevolent towards
all mankind. He had a taste for the classics, and so great
a veneration for Cicero, that he wrote all that orator’s
works, three times over, with his own hand. He likewise
understood several languages, and was well acquainted
with history, philosophy, mathematics, physic, law, and
divinity. He left a great number of works: the principal
are, “Dissertationes de Cometis,
” Utrecht,
ons from Voltaire. And in vol. X. “The Middlesex Garden” “Kensington Gardens” “Farevvel to Hope” “On a Lady’s sending the Author a Ribbon for his Watch” “On Captain
As he had many leisure hours, he passed much time in
literary employments, though many were very cheeriully
given to society. Among his published productions maybe mentioned, the “Feminead,
” The Prophecy of
Neptune;
” “On the Death of the Prince of Wales;
”
“*Ode presented to the Duke of Newcastle
” and one
“*To the hon. James Yorke,
” first bishop of St. David’s,
and afterwards bishop of Ely. Between 1753 and 1756
came out separatelv, “*An Evening Contemplation in a
College,
” being a parody on Gray’s Elegy“reprinted in
” The Repository.“Other detached poems of Mr. Duncombe’s are,
” *Verses to the Author of Clarissa,“published in that work;
” *Verses on the Campaign, 1759,“(addressed to Sylvanus Urban, and originally printed in the volume for that year);
” *To Colonel Clive, on his
arrival in England;“” *On the Loss of the Ramilies,
Captain Taylor, 1760;“” Surrey Triumphant, or the
Kentish Men’s Defeat, 1773,“4to; a parody on Chevy Chace; which, for its genuine strokes of humour, elegant
poetry, and happy imitation, acquired the author much
applause. This has been translated into
” Nichols’s Select
Collection of Poems, 1782,“where may be found, also,
a poem of his on Stocks House; a translation of an elegant epitaph, by bishop Lowth; and an elegiac *' Epitaph
at the Grave of Mr. Highmore.
” Those pieces marked
with a starare in the Poetical Calendar, vol. VII. together
with a Prologue spoken at the Charter-house, 1752 a
Poem on Mr. Garrick and translations from Voltaire.
And in vol. X. “The Middlesex Garden
” “Kensington
Gardens
” “Farevvel to Hope
” “On a Lady’s sending
the Author a Ribbon for his Watch
” “On Captain Cornwallis’s Monument
” “Prologue to Amalasont
” “Epigrams.
” He published three Sermons; one “On the
Thanksgiving, Nov. 29, 1759,
” preached at St. Anne’s,
Westminster, and published at the request of the pa- 4
rishioners another, “preached at the Consecration of the
parish-church of St. Andrew, Canterbury,
” July 4, 1774;
and one, “On a General Fast, Feb. 27, 1778,
” also
preached at St. Andrew’s, Canterbury; and so well approved, that by the particular desire of the parish, it appeared in print under the title of “The Civil War between
the Israelites and Benjamites illustrated and applied.
”
He published with his father, in Huetiana,
” in the Gentleman’s Magazine for
Antiquitates Rutupinte.
” He wrote “The Historical Account of Dr. Dodd’s
Life,
” Sherlock’s
Letters of an English Traveller,
” 1st edition, 4to. The
2d edition, 8vo, was translated by Mr. Sherlock himself.
In 1778 he published *' An Elegy written in Canterbury
Cathedral;“and in 1784,
” Select Works of the Emperor
Julian,“2 vols. 8vo. In 1784 he was principally the author of
” The History and Antiquities of Keculver and
Heme,“which forms the eighteenth number of the Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica to which work he also
contributed in 1785, the thirtieth number, containing,
” The History and Antiquities of the Three Archiepiscopal Hospitals in and near Canterbury,“which he dedicated to archbishop Moore. He was the editor of several other works; all of which were elucidated by his
critical knowledge and explanatory notes; viz. 1.
” Letters from several eminent persons, deceased, including
the correspondence of John Hughes, esq. and several of
his friends; published from the originals, with notes.
Of these there have been two editions; the last in 3 vols.
2. “Letters from Italy; by the late right-hon. John earl
of Corke and Orrery, with notes,
” Letters from the late
archbishop Herring, to William Buncombe, esq. deceased;
from 1728 to 1757, with notes, and an appendix,
” Rusncus,
” in
“The World,
” vol. I. No. 36 of several Letters in “The
Connoisseur,
” being the “Gentleman of Cambridge,
A. B.
” mentioned in the last number. And in the Gentleman’s Magazine, his communications in biography, poetry,
and criticism, during the last twenty years of his life, were
frequent and valuable. Many of them are without a name;
but his miscellaneous contributions were usually distinguished by the signature of Crito.
From the Memoirs of the National Institute we learn that when M. Dussaulx was in the army he married a lady who survived him, and to whom he appears to have been attached
, a French writer of distinguished
taste and talents, was born at Chartres, Dec. 28, 1728, of
a family which made a considerable figure in the profession
of the law. He appears to have first served in the army
under the marechal Richelieu, and was noted for his courage. On his return to Paris, by the advice of the learned
professor Guerin, he devoted his time to literature, and
was in 1776 admitted a member of the academy of inscriptions. On the breaking out of the revolution, although
chosen into the convention, he was too moderate for the
times, and was imprisoned, and probably would have ended
his days on the scaffold, had not Marat obtained his pardon
by representing him as an old dotard, from whom nothing
was to be feared. In 1797 he was chosen a member of
the council of ancients, and on that occasion delivered a
long speech against the plan of a national lottery. He
died March 16, 1799. His principal works are, 1. A
French translation of Juvenal, by far the best that ever
appeared in that language, and which he enriched with
many valuable notes. It was first published in 1770, 8vo,
in a very correct and elegant manner, and was reprinted
in 1796. 2. “De la passion du Jeu,
” Sur la suppression
des Jeux de Hazard,
” probably a repetition of what he had
advanced before. 3. “Eloge de l'abbe Blanches,
” prefixed to his works. 4. “Memoire sur les Satiriques Latins,
”
in the 43d vol. of the Memoirs of the academy of inscriptions. 5. “Voyage a Barrege et dans les hautes Pyrenees,
”
Mes rapports avec J. J.Rousseau,
”
About the same time he married a lady of Coleshill, named Ensor; “whose grandmother,” says he,
About the same time he married a lady of Coleshill,
named Ensor; “whose grandmother,
” says he, “was a
Shakspeare, descended from a brother of every body’s
Shakspeare.
” His ecclesiastical provision was a long time
but slender. His first patron, Mr. Harper, gave him in
1741, Calthorp in Leicestershire, of 80l. a year, on which
he lived ten years; and in April 1757, exchanged it for
Belchford, in Lincolnshire, of 75l. which was given him
by lord-chancellor Hardwicke, on the recommendation of
a friend to virtue and the muses. His condition now
began to mend. In the year 1752 sir John Heathcote gave
him Coningsby, of 140l. a-year; and in 1756, when he
was LL. B. without any solicitation of his own, obtained
for him, from the chancellor, Kirkby-on-Bane, of 110l.
“I was glad of this,
” says Mr. Dyer, in on account of its nearness to me, though I think myself a loser
by the exchange, through the expence of the seal, dispensations , journies, &c. and the charge of an old house,
half of which I am going to pull down
” The house,
which is a very good one, owes much of its improvement
to Mr. Dyer. His study, a little room with white walls,
ascended by two steps, had a handsome window to the
church-yard, which he stopped up, and opened a less,
that gave him a full view of the fine church and castle at
Tateshall, about a mile off, and of the road leading to it.
He also improved the garden. In May 1757 he was employed in rebuilding a Lirge barn, which a late wind had
blown down, and gathering materials for re-building above
half the parsonage-house at Kirkby. “These,
” he says,
“some years ago, I should have called trifles but the evil
days are come, and the lightest thing, even the grasshopper, is a burden upon the shoulders of the old and
fickly.
” He had then just published “The Fleece,
” his
greatest poetical work; of which Dr. Johnson relates this
ludicrous story: Dodsley the bookseller was one day mentioning it to a critical visitor, with more expectation of
success than the other could easily admit. In the conversation the author’s age was asked: and being represented as advanced in life, “he will,
” said the critic, “be
buried in woollen.
” He did not indeed long outlive that
publication, nor long enjoy the increase of his pre;
ments; for a consumptive disorder, with which he had
long struggled, carried him off at length, July 24, 1758.
Mr. Gough, who visited Coningsby Sept.5, 17S2, could
find no memorial erected to him in the church. Mr--.
Dyer, on her husband’s decease, retired to her friends in
Caernarvonshire. In 17.56 they had four children living,
three girls and a boy. Of these, Sarah died single. The
son, a youth of the most amiable disposition, heir to his
father’s truly classical taste, and to his uncle’s estate of
300l. or 400l. a year in Suffolk, devoted the principal part
of his time to travelling; and died in London, as he was
preparing to set out on a tour to Italy, in April 1782, at
the age of thirty-two. This young gentleman’s fortune
was divided between two surviving sisters; one of them
married to alderman Hewitt, of Coventry; the other, Elizabeth, to the rev. John Gaunt, of Birmingham. Mr.
Dyer had some brothers, all of whom were dead in 1756,
except one, who was a clergyman, yeoman of his majesty’s almonry, lived at Marybone, and had then a numerous family.
’s and Pearch’s collections of poems. Two more original sonnets, together with an ode, occasioned by a lady’s being burnt with curling-irons, may be seen in the sixth
To the seventh edition of the “Canons of Criticism,
”
which was published in An Account of the Trial of the Letter T, alias Y,
”
the design of which was to put gentlemen of learning and
leisure in mind of settling the orthography of our language.
It is a sensible performance, and displays, in a pleasing
manner, Mr. Edwards’s skill in English criticism; a study,
of which he was particularly fond, and in which few have
shewn a more exact taste. The two chief things hinted at
in the piece are uniformity in spelling, where the reasons
from derivation are the same; and, preserving, as much
as may be, the marks of etymology. In the same publication are given fifty of our author’s sonnets, in the style
and manner of Spenser, twenty-seven of which had never
before been printed. The rest, two excepted, had previously appeared in Dodsley’s and Pearch’s collections of
poems. Two more original sonnets, together with an ode,
occasioned by a lady’s being burnt with curling-irons, may
be seen in the sixth volume of Nichols’s Select Collection;
but as a poet, he has not been so highly esteemed as in his
critical capacity, although it has been said that his sonnets
are formed upon the model of the Italians of the good age,
and of their imitators among us, Spenser and Milton.
They discover, however, the traces of an elegant mind.
d also made collections for an edition of Quintus Curtius. 1 In May 1784, Dr. Edwards lost his wife, a lady of distinguished good sense, and of the most engaging manners;
In 1770, he was presented by the crown to the valuable
vicarage of Nuneaton in Warwickshire; which preferment
he is understood to have obtained through the interest of
the corporation of Coventry, and some private friends,
with the earl of Hertford, lord lieutenant of the county.
Our author, in 1773,. published a sermon, entitled “The
indispensable Duty of contending for the Faith which was
once delivered to the Saints,
” preached before the
university of Cambridge, on the 29th of June, 1766, being commencement Sunday. In 1779, he resigned the mastership
of the free grammar-school of Coventry, and the rectory
of St. John’s, and retired to Nuneaton, where he resided
during the remainder of his life. His last publication was
given to the world in the same year. The title of it is
“Selecta quaedam Theocrki Idyllia. Recensuit, variorum
notas adjecit, suasque animadversiones, partim Latine,
partim Anglice, scriptas immiscuit, Thomas Edwards,
S. T. P.
” 8vo. This work reflects honour on the accuracy
and extent of our author’s classical literature. Though,
the original text of what is selected from Theocritus consists only of about three hundred and fifty lines, the notes
are extended through upwards of two hundred and fifty
pages, besides more than twenty pages, consisting of addenda, corrigenda, collationes, &c. Dr. Ed wards’ s reason
for his being so minute and particular in many of his animadversions, was, that he might- give every possible kind
of assistance to young persons, for whom the book was
principally intended. Having written the notes sometimes
in Latin, and sometimes in English, as chance or inclination directed, he thought proper to publish them in that
promiscuous form. It would, however, undoubtedly have
been preferable uniformly to have composed them in the
Latin language. There are two appendiculae at the end of
the volume; one containing the editor’s reasons for not
prefixing the accentual marks to his own and Mr. Warton’s
notes; and the other affording hints of a new method which
he had discovered, of scanning Greek and Latin hexameters, the usual mode of doing it being, as he thought,
erroneous. A fuller explanation of his system was intended to be given by him in avork which he had in contemplation, designed to be entitled “Miscellanea Critica,
”
but which was not carried into execution. He had also
made collections for an edition of Quintus Curtius.
1 In May 1784, Dr. Edwards lost his wife, a lady of distinguished good sense, and of the most engaging manners;
and he, who had passed his life in his study, and was totally unacquainted with domestic concerns, and indeed
with worldly affairs of every kind, never enjoyed himself
after this event. What aggravated his distress was, that,
previously to Mrs. Edwards’s death, he had been afflicted
with a stroke of the palsy, from which, however, he so far
recovered as to be capable of discharging part of his
parochial duties. But, within a few months after her decease",
he had a second stroke, for which he was advised to go to
Bath, but received no benefit from his journey. He departed this life at Nuneaton, on the 30th of June, 1785,
in the fifty -sixth year of his age; and on the 7th of July,
was interred in the church-yard belonging to the parish of
Foleshill, in the same grave with his wife. An inscription
on a mural marble, contains nothing of moment excepting
the dates already specified.
finances, he journeyed into France, and resided some time at Montpelier, where he taught his art to a lady of fortune, who rewarded him generously, and, on his wish
The liberality of Trew, by which Ehret gained 4000
florins, inspired him with confidence in his own abilities,
and such a share of ambition as inclined him to quit his
home, and seek at once to raise his fortune, and to gratify
the desire he had to see the world. It appears, however,
that he was too much elated with his success, and having
soon dissipated his money, found himself at Basil with a
very few florins in his pocket. Necessity now obliged him
to exert himself, and he was so successful, that although
he exhibited numerous specimens of his art, and put a
high price upon them, the demand was beyond what his
industry could supply. Having, however, by this means
recruited his finances, he journeyed into France, and resided some time at Montpelier, where he taught his art to
a lady of fortune, who rewarded him generously, and, on
his wish to remove, paid his expences to Lyons and Paris.
At the latter city he became known to Jussieu, and was for
some time employed to paint the plants of the royal garden, under that eminent professor’s inspection. After a
certain time, he came to London, but not succeeding to
his mind, soon returned to the continent, and in 1736 he
was employed in the garden of Mr. Clifford, where Linnaeus found him, and gave him some instructions in the
principles of the sexual system. His fine taste and botanical accuracy appear to have been first publicly displayed in
the figures of the “Hortus Cliffortianus,
” which appeared
in
le’s meeting-house, near Cripplegate. In 1683, Mr. Emlyn became chaplain to the countess of Donegal, a lady of great quality and estate in the north of Ireland, but
, a learned English divine, a great
champion of Arianism, and memorable for his sufferings
on that account, was descended of a substantial and reputable family, and born at Stamford, in Lincolnshire, May
27, 1663. His parents were frequenters of the established
church, and particularly acquainted with Cumberland,
then a minister at Stamford, afterwards bishop of Peterborough; but being inclined to the sentiments of the nonconformists, they chose to bring up their son to the ministry among them. For this purpose, after he had been
at a private school four years, he was sent in 1678 to an,
academy in Northamptonshire, where he continued four
years more. He went in 1679 to Cambridge, and was
admitted of Emanuel college; but soon returned to the
academy. In August 1682, he removed to Mr. Doolittle’s
school near London; and in December following made his
first essay as a preacher at Mr. Doolittle’s meeting-house,
near Cripplegate. In 1683, Mr. Emlyn became chaplain
to the countess of Donegal, a lady of great quality and
estate in the north of Ireland, but then living in Lincoln’sinn-fields. In 1684, Mr. Emlyn went over with the countess and the rest of her family to Belfast, in Ireland, where
she was soon after married to sir William Kranklin, and
lived in great state and splendour. Here our chaplain had
a very liberal and handsome allowance, usually wore the
habit of a clergyman, and was treated by sir VV illiam and
the countess with every mark of civility. Sir William, who
had a good estate in the ivest of England, offered him a
considerable living there; but this offer he declined, not
being satisfied with the terms of ministerial conformity,
though at that time he had no scruples on the subject of
the trinity constantly attended the service of the church
both parts of the day and when in the evening he preached
in the countess’s hall, he had the minister of the parish, Mr.
Claude Gilbert, for a hearer, with whom he lived in great intimacy, and for whom he often officiated in the parish church.
Indeed, without any subscription, he had from the bishop of
the diocese a licence to preach facultatis exercende gratiá;
insomuch that it was reported that he had entirely left the
dissenters, and was gone over to the establishment. While
Mr. Emlyn was in this station, he made a journey fo
Dublin, where he preached once to the congregation of
which Mr. Daniel Williams and Mr. Joseph Boyse were
then pastors; and so acceptable were his services to the
audience, that the people were afterwards induced to invite him thither. Towards the latter end of king James’s
reign, the north of Ireland was thrown into such confusion
and disorder, that the family of sir William Franklin and
the countess of Donegal broke up; an event which was
accelerated by some domestic differences. Mr. Emlyn,
therefore, returned to London, where he arrived in December 1688. Mr. (afterwards Dr.) Daniel Williams had
some time before retreated to the same place, having
quitted the pastoral care of the congregation at Dublin,
which he could never be persuaded to resume. When this
determination was known, and Mr. Emlyn had not yet
left Ireland, Mr. Boyse sounded him by letter, to know
whether he was disposed to become Mr. Williams’s successor, and wished him to take Dublin in his way to England, but this he declined. In Mr. Emlyn’s journeyings
between Ireland and London, he several times accepted of
invitations to preach in the parish-churches of some towns
through which he passed. At Liverpbol in particular, as
he was standing at the door of his inn one Saturday evening, the minister of the place, concluding by his garb that
he was a clergyman, requested him to give his parishioners
a sermon the next day, which he accordingly did. What
was very remarkable, when he passed that way again some
time afterwards, the minister being dead, several of the
people, who had heard him before, desired him to preach
for them the next Sunday, which service he performed so
much to their satisfaction, that they offered to use their interest with their patron to procure him the living; an offer
with which his views of things did not permit him to comply.
After Mr. Emlyn had returned to London, being out of
employment, he was invited by sir Robert Rich, one of
the lords of the admiralty, in May 1689, to his house near
Beccles, in Suffolk, and was by him prevailed upon to
officiate as minister to a dissenting congregation at Lowestoff in that county. This place he supplied for about a
year and a half, but refused the invitation of becoming their
pastor, having determined not to accept the pastoral care,
where he was not likely to settle for life, or at least for a
long continuance. Here also Vie cultivated a friendly correspondence with the parish-minister, frequently taking
several of his people along with him to church, and accompanying the minister in collecting public charities; by
which means a perfect harmony subsisted between the
members of the establishment and the dissenters. During
Mr. Emlyn’s residence at LowestofT, ho contractcJ a closu
and intimate acquaintance with Mr. William Manning, a
nonconformist minister at Peasenhall in that neighbourhood. Being both of them of an inquisitive temper, they
frequently conferred together, and jointly examined into
the principal points of religion, mutually communicating
to each other their respective sentiments. This correspondence, notwithstanding the great distance to which
they were afterwards separated, was carried on by letters as
long as Mr. Manning lived. Dr. Sherlock’s “Vindication
of the Trinity
” having been published about this time,
their thoughts were much turned to the consideration of
that subject, the result of which was, that they began to
differ from the received doctrine in that article. Mr. Manning embraced the Socinian opinion, and strove hard to
bring Mr. Emlyn into the same way of thinking; but he
could not be brought to doubt either of the pre-existence
of Jesus as the Logos, or that by him God had created the
material world. The interpretations which the Socinians
gave of the scriptures appeared to our divine so forced and
unnatural, that he could by no means accede to them; nor
did he ever, in the succeeding part of his life, change his
sentiments upon the subject. Nevertheless, upon occasion of his carrying a letter from Mr. Whiston to the prolocutor of the lower house of convocation, in 1711, he was
reflected on as a Socinian preacher.
ich he had collected all the arguments in defence of his own opinion, and having entrusted them with a lady, St. Ephrem borrowed these books, under the pretence of
, an ancient Christian
writer of the fourth century, was a native of Edessa, according to some; or, as others say, of Nisibe in Syria;
and was born under the emperor Constantine. He embraced a monastic life from his earliest years, and in a
short time was chosen superior to a considerable number of
monks. He is also said to have been ordained deacon at
Edessa, and priest at Caesarea in Cappadocia by St. Basil,
who taught him Greek; but these two last circumstances
are questionable, and it is more generally asserted that he
did nat understand Greek, and that he died a deacon. He
might have been a bishop, which promotion he averted in
a very singular manner, that reminds us of the conduct of
Ambrose on a similar occasion: Sozomen relates, that
when the people had chosen him, and sought him in order
to have him ordained to that function, he ran into the market-place and pretended to be mad, and they desisting
from their purpose, he escaped into some retired place,
where he continued till another was chosen. He wrote a
great number of books, all in the Syriac language; a great
part of which is said to have been translated in his lifetime. Photius tells us that he wrote above a thousand
orations, and that himself had seen forty-nine of his sermons: and Sozomen observes, that he composed three
hundred thousand verses, and that his works were so highly
esteemed that they were publicly read in the churches after
the scriptures. The same writer adds, that his works were
so remarkable for beauty and dignity of style, as well as
for sublimity of sentiments, that these excellences did not
disappear even in their translations: and St. Jerom assures
us, that in reading the truiislatiun of St. Ephrem’s treatise
of the Holy Ghost, he recognized all the excellence of
the original. Gregory Nyssen, in his panegyric on this
father, is very copious with regard to the merit of his writings, and his attachments to the orthodox faith. St. Ephrem
had an extreme aversion to the heresies of Sabellius, Arius,
and Apollinarius; the last of whom, as Gregory relates,
he treated in a manner which partakes too much of the
modern trick to deserve much credit. It is thus related:
Apollinarius having written two books, in which he had
collected all the arguments in defence of his own opinion,
and having entrusted them with a lady, St. Ephrem borrowed these books, under the pretence of being an Apollinarian; but before he returned them he glewed all their
leaves together. The lady seeing the outside of the books
to be the same as before, and not discovering that any
thing had been done to them, returned them to Apollinarius
to be used in a public conference he was going to have
with a catholic: but he, not being able to open his books,
was obliged to retire in disgrace. St. Ephrem was a man
of the greatest severity of morals, and so strict an observer
of chastity, that he avoided the sight of women. Sozomen
tells us, that a certain woman of dissolute character, either
on purpose to tempt him, or else being hired to it by
others, met him on purpose in a narrow passage, and
stared him full and earnestly in the face. St. Ephrem
rebuked her sharply for this, and bade her look down on
the ground. But the woman said, “Why should 1 do so,
since I am not made out of the earth, but of thee It is
more reasonable that thou shouldst look upon the ground,
from which thou hadst thy original, but that I should look
upon thee, from whom I was procreated.
” St. Ephrem,
wondering at the woman, wrote a book upon this conversation, which the most learned of the Syrians esteemed one
of the best of his performances. He was also a man of
exemplary charity, and as a late historian remarks, has
furnished us with the first outlines of a general infirmary.
