etto, a small town in the duchy of Piacenza, was appointed in 1768 by the Infant don Ferdinand to be professor of philosophy at Guastalla, where he wrote his “Historia di
, a native of Bussetto, a small town in the
duchy of Piacenza, was appointed in 1768 by the Infant
don Ferdinand to be professor of philosophy at Guastalla,
where he wrote his “Historia di Guastalla,
” 4 vols. 4to. It
commences with the reign of Charlemagne; comprizes the
three dynasties who governed that state: viz. the Torelli’s,
the Gonzago’s, and the Bourbons, dukes of Parma; and
finishes in 1776. On account of this work, he was appointed superintendant of the valuable library of Parma.
He is a diffuse writer, as he allows in his preface, but his
researches are valuable and correct. Writing under a
prince so particular as the last Infant, he was obliged to
suppress some things of a delicate kind. He wrote also
“Historia di Parma,
” printed there 2 vols. 4to, and
other works respecting the antiquities and the lives of the
sovereigns of these states. He left a manuscript history of
Peter Louis Farnese, which the Infant would not suffer to
be published. He died at the age of sixty, about the beginning of the present century.
, was a Jesuit of Brussels, and professor of philosophy at Doway, and of theology at Antwerp. He was one
, was a Jesuit of Brussels, and professor of philosophy at Doway,
and of theology at Antwerp. He was one of the first that
introduced mathematical studies at Antwerp. He wrote a
book entitled “Opticorum lib. VI. Philosophicis juxta
ac Mathematicis utiles,
” printed at Antwerp by Plantin in
1613, in fol.; and a treatise “Of Projections of the Sphere.
”
He was employed in finishing his “Catoptrics and Dioptrics,
” at the time of his death, which happened at Seville,
in 1617. He appears to have been a man of great learning,
and of great piety.
St. Guy, in the Luxemburgh, studied at Cologn, and in 1676 entered the order of St. Ignatius. He was professor of philosophy, theology, and the belles lettres, at Cologn,
, a learned French Jesuit, was born ia
1656, at St. Guy, in the Luxemburgh, studied at Cologn,
and in 1676 entered the order of St. Ignatius. He was
professor of philosophy, theology, and the belles lettres,
at Cologn, until the year 1691. He was afterwards, in
1701, invited to the university of Treves, where he gave
his course of lectures on theology, and was appointed, in
1703, regent of the gymnastic school, and about the same
time he was employed in the organization and direction of
the gymnastic academies of Munster, Aachen, Treves,
and Juliers. He died in 1727, at Dueren, in the duchy
of Juliers. His principal works are: 1. “Tractatus de
artibus humanis,
” Treves, Philosophise
tripartite, pars 1. sive logica,
” Cologne, 1710; “pars 2.
sive physica,
” 1715; “pars 3. seu anima et metaphysica,
”
1724. 3. “Gradus ad Parnassum,
” a book well known in
all schools in Europe, and of which there have been a great
number of editions. 4. Some Latin tragedies, as Joseph,
Tobias, &c.
, a German protestant divine, and a voluminous writer, was some time professor of philosophy and divinity at Herboni in the county of Nassau;
, a German protestant divine, and a voluminous writer, was some time professor of
philosophy and divinity at Herboni in the county of Nassau; afterwards professor at Alba Julia in Transylvania,
where he continued till his death, which happened in 1638,
in his 50th year. Of his public character, we only know
that he assisted at the synod of Dort. He applied himself
chiefly to reduce the several branches of arts and sciences
into systems. His “Encyclopaedia
” has been much esteemed even by Roman catholics: it was printed at Herborn, 1610, 4to, ibid. 1630, 2 vols. fol. and at Lyons, 1649,
and sold very well throughout all France. Vossius mentions the Encyclopaedia in general, but speaks of his treatise of Arithmetic more particularly, and allows the author
to have been a man of great reading and universal learning.