Edessa having been long afflicted with a famine, he quitted
his 'cell; and applying himself to the rich men, expostulated
severely with them for suffering the poor to starve, while
they covetously kept their riches hoarded up. He read
them a religious lecture upon the subject, which affected
them so deeply, that they became regardless of their
riches: “but we do not know,
” said they, “whom to
trust with the distribution of them, since almost every
man is greedy of gain, and makes a merchandise and advantage to himself upon such occasions.
” St. Ephrern
asked them, “what they thought of him
” They replied,
that they esteemed him a man of great integrity, as he
was universally thought to be. “For your sakes, therefore,
” said he, “I will undertake this work;
” and so, receiving their money, he caused three hundred beds to be
provided and laid in the public porticoes, and took care of
those who were sick through the famine. And thus he
continued to do, till, the famine ceasing, he returned to
his cell, where he applied himself again to his studies, and
died notlongafter, in the year 378, under the emperor Valens.
Upon his death-bed he exhorted the monks who were about
him, to remember him in their prayers forbade them to
preserve his clothes as relics and ordered his body to be
interred without the least funeral pomp, or any monument
erected to him. St. Ephrem was a man of the severest
piety, but confused in his ideas, and more acquainted
with the moral law than the gospel.
ted a rich old widow; whose ambition was such, that she would not marry him unless he could make her a lady; which he was forced by the purchase of knighthood to do.
Rehearsal
” had been
hatching, by the duke of Buckingham, before it appeared:
but we meet with nothing more of our author’s writing for
the stage. There are extant some other letters of his in
prose, which were written also from Ratisbon; two of
which he sent to the duke of Buckingham when he was in
his recess. As for his other compositions, such as have
been printed, they consist, for the greatest part, of little
airy sonnets, lampoons, and panegyrics, of no great
poetical merit, although suited to the gay and careless taste
of the times. All that we have met with, of his prose, is a
short piece, entitled “An Account of the rejoycing at the
diet of Ratisbonne, performed by sir George Etherege,
knight, residing therefrom his majesty of Great Britain;
upon occasion of the birth of the prince of Wales. In a
letter from himself.
” Printed in the Savoy, Comical Revenge
” succeeded very
well upon the stage, and met with general approbation for
a considerable time, it is now justly laid aside on account
of its immorality. This is the case, likewise, with regard
to sir George’s other plays. Of the “She would if she
could,
” the critic Dennis says, that though it was esteemed by men of sense for the trueness of some of its characters, and the purity, freeness, and easy grace of its dialogue, yet, on its first appearance, it was barbarously treated by the audience. If the auditors were offended with
the licentiousness of the comedy, their barbarity did them
honour; but it is probable that, at that period, they were
influenced by some other consideration. Exclusively of
its loose tendency, the play is pronounced to be undoubtedly a very good one; and it was esteemed as one of the
first rank at the time in which it was written. However,
ShadwelPs encomium upon it will be judged to be too extravagant.
irst three centuries, but also the whole of Pool’s Synopsis, in five large folio volumes. He married a lady of family, and had a daughter supposed to be a considerable
, a dissenting divine of Wales, was born,
in 1680, at Wrexham, in Denbighshire, descended from
a race of clergymen of the establishment until his father,
who was ejected for non-conformity from the living of Oswestry, in Shropshire, in 1662, and became the minister
to an independent congregation at Wrexham. The son
was educated with great care, and inducted to the different
branches’ of literature necessary to qualify him for the office
of the ministry, which he afterwards exercised in London,
first as an assistant, and afterwards as successor to Dr.
Daniel Williams. He was also one of the lecturers at
tSalter’s hall meeting and belonged to what is called
“The Merchant’s lecture.
” Tn youth he was remarkably
studious, and not only read over all the Christian writers
of the first three centuries, but also the whole of Pool’s
Synopsis, in five large folio volumes. He married a lady
of family, and had a daughter supposed to be a considerable fortune; but he had been tempted to embark his
property in the South-sea scheme, and the loss is supposed
to have contributed to shorten his days. He died in 1730,
in the fifty-first year of his age, highly esteemed by all
who knew him. He had ever been eminent for piety, integrity, and public spirit; in his principles he was orthodox, but disposed to think well of and to honour those
who differed from him, without any regard to the sentiments which they might hold. He received a diploma of
D. D. from the universities of Edinburgh and Aberdeen.
His “Practical Discourses concerning the Christian Temper,
” are still in considerable estimation. The celebrated
Dr. Watts characterized them as “the most complete
summary of those duties which make up the Christian life,
”
and Dr. Doddridge, as the best practical pieces in our language. His other works are, “Sermons upon various
subjects, preached to young people,
” A
Letter to Mr. Gumming, concerning the regard which
ought to be had to Scripture consequences;
” “A Second
Letter,
” in defence of the former, and about twenty occasional Sermons, printed separately. He was the editor
also of the “Life of the rev. James Owen,
”
to his imagination, and to write more like an orator than a historian. In 1612 he fell in love with a lady of Porto, whom he calls Albania, and who was the subject
, one of the most celebrated historians and poets of his nation in the seventeenth
century, was born March 18, 1590, at Sonto near Caravilla in Portugal, of a noble family, both by his father’s
and mother’s side. His father’s name was Arnador Perez
d'Eiro, and his mother’s Louisa Faria, but authors are not
agreed in their conjectures why he did not take his father’s
name, but preferred Faria, that of his mother, and Sousa,
which is thought to have been his grandmother’s name.
In his infancy he was very infirm, yet made considerable
progress, even when a puny child, in writing, drawing, and
painting. At the age of ten, his father sent him to school
to learn Latin, in which his proficiency by no means answered his expectations, owing to the boy’s giving the preference to the Portuguese and Spanish poets. These he
read incessantly, and composed several pieces in verse and
prose in both languages, but he had afterwards the good
sense to destroy his premature effusions, as well as to perceive that the Greek and Roman classics are the foundation
of a true style, and accordingly he endeavoured to repair
his error by a careful study of them. In 1604, when only
in his fourteenth year, he was received in the Tank of gentleman into the household of don Gonzalez de Moraes,
bishop of Porto, who was his relation, and afterwards made
him his secretary; and during his residence with this prelate, which lasted ten years, he applied himself indefatigably to his studies, and composed some works, the best
of which was an abridgment of the historians of Portugal,
“Epitome de las historias Portuguesas, desde il diluyio
hasta el anno 1628,
” Madrid, Noches claras,
” a collection of moral and political discourses, Madrid, 1623 and 1626, 2 vols. 12mo. 2.
“Fuente de Aganipr, o Rimes varias,
” a collection of his
poems, in 7 vols. Madrid, 1644, &c. 3. “Commentarios
sobra las Lusiadas de Luis de Camoens,
” an immense
commentary on the Lusiad, ibid. Madrid, 1640 or 1645, folio. 5.
” Imperio de la China, &e.“and an account of the propagation of religion by the Jeuits, written by Semedo: Faria was only editor of this
work, Madrid, 1643, 4to. 6.
” Nobiliario del Concle D.
Petro de Barcelos,“&c. a translation from the Portuguese,
with notes, ibid. 1646, folio. 7.
” A Life of Don Martin
Bapt. de Lanuza,“grand justiciary of Arragon,
” ibid. 1650,
4to. 8. “Asia Portuguesa,
” Lisbon, Europa Portuguesa,
” ibid. Africa Portuguesa,
” ibid. America Portuguesa.
” All these" historical and geographical works have been considered as correct and valuable. Faria appears to have published some
other pieces of less importance, noticed by Antonio.
d with the officers, and was very soon presented with a pair of colours. Some time after, he married a lady of good fortune and family, and, at the pressing entreaties
, a brave English officer, the descendant of a very ancient family, was born
in 1728 at Shipdenhall, near Halifax, in Yorkshire, which,
for many centuries, had been in the possession of his ancestors, and is now the property and residence of their
lineal descendant. His father dying when he was very
young, his education was superintended by an uncle, a very
worthy clergyman. He was brought up at a free school in
Lancashire, where he was well grounded in classical learning, and became also a remarkable proficient in mathematics. He has very frequently been heard to declare,
that, from his earliest youth, he always felt the strongest
predilection for the army, which his mother and nearest
relations constantly^ endeavoured to dissuade him from;
but, finding all their arguments ineffectual, they either
bought, or he had an ensigncy given him, in general Oglethorpe’s regiment, then in Georgia; but the war being then
going on in Flanders, he gave up his ensigncy, and went
there as a volunteer, furnished with letters from the late
marquis of Rockingham and Mr. Lascelles (afterwards lord Harewood) to the commander and several others of the
officers. This step was at the time frequently taken
by young men of spirit of the first rank and fortune, fte
entered as a volunteer, but messed with the officers, and
was very soon presented with a pair of colours. Some
time after, he married a lady of good fortune and family,
and, at the pressing entreaties df her friends, he most reluctantly resigned his commission; which he had no sooner
done, than he felt himself miserable, and his new relations
finding that his propensity to a military life was invincible,
agreed to his purchasing an ensigncy in the third regiment
of guards. Having now obtained the object of his most
anxious wishes, he determined to lose no opportunity of
qualifying himself for the highest situations in his favourite
profession. With this view he paid the most unremitting
attention to his duty, and every hour he could command
was given up to the study of the French and German languages, in which (by the assistance of his classical learning) he soon became such a proficient as not only to understand and write both, grammatically and elegantly, but
to speak them fluently. When he was a lieutenant in the
guards, he translated from the French, “The Reveries;
Memoirs upon the Art of War, by field-marshal count
Saxe,
” which was published in To the general officers.
” He also translated from the
German, “Regulations for the Prussian cavalry,
” which
was also published in llegulations for the Prussian Infantry,
” to which
was gelded “The Prussian Tactics,
” which was published
in
ion. On his return from Italy he went to Chartres; and, as he designed to settle himself, he married a lady of considerable family. His friends introduced him afterwards
, Sieur des Avaux et de Javerci, counsellor and historiographer to the king of France, was born at Chartres in 1619. He finished his first studies there at the age of fourteen, and then was sent to Paris to improve himself in the sciences, and in the management of affairs: but his inclination soon made him devote himself entirely to the muses, and he gained a great reputation by his knowledge in the fine arts. The marquis de Fontenay-Mareuil, being chosen for the second time ambassador extraordinary to the court of Rome in 1647, Felibien was made secretary to the embassy, and perfectly answered the hopes which that minister had conceived of him. During his stay at Rome, his fondness for the liberal arts made him spend all the time he could spare in visiting those who excelled in them; and especially the celebrated Poussin, from whose conversation he learned to understand all that is most beautiful in statues and pictures: and it was according to the exalted notions he then formed to himself of the excellence and perfection of painting, that he wrote those valuable works which established his reputation. On his return from Italy he went to Chartres; and, as he designed to settle himself, he married a lady of considerable family. His friends introduced him afterwards to Fouquet, who would have done something for him had he not soon after lost the king’s favour: but Colbert, who loved the arts and sciences, did not suffer him to be useless. After he had desired him to make some draughts for his majesty, in order to engage him to complete the works he had begun, he procured him a commission of historiographer of the king’s buildings, superintendant of them, and of the arts and manufactures in France: this commission was delivered to him March 10, 1666. The royal academy of architecture having been established in 1671, he was made secretary to it. The king made him afterwards keeper of his cabinet of antiques, in 1673, and gave him an apartment in the palace of Brion. He was also one of the first members of the academy of inscriptions and medals, and became afterwards deputy comptroller general of the bridges and dykes of the kingdom. He died June 11, 1695, aged seventy-six; and left five children.
While he was thus employed, he was sent for to court, in order to try whether he could cure a lady, whose recovery was despaired of; and having succeeded,
While he was thus employed, he was sent for to court, in order to try whether he could cure a lady, whose recovery was despaired of; and having succeeded, this was the first cause of that esteem which Henry II. who was then, dauphin, and was in love with that lady, conceived for him. This prince offered him even then the place of first physician to him; but Fernel, who infinitely preferred his studies to the hurry of a court, would not accept the employment, and had even recourse to artifice, in order to, obtain the liberty of returning to Paris. He represented first, that he was not learned enough to deserve to be entrusted with the health of the princes; but that, if he were permitted to return to Paris, he would zealously employ all means to become more learned, and more capable of serving the dauphin. This excuse not being admitted, he pretended, in the next place, to be sick, and sent to the prince a surgeon, who was accustomed to speak familiarly to him, and who told him, that Fernel had a pleurisy, which grief would certainly render mortal; and that his grief was occasioned by being absent from his books and from his family, and by being obliged to discontinue his lectures, and lead a tumultuous life. The prince, giving credit to this story, permitted Fernel to retire. A man, Bayle observes, must be excessively in love with his studies, and a philosophical life, when he employs such tricks to avoid what all others are desirous to obtain.
f arts degree in 1693, returned to his relations, and married, in the same year, Mrs. Jane Anderson, a lady of good family and fortune. In 1694, he was ordained priest
, an English divine, and laborious
writer, was born of reputable parents, at Hunmanby near
Scarborough in Yorkshire in 1671. In his education he
was much encouraged by his uncle the rev. Mr. Fiddes of
Brightwell in Oxfordshire, who was as a father to him.
After being instructed at a private school at Wickham in
that neighbourhood, he was admitted of Corpus Christi,
and then of University college, in Oxford; where by his
parts and address he gained many friends. He did not,
however, continue there; but, after taking a bachelor of
arts degree in 1693, returned to his relations, and married,
in the same year, Mrs. Jane Anderson, a lady of good
family and fortune. In 1694, he was ordained priest by
Dr. Sharp, archbishop of York; and not long after, presented to the rectory of Halsham in that county, of about
90l. per annum. Halsham, being situated in a marsh,
proved the occasion of much ill health to Fiddes and his
family; and he had the misfortune, while there, to be suddenly so deprived of his speech, as never after to be able
to utter words very articulately, unless his organs were
strengthened with two or three glasses of wine, which, as
he was a mun of great temperance, was to him an excess.
His diocesan, however, dispensed with his residence upon
his benefice for the future; on which he removed to Wickham, and continued there some months. Being no longer
able to display his talents in preaching, which before were
confessedly great, and having a numerous family, he resolved to devote himself entirely to writing. For this purpose, he went to London in 1712; and, by the favour of
dean Swift, was introduced to the earl of Oxford, who received him kindly, and made him one of his chaplains.
The dean had a great esteem for Fiddes, and recommended
his cause with the warmth and sincerity of a friend. The
queen soon after appointed him chaplain to the garrison at
Hull, and would probably have provided handsomely for
him, had not death prevented her. Losing his patrons
upon the change of the ministry in 1714, he lost the above
mentioned chaplainship; and the expences of his family
i icreasing, as his ability to supply them lessened, he was
obliged to apply himself to writing with greater assiduity
than ever. Yet he continued in high esteem with contemporary writers, especially those of his own party; and was
encouraged by some of the most eminent men of those
times. By the generosity of his friend and relation Dr.
Radcliffe, the degree of bachelor of divinity was conferred
upon him by diploma, Feb. 1, 1713, and in 1718 he was
honoured by the university of Oxford with that of doctor,
in consideration of his abilities as a writer. He died at the
house of his friend Anstis at Putney, in 1725, aged fifty four years, leaving behind him a' family consisting of a wife
and six children. His eldest daughter was married to the
rev. Mr. Barcroft, curate of St. George’s, Hanover-square,
who abridged Taylor’s “Ductor Dubitantium.
” Dr. Fiddes
was buried in Fulham churchyard, "near the remains of
bishop Compton, to whom he had been much obliged.
, a lady of considerable poetical talents, was the daughter of fcir
, a lady of
considerable poetical talents, was the daughter of fcir William Kingsmill, of Sidmonton, in the county of Southampton, but the time of her birth is not mentioned. She was
maid of honour to the duchess of York, second wife of
James II.; and afterwards married to Heneage, second son
of Heneage earl of Winchelsea; which Heneage was, in
his father’s life-time, gentleman of the bed-chamber to
the duke of York, and afterwards, upon the death of his
nephew Charles, succeeded to the title of earl of Winchelsea. One of the most considerable of this lady’s
poems was that “upon the Spleen,
” printed in “A new
jniscellany of original Poems on several occasion’s,
” pub
lished by Mr. Charles Gildon in A
collection of her poems, was printed in 1713, 8vo; containing likewise a, tragedy called
” Aristomenes;" never
acted; and many still continue unpublished, a few of
which may be seen in the General Dictionary, which Dr.
Birch inserted there by permission of the countess of Hertford, in whose possession they were. Her ladyship obtained the good will of Pope, who addressed some verses
to her which drew forth an elegant replication, printed in
Gibber’s Lives. She died August 5, 1720, without issue
as did the earl her husband, Sept. 30, 1726.
ent that part of philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing dress; for which purpose he has introduced a lady, and drawn up the whole in a most agreeable as well as
, the son of
Frangois le Bovier de Fonienelle, advocate in the parliament of Rouen, and of Martha Corneiile, sister to the
great dramatic poet Corneille, was born at Rouen Feb.
11, 1657, and lived to the age of an hundred, though
so weak at his birth, that his life was not expected. Voltaire declares him to have been the most universal genius
the age of Louis the Fourteenth produced; and compares
him to lands situated in so happy a climate as to produce
all sorts of fruits. Before he was twenty, he had written
a great part of Bellerophon,“a tragic opera; and some
time after his opera of
” Thetis and Peleus“appeared, in
which he had closely imitated Quinault, and met with
great success. That of
” yneas and Lavinia“did not
succeed so well. He tried his genius in writing tragedy;
and assisted mademoiselle Bernard in some of her dramatic
pieces. Two he wrote himself, one of which was acted in
1680, but never printed. He was too long and too unjustly censured on account of this piece; for he had the
merit to discover, that though his genius was unconfined,
yet he did not possess those talents which so greatly distinguished his uncle, Peter Corneille, in the tragic drama.
He wrote several smaller compositions, in which that delicacy of wit and profoundness of thought, which promise
greater efforts, might already be discovered. In his poetical performances, and
” Dialogues of the Dead,“the spirit
of Voiture was displayed, though more extended and more
philosophical. His
” Plurality of Worlds“is a work singular in its kind; his design in it was to present that part
of philosophy to view in a gay and pleasing dress; for
which purpose he has introduced a lady, and drawn up
the whole in a most agreeable as well as instructing dialogue. In the same manner he made an entertaining book
from
” Van Dale’s Oracles." The controversial matters
treated of in this work (for he went upon Van Dale’s scheme of exploding the Oracles as human impostures) raised him
secret enemies, whose malice he had the good fortune to
disappoint. He found, says Voltaire, how dangerous it
is for a man, though in the right, to differ in opinion from
those whose judgment receives a sanction from authority.
e Rolls chapel. In August 1757, he married Susan, relict of John Balls, esq. of the city of Norwich, a lady of great merit, and possessed of a considerable fortune.
His first preferment in the church was the small rectory of Hethe in Oxfordshire, which was given him July 6, 1749, by the lord chancellor Hardwicke, on the recommendation of one of his earliest friends, Dr. Seeker, bishop of Oxford, and afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. By him he was also introduced to the notice of Dr. Butler, then bishop of Bristol, to whom, in 1750, he became domestic chaplain, when that prelate was translated to the see of Durham. In this situation he continued till the death of his new patron, which took place before he had &n opportunity of conferring upon Dr, Forster any mark of Ins affection and esteem. The bishop, however, who died in his arms at Bath, bequeathed him a legacy of 200l. and appointed him executor of his will. He now returned to college, determining to obliterate the remembrance of his disappointments by a renewed application to his studies. But he was very soon called forth again, and appointed, in July 1752, one of the chaplains to Dr. Herring, archbishop of Canterbury. In Feb. 1754 he was promoted by the lord chancellor Hardwicke to the prebendal stall in the church of Bristol; and in the autumn of the same year the archbishop gave him the valuable vicarage of Rochdale, in Lancashire. He was admitted fellow of the royal society in May 1765. In May 1756 he was sworn one of the chaplains to his late majesty, George II. and through the interest of lord Roystou, was appointed by sir Thomas Clarke to succeed Dr. Terrick, in the summer of 1757, as preacher at the Rolls chapel. In August 1757, he married Susan, relict of John Balls, esq. of the city of Norwich, a lady of great merit, and possessed of a considerable fortune. Upon his marriage he hired a house in Craig’s court, Westminster, where, after a short illness, he died on Oct. 20, foJlowing, in the forty-first year of his age, leaving no issue. His widow afterwards married Philip Bedingfield, esq. of Ditchingham, in Norfolk. His body was interred in St. Martin’s church, Westminster, and a monument was erected to his memory by his widow, in the cathedral church of Bristol, with an elegant Latin inscription, written by his friend Dr. Hayter, then bishop of Norwich.
n it. He also set up a shop for the sale of books and articles of stationary, and in 1730 he married a lady, now a widow, whom he had courted before he went to England,
About 1728 or 1729, Franklin setup a newspaper, the
second in Philadelphia, which proved very profitable, and
afforded him an opportunity of making himself known as a
political writer, by his inserting several attempts of that
kind in it. He also set up a shop for the sale of books and
articles of stationary, and in 1730 he married a lady, now
a widow, whom he had courted before he went to England, when she was a virgin. He afterwards began to
have some leisure, both for reading books, and writing
them, of which he gave many specimens from time to
time. In 1732, he began to publish “Poor Richard’s Almanack,
” which was continued for many years. It was
always remarkable for the numerous and valuable concise
maxims which it contained, for the Œconomy of human
life; all tending to industry and frugality; and which were
comprized in a well-known address, entitled “The Way to
Wealth.
” This has been transiated into various languages,
and inserted in almost every magazine and newspaper in
Great Britain or America. It has also been printed on a
large sheet, proper to be framed, and hung up in conspicuous places in all houses, as it very well deserves to
be. Mr. Franklin became gradually more known for his
political talents. In 1736, he was appointed clerk to
the general assembly of Pennsylvania; and was re-elected
by succeeding assemblies for several years, till he was
chosen a representative for the city of Philadelphia; and
in 1737 he was appointed post-master of that city. In
1738, he formed the first fire-company there, to extinguish and prevent fires and the burning of houses; an example which was soon followed by other persons, and other
places. And soon after, he suggested the plan of an association for insuring houses and ships from losses by fire,
which was adopted; and the association continues to this
day. In 1744, during a war between France and Great
Britain, some French and Indians made inroads upon the
frontier inhabitants of the province, who were unprovided
for such an attack; the situation of the province was at
this time truly alarming, being destitute of every means
of defence. At this crisis Franklin stepped forth, and proposed to a meeting of the citizens of Philadelphia, a plan,
of a voluntary association for the defence of the province.
This was approved of, and signed by 1200 persons immediately. Copies of it were circulated through the province;
and in a short time the number of signatures amounted to
10,000. Franklin was chosen colonel of the Philadelphia
regiment; but he did not think proper to accept of the
honour.
till existing, and prove that he had as little scruple in asking, as bishop Hoadly had in flattering a lady, who, by her influence with queen Caroline, became for
, eldest brother of the preceding,
was born in 16'67, and admitted in 1680 at Westminster
school, whence he was elected to Christ Church, Oxford,
in. 1686. While a student there he wrote some good
verses on the inauguration of king William and queen
Mary, which were printed in the Oxford collection. In,
the celebrated dispute between Bentley and Boyle, Mr.
Freind was a warm partizan for the honour of his college,
but was eventually more lucky with Bentley than his brother, Dr. John. A neice of our author’s was married to
a son of Dr. Bentley, who, after that event, conceived a
better opinion of the Christ Church men, and declared
that “Freind had more good learning in him than ever he
had imagined.
” Mr. Freind proceeded M. A. June I, In 1724 he published Cicero’s
” Orator,“and in 1728 Mr. Bowyer, the celebrated
printer, was indebted to him for the Westminster verses
on the coronation of George II. In April 1729, Dr. Freind
obtained a canonry of Windsor, which in 173l i he exchanged for a prebend of Westminster, and in 1733 he
quitted Westminster school. In 1734 he was desirous of
resigning Witney to his son (afterwards dean of
Canterbury); but could not do it without the permission of bishop
Hoadly, which he had little reason to expect. On application, however, to that prelate, through queen Caroline
and lady Sundon, he received this laconic answer,
” If
Dr. Freind can ask it, I can grant it." Dr. Freind’s letters
to lady Sundon are still existing, and prove that he had as
little scruple in asking, as bishop Hoadly had in flattering
a lady, who, by her influence with queen Caroline, became for a considerable time the sole arbitress of churchpreferments. In 1744 Dr. Freind resigned his stall at
Westminster in favour of his son, and died August 9, 1751.
By Jane his wife, one of the two daughters of Dr. Samuel
Delangle, a prebendary of Westminster, he had two sons,
Charles, who died in 1736, and William, his successor at
Witney, and afterwards dean of Canterbury.
nted him with four hundred pieces of gold. But that on which he valued himself most, was the case of a lady, who was said to lie in a very dangerous condition; whose
He was now only twenty-eight years of age, and had made some considerable advances toward improving his art. He had acquired a particular skill in the wounds of the nerves, and was possessed of a method of treating them never known before; for Galen, as well as all other ancient physicians, united surgery to medicine. The pontiff of Pergamus gave him an opportunity of, trying his new method upon the gladiators, and he was so successful that not a single man perished by any wounds of this kind. He had been four years at Pergamus, exercising his faculty with unrivalled fame, when, being made uneasy by some seditious disturbances, he quitted his country and went to Rome, resolving to settle in that capital. But his views were disappointed. The physicians there, sensible of the danger of such a competitor, found means by degrees so completely to undermine him, that he was obliged, after a few years, to leave the city. He had, however, in that time made several acquaintances, both of considerable rank, and the first character for learning. Among others, he had a particular connection with Eudemus, a peripatetic philosopher of great repute. This person he cured of a fever, which from a quartan, bad degenerated into a triple quartan, by the ill-judged application which the patient had made of the theriacum; and what is somewhat remarkable, Galen cured the malady with the same medicine that had caused it; and even predicted when the fits would first cease to return, and in what time the patient would entirely recover. Indeed, so great was his skill and sagacity in these fevers, that if we may believe his own words, he was able to predict from (he first visit, or from the first attack, what species of a fever would appear, a tertian, quartan, or quotidian. He was also greatly esteemed by Sergius Paulus, praetor of Reme; as also by Barbarus, uncle to the emperor Lucius; by Severus, then consul, and afterwards emperor; and last^ by Boethus, a person of consular dignity, in whose presence he had an opportunity of making dissections, and of shewing, particularly, the organs of respiration and the voice, His reputation, likewise, was much increased by the success which he had in recovering the wife of Boethus, who on that occasion presented him with four hundred pieces of gold. But that on which he valued himself most, was the case of a lady, who was said to lie in a very dangerous condition; whose disorder he discovered to be love, the object of which was a rope-dancer thus rivalling th discovery of the luve of Antiochus for Stratonice, which had given so much celebrity to Krasistratus.
going into the front boxes, says to the other, “It is reported that one of the dancers is married to a lady of quality;” when Gallini, who happened to be in the passage
It was soon after his professional celebrity at the operahouse that he married lady Elizabeth Bertie, sister of the
late earl of Abingdon. Admitted at first as a dancingmaster, by his vivacity, talents, knowledge of the Italian
language, and manners, he so insinuated himself into the
favour of this noble family, as to bring about this not very
creditable alliance. Many ridiculous stories were in
circulation at the time, of signor Gallini’s expectations of the
honours which would accrue to him by his marriage into a
noble family; which he imagined would confer on him the
title of My lord. But he was soon convinced of his mistake, and content with an inferior title. When the marriage became a subject of conversation, Dr. Burney happened to hear in the gang-way of the opera pit the following conversation. One of two ladies going into the front
boxes, says to the other, “It is reported that one of the
dancers is married to a lady of quality;
” when Gallini,
who happened to be in the passage near the lady who
spoke, says, “Lustrissima, son io.
” “And who are yon?
”
demanded the lady. “Eudenza, mi chiamo signor Gallini esquoire.
” This match, as is usual with such disproportioned alliances, was not the source of permanent felicity. They lived asunder many years. Lady Elizabeth
died Aug. 17, 1804, aged 80.
officers. During this negociation a circumstance occurred which had nearly- cost our poet his life. A lady at the Hague (then in the possession of the enemy) with
Without blaming his father, farther than by calling his
disinheritance “a froward deed,
” he now resolved to assume the airs of independence, in hopes that his courtly
friends would render him in reality independent; but he
soon found that their favours were not to be obtained without solicitations incompatible with a proud spirit. A more
honourable resource then presented itself. William prince
of Orange was at this time endeavouring to emancipate
the Netherlands from the tyranny of the Spanish monarch,
and Gascoigne, prompted by the hope of gaining laurels
in a field digntfied by patriotic bravery, embarked on the
19th of March, 1572, for Holland. The vessel being
under the guidance of a drunken Dutch pilot, was run
aground, and twenty of the crew who had taken to the
long-boat were drowned. Gascoigne, however, and his
friends remained at the pumps, and being enabled again
to put to sea, landed safe in Holland, where, having obtained a captain’s commission under the prince of Orange,
he acquired considerable military reputation, but an
unfortunate quarrel with his colonel retarded his career.
Conscious of his deserts, he repaired immediately to Delf,
and resolved to resign his commission to the hands from
which he received it; the prince in vain endeavouring to
close the breach between his officers.
During this negociation a circumstance occurred which
had nearly- cost our poet his life. A lady at the Hague
(then in the possession of the enemy) with whom Gascoigne had been on intimate terms, had his portrait in her
hands, and resolving to part with it to himself alone, wrote
a letter to him on the subject, which fell into the hands of
his enemies in the camp; from this paper they meant to
have raised a report unfavourable to his loyalty: but upon
its reaching his hands, Gascoigne, conscious of his fidelity,
laid it immediately before the prince, who saw through
their design, and gave him passports for visiting the lady
at the Hague: the burghers, however, watched his motions with malicious caution, and he was cabled in derision
“the Green Knight.
” Although disgusted with the ingratitude of those on whose side he fought, Gascoigne still
retained his commission, till the prince coming personally
to the siege of Middleburg, gave him an opportunity of
displaying his zeal and courage, and rewarded him with
300 gilders beyond his regular pay, and a promise of future promotion. He was, however, surprised soon after
by 3000 Spaniards, when commanding, under captain
Sheffield, 500 Englishmen lately landed, but retired in
good order at night, under the walls of Leyden; the jealousy of the Dutch was then displayed by their refusing to
open their gates, and Gascoigne with his band were in
consequence made captives. At the expiration of twelve
days his men were released, and the officers after an imprisonment of four months, were sent back to England.
nner he devoted himself, and whose picture’s he copied very faithfully. He was originally servant to a lady at Mortlake, who, observing that his genius led him to
, commonly called the Dwarf, was
a painter of some eminence in the time of sir Peter Lely,
to whose manner he devoted himself, and whose picture’s
he copied very faithfully. He was originally servant to a
lady at Mortlake, who, observing that his genius led him
to painting, put him to De Cleyn, to be instructed in the?
rudiments of that art. De Cleyn was master of the tapestry-works at Mortlake, and famous for the cuts which he
designed for some of Ogilby’s works, and for Sandys’s
translation of Ovid. Gibson’s paintings in water-colours
were well esteemed; but the copies he made of Lely’s
portraits gained him the greatest reputation. He was
greatly in favour with Charles I. to whom he was page of
the back -stairs; and he also drew Oliver Cromwell several
times. He had the honour to instruct in drawing queen
Mary and queen Anne, when they were princesses, and he
went to Holland to wait on the former for that purpose.
He married one Mrs. Anne Shepherd, whb was also a
dwarf. Charles I. was pleased, out of curiosity or pleasantry, to honour their marriage with his presence, and to
give away the bride. Waller wrote a poem on this occasion, “of the marriage of the dwarfs.
” Fenton, in his
notes on it, tells us, that he had seen this couple painted
by sir Peter Lely; and that they appeared to have been
of an equal stature, each of them measuring three feet ten
inches. They had, however, nine children, five of which
attained to maturity, and were proportioned to the usual
standard of mankind. To recompense the shortness of
their stature, nature gave this little couple an equivalent
in length of days for Gibson died in Covent-garden, in
his 75th year, in 1690; and his wife, surviving him almost
20 years, died in 1709, aged 89. Gibson’s nephew, William, was instructed in the art of painting both by him
and sir Peter Lely, and became also eminent. His excellence, like his uncle’s, lay in copying after sir Peter Lely;
although he was a good limner, and drew portraits for persons of the first rank. His great industry was much to
be commended, not only for purchasing sir Peter Lely’s
collection after his death, but likewise for procuring
from the continent a great variety of valuable works,
which made his collection of prints and drawings equal
to that of any person of his time. He died of a lethargy
in 1702, aged 58. There was also one Edward Gibson,
William’s kinsman, who was instructed by him, and first
painted portraits in oil; but afterwards, finding more encouragement in crayons, and his genius lying that way, he
applied himself to them. He was in the way of becoming
a master, but died when he was young.
, better known by the name of Woollstonecraft, a lady of very extraordinary genius, but whose history and opinions
, better known by the name of Woollstonecraft, a lady
of very extraordinary genius,
but whose history and opinions are unhappily calculated to
excite a mixture of admiration, pity, and scorn, was born
in or near London, April 27, 1759, of poor parents, who
then resided at Epping, but afterwards removed to a farm
near Beverley in Yorkshire, where this daughter frequented
a day-school in the neighbourhood. From this place her
father again removed to Hoxton near London, and afterwards to Walworth. During all this time, and until Miss
Woollstonecraft arrived at her twenty-fourth year, there
appears little that is interesting, or extraordinary in her
history, unless it may be considered as such that she early
affected an original way of thinking, accompanied with
correspondent actions, and entertained a high and romantic
sense of friendship, which seems greatly to have prevailed
over filial affection. In her twenty-fourth year, she formed
the plan of conducting a school at Islington, in
conjunction with her sisters, which in the course of a few months
she removed to Newington-green, where she was honoured
by the friendship of Dr. Price. Of her opinions on religious subjects at this time, we have the following singular
account from her biographer: “Her religion was, in
reality, little allied to any system of forms, and was rather
founded in taste, than in the niceties of polemical discussion. Her mind constitutionally attached itself to the
sublime and amiable. She found an inexpressible delight
in the beauties of nature, and in the splendid reveries of
the imagination. But nature itself, she thought, would be
no better than a vast blank, if the mind of the observer
did not supply it with an animating soul. When she
walked amidst the wonders of nature, she was accustomed
to converse with her God. To her mind he was pictured
as not less amiable, generous, and kind, than great, wise,
and exalted. In fact she had received few lessons of religion in her youth, and her religion was almost entirely of
her own creation. But she was not on that account the
less attached to it, or the less scrupulous in discharging
what she considered as its duties. She could not recollect
the time when she had believed the doctrine of future
punishments,
” &c.
removed along with the players to Genoa, he was for the first time seized with an ardent passion for a lady, who soon afterwards became his wife. He then returned
, an eminent modern Italian dramatist, was born at Venice in 1707. In his infancy the
drama was his darling amusement, and all his time was
devoted to the perusing comic writers, among whom was
Cicognini, a Florentine, little known in the dramatic commonwealth. After having well studied these, he ventured
to sketch out the plan of a comedy, even before he went
to school. When he had finished his grammatical studies
at Venice, and his rhetorical studies at the Jesuits’ college
in Perugia, he was sent to a boarding-school at Rimini, to
study philosophy, but he paid far more attention to the
theatres, entered into a familiar acquaintance with the
actors, and when they were to remove to Chiozza, made
his escape in their company. This was the first fault he
committed, which, according to his own confession, drew
a great many others after it. His father had intended him
to be a physician, like himself: the young man, however,
was wholly averse to the study. He proposed afterwards
to make him an advocate, and sent him to be a practitioner
in Modena; but a horrid ceremony of ecclesiastical
jurisdiction, at which he was present, inspired him with a melancholy turn, and he determined to become a Capuchin.
Of this, however, he was cured by a visit to Venice, where
he indulged in all the fashionable dissipation of the place.
He was afterwards prevailed upon by his mother, after the
death of his father, to exercise the profession of a lawyer
in Venice, but by a sudden reverse of fortune he was compelled to quit at once both the bar and Venice. He then
went to Milan, where he was employed by the resident of
Venice in the capacity of secretary, and becoming acquainted with the manager of the theatre, he wrote a farce
entitled “II Gondoliere Veneziano,
” the Venetian Gondolier; which was the first comic production of his that
was performed and printed. Some time after, Goldoni
quitted the Venetian resident, and removed to Verona,
where he got introduced to the manager of the theatre, for
which he composed several pieces. Having removed along
with the players to Genoa, he was for the first time seized
with an ardent passion for a lady, who soon afterwards became his wife. He then returned with the company to
Venice, where he displayed, for the first time, the powers
of his genius, and executed his plan of reforming the Italian stage. He wrote the “Momolo,
” “Courtisan,
” the
“Squanderer,
” and other pieces, which obtained universal admiration. Feeling a strong inclination to reside some
time in Tuscany, he repaired to Florence and Pisa, where
he wrote “The Footman of two Masters,
” and “The Son of
Harlequin lost and found again.
” He returned to Venice,
and set about executing more and more his favourite
scheme of reform. He was now attached to the theatre of
S. Angelo, and employed himself in writing both for the
company, and for his own purposes. The constant toils
he underwent in these engagements impaired his health.
He wrote, in the course of twelve months, sixteen new
comedies, besides forty-two pieces for the theatre; among
these many are considered as the best of his productions.
The first edition of his works was published in 1753, in 10
vols. 8vo. As he wrote afterwards a great number of new
pieces for the theatre of S. Luca, a separate edition of these
was published, under the title of “The New Comic
Theatre:
” among these was the “Terence,
” called by the
author his favourite, and judged to be the master-piece of
his works. He made another journey to Parma, on the
invitation of duke Philip, and from thence he passed t
Rome. He had composed 59 other pieces so late as 1761,
five of which were designed for the particular use of Marque Albergati Capacelli, and consequently adapted to the
theatre of a private company. Here ends the literary life
of Goldoni in Italy, after which he accepted of an engagement of two years in Paris, where he found a select and
numerous company of excellent performers in the Italian
theatre. They were, however, chargeable with the same
faults which he had corrected in Italy; and the French
supported, and even applauded in the Italians, what they
would have reprobated on their own stage. Goldoni wished
to extend, even to that country, his plan of reformation, without considering the extreme difficulty of the undertaking. His first attempt was the piece called “The
Father for Love;
” and its bad success was a sufficient
warning to him to desist from his undertaking. He continued, during the remainder of his engagement, to produce pieces agreeable to the general taste, and published
twenty-four comedies; among which “The Love of Zelinda and Lindor
” is reputed the best. The term of two
years being expired, Goldoni was preparing to return to
Italy, when a lady, reader to the dauphiness, mother to
the late king, introduced him at court, in the capacity of
Italian master to the princesses, aunts to the king. He
did not live in the court, but resorted there, at each summons, in a post-chaise, sent to him for the purpose. These
journeys were the cause of a disorder in the eyes, which
afflicted him the rest of his life; for being accustomed to
read while in the chaise, he lost his sight on a sudden,
and in spite of the most potent remedies, could never afterwards recover it entirely. For about six months lodgings were provided him in the chateau of Versailles. The
death, however, of the dauphin, changed the face of affairs. Goldoni lost his lodgings, and only, at the end of
three years, received a bounty of 100 Louis in a gold box,
and the grant of a pension of four thousand livres a year.
This settlement would not have been sufficient for him, if
he had not gained, by other means, farther sums. He
wrote now and then comedies for the theatres of Italy and
Portugal; and, during these occupations, was desirous to
shew to the French that he merited a high rank among
their dramatic writers. For this purpose, he neglected
nothing which could be of use to render himself master of
the French language. He heard, spoke, and conversed
so much in it, that, in his 62d year, he ventured to write a
comedy in French, and to have it. represented in the court
theatre, on the occasion of the marriage of the king. This
piece was the “Bourru Bienfaisant;
” and it met with so
great success, that the author received a bounty 'of 150
Louis from the king, another gratification from the performers, and considerable sums from the booksellers who
published it. He published soon after, another comedy in
French, called “L'Avare Fastueux.
” After the death of
Lewis XV. Goldoni was appointed Italian teacher to the
princess Clotilde, and after her marriage, he attended the
late unfortunate princess Elizabeth in the same capacity.
His last work was the “Volponi,
” written after he had retired from court. It was nis misfortune to live to see
his pension taken away by the revolution, and, like thousands in a similar situation, he was obliged to pass his old
age in poverty and distress. He died in the beginning of
1793. As a comic poet, Goldoni is reckoned among the
best of the age in which he flourished. His works were
printed at Leghorn in 1788—91, in 31 vols. 8vo. He has
been reckoned the Moliere of Italy, and he is styled by
Voltaire “The Painter of Nature.
” Dr. Burney says that
he is, perhaps, the only author of comic operas in Italy
who has given them a little common sense, by a natural
plot, and natural characters; and his celebrated comic
opera of the “Buona Figliuola,
” set by Piccini, and first
performed in London Dec. 9th, 1766, rendered both the
poet and composer, whose names had scarcely penetrated
into this country before, dear to every lover of the Italian
language and music, in the nation.
ristianity, and therefore had no inclination to enter into the controversies of his time. He married a lady of a very good family, and well allied, with whom he lived
Amidst all this profound literature, his religion is said to have been plain and practical. He lamented and abhorred the factions and disputes, especially about indifferent matters, which disgraced Christianity, and therefore had no inclination to enter into the controversies of his time. He married a lady of a very good family, and well allied, with whom he lived twenty-four years, and who survived him, together with two sons, who studied the civil law at Leyden, and became considerable men in Holland.
, a lady of the sixteenth century, remarkable for her wit and high
, a lady of the sixteenth century, remarkable for her wit and high birth, is chiefly
known, and that very imperfectly, from a collection of
her letters, printed at Venice in 1552. By these she appears to have been learned, and somewhat of a criticin
Aristotle and yEschylus. All the wits of her time are full
of their encomiums on her: and Hortensio Landi, besides
singing her praises most zealously, dedicated to her a
piece, “Upon moderating the passions of the soul,
” written in Italian. If, however, it be true that this Horatio
Landi wrote the whole of the letters attributed to Lucretia,
it is difficult to know what to believe of the history of the
latter. Her marriage at the age of fourteen with John
Paul Manfroni was unhappy, He engaged in a conspiracy
against the duke of Ferrara; was detected and imprisoned
by him; but, though condemned, not put to death. Lucretia, in this emergency, applied to all the powers in
Europe to intercede for him; and even solicited the grand
signior to make himself master of the castle, where her
husband was kept. During this time, although she was not
permitted to visit him, they could write to each other. But
all her endeavours were vain; for he died in prison in 1552,
having shewn such an impatience under his misfortunes as
made it imagined he lost his senses. She never would
listen afterwards to any proposals of marriage, though several were made her. Of four children, which she had,
there were but two daughters left, whom she placed in
nunneries. All that came from her pen was so much esteemed, that a collection was made e^-en of the notes she
wrote to her servants: several of which are to be met witli
in the above-mentioned edition of her letters. She died
at Mantua in 1576.
all his other comforts, by marrying Aiiih-, fourth daughter of Thomas Hall, esq. of Goldings, Herts; a lady of distinguished merit, who after a long and alVec tionate
In 1774, soon a I'trr tin; death of his mother, an event by which ho oamo in possession of an excellent family residence at Kiiliehl, with tho large estate hequeathed to him in reversion by his father, ho added greatly to all his other comforts, by marrying Aiiih-, fourth daughter of Thomas Hall, esq. of Goldings, Herts; a lady of distinguished merit, who after a long and alVec tionate union, has to lament the loss of him whose object through life was to increase her happiness.
r of an advantageous settlement as physician on the island of St. Christopher’s. During his passage, a lady on board of one of the merchant-men bound for the same
Soon after the publication of Tibullus, Dr. Grainger embraced the offer of an advantageous settlement as physician on the island of St. Christopher’s. During his passage, a lady on board of one of the merchant-men bound for the same place, was seized with the small-pox, attended with some alarming symptoms. He was sent for, and not only prescribed with success, but took the remainder of his passage in the same ship, partly to promote the recovery of his patient, but principally to have an opportunity of paying his addresses to her daughter, whom he married soon after their arrival at St. Christopher’s. By his union with this lady, whose name was Burt, daughter to Matthew William Burt, esq. governor of St. Christopher’s, he became connected with softie of the principal families on the island, and was enabled to commence the practice of physic with the greatest hopes of success. It is probable, however, that this was not his first attachment. In his preface to the translation of Tibullus, he insinuates that his acquaintance with the passion of love gives him a preference over Dart, who had attempted to transfuse the tender sentiments of that poet into English without the same advantage.
toration. He was under a necessity of leaving France for having the temerity to pay his addresses to a lady to whom Lewis XIV. was known to have a tender attachment.
, son of Antony
duke of Gramont, served as a volunteer under the prince
of Conde, and Turenne, and came into England about
two years after the restoration. He was under a necessity
of leaving France for having the temerity to pay his
addresses to a lady to whom Lewis XIV. was known to have
a tender attachment. He possessed in a high degree every
qualification that could render him agreeable to the licentious court of Charles II. He was gay, gallant, and perfectly well-bred, had an inexhaustible fund of ready wit,
and told a story with extraordinary humour and effect.
His vivacity infused life wherever he came, and was generally inoffensive. He had also another qualification very
well suited to the company he kept. He had great skiil
and success in play; and seems to have been chiefly indebted to it for support. Several of the ladies engaged
his attention upon his first coming over; but miss Elizabeth Hamilton, whom he afterwards married, seems to
have been his favourite, though some say he endeavoured
to break off the connection. She was the daughter of sir
George Hamilton, fourth son of James first earl of Abercorn. His “Memoirs
” were written from his own information, and probably in much the same language in which
they are related, by his brother-in-law, Anthony, who, following the fortunes of James II. entered the French service, and died at St. Germain’s, April 21, 1720. He was
generally called Count Hamilton. Count Gramont died
Jan. 10, 1707. There have lately been several editions of
the “Memoirs
” printefd here, both in French and English,
and in a splendid form, illustrated with portraits. They
contain many curious particulars respecting the intrigues
and amusements of the court of Charles II. but present
upon the whole a disgusting picture of depraved manners.
In 1744 the difference between Walpole and Gray was adjusted by the interference of a lady who wished well to both parties. The lapse of years had
In 1744 the difference between Walpole and Gray was
adjusted by the interference of a lady who wished well to
both parties. The lapse of years had probably softened
their mutual resentment in a sufficient degree to admit
again of correspondence on amicable terms. About this
time Gray became acquainted with Mr. Mason, then a
scholar of St. John’s college, whose poetical talents he had
noticed, and some of whose poems he revised at the request of a friend. His bequests to Mr. Mason show
that this intimacy was improved into the str.ctest friendship and confidence. He maintained also a
correspondcnce with another friend, Dr. Wharton of Durham, and
seems to have been on familiar terms with the celebrated
Dr. Middleton, whose loss he afterwards laments. “I find
a friend,
” he says, “so uncommon a thing, that I cannot
help regretting even an old acquaintance, which is an indifferent likeness of it.