Jiaillet has the following quotation from a German author:
“Alstedius has indeed many good things, but he is not
sufficiently accurate; yet his Encyclopedia was received with
general applause, when it first appeared, and may be of
use to those who, being destitute of other helps, and not
having the original authors, are desirous of acquiring some
knowledge of the terms of each profession and science.
Nor can we praise too much his patience and labour, his
judgment, and his choice of good authors: and the abstracts
he has made are not mere scraps and unconnected rhapsodies, since he digests the principles of arts and sciences
into a regular and uniform order. Some parts are indeed
better than others, some being insignificant and of little
value, as his history and chronology. Jt must be allowed
too, that he is often confused by endeavouring to be clear;
that he is too full of divisions and subdivisions; and that
he affects too constrained a method.
” Lorenzo Brasso
says, “that though there is more labour than genius in Alstedius’s works, yet they are esteemed; and his industry
being admired, has gained him admittance into the temple
of fame.
” Alstedius, in his “Triumphax Bibliorum Sacrorum, seu Encyclopaedia Biblica,
” Francfort, Theologia Polemica,
” which was one of the best performances
of Alstedius. He also published in 1627, a treatise entitled
“De Mille Annis,
” wherein he asserts that the faithful
shall reign with Jesus Christ upon earth a thousand years,
after which will be the general resurrection and the last
judgment. In this opinion, he would not have been singular,
as it has more or less prevailed in all ages of the church,
had he not ventured to predict that it would take place in
the year 1694. Niceron has given a more copious list of
his works, which are now little known or consulted.
sed to be a follower of Luther; but on returning to his own country, he became a Roman catholic, and professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, where he died in 1557, at the
was born at Wedinguen in Bavaria, and studied law, philosophy, and divinity, at Wittemberg, where he professed to be a follower of Luther;
but on returning to his own country, he became a Roman
catholic, and professor of philosophy at Ingoldstadt, where
he died in 1557, at the age of 70. He translated into Latin the orations of Isocrates and Demosthenes; the treatise
of St. Chrysostom on Providence, and that of Epiphamus
on the catholic faith. He published also commentaries on
Cicero’s Offices, on the poems of Pythagoras and Phocyllides, on the Tristia of Ovid, and Horace “De arte
poetica.
” To much learning he added a considerable talent for
poetry, in which he left various small pieces, epigrams, epitaphs. His philosophical works “De Anima, de philosophia naturali, &c.
” are less known; but a list of them
may be seen in Teissier’s Essays, vol. I.
, a learned Jesuit, born atf Anzo in Lucania in 1562, was professor of philosophy and theology in the college at Naples, and its
, a learned Jesuit, born atf
Anzo in Lucania in 1562, was professor of philosophy
and theology in the college at Naples, and its president
for some years. He died in 1649. His fame, as far as
he can now be allowed a share, rests principally on a voluminous work on the writings of Aristotle, entitled “In
universam Aristotelis philosophiam notae et disputationes,
quibus illustriuna scholarum, Averrois, D. Thomae, Scoti,
et Nominaliurn sententiae expenduntur, earumque tueudarum probabiles modi afferuntur,
” 7 vols. fol. 1623 1648.
He wrote other works, of which a catalogue is given by
Alegambe, Bibl. Script. Soc. Jesu.
, a nobleman of Catania in Sicily, born in 1693, was for many years professor of philosophy and theology, and was not less distinguished for
, a nobleman of Catania in
Sicily, born in 1693, was for many years professor of philosophy and theology, and was not less distinguished for
general learning, than for his acquaintance with the antiquities of Sicily. He was chosen prior of his order in 1743.
His publications are 1. “Sicilia sacra, disquisitionibus et
notitiis illustrata,
” Venice, (although in the title Palermo),
Sicilies sacrae libri
IV. Integra pars secunda,
” 1733, fol. 2. “Catana illustrata,
” Catania, 4 vols. fol. 1741—1746. The time of
his death is not specified.
His friendship for Des Cartes was occasioned by the law-suit against Martin Schoockius, professor of philosophy at Groningen. This professor was prosecuted by
His friendship for Des Cartes was occasioned by the
law-suit against Martin Schoockius, professor of philosophy
at Groningen. This professor was prosecuted by Mr. Des
Cartes, for having accused him publicly of Atheism.