”
rtue and nobility at Rome, where his father Gordian was a senator, and extremely rich; and, marrying a lady of distinction, called Sylvia, had by her this son, about
, surnamed the Great, was born of a patrician family, equally conspicuous for its virtue and nobility at Rome, where his father Gordian was a senator, and extremely rich; and, marrying a lady of distinction, called Sylvia, had by her this son, about the year 544. From his earliest years he discovered genius and judgment; and, applying himself particularly to the apophthegms of th ancients, he fixed every thing worth notice in his memory, where it was faithfully preserved as in a store-house; he also improved himself by the conversation of old men, in which he took great delight. By these methods he made a great progress in the sciences, and there was not a man. in Rome, who surpassed him in grammar, logic, and rhetoric; nor can it be doubted but he had early instructions in the civil law, in which his letters prove him to have been well versed: he was nevertheless entirely ignorant of the Greek language. These accomplishments in a young nobleman procured him senatorial dignities, which he filled with great reputation and he was afterwards appointed praefect of the city by the emperor Justin the Younger but, being much inclined to a monastic life, he quitted that post, and retired to the monastery of St. Andrew, which he himself had founded at Rome in his father’s house, and put it under the government of an abbot, called Valentius. Besides this, he founded six other convents in Sicily; and, selling all the rest of his possessions, he gave the purchase-money to the poor.
las, good folk, they never felt what true pleasure meant.” This naturally leading him to inquire how a lady of her age had attained to such a depth of pleasure both
Here she was with her beloved books in 1550, when the
famous Roger Ascham called on a visit to the family in
August; and all the rest of each sex being engaged in a
hunting-party, he went to wait upon lady Jane in her
apartment, and found her reading the “Phaedon
” of Plato
in the original Greek. Astonished at it, after the first
compliments, he asked her, why she lost such pastime as
there needs must be in the park; at which smiling, she
answered, “I wist all their sport in the park is but a shadow to that pleasure that I find in Plato. Alas, good folk,
they never felt what true pleasure meant.
” This naturally
leading him to inquire how a lady of her age had attained
to such a depth of pleasure both in the Platonic language
and philosophy, she made the following very remarkable
reply: “I will tell you, and I will tell you a truth, which
perchance you will marvel at. One of the greatest benefits which ever God gave me is, that he sent me so sharp
and severe parents, and so gentle a schoolmaster. For
when I am in presence either of father or mother, whether
I speak, keep silence, sit, stand, or go, eat, drink, he
merry or sad, be sewing, playing, dancing, or doing any
thing else, I am so sharply taunted, so cruelly threatened,
yea presently sometimes with pinches, rips, and bohs, and
other ways (which I will not name, for the honour I bear them), so without measure misordered, that 1 think myself
in hell, till time come that I must go to Mr. Aylmer, who
teachfcth me so gently, so pleasantly, with such fair allurements to learning, that I think all the time nothing while
I am with him; and, when I am called from him I fall on
weeping, because whatsoever I do else but learning is full
of grief, trouble, fear, and wholly misliking unto me.
And thus my book hath been so much my pleasure, and
bringeth daily to me more pleasure and more, and that in
respect of it all other pleasures in very deed be but trifles
and troubles unto me
” What reader is not melted with
this speech What scholar does not envy Ascham’s felicity
at this interview He was indeed very deeply affected with
it, and to that impression we owe the discovery of some
farther particulars concerning this lovely scholar.
, a lady once of some note a a writer of novels and plays, whose
, a lady once of some note a
a writer of novels and plays, whose maiden name was
Griffith, was of Welch descent, and early in life married
Richard Griffith, a gentleman of a good family, but reduced fortune, in Ireland. The first performance by which
she became known was entitled “The Letters of Henry
and Frances,
” which are said to contain the genuine correspondence between her and her husband before their marriage, and for some years after. They were published at
the particular request of Margaret countess of Cork, who
was one of her friends, and privy to her connexion with
Mr. Griffith, which was at first kept secret. From these
letters, a few particulars of the private history of the parties may be collected. Mr. Griffith appears to have received no regular education, although in his youth he had
evinced some talents for poetry; he introduced himself,
however, by degrees into “the genteelest and most reputable company;
” but tired of a city life, passed several
years with a relation in the country of Ireland, where he
read, learned French, and “studied husbandry philosophically.
” He then engaged in a farm and the linen manufacture; and about 1760 appears to have received a
place from the duke of Bedford, at that time lord lieutenant of Ireland. His acquaintance with Mrs. Griffith was
accidental, and commenced on his parr, to use his own
phrase, “as an act of gallantry
” but rinding “no probability of success,
” a strange declaration and being
enafrioured with her writings, conversation, and character, became, at last, a real and honourable lover, but declined
matrimony for several years, as she had no fortune, and his
expectations from his father were much larger than they
were likely to turn out. At length, however, they married,
about the year 1752; and their first publication was this
correspondence, published by subscription, and not very
successful with any class of readers, not even the sentimentalists, for whom it was chiefly calculated. Some of
the letters, however, are of a superior cast, and contain
many sensible remarks on books, men, and manners. Their
next publication, which was also written in conjunction,
was “Two Novels, in Letters, 4 vols. the first and second,
entitled Delicate Distress, by Frances the third and fourth,
entitled the Gordian Knot, by Henry,
” The Triumvirate; or the authentic Memoirs of A. B. and C.
” 2 vols. 12mo, a novel of so Joose a
kind, that even his wife could not venture to recommend it
to the fair sex, and yet adds her opinion that “every gentleman will read it with pleasure, and I trust without any
injury to his morals.
” Of Mr. Griffith’s performances we
hear no more, nor have been able to ascertain the time of
his death. Mrs. Griffith’s other novels were “Lady Barton,
” and “Juliana HarJey.
” She also wrote some dramas
which had various success, but none of them have preserved their station on the stage. One of her most agreeable publications svas “The Morality of Shakspeare’s
Drama illustrated,
” The Adventures of Pierre Viaud,
” and the
“Letters of Ninon de L'Enclos,
” c. She died Jan. 3,
1793, at Millecenr, in the county of Kildare. She was unquestionably a woman of considerable literary talents, but
does not appear to have found in her lover and husband
the judgment which could give them a proper direction.
Nor did he contribute much to bar happiness in his latter
days. He had long accustomed himself to the cant of sentiment, which is too frequently mistaken for genuine moral
feeling. When in his grand climacteric, he seduced a girl
of fortune and consequence, with whom he lived the reminder of his days. The libehine notions in his “
Triumvirate
” appear to have been more predominant
sense he affected to entertain of pure morals in his “Letters.
”
burgomaster of Delft, and curator of the university of Leyden, and in 1582, married Alida Averschie, a lady of one of the first families in the country, by whom he
, or Hugo de Groot, one of the most eminent names in literary history, was descended from a family of the greatest distinction in the Low Countries: his father^ John de Groot, was burgomaster of Delft, and curator of the university of Leyden, and in 1582, married Alida Averschie, a lady of one of the first families in the country, by whom he had three sons and a daughter. His son Hugo, the subject of this article, was born at Delft on Easter-day, April I0j 1583, and came into the world with the most happy dispositions; a profound genius, a solid judgment, and a wonderful memory. These extraordinary natural endowments had all the advantages that education could give them, and he found in his own father a pious and an able tutor, who formed his mind and his morals. He was scarce past his childhood, when he was sent to the Hague, and boarded with Mr. Utengobard, a celebrated clergyman among the Arrninians, who took great care of his trust; and, before he had completed his twelfth year, was removed to Leyden, under the learned Francis Jimiiis. He continued three years at this university, where Joseph Scaliger was so struck with his prodigious capacity, that he condescended to direct his studies; and in 1597, Grotius maintained public theses in the mathematics, philosophy, and law, with the highest applause.
d. Upon this promotion, his father began to think of a wife for him, and fixed upon Mary Reigesberg, a lady of great family in Zealand, whose father had been burgomaster
In 1603, the glory which the United Provinces had obtained by their illustrious defence against the whole power
of Spain, after the peace of Vervins, determined them to
transmit to posterity the signal exploits of that memorable
war; and for this purpose they sought out a proper historian. Several made great interest for the place, and
among others Baudius, the professor of eloquence at Leyden. But the States thought young Grotius, who had
taken ao steps to obtain it, deserved the preference; and,
what is singular, Baudius himself did not blame their
choice, because he looked upon Grotius to be already a
very great man. In the execution of this office, he undertook his “Annals,
” which were begun in Mare liberum,
” i. e. “the Freedom of the
Ocean, or the Right of the Dutch to trade to the Indies.
”
The work was printed in Mare clausum, seti
de dominio maris,
” yet, being soon after disgusted with his
country, he took no farther concern in the controversy.
The ensuing year, he published his piece “De antiquitate ReipublieiE Batavae,
” designed to shew the original
independence of Holland and Friesland against the Spanish
claim; and he accordingly dedicated it to those States^
March 16, 1610, who were es-tremely pleased with it, returned thanks to the author, and made him a present.
While it was in the press, Grotius and his father, who
usually assisted him in his writings, translated it into
Dutch.
ily property, which was very considerable. Battista married himself about this time Taddea Bendedei, a lady of a noble family of Ferrara.
Guarino had the misfortune to be early involved in family law-suits, and had to apply for the heritage of his grandfather and grand- uncle in opposition to francis Guahuo, his father, who has left no other character than that of a keen sportsman, and who was the only one of the family that had no taste for literature. Having lost his first wife, he married again to injure his son’s interest; hut the duke Hercules II. interposed, and assigned to our poet a proportion of the family property, which was very considerable. Battista married himself about this time Taddea Bendedei, a lady of a noble family of Ferrara.
izens." In this crazy condition he married the daughter of sir Marmaduke Dprrel, in Buckinghamshire, a lady to whom he was formerly suitor, and with whom he spent
But, notwithstanding these declarations of the chancellor,
it is certain, that this plot was never proved, and was probahly imaginary. It is at least easy to account upon political principles, for Harrington’s confinement, and the severe usage he met with, when we consider not only his notions of government, which he every where enforced with
the greatest zeal; but also how obnoxious he made himself to the powers then in being, by his treatment of the
Stuart family. Nothing can be viler than the picture he
has drawn of Mary queen of Scotland; he has also painted
her son James I. in the most odious colours, suggesting at
the same time, that he was not born of the queen, but was
a supposititious impostor, and of course had no right to
the crown he inherited. His portrait of Charles I. is an
abominable figure t “never was man,
” says he, “so resolute and obstinate in tyranny. He was one of the most
consummate in the arts of tyranny that ever was; and it
could be no other than God’s hand, that arrested him in
the height of his designs and greatness, and cut off him
and his family.
” Such a character very ill accorded with
what he had himself observed of that unhappy monarch,
and with the grief he felt at his death; but Harrington
seems in the latter end of his life to have grown fanatic in
politics, and his keeping within no bounds might make
it the more expedient to put him under confinement.
From the Tower he was conveyed very privately to St.
Nicholas’s island opposite to Plymouth; and thence, upon
petition, to Plymouth, some relations-obliging themselves
in a bond of 5000l. for his safe imprisonment. At this
place he became acquainted with one Dr. Dunstan, who
advised him to take a preparation of guiacum in coffee, as
a certain cure for the scurvy, with whi<& he was then troubled. He drank of this liquor in great quantities, which
had probably a very pernicious effect, for he soon grew
delirious; upon which a rumour prevailed at Plymouth,
that he had taken some drink which would make any man
mad in a month; and other circumstances made his relations suspect, that he had foul play shewn him, lest he
should write any more “Oceanas.
” It was near a month
before he was able to bear the journey to London, whither,
as nothing appeared against him, he had leave from the
king to go. Here he was put under the care of physicians,
who could afford little help to the weakness of his body,
and none at all to the disorders of his mind. He would discourse of other things rationally enough; but, when his
own distemper was touched upon, he would fancy and
utter strange things about the operation of his animal spirits, which transpired from him, he said, in the shape of
birds, flies, bees, or the like. He talked so much of good
and evil spirits, that he even terrified those about him;
and to those who objected to him that these chimeras were
the fruits of a disordered imagination, he would reply, that
11 he was like Democritus, who, for his admirable discoveries in anatomy, was reckoned distracted by his fellowcitizens." In this crazy condition he married the daughter
of sir Marmaduke Dprrel, in Buckinghamshire, a lady to
whom he was formerly suitor, and with whom he spent the
remainder of his life. Towards his latter end, he was subject to the gout, and enjoyed little ease; but, after drooping
and languishing for some time, he was at last seized with a
palsy, and died at Westminster, September 11, 1677, and
lies buried there in St. Margaret’s church, on the south
side of the altar, next the grave of sir Walter Raleigh.
of Bremen, son of Cornelius de Hase, minister and professor of divinity at Bremen, and Sarah Wolter, a lady distinguished by her learning, and her knowledge of Hebrew,
, an eminent doctor and minister
of Bremen, son of Cornelius de Hase, minister and professor of divinity at Bremen, and Sarah Wolter, a lady
distinguished by her learning, and her knowledge of Hebrew, was born November 30, 1682, and was appointed
professor of belles-lettres at Hanau, but recalled to Bremen the following year, to be minister and professor of
Hebrew, and admitted D. D. at Francfort upon Oder in
1712, though absent; and member of the royal society at
Berlin in 1718. In 1723 he was made professor of divinity
at, Bremen, and died there April 25, 1731. He left a
volume of “Dissertations,
” which are much esteemed; and
assisted M. Lampe in a journal begun under the title of
“Bibliotheca Historico-Philologico-Theoiogica,
” and continued under that of “Musieum Historico-PhilologicoTheologicum.
” His brother James was also a man of
considerable erudition. He published many classical
tracts, which were well received by the learned. He died
in 1723.
, a lady of high rank and higher virtues, the daughter of Theophilus
, a lady of high rank
and higher virtues, the daughter of Theophilus earl of
Huntingdon, was born April 19, 1682. Her mother was
the daughter of sir John Lewis, of Ledstone, in the county
of York. The accession of a large fortune, after the death
wf her brother George earl of Huntingdon, enabled her to
afford an illustrious example of active goodness and benevolence. She fixed her principal residence at Ledstonehouse, where she became the patroness of merit, the benefactress of the indigent, and the intelligent friend and
counsellor of the surrounding neighbourhood. Temperate,
chaste, and simple, in her habits, she devoted her time,
her fortune, and the powers of her understanding, which
was of a high order, to the benefit and happiness of all
around her. “Her cares,
” says her biographer, “extended even to the animal creation; while over her domestics
she presided with the dispositions of apparent, providing
for the improvement of their minds, the decency of their
behaviour, and the propriety of their manners. She would
have the skill and contrivance of every artificer used in her
house, employed for the ease of her servants, and that they
might suffer no inconvenience or hardship. Besides providing for the order, harmony, and peace of her family,
she kept great elegance in and about her house, that her
poor neighbours might not fall into idleness and poverty
for want of employment; and while she thus tenderly regarded the poor, she would visit those in the higher ranks,
lest they should accuse her of pride or superciliousness.
”
Her system of benevolence was at once judicious and extensive. Her benefactions were not confined to the neighbourhood in which she lived; to many families, in various
parts of the kingdom, she gave large annual allowances.
To this may be added her munificence to her relations and
friends, her remission of sums due to her in cases of distress or straitened circumstances, and the noble hospitality
of her establishment. To one relation she allowed five
hundred pounds annually, to another she presented a gift
of three thousand pounds, and to a third three hundred
guineas. She acted also with great liberality towards a
young lady whose fortune had been injured in the Southsea scheme: yet the whole of her estates fell short of three
thousand pounds a-year. In the manors of Ledstone,
Ledsham, Thorpe-arche, and Colhngham, she erected
charity-schools; and, for the support of them and other
charities she gave, in her life-time. Collingham, Shadwell,
and her estate at Burton Salmon. Sht also gave Wool for
building a new church at Leeds; but, that this donation
might not hurt the mother church there, she afterwards
offered a farm near Leeds, of 23l. per annum, and capable
of improvement, to be settled on the vicar and his
successors, provided the town would do the like; which the corporation readily agreed to, and to her ladyship’s benefaction added lands of the yearly value of 24l. for the application of which they were to be entirely answerable to her
kindred This excellent lady also bequeathed at her death
considerable sums for charitable and public uses; amongst
which were five scholarships in Queen’s college, Oxford,
for students in divinity, of 28l. a year each, to be enjoyed
for five years, and, as the rents should rise, some of her
scholars to be capable, in time, of having 60l. per annum,
for one or two years after the first term. She died Dec.
22, 1739. She was fond of her pen, and frequently employed herself in writing; but, previous to her death,
destroyed the greater part of her papers. Her fortune,
beauty, and amiable qualities, procured her many solicitations to change her state; but she preferred, in a single
and independent life, to be mistress 01 her actions, and
the disposition of her income.
Soon after the publication of this ill-fated book, he became known to a lady who had great property and interest in the East India company;
Soon after the publication of this ill-fated book, he became known to a lady who had great property and interest in the East India company; and through her means was chosen a director of that body, at the general election, in April 1773. The affairs of the company were at this time in a confused state, and the public mind greatly agitated by the frequent debates both in parliament and at the Indiahouse. Dr. Hawkesworth (who in the list is styled John Hawkesworth, esq.) probably attended the meetings, but took no active share: his health was indeed now declining and he expired at the house of his friend Dr. Grant, of Lime-street, Nov. 17, 1773. He was interred at Bromley, in Kent, where a monument was erected to his memory.
n a lovely family. It appears, however, that he did marry hastily, in the anguish of disappointment, a lady, who died before him. From Matlock he went to reside at
He left Oxford after a residence of three years, in which interval he lost his father. His biographer informs us that his friends could not for some months discover the place of his residence; but that at length it appeared he was married, and had retired to Matlock in Derbyshire. From our other authority, however, we learn, that during his occasional visits from Oxford to his friends in Norfolk, he formed an attachment of the tenderest kind to a very beautiful woman, now alive, but of no fortune. Many of the most charming and interesting of his poetical compositions addressed to this lady. The connexion appeared to their common friends to be indiscreet, and the object of his affections married a deserving man, with whom she is now happy in a lovely family. It appears, however, that he did marry hastily, in the anguish of disappointment, a lady, who died before him. From Matlock he went to reside at Norwich, and in a short time the consumptive tendency of his constitution rendered it advisable to try the climate of Lisbon, from which he returned only to die, at Norwich, in November 1788.
dy and Use of History, so far as they relate to the History of the Old Testament, &c. in a letter to a lady of quality,” 1753, 8vo. 4. “Theron and Aspasio or, a Series
His writings aiv, 1. “Meditations and Contemplations; containing Meditations among the Tombs Reflections on a Flower-garden; and a Descant on Creation,
”
Contemplations on the Night and
Starry Heavens; and a Winter Piece,
” Night Thoughts,
” by Mr. Newcomb. 3.
“Remarks on Lord BolingbrokeV Letters on the Study
and Use of History, so far as they relate to the History of
the Old Testament, &c. in a letter to a lady of quality,
”
Theron and Aspasio or, a Series of
Dialogues and Letters on the most important subjects,
”
Sermons,
” the third edition published after his
death, Jenks’s Meditations,
”
Burntiam’s pious Memorials,
”
published in Eleven Letters to Wesley.
”
9. “Letters to Lady Frances Shirley,
” Letters elegant, interesting, and
evangelical, illustrative of the author’s amiable character,
and many circumstances of his early history not generally
known.
” It is somewhat singular that they were dedicated
by the editor colonel Burgess to Paul Orchard, esq. the
same gentleman to whom sixty-four years before Mr. Hervey had dedicated his “Meditations.
”
arl of Macart-covered. The library is now in the ney, at Lissanoure in Ireland, if the possession of a lady, the late earl’s reone very accurately described by the
* This copy appears to he now in How it came there has not been dis' the library of the late earl of Macart-covered. The library is now in the
ney, at Lissanoure in Ireland, if the possession of a lady, the late earl’s reone very accurately described by the presentative, who probably knew little
Rev. W. H. Pratt, in the Gentleman’s of its history.
Magazine for January 1813, p. 30.
winters in town; where he had for his intimate friends
some of the greatest men of the age; such as Dr. Harvey,
Selden, Cowley, &c. In 1654, he published his “Letter
upon Liberty and Necessity,
” which occasioned a long
controversy between him and Bramhall, bishop of Londonderry. About this time he began the controversy with
Wallis, the mathematical professor at Oxford, which lasted
as long as Hobbes lived, and in which he had the misfortune to have all the mathematicians against him. It is indeed said, that he came too late to this study to excel in it;
and that though for a time he maintained his credit, while
he was content to proceed in the same track with others,
and to reason in the accustomed manner from the established
principles of the science, yet when he began to.digress into
new paths, and set up for a reformer, inventor, and improver of geometry, he lost himself extremely. But notwithstanding these debates took up much of his time, yet
he published several philosophical treatises in Latin.
rate. Among these are, translations into English of “Livy,” written, it is said, with one pen, which a lady of his acquaintance so highly prized that she had it embellished
, a noted translator, was descended from an ancient family of the Hollands of Lancashire, and was the son of John Holland, a pious divine,
who, in queen Mary’s reign, was obliged to go abroad for
the sake of religion; but afterwards returned, and became
pastor of Dunmowin Essex, where he died in 1578. Philemon was born at Chelmsford in Essex, about the latter
end of the reign of Edward VI. and after being instructed
at the grammar-school of that place, was sent to Trinitycollege, Cambridge, where he was pupil to Dr. Hampton,
and afterwards to Dr. Whitgift. He was admitted fellow of
his college, but left the university after having taken the
degree of M. A. in which degree he was incorporated at
Oxford in 1587. He was appointed head master, of the
free-school of Coventry, and in this laborious station he not
only attended assiduously to the duties of his office, but
served the interests of learning, by undertaking those numerous translations, which gained him the title of “Translator general of the age.
” He likewise studied medicine,
and practised with considerable reputation in his neighbourhood; and at length, when at the age of forty, became
a doctor of physic in the university of Cambridge. He
was a peaceable, quiet, and good man in all the relations
of private life, and by his habits of temperance and regularity attained his 85th year, not only with the full possession of his intellects, but his sight was so good, that
he never had occasion to wear spectacles. He continued
to translate till his 80th year; and his translations, though
devoid of elegance, are accounted faithful and accurate.
Among these are, translations into English of “Livy,
”
written, it is said, with one pen, which a lady of his acquaintance so highly prized that she had it embellished
with silver, and kept as a great curiosity. “Pliny’s Natural History,
” “Plutarch’s Morals,
” Suetonius,“”Ammianus Marcellinus,“” Xenophon’s Cyropaedia,“and
” Camdeu’s Britannia,“to the last of which he made
several useful additions: and into Latin he translated the geographical part of
” Speed’s Theatre of Great Britain,“and
a French
” Pharmacopoeia of Brice Bauderon." A quibbling epigram upon his translation of Suetonius has often
been retailed in jest books:
early part of life, painting in several parts of the country, particularly at York, where he married a lady of some property. A short time after his marriage, he settled
, was born in Dublin in 1767, and came to England in the early part of life, painting in several parts of the country, particularly at York, where he married a lady of some property. A short time after his marriage, he settled in London, and practised with reputation, both as a painter in oil, and in miniature, particularly enamel; and after the death of Zincke, ranked among the principal artists of his day in that branch. He was chosen one of the members of the royal academy at its first institution; but took offence at one of his pictures, intended as a satire on sir Joshua Reynolds, being rejected from the exhibition. Another was also objected to, as containing a very profane allusion, which he altered with a substance easily washed away, and the picture was again exhibited in its original state at an exhibition of his own, in 1775. As a painter in oil, he was by no means an inferior artist, yet the colouring of his pictures was too red for the carnations, and the shadows not sufficiently clear. A few years before his death, he removed to Rathboneplace. He died Aug. 14, 1784, and was buried at Hendon, where five of his children lie.
n, 1676, 8vo, which has been several times reprinted with additions and corrections. 2.” A letter to a lady revolted to the Romish church,“London, 1678, 12mo. 3.”
, an English divine, was
born at Baccharack, a town in the Lower Palatinate, in
1641. His father was recorder or secretary of that town,
a strict protestant; and the doctor was brought up in the
same manner, though some, we find, asserted that he was
originally a papist. He was designed for the sacred ministry from his birth, and first sent to Heidelberg, where
he studied divinity under Spanheim, afterwards professor
at Leyden. When he was nineteen he came over to
England, and was entered of Queen’s college, in Oxford,
Dec. 1663; of which, by the interest of Barlow, the provost of that college, and afterwards bishop of Lincoln, he
was made chaplain soon after his admission. He was incorporated M. A. from the university of Wittemberg, Dec.
1663; and not long after made vicar of All Saints, in Oxford, a living in the gift of Lincoln-college. Here he < ontinued two years, and was then taken into the family of
the duke of Albemarle, in quality of tutor to his son lord
Torrington. The duke presented him to the rectory of
Doulton, in Devonshire, aud procured him also a prebend
in the church of Exeter. In 1669, before he married, he
went over into Germany to see his friends, where he was
much admired as a preacher, and was entertained with
great respect at the court of the elector Palatine. At his
return in 1671, he was chosen preacher in the Savoyj
where he continued to officiate till he died . This,
however, was but poor maintenance, the salary being small as
well as precarious, and be continued in mean circumstances for some years, after the revolution; till, as his.
biographer, bishop Kidder, says, it pleased God to raise up
a friend who concerned himself on his behalf, namely,
the lord admiral Russel, afterwards earl of Orford. Before
he went to sea, lord Russel waited on the queen to take
leave and when he was with her, begged of her that she
“would be pleased to bestow some preferment on Dr.
Horneck.
” The queen told him, that she “could not at
present think of any way of preferring the doctor
” and
with this answer the admiral was dismissed. Some time
after, the queen related what had passed to archbishop
Tillotson; and added, that she “was anxious lest the ad-,
miral should think her too unconcerned on the doctor’s
behalf.
” Consulting with him therefore what was to be
done, Tillotson advised her to promise him the next prebend of Westminster that should happen to become void.
This the queen did, and lived to make good her word in
1693. In 1681 he had commenced D. D. at Cambridge,
and was afterwards made chaplain to king William and
queen Mary. His prebend at Exeter lying at a great distance from him, he resigned it; and in Sept. 1694 was
admitted to a prebend in the church of Wells, to which
he was presented by his friend Dr. Kidder, bishop of Bath
and Wells. It was no very profitable thing; and if it
had been, he would have enjoyed but little of it, since he
died so soon after as Jan. 1696, in his fifty-sixth year.
His body being opened, it appeared that both his ureters
were stopped; the one by a stone that entered the top of
the ureter with a sharp end; the upper part of which was
thick, and much too large to enter any farther; the other
by stones of much less firmness and consistence. He was
interred in Westminster-abbey, where a monument, with
an handsome inscription upon it, was erected to his memory.
He was, says Kidder, a man of very good learning, and
had goou skill in the languages. He had applied himself
to the Arabic from his youth, and retained it to his death.
He had great skill in the Hebrew likewise nor was his
skilllimited to the Biblical Hebrew only, but he was also
a great master in the Rabbinical. He was a most diligent
and indefatigable reader of the Scriptures in the original
languages: “Sacras literas tractavit indefesso studio,
” says
his tutor Spanheiui of him: and adds, that he was then
of an elevated wit, of which he gave a specimen in 1655,
by publicly defending “A Dissertation upon the Vow of
Jephthah concerning the sacrifice of his daughter.
” He
had great skill in ecclesiastical history, in controversial and
casuistical divinity; and it is said, that few men were so
frequently consulted in cases of conscience as Dr. Horneck.
As to his pastoral care in all its branches, he is set forth
as one of the greatest examples that ever lived. “He had
the zeal, the spirit, the courage, of John the Baptist,
”
says Kidder, “and durst reprove a great man; and perhaps that man lived not, that was more conscientious in
this matter. I very well knew a great man,
” says the
bishop, “and peer of the realm, from whom ne had just
expectations of preferment; but this was so far from stopping his mouth, that he reproved him to his face, upon a
very critical affair. He missed of his preferment, indeed,
but saved his own soul. This freedom,
” continues the
bishop, “made his acquaintance and friendship very desirable by every good man, that would be better. He
would in him be very sure of a friend, that would not suffer sin upon him. I may say of him what Pliny says of
Corellius Rufus, whose death he laments, “amisi meæ vitæ
testem,' &c. ‘I have lost a faithful witness of my life;’
and may add what he said upon that occasion to his friend
Calvisius, ‘vereor ne negligentius vivam,’ ‘I am afraid lest
for the time to come I should live more carelessly.’” His
original works are, 1.
” The great Law of Consideration:
or, a discourse wherein the nature, usefulness, and absolute necessity of consideration, in order to a truly serious
and religious life, are laid open,“London, 1676, 8vo,
which has been several times reprinted with additions and
corrections. 2.
” A letter to a lady revolted to the Romish
church,“London, 1678, 12mo. 3.
” The happy Ascetick: or the best Exercise,“London, 1681, 8vo. To this
is subjoined,
” A letter to a person of quality concerning
the holy lives of the primitive Christians.“4.
” Delight
and Judgment: or a prospect of the great day of Judgment, and its power to damp and imbitter sensual delights,
sports, and recreations,“London, 1683, 12mo. 5.
” The
Fire of the Altar: or certain directions how to raise the
soul into holy flames, before, at, and after the receiving of the blessed Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper with
suitable prayers and devotions,“London, 1683, 12mo. To
this is prefixed,
” A Dialogue between a Christian and his
own Conscience, touching the true nature of the Christian
Religion.“6.
” The Exercise of Prayer; or a help to devotion; being a supplement to the Happy Ascetick, or
best exercise, containing prayers and devotions suitable to the respective exercises, with additional prayers
for several occasions,“London, 1685, 8vo. 7.
” The first
fruits of Reason: or, a discouse shewing the necessity of
applying ourselves betimes to the serious practice of Religion,“London, 1685, 8vo. 8.
” The Crucified Jesus:
or a full account of the nature, end, design, and benefit of
the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper, with necessary dU
rections, prayers, praises, and meditations, to be used by
persons who come to the holy communion,“London, 1686,
8vo. 9.
” Questions and Answers concerning the two
Religions; viz. that of the Church of England and of the
Church of Rome.“10.
” An Answer to the Soldier’s Question: What shall we do?“11, Several single Sermons.
12.
” Fifteen Sermons upon the fifth chapter of St. Matthew," London, 1698, 8vo.
ter, in Somersetshire, where he compiled a Greek lexicon as far as the letter M. Marrying afterwards a lady of property, he entered himself as student in the Twiddle
, an English lawyer and poet, was
born in 1566, at Mownton, in the parish of Lanwarne, in
Herefordshire, and was at first intended by his father for
a trade, but his surprizing memory and capacity induced
him to send him to Westminster, and afterwards to Winchester school, at both which he made great proficiency.
From Winchester he was in 1584 elected probationer-felr
low of New-college, Oxford, and two years afterwards
admitted actual fellow. In 1591 he took his master’s degree; but being terra jiliu$ y in the act following, he was,
says Wood, “so bitterly satirical,
” as to be refused to
complete his degree as regent master, and was also expelled the university. He then, for his maintenance,
taught school for some time at Ilchester, in Somersetshire,
where he compiled a Greek lexicon as far as the letter M.
Marrying afterwards a lady of property, he entered himself as student in the Twiddle temple, and at the usual
time was called to the bar. In 1614 he hid a seat in parliament, where some rash speeches occasioned his being
imprisoned for a year. He was afterwards elected Lentreader of the Middle-temple, and four years after was
made a serjeant at law, a justice itinerant for Wales, and
one of the council of the Marches. He died at his house
at Morehampton, in Herefordshire, Aug. 27, 1638.
comedy of the “Sullen Lovers,” under the character of Sir Positive At-all. Jn the same play there is a lady Vaine, a courtezan which the wits then understood to be
, an English writer of some
abilities and learning, born Jan. 1626, was a younger son
of Thomas earl of Berkshire, and educated at Magdalen
college, Cambridge. During the civil war he suffered with
his family, who adhered to Charles I. but at the Restoration was made a knight, and chosen for Stockbridge in
Hampshire, to serve in the parliament which began in
May 1661. He was afterwards made auditor of the exchequer, and was reckoned a creature of Charles II. whom
the monarch advanced on account of his faithful services,
in cajoling the parliament for money. In 1679 he was
chosen to serve in parliament for Castle Rising in Norfolk;
and re-elected for the same place in 1688. He was a
strong advocate for the Revolution, and became so passionate an abhorrer of the nonjurors, that he disclaimed all
manner of conversation and intercourse with persons of
that description. His obstinacy and pride procured him
many enemies, and among them the duke of Buckingham;
who intended to have exposed him under the name of
Bilboa in the “Rehearsal,
” but afterwards altered his
resolution, and levelled his ridicule at a much greater
name, under that of Bayes. He was so extremely positive, and so sure of being in the right upon every subject,
that Shadwell the poet, though a man of the same principles, could not help ridiculing him in his comedy of the
“Sullen Lovers,
” under the character of Sir Positive At-all.
Jn the same play there is a lady Vaine, a courtezan which
the wits then understood to be the mistress of sir Robert,
whom he afterwards married. He died Sept. 3, 1698. He
published, 1. “Poems and Plays.
” 2. “The History of
the Reigns of Edward and Richard II. with reflections and
characters of their chief ministers and favourites; also a
comparison of these princes with Edward I. and III.
” 1690,
8vo. 3. “A letter to Mr. Samuel Johnson, occasioned by
a scurrilous pamphlet, entitled Animadversions on Mr.
Johnson’s answer to Jovian,
” The History
of Religion,
” The fourth book of Virgil
translated,
” Statius’s Achilleis translated,
”
were then carried on at court, he declined it, and returned to England, where he soon after married a lady of rank and fortune, who, dying in a few years, left behind
, the author of a very popular book
of “Devout Meditations,
” was the third son of John,
Grubham Howe, of Langar in Nottinghamshire, by his
wife Annabelia, third natural daughter and coheiress of
Emanuel earl of Sunderland, lord Scrope of Bolton. He
was born in Gloucestershire in 1661, and during the latter
end of the reign of Charles II. was much at court. About
1686 he went abroad with a near relation, who was sent by
James II. as ambassador to a foreign court. The ambassador died; and our author, by powers given to hint to
that effect, concluded the business of the embassy. He
had an offer of being appointed successor to his friend in
his public character; but disliking the measures that were
then carried on at court, he declined it, and returned to
England, where he soon after married a lady of rank and
fortune, who, dying in a few years, left behind her an
only daughter, married afterwards to Peter Bathurst, esq.
brother to the first earl Bathurst. After his lady’s death,
Mr. Howe lived for the most part in the country, where
he spent many of his latter years in a close retirement,
consecrated to religious meditations and exercises. He
was a man of good understanding, of an exemplary life,
and cheerful conversation. He died in 1745. The work
by which he is still remembered, was entitled “Devout
Meditations; or a collection of thoughts upon religious
and philosophical subjects,
” 8vo, and was first published
anonymously; but the second edition, at the instance of
Dr. Young and others, came out in 1752 with the author’s
name. It has often been reprinted since. Dr. Young said
of this book, that he " should never lay it far out of his
reach; for a greater demonstration of a sound head and
sincere heart he never saw.
rtemburg, and in the latter place was appointed one of the public professors of theology. He married a lady of illustrious birth in 1599; and died of a fever in 1616,
, was also a native of Ulm, and
born in 1563. He studied at Strasbourg, and early applied himself with great diligence to theology; he was afterwards at Leipsic, Heidelberg, Jena, and Wirtemburg,
and in the latter place was appointed one of the public
professors of theology. He married a lady of illustrious
birth in 1599; and died of a fever in 1616, being then,
for the fourth time rector of the university. The opinion
held of his principles may be judged by five anagrams of
his names Leonardus Hutterus, four of them implying that
he was another Luther. They are formed, says the author
who gives them, “per literarum haud vanam transposijtionem;
” thus, “Redonatus Lutherus;
” “Leonhartus
Hutterus;
” “Ah tu noster Lutherus-,
” “Notus arte Lutherus;
” “Tantus ero Lutherus.
” His works are very
numerous; a great part of them controversial, directed
against the church of Rome. Besides these, 1. “Compendium Theologiae, cum Notis D. Gotofredi Cundisii.
”
2. “Explicatio Libri Concordiae Christiante,
” 8vo. 3. “Loci
Communes Theologici,
” folio. 4. “formulae concionandi,
”
8vo. 5. “Disputationes de verbo Dei scripto, ac traditionihus non scriptis,
” in 4to, 6. “Collegium Theologicum, sive
XI disputationes de articulis confessionis Augustanse,
” 8vo.
7. “Libri Christianae Concordisc,
” 8vo; and several pieces in
defence of the Formula: Concordiae, which in his time were
highly esteemed; besides many other tracts in Latin, and in
German, all of which are enumerated by Freher, but seem
too uninteresting at the present day to be transcribed.
hat period were in high estimation. He married Joanna Beaufort, daughter of the duchess of Clarence, a lady of distinguished beauty, descended from the royal family
king of Scotland, of the house of Stuart, was born in 1394. In 1405 his father Robert III. sent him to France, in order that he might escape the dangers to which he was exposed from his uncle the duke of Albany, but being taken by an English squadron, he and his whole suite were carried prisoners to the Tower of London. Here the young prince received an excellent education, to which Henry IV. of England was remarkably attentive, thereby making some atonement for his injustice in detaining him. Sir John Pelham, a man of worth and learning was appointed his governor, under whose tuition he made so rapid a progress, that he soon became a prodigy of talents and accomplishments. Robert died in the following year, and James was proclaimed king, but during the remainder of the reign of Henry IV. and the whole of that of Henry V. he was kept in confinement, with a view of preventing the strength of Scotland from being united to that of France against the English arms. At length, under the regency of the duke of Bedford, James was restored to his kingdom, having been full eighteen years a prisoner in this country. James was now thirty years of age, well furnished with learning, and a proficient in the elegant accomplishments of life, and dextrous in the manly exercises, which at that period were in high estimation. He married Joanna Beaufort, daughter of the duchess of Clarence, a lady of distinguished beauty, descended from the royal family of England; and on his return to Scotland, finding that the dujte of Albany and his son had alienated many of the most valuable possessions of the crown, instantly caused the whole of that family and their adherents to be arrested. The latter were chiefly discharged; but the late regent, his two sons, and his father-in-law, he caused to be convicted, executed, and their estates to be confiscated to the crown. Whatever other objections were made to James’s conduct, he procured the enactment of many good laws in his parliaments, which had a tendency to improve the state of society; but at the same time his desire of improving the revenues of the crown led him to many acts of tyranny, which rendered him odious to his nobility. In 1436 he gave his daughter Margaret in marriage to the dauphin of France, and sent with her a splendid train and a vast body of troops. The English, who had in vain attempted to prevent this union by negociation, now endeavoured to intercept the Scotch fleet in its passage, but they missed their object, and the princess arrived in safety at Rochelle. James, exasperated at this act of hostility, declared war against England, and summoned the whole array of his kingdom to assist in the siege of Roxburgh; which, however, he abandoned upon an intimation of a conspiracy being formed against himself by his own people. He now retired to the Carthusian monastery of Perth, which he had himself founded, where he lived in privacy, but this, instead of preventing, facilitated the suecess of the plot formed against his life. The chief actors in this tragedy were Robert Graham, and Walter earl of Athol, the king’s uncle. The former was actuated by revenge for the sufferings of some of his family, the latter by the hope of obtaining the crown for himself. The assassins obtained by bribery admission into the king’s apartments; the alarm was raised, and the ladies attempted to secure the chamber-door; one of them, Catharine Douglas, thrust her arm through a staple, making therewith a sort of bar, in which state she remained till it was dreadfully broken by the force of the assailants. The instant they got admission, they dragged the king from his concealment, and put him to death with a thousand wounds on Feb. 20, 1437, in the forty-fourth year of his age. He is introduced in this work chiefly on account of his literary reputation, for he was a poet as well as a sovereign, and his works, descriptive of the manners and pastimes of the age, were once extremely popular, and are still read with delight by those who can relish the northern dialect. He is said by all the British historians to have been a skilful musician; and it is asserted, that he not only performed admirably on the lute and harp, but was the inventor of many of the most ancient and favourite Scottish melodies, but this Dr. Burney is inclined to doubt. Where this prince acquired his knowledge in music is not ascertained; but it is probable that it was in France, in his passage home from which country he was taken prisoner by the English. Before the reformation we hear of no music being cultivated in Scotland but plain-song, or chanting in the church; nor afterwards, for a long time, except psalmody.
uthor’s mother was one of the daughters of sir Peter Soame, of Hayden, in the county of Essex, bart. a lady of great beauty, and highly esteemed for her piety, un
, an elegant and ingenious writer, was born in Great Ormond-street, London, at twelve o'clock at night, 1703-4. The day of his birth he could not ascertain, and considering himself at liberty to choose his birth-day, he fixed it on new-year’s day. His father, sir Roger Jenyns, knt. was descended from the ancient family of the Jenyns’s of Churchill, in Somersetshire. His country residence was at Ely, where his useful labours as a magistrate, and his loyal principles, procured him the honour of knighthood from king William. He afterwards removed to Bottisham-hall, which he had purchased, a seat not far from Cambridge. Our author’s mother was one of the daughters of sir Peter Soame, of Hayden, in the county of Essex, bart. a lady of great beauty, and highly esteemed for her piety, understanding, and elegance of manners.
who was about twenty years older than himself, was the widow of Mr. Porter, a mercer, of Birmingham, a lady whose character has been variously represented, but seldom
Disappointed in this scheme, he offered his services to Mr. Cave, the proprietor and editor of the Gentleman’s Magazine, who had given some proofs of a liberal spirit of enterprize, in calling forth the talents of unknown and ingenious writers. On this occasion he suggested some improvements in the management of the Magazine, and specified the articles which he was ready to supply. Cave answered his letter, but it does not appear that any agreement was formed at this time. He soon, however, entered into a connection of a more tender kind, which ended in marriage. His wife, who was about twenty years older than himself, was the widow of Mr. Porter, a mercer, of Birmingham, a lady whose character has been variously represented, but seldom to her discredit. She was, however, the object of his first passion, and although they did not pass the whole time of their union in uninterrupted harmony, he lamented her death with unfeigned sorrow, and retained an enthusiastic veneration for her memory.
and a “Missa pro defunctis,” or burial service, which he composed at Stutgardt for the obsequies of a lady of high rank and favour at the court of his patron, the
From this period he produced many admirable compositions for the church, in which he united elegance with
learning, and grace with bold design. Among other productions of this kind, the two following merit commemoration. An “OfTertorio,
” or motet, for five voices without instruments, followed by an Alleluja of four parts in
chorus; and a “Missa pro defunctis,
” or burial service,
which he composed at Stutgardt for the obsequies of a
lady of high rank and favour at the court of his patron, the
duke of Wurtemburg. These compositions, which are
learned without pedantry, and grave without dulness, will
be lasting monuments of his abilities as a contrapuntist.
, a lady celebrated for her skill in calligraphy, in queen Elizabeth’s
, a lady celebrated for her skill in
calligraphy, in queen Elizabeth’s and king James’s time,
appears to have lived single until the age of forty, when
she became the wife of one Bartholomew Keilo, a native
of Scotland, by whom she had a son, Samuel Kello, who
was educated at Christ-church, Oxford, and was minister
of Speckshall in Suffolk. His son was sword-bearer of
Norwich, and died in 1709. All we know besides of her
is, that she was a correspondent of bishop Hall, when he
was dean of Worcester in 1617. Various specimens of her
delicate and beautiful writing are in our public repositories,
and some in Edinburgh-castle. In the library of Christchurch, Oxford, are the Psalrns of David, written in French
by Mrs. Inglis, who presented them in person to queen
Elizabeth, by whom they were given to the library. Two
manuscripts, written by her, were also preserved with care
in the Bodleian library: one of them is entitled “Le six
vingt et six Quatrains de Guy de Tour, sieur de Pybrac,
escrits par Esther Inglis, pour son dernier adieu, ce 21e
jour de Juin, 1617.
” The following address is, in the
second leaf, written in capital letters: “To the right
worshipful my very singular friende, Joseph Hall, doctor of
divinity, and dean of Winchester, Esther Inglis wisheth
all increase of true happiness. Junii xxi. 1617.
” In the
third leaf is pasted the head of the writer, painted upon a
card. The other manuscript is entitled “Les Proverbes de
Salomon; escrites en diverses sortes de lettres, par Esther
Anglois, en Francoise. A Lislehourge en Escosse,
” DC
l'Eternel Je biert, de moi le mal, ou rien.
” A music-book
lies open before her. Under the picture is a Latin epigram by Andrew Melvin, and on the following page a
second by the same author, in praise of Mrs. Inglis. In
the royal library, D. xvi. are “Esther Inglis’s fifty Emblems,
” finely drawn and written: “A Lislebourg en
Escosse, Panne 1624.
”
only daughter of Lancelot Andrews, esq. of Edmonton, formerly an eminent linen-draper in Cheapside, a lady of considerable fortune, and a descendant of the family
, an English prelate, born in 1713,
was the younger son of Charles Keene, of Lynn, in Norfolk, esq. sometime mayor of that town, whose eldest son
was sir Benjamin Keene, many years ambassador at Madrid, and K. B. who died Dec. 15, 1757, leaving his fortune
to the subject of this article. Mr. Edmund Keene was
first educated at the Charter-house, and afterwards at Caius
college, Cambridge, where he was admitted in 1730. In
1738 he was appointed one of his majesty’s preachers at
Whitehall chapel, and made fellow of Peterhouse in 1739.
In 1740 he was made chaplain to a regiment of marines;
and, in the same year, by the interest of his brother with
$ir Robert Walpole, he succeeded bishop Butler in the
valuable rectory of Stanhope, in the bishopric of Durham.
In 1748, he preached and published a sermon at Newcastle,
at the anniversary meeting of the society for the relief of
the widows and orphans of clergymen; and, in December
following, on the death of Dr. Whalley, he was chosen
master of Peterhouse. In 1750, being vice-chancellor,
under the auspices of the late duke of Newcastle, he verified the concluding paragraph in his speech on being
elected, “Nee tardum nee timidum habebitis procancellarium,
” by promoting, with great zeal and success, the regulations for improving the discipline of the university.