Though Mr. Des Cartes had never seen our Andreas but
once in his life, yet he recommended this affair to him,
from the attachment which he professed. Mr. De la
Thuillerie, ambassador of France, and the friends of Mr.
Des Cartes, exerted themselves on one side, and the enemies of Voetius at Groningen on the other; and by this
'means Mr. Des Cartes obtained justice. His accuser
acknowledged him to be innocent of his charge, but was
allowed to escape without punishment. He also wrote in
defence of him against a professor of Leyden, whose name
was Revius, and published a vigorous answer to him in
1653, entitled “Methodi Cartesianae Assertio, opposita
Jacobi Revii, Pracf. Methodi Cartesianse considerationi
Theologicae.
” The second part of this answer appeared
the year following. He wrote, likewise, in 1653, in defence of the remarks of Mr. Des Cartes upon a Programma,
which contained an explication of the human mind. He
taught the Cartesian philosophy in his own house, though
his professorship did not oblige him to that, and even whe
his age had quite weakened him. Such were the prejudices of that age, that Des Marets, who acquaints
us with these particulars, mentions a Swiss student,
who dared not venture to attend upon the philosophical
lectures of Tobias Andreas, for fear it should be known in
his own country, and be an obstacle to his promotion to
the ministry.
o made the works of Aristotle known at Rome, which Sylla had brought thither. He had formerly been a professor of philosophy at Athens, but quitted it when the taste for philosophy
, of Rhodes, a peripatetic philosopher,
lived at Rome in the time of Cicero, 69 years before the
Christian aera. He was the first who made the works of
Aristotle known at Rome, which Sylla had brought thither.
He had formerly been a professor of philosophy at Athens,
but quitted it when the taste for philosophy departed from
that city. There is a workj of doubtful authority, ascribed
to him, entitled “Andronici Rhodii et Ethicorum Nichomacheorum Paraphrasis,
” Greek and Latin, Cambridge,
cum notis variorum.
” There is, however, a Leyden
edition of 1617, which is reckoned more correct. St. Croix,
in his “Examen des Historiens d'Alexandre,
” says that
there is a manuscript in the imperial library of Paris, which
ascribes this work to Heliodorus of Pruza.
, a French philosopher, was born at Lyons in 1714, was brought up to the church, and became a professor of philosophy in his native country. In conjunction with the
, a French philosopher, was born at
Lyons in 1714, was brought up to the church, and became
a professor of philosophy in his native country. In conjunction with the intendant Michaudiere, he drew up a
state of the population of the district of Lyons, which was
published under the name of Mezence, who was secretary
to the intendant. In 1769, the abbe Audra was appointed
professor of history in the college of Toulouse, and, we
are told, filled that chair with distinction. It was here he
wrote the first volume of his “General History,
” which
proved thecause of his death. The archbishop of Toulouse
issued a mandate in which he condemned the work as being
replete with dangerous principles; and the author’s mortification on hearing of this affected his brain to such a
degree, as to carry hinj off in twenty- four hours, Sept.
17, 1770. Voltaire and D'Alembert praise this history, as
likely to give offence only to bigots and fanatics, from
which we may safely infer that the archbishop’s opinion of
it was not ill founded.
, a Barnabite monk, born at Serravalle, in the environs of Verceil in Piemont, in 1590, was chosen professor of philosophy and mathematics at Anneci, where he was much
, a Barnabite monk, born
at Serravalle, in the environs of Verceil in Piemont, in
1590, was chosen professor of philosophy and mathematics
at Anneci, where he was much distinguished by the acuteness of his genius. The general of his order having sent
him into France to form some establishments, he proceeded
to Paris, where he acquired reputation both as a philosopher and as a preacher. He was one of the first that had
the courage to abandon the trammels of Aristotle. He died
at Montargis the 23d of December, 1622, aged only thirtythree. La Mothe le Vayer classes him among the foremost
of the learned in his time. He adds, that Baranzano had
several times assured him that he would appear to him, if
he should depart the first out of this world, but that he did
not keep his word. Lord chancellor Bacon had as great an
esteem for him as la Mothe le Vayer, as appears by a letter
he wrote to him in June 1622, which Niceron has printed.