This exposed him to much obloquy from the younger part
of it, particularly in the famous “Fragment,
” and “The
Key to the Fragment,
” by Dr. King, in which Dr. Keene
was ridiculed (in prose) under the name of Mun, and in
that of the “Capitade
” (in verse), under that of Acutus,
but at the same time his care and attention to the interests
and character of the university justly endeared him to his
great patron, so that in Jan. 1752, soon after the expirW
tion of his office, which he held for two years, he was nominated to the see of Chester, vacant by the death of bishop
Peploe, and was consecrated in Ely-house chapel on Palm
Sunday, March 22. With this he held in commendam his
rectory, and, for- two years, his headship, when he was
succeeded, much to his satisfaction, by Dr. Law. In May
following his lordship married the only daughter of Lancelot Andrews, esq. of Edmonton, formerly an eminent
linen-draper in Cheapside, a lady of considerable fortune,
and a descendant of the family of bishop Andrews. She
died March 24, 1776. In 1770, on the death of bishop
Mawson, he was translated to the valuable see of Ely.
Receiving large dilapidations, his lordship procured an act
of parliament for alienating the old palace in Holborn, and
building a new one, by which the see has been freed from
a great incumbrance, and obtained some increase also of
annual revenue. “The bishopric,
” it has been humorously
observed, “though stripped of the strawberries which
Shakspeare commemorates to have been so noted in Holborn, has, in lieu of -them, what may very well console a
man not over-scrupulous in his appetites, viz. a new mansion of Portland stone in Dover-street, and a revenue of
5000l. a year, to keep it warm and in good repute.
” Bishop
Keene soon followed his friend Dr. Caryl, “whom,
” he
said, “he had long known and regarded, and who, though
he had a few more years over him, he did not think would
have gone before him.
” He died July 6, 1781, in the
sixty-eighth year of his age, and was buried at his own
desire in bishop West’s chapel, Ely cathedral, where is a
short epitaph drawn up by himself. “Bishop Keene,
” it
is observed by bishop Newton, “succeeded to Ely, to his
heart’s desire, and happy it was that he did so; for, few
could have borne the expence, or have displayed the taste
and magnificence, which he has done, having a liberal fortune as well as a liberal mind, and really meriting the appellation of a builder of palaces. For, he built a new
palace at Chester; he built a new Fly-house in London
and, in a great measure, a new palace at Ely leaving
onjy the outer walls standing, he formed a new inside, and
thereby converted it into one of the best episcopal houses,
if not the very best, in the kingdom. He had indeed received the money which arose from the sale of old Elyhouse, and also what was paid by the executors of his predecessor for dilapidations, which, all together, amounted
to about 11,000l. but yet he expended some thousands
more of his own upon the buildings, and new houses
require new furniture.
” It is chiefly on account of this taste
and munificence that he deserves notice, as he is not
known in the literary world, unless by five occasional sermons of no distinguished merit.
1771, with Miss Ann Chamberlayne, sister to Mr. Chamberlayne, one of the solicitors of the treasury, a lady of learned accomplishments, who still survives him.
At length, in 1769, the important work was concluded
within the period of ten years, originally promised. On
this occasion he published the ten annual accounts of the
progress of this laborious undertaking, by which it appeared that the whole money received from the subscribers
amounted to the sum of 9117l. 7s. 6cl. on the recital of
which Dr. Kennicott exclaims, “Reader! What a sum is
here! Let foreign nations rea,d with astonishment this story
of Britons and their king, joined by one foreign prince
and one foreign academy, voluntarily contributing for ten
years their several bounties, with a degree of public spirit
beyond all example, for the accomplishment of a work
purely subservient to the honour of revelation; a work sacred to the glory of God, and the good of mankind! And,
under the powerful influence of this view of my work, it js
impossible for me to be sufficiently thankful, either to
those xvho have honoured with their patronage me, as the
humble instrument in beginning and completing it, or to
Divine Providence for granting me life to finish it, as well
as resolution to undertake it.
” He then states, that after
deducting his income to live on during these ten years,
the money spent in collations abroad, and assistants at
home, there remained only 500l. all which was likely to
be swallowed up in further expences, which he had engaged to pay. His industry had been unremitted; his
general rule being to devote to it ten or twelve hours in a
day, and frequently fourteen; at least, he says, “This
was my practice, till such severe application became no
longer possible, through the injuries done to my constitution.
” In this final statement, he also, with proper indignation, notices some insinuations which had been thrown on
him during the progress of the work. He had declared at the
outset of his undertaking, that he had no doubt of receiving
from the public the reward of his labours. Accordingly,
on the death of Dr. Ballard, in June 1770, he was appointed a prebendary of Westminster, which in October
he exchanged for a canonry of Christ-church Oxford.
His circumstances being thus rendered easy, he entered
into the marriage state Jan. 3, 1771, with Miss Ann Chamberlayne, sister to Mr. Chamberlayne, one of the solicitors
of the treasury, a lady of learned accomplishments, who
still survives him.
omising artist, who died in 1771, and Sarah, afterwards the wife of Mr. James Trimmer, of Brentford, a lady justly celebrated for her numerous works for the religious
Before the appearance of this work he wrote a pamphlet
in vindication of the fame of Dr. Brook Taylor, which was
indirectly struck at in the translation of a treatise on perspective by a foreigner. This pamphlet (which has no date) was entitled “Dr. Brook Taylor’s Method of Perspective, compared with the examples lately published on
the subject, as Sirigatti'i,
” 4to. In
, by the way of Brunswick and Hamburgh, at which latter place he became acquainted with Miss Muller, a lady perfectly adapted to his own mind, whom he soon after married.
Klopstock travelled into Switzerland in 1750, to pay a
visit to Bodmer of Zurich, in consequence of an invitation,
where he was received with every token of respect. The
sublime scenery of that country, the simplicity of the inhabitants, and the freedom they enjoyed, were much suited
to his taste. Here he intended to have spent the remainder
of his life, but baron Bernstorff caused an invitation to be
sent to him to reside at Copenhagen, with assurances of
such a pension as would make him independent. Klopstock acceded to the proposal, and set out in 1751, by the
way of Brunswick and Hamburgh, at which latter place he
became acquainted with Miss Muller, a lady perfectly
adapted to his own mind, whom he soon after married.
They seemed destined to be one of the happiest couples,
but he was soon deprived of her, for she died in childbed:
her memory, however, was sacred to Kiopstock to the last
moment of his existence. He lived chiefly at Copenhagen,
till 1771, after which he resided at Hamburgh as Danish
legate, and counsellor of the margrave of Baden, who gave
him a pension. The latter part of his life was little varied
by incidents, and after he had brought the Messiah to a
conclusion, he continued to employ himself in composition,
and in the correction and revision of his works. He died
at Hamburgh, March 14, 1803, being seventy-nine years
of age, and was interred with the greatest solemnity, not
unmixed with superstitious and fanciful circumstances. By
those who were intimate with him he is represented as a
truly amiable man, happiest in a small circle of private
friends, and particularly fond of the society of young persons. The character of Kiopstock, as a poet, is that of
exuberance of imagination and sentiment. His sublimity
is great, but he is apt to lose himself in mystical abstraction, and his excess of feeling sometimes betrays him into
rant and extravagance. His odes and lyric poems have
likewise been much admired by his countrymen, and his
dramas display great force and dignity, but they are better
adapted to the closet than the stage. The great merit of
his works is in the diction; he enchants by his noble and
energetic style, but their beauties cannot be preserved in
a translation, and it is in Germany alone that they can be
sufficiently appreciated. As an excellent specimen of his
talents as a prose writer, we may notice his “Grammatical
Dialogues,
” which abound with judicious remarks.
M. Lavoisier married, in 1771, the daughter of a farmergeneral, a lady of pleasing manners and considerable talents, who partook
M. Lavoisier married, in 1771, the daughter of a farmergeneral, a lady of pleasing manners and considerable talents, who partook of her husband’s zeal for philosophical inquiry, and cultivated chemistry with much success. She engraved with her own hand the copper-plates for his last work. Mad. Lavoisier afterwards gave her hand to another eminent philosopher, count llumtbrd, who, in 1814, left her a widow a second time.
this he married Mary, the daughter of John Christian, esq. of Unerigg, in the county of Cumberland; a lady, whose character is remembered with tenderness and esteem
In 1737 he was presented by the university to the living
of Graystock, in the county of Cumberland, a rectory of
about 300l. a year. The advowson of this benefice belonged to the family of Howards of Graystock, but devolved
to the university for this turn, by virtue of an act of parliament, which transfers to these two bodies the nomination to such benefices as appertain, at the time of the vacancy, to the patronage of a Roman catholic. The right,
however, of the university was contested, and it was not
until after a lawsuit of two years continuance, that Mr.
Law was settled in his living. Soon after this he married
Mary, the daughter of John Christian, esq. of Unerigg, in
the county of Cumberland; a lady, whose character is remembered with tenderness and esteem by all who knew
her. In 1743 he was promoted by sir George Fleming,
bishop of Carlisle, to the archdeaconry of that diocese;
and in 1746 went from Graystock to settle at Salkeld, a
pleasant village upon the banks of the river Eden, the rectory of which is annexed to the archdeaconry; but he was
not one of those who lose and forget themselves in the
country. During his residence at Salkeld, he published
“Considerations on the Theory of Religion
” to which
were subjoined, “Reflections on the Life and Character
of Christ;
” and an appendix concerning the use of the
words soul and spirit in the Holy Scripture, and the state
of the dead there described.
he various professors under whom he had studied. He then became pastor at Honfleur, where he married a lady of fortune, which joined to his own, enabled him to prosecute
, a learned protestant divine, was born about the end of 1646, at Caen, in Normandy, where he was first educated. He afterwards went through a course of theological studies at Sedan. Returning thence in 1669, he was very honourably received by the learned of his native country, which he again left, in order to attend the lectures of the divinity-professors at Geneva. Here he remained until Nov. 1670, and after a residence of some time at Sanmur, came back in March 1672 to Caen, with the warmest recommendations from the various professors under whom he had studied. He then became pastor at Honfleur, where he married a lady of fortune, which joined to his own, enabled him to prosecute his studies without anxiety. It appears to be about this time that he conceived the design of translating the Bible into French, on which he was more or less engaged for a great many years. He continued his functions, however, as a minister, until the revocation of the edict of Nantes, in 1685, which annihilated the protestant churches in France.
, a lady long distinguished for her genius and literary merit, and
, a lady long distinguished for her genius and literary merit, and highly respected by Johnson and Richardson, was born in 1720. Her father, colonel James Ramsay, was a field-officer, and lieutenant-governor of New-York, who sent her over, at the age of fifteen, to. England, to an opulent aunt, but whom, on ner arrival, she found incurably insane. The father died soon after, leaving his widow (who died at New York in Aug. 1765), and this daughter, without any provision. Who Mr. Lennox was, or when she married, we have not been able to learn, and, indeed, very little is known of her early history by her few surviving friends, who became acquainted with her only in her Tatter days. We are told, that from the death of her father she supported herself by her literary talents, which she always employed usefully.
elicacy, and no small risk; for, although lord Ashley did not regard fortune, yet he conditioned for a lady of a good family, an agreeable temper, and a fine person;
In 1668, he attended the earl and countess of Northumberland into France; but the earl’s death did not allow
him to remain long in that country. On his return, Mr.
Locke lived, as before, at lord Ashley’s, who was then
chancellor of the exchequer, but made frequent visits to
Oxford, in the prosecution of his studies, as well as for
change of air, which appeared to be necessary to his health.
While he was at lord Ashley’s, he had the care of the education of that nobleman’s eldest son, who was then about
sixteen years of age. This province he executed with
great care, and to the full satisfaction of his noble patron.
The young lord being of a weakly constitution, his father
wished to see him married, lest the family should be extinct by his death; and as he thought him too young to
make a proper choice for himself, he not only consulted
Mr. Locke on the subject, but even requested he would
make a suitable choice for the youth. This was an affair
of some delicacy, and no small risk; for, although lord
Ashley did not regard fortune, yet he conditioned for a
lady of a good family, an agreeable temper, and a fine
person; of good education, and of good understanding,
and whose conduct would be different from that of the generality of court-ladies. In all these respects Mr.Xocke
had the happiness to succeed, and the marriage was fruitful. The eldest son, afterwards the author of the “Characteristics,
” was committed to the care of Mr. Locke in
his education, and his pupil, when lord Shaftesbury,
always spoke of Mr. Locke with the highest esteem, and
manifested on all occasions a grateful sense of his obliga r
tions to him, but there are some passages in his works, in
which he speaks of Mr. Locke’s philosophy with great severity. It will not, however, be thought a very serious
objection to Mr. Locke, that his philosophy did not give
entire satisfaction to lord Shaftesbury.
nd in lady Masham, the daughter of Dr. Cudworth, a friend and companion exactly to his heart’s wish; a lady of contemplative and studious complexion, and particularly
Having paid frequent visits to sir Francis Masham, at
Oates, in Essex, he found the air so good for his constitution, and the society so delightful, that he was easily prevailed upon to become one of the family, and to settle
there during his life. The air used to restore him in a
few hours after his return at any time from the town,
although quite spent and unable to support himself. Besides this advantage here, he found in lady Masham, the
daughter of Dr. Cudworth, a friend and companion exactly
to his heart’s wish; a lady of contemplative and studious
complexion, and particularly inured, from her infancy, to
speculations in theology, metaphysics, and morality. She
was also so much devoted to Mr. Locke, that, to engage
Uis residence there, she provided an apartment for him, of
which he was wholly master; and took care that he should
live in the family with as much ease as if the whole house
had been his own. He had too the additional satisfaction
of seeing this lady breed up her only son exactly upon the
plan which be had laid down for the best method of education; and, what pleased him still more, the success of
it was such as seemed to give a sanction to his judgment in
the choice of that method, which he published in 1693,
under the title of “Thoughts concerning the Education of
Children,
” and afterwards improved considerably.'
cera penitenza mandata alia signora F. M. L. P. &c.” 1667, 4to. This piece was written on account of a lady of Irish birth, with whom he was criminally connected,
His learning, indeed, and his industry appear very evident by his many writings. Besides the ^thiopic New
Testament which he translated into Latin, at the request of
Usher and Selden, for the Polyglot, and which procured
him from Walton the character of “vir doctissimus, tain
generis prosapia, quam linguaruoi orientalium scientia,
nobilis,
” he published, 1. “Logica Armeniaca in Latinam
traducta,
” Dublin, Introductio in totam
Aristotelis Philosophiam,
” ibid. 1657, 12mo. 3. “The
Proceedings observed in order to, and in the consecration
of, the twelve Bishops in St. Patrick’s Church in Dublin,
Jan. 27, 1660,
” Lond. Liber Psalmorum
Davidis ex Armeniaco idiotnate in Latinum traductus,
”
Dublin, Oratio funebris habita post
exuvias nuperi Rev. jbatris Joan. (Bramhall) archiepiscopi
Armacbani,
” ibid. The Speech of James
duke of Ormond, made in a parliament at Dublin, Sept.
17, 1662, translated into the Italian,
” ibid. Reductio litium de libero arbitrio, proedestinatione, et
reprobatione ad arbitrium boni viri,
” ibid. A, Book demonstrating that it was inconsistent with the
English government, that the Irish rebels should be admitted to their former condition with impunity, by topics
drawn from principles of law, policy, and conscience,
”
published under the name of Philo-Britannicus. 9. “Lettera esortatoria di mettere opera a fare sincera penitenza
mandata alia signora F. M. L. P. &c.
” The Vindication of an injured lady,
F. M. Lucretia Plunket, one of the ladies of the privy
chamber to the queen mother of England,
” Lond. Case of Ware and Shirley,
” a gentleman who married an heiress against her
will. 12. “A Speech delivered at the Visitation held in
the diocese of Clogher, se.de vacant e, Sept. 27, 1671,
”
Dublin, The first marriage of Katherine
Fitzgerald (now lady Decies), &c. asserted,
” Lond. Sponsa nondum uxor,
” Lond.
Several Chapters of Dionysius Syrus’s
Comment on St. John the Evangelist, concerning the Life
and Death of our Saviour,
” Dublin, 4 to. 15. “The
Commentary on the Four Evangelists, by Dionysius Syrus, out
of the Syriac tongue.
” 16. “Commentary on St. Paul’s
Epistles, by Moses Bar-Cepha, out of the Syriac.
” 17.
“Exposition of Dionysius Syrus, on St. Mark,
” Dublin,
History of the Eastern and Western Churches, by Gregory Maphrino, translated into Latin from the Syriac.
”
19. “Commentary on the general Epistles, and Acts of
the Apostles, by Gregory Maphrino.
” 20 “Praxis cultusdivini juxta ritus primoevorum Christianorum,
” containing various ancient liturgies, &c. Dublin, 1693, 4to. 21.
“A clear and learned Explication of the History of our
Blessed Saviour, taken out of above thirty Greek, Syriac,
and other oriental authors, by way of Catena, by Dionysius Syrus, translated into English,
” Dublin,
published by his brother Dudley Posthumus Lovelace, in 1659), he compliments a Miss Lucy Sacheverel, a lady, according to Wood, of great beauty and fortune, whom he
, an elegant poet of the seventeenth century, was the eldest son of sir William Lovelace
of Woolwich, in Kent, and was born in that county about
1618. He received his grammar-learning at the Charterhouse; and, in 1634, bt came a gentleman-commoner of
Gloucester hall, Oxford, being then, as Wood observes,
“accounted the most amiable and beautiful person that
eye ever beheld a person also of innate modesty, virtue,
and courtly tieponmerit, which made him then, and especially after, when he retired to die great city, much admired and adored by the female sex.
” In 1636 he was
created M. A. and, leaving the university, retired, as Wood
phmses it, in great splenlour to the court; where being
taken into the favour of lord Goring he became a soldier,
and was fir.it an ensign, and aiterwards a captain. On the
pacification at Berwick he returned to his native country,
and took possession of his estate, worth about five hundred
pounds per annum; and, about the same time, was deputed
by the county to deliver the Kentish petition to the House
of Commons, which Diving offence, he was ordered into
custody, and confined in the Gate-house, whence he was
released on giving bail of 40,000*. not to go beyond the
lines of communication without a pass from the Speaker.
During the time of his confinement to London he lived
beyond the income of his estate, chiefly to support the
credit of the royal cause; and, in 1646, he formed a regiment for the service of the French king, was colonel of it,
and wounded at Dunkirk. In 1648 he returned to England with his brother, and was again committed prisoner to
Peter-house in London, where he remained till after the
king’s death. At that period he was set at liberty, but,
“having then consumed all his estate be grew very melancholy, which at length brought him into a consumption, became very poor in body and purse, was the object
of charity, went in ragged cloaths (whereas when he was in his glory he wore cloaths of gold and silver), and mostly
lodged in obscure and dirty places, more befitting the worst
of beggars and poorest of servants.
” He died in a very
poor lodging in Gunpowder-alley, near Shoe-lane, in 1658,
and was buried at the west end of St. Bride’s church, tyis
pieces, which are light and easy, had been models in
their way, were their simplicity but equal to their spirit;
but they were the offspring of gallantry and amusement,
and seldom received a requisite degree of polish. Under
the name of Lucasta, which is the title to his poems, contained in two volumes (the latter published by his brother Dudley Posthumus Lovelace, in 1659), he compliments
a Miss Lucy Sacheverel, a lady, according to Wood, of
great beauty and fortune, whom he was accustomed to call
*' Lux Casta.“On the report of Lovelace’s death of his
wounds, at Dunkirk, she married. Winstanly has, and
not improperly, compared him to sir Philip Sidney. He
wrote also two plays,
” The Scholar,“a comedy, and
” The
Soldier," a tragedy.
nd public good, he left the management of his income, both ecclesiastical and temporal, to his wife, a lady of a somewhat different turn of mind. They lived at Ma
Dr. Madden had some good church preferment in Ireland, particularly a deanery, we know not which, and the living of Drummully, worth about 400l. a year, the right of presentation to which was divided between his own family, and another. As his family had presented on the last vacancy, the other of course had a right to present now; but the Maddens offering to give up all right of presentation in future, if allowed to present on the present occasion, this was agreed to, and thus the Doctor got the living. At what time this occurred we are not told, but he was then a colonel of militia, and was in Dublin dressed in scarlet. Besides this living, he had a very good estate; but as he was almost entirely devoted to books, or acts of charity and public good, he left the management of his income, both ecclesiastical and temporal, to his wife, a lady of a somewhat different turn of mind. They lived at Manor-water-house, three miles from Newtown-Botler; and the celebrated rev. Philip Skelton lived with them for some time, as tutor to the children. Dr. Madden also gave him the curacy of Newtown-Butler.
man of the law, and of some distinction, brought him one day some indifferent commendatory verses on a lady; telling him at the same time, that some very particular
This poet was a man of a very singular humour; and many
anecdotes are related of his peculiarities, by Racan, his
friend and the writer of his life. A gentleman of the law,
and of some distinction, brought him one day some indifferent commendatory verses on a lady; telling him at the
same time, that some very particular considerations had induced him to compose them. Malherbe having run them over
with a supercilious air, asked the gentleman bluntly, as
his manner was, “whether, he had been sentenced to be
hanged, or to make those verses?
” His manner of punishing his servant was likewise characteristic, and partook
not a little of the caprice of Swift. Besides twenty crowns
a year, he allowed this servant ten-pence a day board
wages, which in those times was very considerable; when
therefore he had done any thing amiss, Malherbe would
very gravely say: “My friend, an offence against your
master is an offence against God, and must be expiated
by prayer, fasting, and giving of alms; wherefore I shall
now retrench five-pence out of your allowance, and give
them to the poor on your account.
” From other accounts
it may be inferred that his impiety was at least equal to his
wit. When the poor used to promise him that they would
pray to God for him, he answered them, that “he did not
believe they could have any great interest in heaven, since
they were left in so bad a condition upon earth; and that
he should be better pleased if the duke de Luyne, or same
other favourite, had made him the same promise.
” He
would often say, that “the religion of gentlemen was that
of their prince.
” During his last sickness he was with
great difficulty persuaded to confess to a priest; for which
he gave this reason, that “he never used to confess but at
Easter.
” And some few moments before his death, when
he had been in a lethargy two hours, he awaked on a suddea to reprove his landlady, who waited on him, for using
a word that was not good French; saying to his confessor,
who reprimanded him for it, that “”he could not help it,
and that he would defend the purity of the French language
to the last moment of his life."
e eldest son of Marcel marquis of Ozzano, of an ancient family amongst the Parmesan nobility, and of a lady named Pellegrini, of birth equally illustrious. As soon
, a statesman and elegant writer, was born at Borgo Taro, a small town of the dukedom of Parma, on the 14th April, 1714. He was the eldest son of Marcel marquis of Ozzano, of an ancient family amongst the Parmesan nobility, and of a lady named Pellegrini, of birth equally illustrious. As soon as he arrived at an age competent for a learned education, he was placed in the college of Parma, where he went through all his studies with assiduity and success; and in the earliest period of his youth displayed that peculiar fondness for the belles lettres and fine arts, which afterwards constituted his predominant and almost exclusive passion. On quitting college, he repaired to his native place, where his father, with a view of giving him some knowledge of domestic economy, associated him in the management of his large estate, and thus gave him for some time rather more occupation than was compatible with his literary pursuits. After his father’s death he married a lady of noble birth, of the name of Antini; and soon added to his other occupations that of superintending the education of his children. In this way he spent many years, on his manor of Borgo Taro, and occasionally gave specimens of his talents in painting and poetry. His performances in the former art were not numerous or highly distinguished, and were only intended as presents to his friends; but in poetry he reached the highest degree of merit, and seemed to have well availed himself of those favourable circumstances which the spirit of the age had introduced. The abbe" Frugoni was then one of the most conspicuous leaders of the new poetical band; and having fixed his residence at Parma, he naturally became, in that small metropolis, the head of a school, in which, by exploding the frequent antitheses, the inflation of style, the wantonness of conceits, and the gigantic strains of imagination, he introduced an easy, regular, descriptive, sentimental, and elegant poesy, and what was more remarkable, gave to blank verse a strength and harmony till then unknown. Mr. Manara, although a professed admirer of Frugoni and his disciples, did not choose to be of their number as far as regarded their enthusiasm, imagery, rapidity of thoughts, and luxury of versification. He was conscious that his own poetical fire was like his temper, endowed with gentleness and sensibility; and with this spirit wrote those elegant eclogues, which soon proved rivals to the pastoral songs of the celebrated Pompei; and in the opinion of the best judges, united the flowing style of Virgil with the graces of Anacreon. His sonnets, too, though not numerous, might be put in competition with those of Petrarch.
e conducted the printing-business at Venice while his father was engaged at Rome. In 1572 he married a lady of the Giunti family, so well known in the annals of typography;
, the younger, son of the preceding, was born in 1547. His father paid the utmost
attention to his education; and so extraordinary was the
progress of the youth in learning, that he was enabled to
give the world “A collection of elegant phrases in the
Tuscan and Latin languages,
” when he was only eleven
years of age. Other juvenile works at different periods
marked his advances in classical literature, and he soon
became his lather’s assistant in his labours. When very
young, he conducted the printing-business at Venice while
his father was engaged at Rome. In 1572 he married a
lady of the Giunti family, so well known in the annals of
typography; and on the death of his father in 1574, all the
concerns of the Aldine press devolved upon him. He was,
however, less calculated for the business of a printer than
for the profession of an author. ' In 1577 he was appointed
professor of the belles lettres in the school of the Venetian
chancery, in which young men designed for public employments were educated. This office he held till 1585,
when he was made professor of rhetoric at Bologna. In
the same year he published the “Life of Cosmo de Medici,
” which was so well received, that he was almost immediately invited to undertake the professorship of polite
literature at Pisa, which he accepted, although he received
an invitation at the same time to a professorship at Rome,
which had been lately held by Muratus. During his stay
at Pisa he received the degree of doctor of laws, and was
admitted a member of the Florentine academy, on which
occasion he delivered an eloquent oration “On the nature
of Poetry.
” He now paid a visit to Lucca in order to obtain materials for a “History of Castruccio Castracani,
”
which he afterwards published, and which is much applauded by Thuanus. The Roman professorship being
reserved for him, he removed thither in 1588, and intending to spend his life there, he caused his whole library to
be brought to Rome from Venice, at a very great expence.
He was in high favour with Sixtus V. who gave him an
apartment in the Vatican, and a table at the public expence. He was also patronized in various ways by Clement VIII. He died in the fifty-firstyear of his age, in
October 1597. He left no posterity, and with him ended
the glory of the Aldine press. His library, consisting of
8.0,000 volumes, collected by himself and his predecessors,
was sold to pay his debts. He was author of many performances besides those already mentioned, but the most
celebrated of his works were his “Commentaries on all
the Works of Cicero,
” in ten volumes. His “Familiar
Letters,
” published in
lord Clarendon, whom that prince married secretly, during the exile of the royal family. She proved a lady of most uncommon qualities: she had beauty, wit, good-nature,
, queen of England, and wife of William III.
with whom she reigned jointly, was born at the royal palace
of St. James’s, Westminster, the 30th of April, 1662. She
was the daughter of James the Second, by a daughter of
lord Clarendon, whom that prince married secretly, during
the exile of the royal family. She proved a lady of most
uncommon qualities: she had beauty, wit, good-nature,
virtue, and piety, all in an eminent degree; and she shone
superior to all about her, as well at the ball and the masque,
as in the presence and the drawing-room. When she was
fifteen, William prince of Orange, and afterwards king of
England, made his addresses to her in person, and married
her. Many suppose that the prince was so sagacious as to
foresee all which afterwards came to pass; as that Charles
II. would leave no children; that the duke of York, when
he came to the throne, would, through his bigoted attachment to popery, be unable to keep possession of it; and
that himself, having married the eldest daughter of England, would naturally be recurred to, as its preserver and
deliverer in such a time of danger. If he had really any
motives of policy, he had art enough to conceal them;
for, having communicated his intentions to sir William
Temple, then ambassador at the Hague, he frankly expressed his whole sentiments of marriage in the following
terms; namely, that “the greatest things he considered
were the person and disposition of the young lady; for,
though it would not pass in the world for a prince to seem
concerned in those particulars, yet for himself without affectation he declared that he was so, and in such a degree,
tljat no circumstances of fortune or interest could engage
him, without those of the person, especially those of humour or disposition: that he might, perhaps, be not very
easy for a wife to live with; he was sure he should not be
so to such wives as were generallj 7 in the courts of this age;
that if he should meet with one to give him trouble at
home, it was what he should not be able to bear, who was
likely to have enough abroad in the course of his life; and
that, after the manner he was resolved to live with a wife,
which should be the best he could, he would have one that
he thought likely to live well with him, which he thought
chiefly depended upon their disposition and education.
”
, a lady distinguished by her piety and extraordinary accomplishments,
, a lady distinguished by her
piety and extraordinary accomplishments, was the daughter
of Dr. Ralph Cudworth, and born at Cambridge on the
18th of January, 1658. Her father, perceiving the bent of
her genius, took such particular care of her education,
that she quickly became remarkable for her uncommon
learning and piety. She was the second wife of sir Francis
Masham, of Gates in the county of Essex, bart. by whom
she had an only son, the late Francis Cudworth Masham,
esq. one of the masters in chancery, accomptant-general
of that court, and foreign opposer in the court of exchequer. She was well skilled in arithmetic, geography, chronology, history, philosophy, and divinity; and owed a
great part of her improvement to the care of the famous
Mr. Locke, who lived many years in her family, and at
length died in her house at Gates; and whom she treated
with the utmost generosity and respect. She wrote “A
Discourse concerning the Love of God,
” published at London in Gccasional Thoughts in reference to
a virtuous and Christian Life.
” This amiable lady died in
Near this place lies Dame Damans
Masham, daughter of Ralph Cudworth, D. D. and second
wife of sir Francis Masham, of Gates, in the county of
Essex, bart. who, to the softness and elegancy of her own
sex, added several of the noblest accomplishments and
qualities of the other. She possessed these advantages in
a great degree unusual to either, and tempered them with
an exactness peculiar to herself. Her learning, judgment, sagacity, and penetration, together with her candour and love of truth, were very observable to all that
conversed with her, or were acquainted with those small
treatises she published in her life-time, though she industriously concealed her name. Being mother of an only
son, she applied all her natural and acquired endowments
to the care of his education. She was a strict observer of
all the virtues belonging to every station of life, and only
wanted opportunities to make those talents shine in the
world, which were the admiration of her friends. She was
born on the 18th of January, 1658, and died on the 20th
of April, 1708.
”
ouraged the young poet; but it gained himjnvoluntarily, as he was an ecclesiastic, the affections of a lady of great beauty and high rank. In order to retire from
, a Spanish poet, was born at Oropesa in New Castile, in 1663. His poetical essays were published in 1682, in one volume, 4to. This fortunate commencement encouraged the young poet; but it gained himjnvoluntarily, as he was an ecclesiastic, the affections of a lady of great beauty and high rank. In order to retire from this temptation, he went to Rome, where he was received a member of the Arcadi; and Innocent XII. delighted with his talents, appointed him dean of Alicant. At that place he died,. Dec. 18, 1737, being then 74 years old. His letters and Latin poetry, published at Madrid in 1735, in 2 voh. 12mo, prove that he was gifted both with facility of writing and with imagination.
brought about by the good offices of the queen mother, between our author and mademoiselle de Borck, a lady of great beauty and merit, and nearly related to M.de Borck,
He went soon after to Berlin; but as the reform of the academy which the king of Prussia then meditated was not yet mature, he repaired to Paris, where his affairs called him, and was chosen in 1742 director of the academy of sciences. In 1743 he was received into the French academy; which was the first instance of the same person, being a member of both the academies at Paris at the same time. Maupertuis again assumed the soldier at the siege of Fribourg, and was pitched upon by marshal Coigny and the count d'Argenson to carry the news to the French king of the surrender of that citadel. Maupertuis returned to Berlin in 1744, when a marriage was negociated and brought about by the good offices of the queen mother, between our author and mademoiselle de Borck, a lady of great beauty and merit, and nearly related to M.de Borck, at that time minister of state. This determined him to settle at Berlin, as he was extremely attached to his new spouse, and regarded this alliance as the most fortunate circumstance of his life.
uations full of genius, activity, and sagacity. Being exiled to Bourges in 1749, by the intrigues of a lady very powerful at court, he made no secret of the manner
,
grandson of the count de Pontchartrain, who was minister
under Louis XIV. was born in 1701, anJ obtained an appointment of secretary at court so early as 1715. He was
superintendant of the king’s household in 1718, and of the
marine in 1723. In 1738 he was appointed minister of
state, and was in all situations full of genius, activity, and
sagacity. Being exiled to Bourges in 1749, by the intrigues of a lady very powerful at court, he made no secret
of the manner in which he felt that change. “The first
day,
” said he, “I was piqued, the second I was contented.
”
When he arrived at the place of his exile, he talked in a
lively manner of the dedications he should lose, and of the
disappointments of the authors who had wasted their fine
phrases upon him. He continued to amuse himself with
the pleasures of society, and enjoyed the invariable esteem
of many Valuable friends, and of the public. Being
recalled to the ministry in 1774, by Louis XVI. who treated
him with unbounded confidence, he disdained to revenge
any former neglect oy ill offices, and lived rather with the
ease of a rich private gentleman, than with the ostentation
of a minister. His views of objects were rapid, yet were
generally considered as profound; though in recommending the conduct which France pujsued with respect to
America, at the time of the revolt of that country, he certainly laid the foundation for the destruction of the French
monarchy. He was, however, a man of much public spirit,
and one who contributed not a little to the improvement of
the French marine. His correspondence was a model of
precision, expressing much meaning in very few words.
He died at the age of eighty, Nov. 21, 1781. He left
some curious “Memoirs,
” of which there are three editions,
published in
, a lady much and justly ceJebrated for her skill in drawing insects,
, a lady much and justly ceJebrated for her skill in drawing insects, flowers, and other subjects of natural history, was born at Francfort on the Maine, in 1647; being the grand-daughter and daughter of Dutch engravers of some celebrity, whose talents were continued and improved in her. She was instructed by Abraham Mignon. She married John Andriez Graff, a skilful painter and architect of Nuremberg, but the fame she had previously attached to her own name, has prevented that of her husband from being adopted. They had two children, both daughters, who were also skilful in drawing. By liberal offers from Holland, this ingenious couple were induced to settle there; but Sibylla, whose great object was the study of nature, had the courage to travel in various parts, for the sake of delineating the insects, and several other productions peculiar to each country. She ventured to take the voyage to Surinam, where she remained two years, for the express purpose of making the drawings which have since added so considerably to her fame; and, though it does not appear that there was any kind of disagreement between her and her husband, she went, if we mistake not, without him. His own occupations, probably, precluded such a journey. Madame Merian died at Amsterdam in 1717, at the age of seventy.
Italy, Germany, and Holland. At Florence he stayed a considerable time, enamoured (as it is said) of a lady of distinguished rank and beauty. Here he studied the Italian
, an English poet of considerable
merit, was born in London, April 1755, and was descended
in a right line from sir Henry Merry, who was knighted
by James I. at Whitehall. Mr. Merry’s father was governor of the Hudson’s Bay company. His grandfather, who
was a captain in the royal navy, and one of the elder brethren of the Trinity-house, established the commerce of
the Hudson’s Bay company upon the plan which it now
pursues. He made a voyage to Hudson’s Bay, and discovered the island in the North seas, which still bears the
name of Merry’s island. He also made a voyage to the
East Indies, and was, perhaps, the first Englishman who
returned home over land; in which expedition he encountered inconceivable hardships. Mr. Merry’s mother was
the eldest daughter of the late lord chief justice Willes,
who presided for many years with great ability in the
court of Common Pleas, and was for some time first lord
commissioner of the great seal. Mr. Merry was educated
at Harrow, under Dr. Sumner, and had the celebrated
Dr. Parr as his private tutor. From Harrow he went to
Cambridge, and was entered of Christ’s college. He left
Cambridge without taking any degree, and was afterwards
entered of Lincoln’s-inn, but was never called to the bar.
Upon the death of his father he bought a commission in
the horse-guards, and was for several years adjutant and
lieutenant to the first troop, commanded by lord Lothian.
Mr. Merry quitted the service, and went abroad, where he
remained nearly eight years; during which time he visited
most of the principal towns of France, Switzerland, Italy,
Germany, and Holland. At Florence he stayed a considerable time, enamoured (as it is said) of a lady of
distinguished rank and beauty. Here he studied the Italian
language, encouraged his favourite pursuit, poetry, and
was elected a member of the academy Delia Crusca. Here
also he was a principal contributor to a collection of poetry,
by a few English of both sexes, called “The Florence Miscellany.
” The name of the academy he afterwards used
as a signature to many poems which appeared in the periodical journals, and the newspapers, and excited so many
imitators as to form a sort of temporary school of poets,
whose affectations were justly ridiculed by the author of
the “Baviad and Maeviad,
” and soon despised by the public. Mr. Merry, however, had more of the qualities of a
poet than his imitators, although not much more judgment.
His taste, originally good, became vitiated by that love of
striking novelties which exhausts invention. Of his poems
published separately, scarcely one is now remembered or
read.
nd the year following, the States of Holland chose him for their historiographer. In 1612 he married a lady of an ancient and good family, by whom he had a son, called
, a learned Dutchman, was born
in 1579 at Losdun, a town near the Hague, where his
father was minister. At six years of age his father began
to teach him the elements of the Latin language; and the
year after sent him to a school at the Hague, where he
continued four years. He was then removed to Leyden,
and made so great a progress in literature, that at twelve
he could write with fluency in Latin. He advanced with
no less rapidity in the Greek language, for which he conceived a particular fondness; insomuch that at thirteen he
made Greek verses, and at sixteen wrote a “Commentary
upon Lycophron,
” the most obscure of all the Greek
authors. When he had finished the course of his studies,
and gained the reputation of a person from whom much
might be expected, the famous John Barnevelt intrusted
him with the education of his children; and he attended
them ten years, at home and in their travels. This gave
him an opportunity of seeing almost all the courts in Europe, of visiting the learned in their several countries, and
of examining the best libraries. As he passed through
Orleans, in 1608, he was made doctor of law. Upon his
return to Holland, the curators of the academy of Leyden
appointed him, in 1610, professor of history, and afterward of Greek; and the year following, the States of
Holland chose him for their historiographer. In 1612 he
married a lady of an ancient and good family, by whom
he had a son, called after his own name, who died in the
flower of his age, yet not till he had given specimens of
his uncommon learning, by several publications.
er to the queen. In 1762, he was naturalized by act of parliament, and in the following year married a lady of considerable fortune and great accomplishments. In 1764,
, an excellent miniature painter, was born at Tubingen, in the duchy of Wirtemberg, in 1735, and came to England in 1749, with his father, who was portrait-painter to the duke of Wirtemberg, a painter, says Edwards, of small subjects, but of no great talent. His son studied two years (1757 and 1758), under Zink, the eminent painter in enamel, to whom he paid two hundred pounds for instruction, and two hundred pounds more for materials of his art; but Meyer soon surpassed his master, in the elegance and gusto of his portraits, a superiority which he acquired by his attention to the works of sir Joshua Reynolds, who, as well as himself, was at that time rising to fame. In 1761, the Society for the Encouragement of Arts offered a premium of twenty guineas for the best drawing of a profile of the king, for the purpose of having a die engraved from it; and Meyer obtained the prize. He was afterwards appointed miniature painter to the queen. In 1762, he was naturalized by act of parliament, and in the following year married a lady of considerable fortune and great accomplishments. In 1764, he was appointed painter in enamel to his majesty.
s, Drake, daughter of Mr. Morris, of Oak-Morris in Kent, and widow of counsellor Drake of Cambridge, a lady of ample fortune. After his marriage, he took a small rectory
, a celebrated English divine, was the son of William Middleton, rector of Hinderwell near Whitby in Yorkshire, and born at York Dec. 27, or, as Mr. Cole says, Aug. 2, 1633. His father, who possessed an easy fortune, gave him a liberal education; and at seventeen he was admitted a pensioner of Trinity college, Cambridge, and two years after was chosen a scholar upon the foundation. After taking his degree of A. B. in 1702, he took orders, and officiated as curate of Trumpington, near Cambridge. In 1706 he was elected a fellow of his college, and next year commenced master of arts. Two years after he joined with other fellows of his college in a petition to Dr. John More, then bishop of Ely, as their visitor, against Dr. Bentley their master. But he had no sooner done this, than he withdrew himself from Bentiey’s jurisdiction, by marrying Mrs, Drake, daughter of Mr. Morris, of Oak-Morris in Kent, and widow of counsellor Drake of Cambridge, a lady of ample fortune. After his marriage, he took a small rectory in the Isle of Ely, which was in the gift of his wife; but resigned it in little more than a year, on account of its unhealthy situation.
ly bear a very high price. His own valuation of his time was a ducat an hour: and for one picture of a lady fainting, with a physician attending her, and applying
, called Old Francis Miens, one of
the most remarkable disciples of Gerard Dow, was born at
Leyden, in 1635. He imitated his. master with great
diligence, and has been thought in some respects to surpass
him. Minute accuracy, in copying common objects on a
small scale, was the excellence of this artist, with the same
sweetness of colouring, and transparence that marks the
paintings of Dow. In design he has been thought more
comprehensive and delicate than his master, his touch
more animated, with greater freshness and force in his
pictures. His manner of painting silks, velvets, stuffs, or
carpets, was so studiously exact, that the differences of
their construction are clearly visible in his representations.
His pictures are scarce, and generally bear a very high
price. His own valuation of his time was a ducat an hour:
and for one picture of a lady fainting, with a physician
attending her, and applying remedies, he was paid at that
ratio, so large a sum as fifteen hundred florins. The grand
duke of Tuscany is said to have offered 3000 for it, but
was refused. One of the most beautiful of the works of
Francis Mieris, in this country, where they are not very
common, is in the possession of Mr. P. H. Hope, and is
known by the appellation of the “Shrimp Man.
” Mieris
died in
inion of Dr. Burney, “equal in science, if not genius, to the best musicians of his age.” He married a lady of the name of Custon, of a Welsh family. By her he had
, the most illustrious of English poets,
was by birth a gentleman, descended from the proprietors
of Milton, near Thame in Oxfordshire, one of whom forfeited his estate in the contests between the houses of
York and Lancaster. His grand-father was under-ranger
of the forest of Shotover in Oxfordshire, and being a zealous Roman catholic, disinherited his son, of the same
name, for becoming a protestant. This son, when thus
deprived of the family property, was a student at Christchurch, Oxford, but was now obliged to quit his studies,
and going to London became a scrivener. That he retained
his classical knowledge appears from his son addressing
him in one of his most elaborate Latin poems; he was also
a great proficient in music, a voluminous composer, and,
in the opinion of Dr. Burney, “equal in science, if not
genius, to the best musicians of his age.
” He married a
lady of the name of Custon, of a Welsh family. By her
he had two sons, John the poet, Christopher, and Anne.
Anne became the wife of Mr. Edward Phillips, a native of
Shrewsbury, who was secondary to the crown office in
chancery. Christopher, applying himself to the study of
the law, became a bencher of the Inner Temple, was
knighted at a very advanced period of life, and raised by
James II. first to be a baron of the Exchequer, and afterwards one of the judges of the Common-pleas. During
the rebellion he adhered to the royal cause, and effected
his composition with the republicans by the interest of his
brother. In his old age he retired from the fatigues of
business, and closed, in the country, a life of study and
devotion.
embly. Here it is conjectured that Milton heard the accomplished and enchanting Leonora Baroni sing, a lady whom he has honoured with three excellent Latin epigrams.
In 1638, on the death of his mother, he obtained his father’s leave to travel, and about the same time a letter of instructions from sir Henry Wotton, then provost of Eton, but who had resided at Venice as ambassador from James I. He went first tp Paris, where, by the favour of lord Scudainore, he had an opportunity of visiting Grotius, at that time residing at the French court as ambassador from Christina of Sweden. From Paris he passed into Italy, of which he had with particular diligence studied the language and literature; and, though he seems to have intended a very quick perambulation of the country, he staid two months at Florence, where he was introduced to the academies, and received with every mark of esteem. Among other testimonies may be mentioned the verses addressed to him by Carlo Dati> Erancini, and others, whicfe, prove that they considered a visit from Milton as no common honour. From Florence he went to Sienna, and from Sienna to Rome, where he was again received with kindness by the learned and the great. Holstenius, the keeper of the Vatican library, who had resided three years at Oxford, introduced him to cardinal Barberini; and he, on one occasion, at a musical entertainment, waited for him at the door, and led him by the hand into the assembly. Here it is conjectured that Milton heard the accomplished and enchanting Leonora Baroni sing, a lady whom he has honoured with three excellent Latin epigrams. She is also supposed to have been celebrated by Milton in her own language, and to have been the object of his love in his Italian sonnets. While at Rome, Selvaggi praised Milton in a distich, and Salsilfl in a tetrastic, on which he put some value by printing them before his poems. The Italians, says Dr. Johnson, were gainers by this literary commerce; for the encomiums with which Milton repaid Salsilli, though not secure against a stern grammarian, turn the balance indisputably in Milton’s favour.
time of his birth is not specified, but he is said to have been married in 1715, when very young, to a lady who died four years after in child-birth, and whose loss
, knight of the bath, and a distinguished ambassador at the court of Berlin, was the only child of the rev. William Mitchell, formerly of Aberdeen, but then one of the ministers of St. Giles’s, commonly called the high church of Edinburgh. The time of his birth is not specified, but he is said to have been married in 1715, when very young, to a lady who died four years after in child-birth, and whose loss he felt with so much acuteness, as to be obliged to discontinue the study of the law, for which his father had designed him, and divert his grief by travelling, amusements, &c. This mode of life is said to have been the original cause of an extensive acquaintance with the principal noblemen and gentlemen in North Britain, by whom he was esteemed for sense, spirit, and intelligent conversation. Though his progress in the sciences was but small, yet no person had a greater regard for men of learning, and he particularly cultivated the acquaintance of the clergy, and professors of the university of Edinburgh. About 1736 he appears to have paid considerable attention to mathematics under the direction of the celebrated Maclaurin; and soon after began, his political career, as secretary to the marquis of Tweedale, who Wc-s appointed minister for the affuirs of Scotland in 1741. He became also acquainted with the earl of Stair, and it was owing to his application to that nobleman that Dr. (afterwards sir John) Pringle, was in 1742 appointed physician to the British ambassador at the Hague.
l as his fellow-labourer Amherst, who conducted “The Craftsman.” Mr. Molloy, however, having married a lady of fortune, was in circumstances which enabled him to treat
, descended from a very
good family in the kingdom of Ireland, was born in the
city of Dublin, and received part of his education at Trinity college there, of which he afterwards became a fellow.
At his first coming to England he entered himself of the
Middle Temple, and was supposed to have had a very
considerable hand in the writing of a periodical paper,
called “Fog’s Journal,
” and afterwards to have been the
principal writer of another well-known paper, entitled
“Common Sense.
” All these papers give testimony of
strong' abilities, great depth of understanding, and clearness of reasoning. Dr. King was a considerable writer in
the latter, as were lords Chesterfield and Lyttelton. Our
author had large offers made him to write in defence of sir
Robert Walpole, but these he rejected: notwithstanding
which, at the great change in the ministry in 1742, he
was entirely neglected, as well as his fellow-labourer Amherst, who conducted “The Craftsman.
” Mr. Molloy,
however, having married a lady of fortune, was in circumstances which enabled him to treat the ingratitude of his
patriotic friends with the contempt it deserved. He lived
many years after this period, dying so lately as July 16,
1767. He was buried at Edmonton, July 20. He also
wrote three dramatic pieces, 1. “Perplexed Couple,
” The Coquet,
” Half-pay Officers,
”
he did not return to his family, but went to Bologna, where he became enamoured of Camilla Gonzaga, a lady of rank and beauty, and a warm admirer of Italian poetry.
, an eminent Italian and Latin poet, was born of a noble family at Modena, in 1489; and, after being educated at Rome, where he made extraordinary proficiency in the Greek and Latin languages, and even in the Hebrew, he was recalled to Modena, where, in 1512, he married, and intended to settle. The fame, however, of Leo X's court, led him about four years after, back to Rome, where he formed an acquaintance with many eminent scholars; but appears to have paid more attention to the cultivation of his taste than his morals, as he formed a licentious connexion with a Roman lady, in consequence of which he received a wound from the hand of an unknown assassin, which had nearly cost him his life. Even when, on the death of Leo X. he left Rome, he did not return to his family, but went to Bologna, where he became enamoured of Camilla Gonzaga, a lady of rank and beauty, and a warm admirer of Italian poetry. His life after this appears to have been wholly divided between poetry and dissipation; and he died of the consequences of the latter, in 1544. His Italian and Latin poems were for many years published in detached forms until 1749, when Serassi produced an entire edition at Bergamo.
In 1750, he married Miss Hamilton, daughter of Mr. Charles Hamilton, table-decker to the princesses; a lady who had herself a poetical turn. By this lady, who in 1758
In 1750, he married Miss Hamilton, daughter of Mr.
Charles Hamilton, table-decker to the princesses; a lady
who had herself a poetical turn. By this lady, who in
1758 obtained the place of necessary-woman to the queen’s
apartments, and who still survives, he had a son Edward,
who died in the naval service in 1773. Moore’s personal
character appears to have been unexceptionable, and his
pleasing manners and humble demeanour rendered his
society acceptable to a very numerous class of friends. His
productions were those of a genius somewhat above the
common order, unassisted by learning. His professed exclusion of Greek and Latin mottoes from the papers of the
World (although they were not rejected when sent), induces us to think that he had little acquaintance with the
classics, and there is indeed nothing in any of Ins works
that indicates the study of a particular branch of science.
When he projected the Magazine above mentioned, he
told the Wartons, “in confidence, that he wanted a dull
plodding fellow of one of the universities, who understood
Latin and Greek.
”
rned the money, saying, “Since it would be contrary to good manners to refuse a new year’s gift from a lady, I am content to take your gloves; but as for the lining,
The commissioners were probably conscious that these
assertions were true; at least they could make no reply,
and therefore dismissed sir Thomas, who feeling a considerable elation of mind on his return home, his son-in-law
Roper asked him if his hi^h spirits were owing to his having succeeded in procuring his name to be struck out of
the bill of attainder Sir Thomas’s answer showed that he
had been more tenacious of his consistency than of his life:
“In troth, son, I had forgotten that but if thou wouldst
know why I am so joyful, in good faith it is this I rejoice
that I have given the devil so foul a fall for I have gone so
far with these lords, that without great shame I can never
go back.
” He had indeed gone so far as to exasperate
the king beyond all hopes of forgiveness; and that monarch,
who could forget friendship and attachment as hastily as
he conferred them, irritated at having his former sentiments
respecting the pope so unseasonably recalled, declared that
the bill of attainder should proceed against him. And
when the duke of Norfolk and secretary Cromwell hinted
that the upper house would not pass the bill without hearing sir Thomas in his own defence, the king declared that
he should be present himself, and he presumed that the
house would not in that case dare to reject it. He was at
length, however, diverted from this purpose on its being
suggested that some better opportunity might be found to
proceed against sir Thomas, and on being persuaded by
his counsellors that, as to the present accusations, the
public would think him more worthy of praise than blame.
Sir Thomas’s name was accordingly struck out of the bill
and although, taking advantage of the king’s displeasure,
his enemies endeavoured to bring against him accusations
of improper conduct in his office of judge, these served,
only to demonstrate the strict integrity which guided all
his decisions, and that when gifts were sometimes tendered
to him by the clients of the court, he always refused, or
returned them, and often with his characteristic^humouiv
One lady, in whose favour he had given a decree, presented him, as a new year’s gift, with a pair of gloves, and
in them forty pounds. He immediately returned the
money, saying, “Since it would be contrary to good manners to refuse a new year’s gift from a lady, I am content
to take your gloves; but as for the lining, I utterly refuse it.
”
Forli placed his bust in their public hall during his life, with an honorary inscription. He married a lady of noble family at Forli, by whom he had fifteen children,
The progress of this work had extended his reputation thoughout Europe; and in 1715, his talents were rewarded by an appointment to the first anatomical professorship in the university of Padua; and henceforth to the close of a long life he ranked deservedly at the head of the anatomists of his time, and literary honours were accumulated upon him from every quarter of Europe. He was elected a member of the Academia Nature Curiosorum, in 1708; of the Royal Society of London, in 1724; of the Academy of Sciences at Paris, in 1731; of the Imperial Academy of Petersburgh, in 1735; and of the Academy of Berlin, in 1754; and he was one of the first associates of the Institute of Bologna. All the learned and great, who passed through Bologna, visited Morgagni; he was honoured by the particular esteem of three successive popes; and his native city of Forli placed his bust in their public hall during his life, with an honorary inscription. He married a lady of noble family at Forli, by whom he had fifteen children, eight of whom survived him. By his professional labours, and a life of frugality, he accumulated a large property, and died at the advanced age of ninety years, about the end of 1771, in the possession of his faculties.
when a bachelor. It was in 1538 that he married Louise de Beldon, daughter of the king’s secretary, a lady of a most amiable and affectionate temper, who, instead
, in Latin Molinæus, a celebrated lawyer, was born at Paris in 1500. His family was
noble, and Papyrius mentions “that those of the family of
Moulin were related to Elizabeth queen of England;
”
which she acknowledged herself in 1572, when conversing
with Francis duke of Montmorency, marshal of France and
ambassador to England. This relation probably came by
Thomas Bullen, or Boleyn, viscount of Rochefort, the
queen’s grandfather by the mother’s side; for Sanderus
and others say, “that this Rochefort being ambassador to
France, gave his daughter Anne of Bulloigne to a gentleman of Brie, a friend and relation of his, to take care of
her education; and this gentleman is supposed to be the
lord of Fontenay in Brie, of the family of du Moulin.
”
This branch came from Denys du Moulin, lord of Fontenay in Brie, archbishop of Thoulouse, patriarch of Antioch,
and bishop of Paris, where he died in 1447. The subject
of our memoir was at first educated at the university of
Paris, and afterwards studied law at Poitiers and Orleans,
at the latter of which cities he gave lectures on the subject
in 1521. In the following year he was received as an
advocate of parliament; but, owing to a defect in his speech,
was obliged to give up pleading, and confine himself to
chamber practice, and the composition of those works
which gained him so much reputation. He was an indefatigable student, and set such a value on time, that, contrary to the custom of his age, he had his beard close
shaven, that he might not lose any precious moments in
dressing it; but in his latter days he permitted it again to
grow. From the same love of study, he refused some valuable employments, and even took the resolution never to
marry; and that he might be equally free from every other
incumbrance, he gave the whole of his property to <rn
elder brother, reserving only for his maintenance the profits of his studies. It was not long, however, before he
had cause to repent of this uncommon liberality, as his
brother behaved to him in a brutal and unnatural way. To
revenge himself, he had recourse to an expedient suggested by his professional knowledge. He married, and
having children, he resumed, according to the law, the
possession of that property with which he had parted so
freely when a bachelor. It was in 1538 that he married
Louise de Beldon, daughter of the king’s secretary, a lady
of a most amiable and affectionate temper, who, instead of
being an incumbrance, as he once foolishly thought, proved
the great comfort of his life, and in some respect, the promoter of his studies, by her prudent care of those domestic
affairs of which literary men are generally very bad managers. She was also his consolation in the many difficulties in which he soon became embroiled. He was a man of
an ardent mind and warm temper, totally incapable of concealing his sentiments, particularly in the cause of truth
and justice, or regard to his country. Like many other
eminent men of that age, he embraced the principles of
the reformed religion, first according to the system of Calvin, but afterwards he adopted that of Luther, as contained
in the Augsburgh confession. On this account it is said
that the Calvinists endeavoured to make him feel their resentment, and even suspended their animosity against the
Roman catholics, that they might join with the latter in
attacking Du Moulin.
intention, and pursued his journey with his fellow-traveller to Rome. Here he became acquainted with a lady considerably older than himself, the lady Theophila Lucy,
In 1680 he was chosen F. R. S. probably by the introduction of his friend and school-fellow, Dr. Halley, for
whom he had a particular regard, and in whose company
he set out on his travels the same year. In the road to
Paris they saw the remarkable comet which gave rise to
the cometical astronomy of sir Isaac Newton; and our
author, apparently by the advantage of his fellow-traveller’s instructions, sent dean Tillotson a description of
it. Before he left Paris he received a letter from a friend
in the English court, suggesting to him to purchase a place
there, and promising his assistance in it. But although
Nelson had a great affection for king Charles and the duke
of York, and was at first pleased with the thoughts of aU
taching himself to the court, on which, however, at that
time, he was more likely to confer honour, than to derive
any from it, yet he could not resolve upon an affair of
such consequence without the approbation of his mother
and uncle. He first, therefore, applied to Tillotson to
obtain their opinion, with assurances of determining himself by their and the dean’s advice; but, finding no encouragement from either of the parties, he relinquished his
intention, and pursued his journey with his fellow-traveller
to Rome. Here he became acquainted with a lady considerably older than himself, the lady Theophila Lucy,
widow of sir Kingsmili Lucy, of Broxburne, Herts, bare,
and second daughter of George earl of Berkeley, who soon
discovered a strong passion for him, which concluded in a
marriage, after his arrival in England, in 1682. His disappointment was, however, very great, when he found
that she had deceived him in one very essential point, that
of her having been won over to the popish religion while
on this tour; and it was some time before she confessed
this change, which was owing to her acquaintance with
Bossuet, and conversations at Rome with cardinal Philip
Howard, who was grandson of the earl of Arundel, the
collector of the Arundelian marbles, &c. and had been
raised to the purple by Clement X. in May 1675. Nor
was this important alteration of her religious sentiments
confined to her own mind, but involved in it her daughter
by her first husband, whom she drew over to her new religion; and her zeal for it prompted her even to become a
writer in one of the controversies so common at that time.
She is the supposed authoress of a piece printed in 1686,
4to, under the title of “A Discourse concerning a Judge
of Controversy in matters of Religion, shewing the necessity of such a judge.
”
nded to the king, Charles II. bat did not stay long here. Vertue mentions five of his pictures; one, a lady and dog, with his name to it: another of a lady, her hands
The subjects he chose, when his talents were matured, were generally conversation-pieces, with figures selected from among the better ranks of his countrymen. These, while he touched and finished them with great neatness, he treated with a breadth unknown till then among the Flemish painters. He finished all the parts of his pictures with great perfection, and the most characteristic imitation of nature. The rich siik and sattin dresses of his figures, the gold and silver utensils, carpets, &c. &c. which he introduced in his compositions, are exquisitely wrought, and with uncommon brilliancy and lustre. He painted many portraits of a small size, but they exhibit too much of the restraint which belongs to portrait painting. He was invited to England by sir William Temple, and recommended to the king, Charles II. bat did not stay long here. Vertue mentions five of his pictures; one, a lady and dog, with his name to it: another of a lady, her hands joined, oval, on copper; the third, lord Berkeley of Stratton, his lady, and a servant, in one piece, dated 1676. The others, lord Orford says, were small ovals, on copper, of king William and queen Mary, painted just before the Revolution, which, however, is impossible, as Netscher died four years before that event. These must have been the production of his son, Theodore. Gaspard died in 1684.
through a regular course of studies; he returned to his native place in 1733, and soon after married a lady of the same town, of the name of Belluzzi, a family illustrious
Having gone through a regular course of studies; he
returned to his native place in 1733, and soon after married
a lady of the same town, of the name of Belluzzi, a family
illustrious as his own. He had scarcely attained his twentyeighth year when he published his capital work “Marmora
Pesauriensia notis illustrata,
” 2 vols. folio, which, for its
depth of research, judgment, information, and utility,
ranked him amongst the greatest antiquaries of his age,
and gained him the highest esteem from his illustrious
contemporaries, Macedon, Maffei, Gori, Zeno, Lanni,
Quirini, Antonelli, Garampi, and others. After the publication of this excellent work, it appeared that he had relinquished his favourite pursuit, as nothing else of the
kind appeared for thirteen years. He however presented
to the public many valuable memoirs and dissertations on
literary history, in the celebrated collection of Cologera,
who, from respect and gratitude, dedicated to him the
volume of the collection which appeared in 1750.
mark of esteem conferred on him the degree of doctor in divinity. About two years after, he married a lady with whom he expected a long life of domestic happiness,
After this course of study, he sought to enlarge his knowledge by a visit to England, and passed some time in the libraries of London and the universities, and in forming an acquaintance with the learned men of the time, and thence travelled through Germany to Dantzic. Not finding an agreeable prospect of a settlement in his native place, he determined to go to Holland, and, although his studies had hitherto been chiefly connected with theology, to study medicine, for which there were many precedents among his learned countrymen. He accordingly qualified himself for a degree in medicine, which he obtained at Franeker, and on this occasion maintained a very able thesis on the leprosy of the Hebrews. He re-assumed, however, his theological character, in consequence of the death of John Moller, minister of the German church at Leyden, in 1711, and executed the duties of that office with such reputation, that in 1717 the university of Francfort invited him to the professorship of divinity. This university, and particularly the body of the clergy, had been so much reduced by the disturbances arising out of the thirty years’ war, and the ravages of the plague, that it was at this time without any eminent teacher in that faculty. It was not supposed that the university of Leyden would have easily parted with him, but this they at last consented to, and as a mark of esteem conferred on him the degree of doctor in divinity. About two years after, he married a lady with whom he expected a long life of domestic happiness, but these hopes were disappointed by a complication of disorders, and particularly an asthma, which proved fatal to him, April 12, 1724, in the fifty-third year of his age. His constant preaching, from which he could not be persuaded to desist by any considerations of health, is supposed to have hastened his end. Even on his death-bed, while his colleague M. Claussen was repeating some passages, suitable to such an occasion, from the Latin or German Bible, Ousel could not help playing the critic, and making his remarks on the versions his friend used, and pointing out their agreement or disagreement with the original Hebrew or Greek, as calmty as if he had been seated in the professor’s chair.
that people resorted to his ministry from other parishes. Soon after he came to Fordham, he married a lady, whose name is supposed to have been Rooke, by whom he
Mr. Owen was admitted into orders about the time he
took his master’s degree, but had as yet obtained no preferment. During his abode in London, however, he wrote
his “Display of Arminianism,
” which was published in
for purging the
church of scandalous ministers;
” and Mr. White, the chairman of this committee, sent a special messenger to Mr.
Owen, to present him with the living of Fordham in Essex;
which offer he the more cheerfully embraced, as it gave
him an opportunity for the regular exercise of his ministry,
and he went thither to the great satisfaction, not only of
that parish, but of the country round. He continued at
this place about a year and a half, where his preaching was
so acceptable, that people resorted to his ministry from
other parishes. Soon after he came to Fordham, he married a lady, whose name is supposed to have been Rooke,
by whom he had several children, none of whom survived
him. In 1644 he published his discourse, “Of the Duty
of Pastors and People.
”
n civil Jaw, which he did for ten years with great success and reputation. At Geneva also he married a lady whose family had fled from Lncca for the cause of religion,
, an eminent lawyer and philosopher, called Pacius de Beriga, from the name of a country seat belonging to his father’s family, near Vicenza, was born at the latter city in 1550. His parents bestowed every pains on his education, and he is said to have made such progress in his first studies as to have composed a treatise on arithmetic at the age of thirteen. For farther proficiency he was sent to Padua, with his brother Fabius, who afterwards became a physician of eminence, and is mentioned with great honour by the medical biographers. Julius, after taking his degree of doctor in law, returned to his own country, where, in the course of his extensive reading, he became acquainted with the sentiments of the reformers, and concealed his attachment to them with so little care, that he was menaced by the horrors of the inquisition, from which he escaped to Geneva. This step being attended with the Joss of his property, he gained a livelihood for some lime by teaching youth, until his character becoming known, he was encouraged to give lectures on civil Jaw, which he did for ten years with great success and reputation. At Geneva also he married a lady whose family had fled from Lncca for the cause of religion, and had a family of ten children by her.
nce, after marrying two wives, one a person of low birth, whom he did not acknowledge, and the other a lady of distinction, he came over to England, with a recommendation
, was of the same family with the preceding cardinal, and merits a brief notice here, as being in some degree connected with our history, although the figure he makes in it has not been thought the most reputable. The family of Pallavicino, or, as sometimes spelt, Palavicini, is one of the most noble and ancient in Italy, and its branches have extended to Rome, Genoa, and Lombardy. Many of them appear to have attained the highest ranks in church, state, and commerce. Sir Horatio, the subject of this article, belonged to the Genoese branch, and was born in that city, but leaving Italy, went to reside in the Low Countries, whence, after marrying two wives, one a person of low birth, whom he did not acknowledge, and the other a lady of distinction, he came over to England, with a recommendation to queen Mary, probably from a relation, one Rango Pallavicino, who belonged to Edward Vlth’s household. Mary, who had then restored the Roman catholic religion, appointed Horatio collector of the papal taxes to be gathered in this kingdom; but at her death, having a large sum of money in his hands, he abjured the religion of Rome, and thought it no harm to keep the money. This transaction, however, does not appear to have much injured his character, or perhaps time had effaced the remembrance of it, for in 1586 queen Elizabeth gave him a. patent of denization, and in the following year honoured him with knighthood. He appears to have been a man of courage, and warmly espoused the interests of the nation at a most critical period. In 1588 he fitted out and commanded a ship against the Spanish armada, and must have rendered himself conspicuous on that occasion, as his portrait is given in the tapestry in the House of Lords, among the patriots and skilful commanders who assisted in defeating that memorable attack on the liberty of England. The queen also employed him in negociations with the German princes, and in raising loans, by which he very opportunely assisted her, and improved his own fortune. He died immensely rich, July 6, 1600, and was buried in the church of Baberham, in Cambridgeshire, near which, at Little Shelford, he had built a seat, in the Italian style, with piazzas. He had likewise two considerable manors in Essex, and provbably. landed property in other counties. His widow, about a year after his death, married sir Oliver Cromwell, K. B. and his only daughter, Baptina, was married to Henry Cromwell, esq. son to this sir Oliver, who was uncle to the usurper. He left three sons, but the family is now unknown in England.
he lived privately till his death, on June 26, 1790, in the sixty-first year of his age. He married a lady of considerable property, and during the latter years of
, a dissenting writer of the last century, was born in Southwark, where his father was an undertaker, and of the Calvinistic persuasion. Under whom he received his classical education is not known. In 1746 he began to attend lectures, for academical learning, under the rev. Dr. David Jennings, in Wellclose square, London. Soon after, leaving the academy, about 1752, he was, on the rev. James Read’s being incapacitated by growing disorders, chosen as assistant to officiate at the dissenting meeting in New Broad-street, in conjunction with Dr. Allen; and on the removal of the latter to Worcester, Mr. Palmer was ordained sole pastor of this congregation in 1759. He continued in this connection till 1780, when the society, greatly reduced in its numbers, was dissolved. For a great part of this time he filled the post of librarian, at Dr. Williams’s library, in Red- Cross-street. After the dissolution of his congregation he wholly left off preaching, and retired to Islington, where he lived privately till his death, on June 26, 1790, in the sixty-first year of his age. He married a lady of considerable property, and during the latter years of his life kept up but little connection with the dissenters. He was a man of considerable talents, and accounted a very sensible and rational preacher. His pulpit compositions were drawn up with much perspicuity, and delivered with propriety. He allowed himself great latitude in his religious sentiments, and was a determined enemy to any religious test whatever. Tests, indeed, must have been obnoxious to one who passed through all the accustomed deviations from Calvinism, in which he had been educated, to Socinianism.
the Garter.” At the same early period in which he engaged in business he hacl married Miss Hamilton, a lady of the most respectable connexions in North Britain, still
, a gentleman who deserves honourable notice in the literary history of his country, was
the son of a woollen-draper in the parish of St. Paul, Covent-garden, and born March 17, 1728. He lost his father
when about the age of twelve years; and his guardian not
only neglected him, but involved his property in his own
bankruptcy, and sent him to France. Having there acquired a knowledge of foreign literature and publications
beyond any persons of his age, he resolved to engage in
the importation of foreign books; and, when little more
than twenty years old, opened a shop in the Strand: the
only person who then carried on such a trade being Paul
Vaillant. Though, by the mis-conduct of some who were
charged with his commissions in several parts of the continent, it proved unsuccessful to the new adventurer, he
continued in business till 1753, when he published Dr.
Pettingal’s “Dissertation on the original of the Equestrian
Figure of the George and of the Garter.
” At the same
early period in which he engaged in business he hacl married Miss Hamilton, a lady of the most respectable connexions in North Britain, still younger than himself, both
their ages together not making 38 years. He next commenced auctioneer in Essex-house. This period of his
life tended to develope completely those extraordinary
talents in bibliography (a science hitherto so little attended to) which soon brought him into the notice of the literary
world. The valuable collection of Mss. belonging to the
right hon. sir Julius Caesar, knt. judge of the Admiralty in
the reign of queen Elizabeth, and, in the reigns of James I.
and Charles I. chancellor and under-treasurer of the Exchequer, had fallen into the hands of some uninformed
persons, and were on the point of being sold by weight to
a cheesemonger, as waste paper, for the sum of ten pounds;
some of them happened to be shewn to Mr. Paterson, who
examined them, and instantly discovered their value. He
then digested a masterly catalogue of the whole collection,
and, distributing it in several thousands of the most singular and interesting heads, caused them to be sold by auction, which produced 356l.; and had among the purchasers
the late lord Orford, and other persons of rank. These
occurrences took place in 1757.
thirty-three years; and, as was generally done by the reformers, entered into the married state with a lady, who died ten years after (in 1536, when he married a second
Pellican continued professor at Basil until 1526, when Zuinglius invited him to Zurich in the name of the senate of that city, to teach Hebrew. Although he had been for three years explaining the Hebrew Bible, yet he was modest enough to doubt his abilities for this office, and would have declined it had not his friends represented to him how much more effectually he might promote the reformation at Zurich than at Basil, where he was already in some danger from the enemies of the new principles. Accordingly he consented, and at Zurich thivw off the clerical dress he had usually worn for thirty-three years; and, as was generally done by the reformers, entered into the married state with a lady, who died ten years after (in 1536, when he married a second time). He continued to execute the office of professor of Hebrew at Zurich until his death, April 1, 1556, in the seventy-eighth year of his age.