His works are, 1. “Campus Philosophicus,
” Lyons, Uranoscopia, seu universa doctrina de Coelo,
”
Novae Opiuiones Physicx,
” Lyons,
n by his first work, “Elenchus Fungorum,” Halle, 1783, reprinted 1786, 8vo. In 1792 he was appointed professor of philosophy at Jena, where he founded the society for the
, a learned
contributor to the science of Botany, waj^>orn at Jena,
Oct. 28, 1761, and acquired considerable reputation by
his first work, “Elenchus Fungorum,
” Halle, An introduction to the knowledge and history of Vegetables,
” two
parts, with plates, Halle, Essays on Botany and vegetable Physiology,
” two parts, Jena, Botany for ladies and amateurs,
” Weimar,
An introductory essay to
the knowledge of Animals and Minerals,
” two parts, Jena,
, professor of philosophy in the college royal, member of the French academy
, professor of philosophy in the
college royal, member of the French academy and that of
inscriptions, honorary canon of Rheims, was born in that
diocese in 1713. He died at Paris the 14th of July 1780.
Grief at finding that the elementary books for the use of
the military school, the composition of which had been
entrusted to him by the government, did not succeed, accelerated, it is said, his death. This estimable scholar
was of a grave deportment, of a firm character without
moroseness; his conversation was solid and instructive,
the attainments of a man grown grey in the study of Greek
and Roman authors. We have by him, I. “Cours de
belles-lettres,
” Beaux-arts reduits a un meme principe,
” and iiis
tract “de la construction oratoire,
” which has been separately published. These books, more elaborate, more
methodical, more precise than the “Traite d'Etudes
” of
Rollin, are written with less elegance and purity. The
style is strongly tinctured with a metaphysical air, a stift'
and dry precision reigns through the whole, but a little
tempered by choice examples, with which the author has
embellished his lessons. He is likewise censurable, that
when he discusses certain pieces of the most eminent
French writers, for instance, the fables of Fontaine, the
rage for throwing himself into an estacy on all occasions,
makes him find beauties, where critics of a severer taste
have perceived defects. 2. “Translation of the works of
Horace into French,
” 2 vols. 12mo; in general faithful,
but deficient in warmth and grace. 3. “The morality of
Epicurus,
” extracted from his writings, The
four poetics, of Aristotle, of Horace, of Vida, and of
Boileau,
” with translations and remarks, History
of primary causes,
” Elemens
de Litterature, extraits du Cours des Belles Lettres,
” 2 vols.
12mo. 7. His “Cours elementaire,
” for the use of the
military school, 45 vols. 12mo, a book hastily composed,
in which he has copied himself, and copied others. He
was admitted of the academy of inscriptions in -1759, and
of the acadernie Frangoise in 1761, and was a frequent
contributor to the memoirs of both societies. He was still
more estimable by his personal qualities than by his literary talents. He supported by his bounty a numerous but
impoverished family.
, a learped French physician and medical writer, was royal professor of philosophy in the university of Toulouse, where he died,
, a learped French physician and medical writer, was royal professor of philosophy in the university of Toulouse, where he died, Sept. 24, 1709, in the
eighty-seventh year of his age. He was a member of the
Floreal academy, and a man of integrity, always more ready
to discern merit in others than in himself, a strict disciplinarian, and, through many unpleasant vicissitudes, a truly
Christian philosopher. As to his profession, it appears
from his works that he was a good theorist, as well as a successful practitioner. Haller pronounces him “latromechanicus, sed ex cautioribus.
” His works, which are partly
in Latin and partly in French, were, 1. “Systema generale
philosophise,
” Toulouse, Tractatus de
Apoplexia,
” ib. Dissertationes Medicae tres,
” Toulouse, Dissertationes Physicae,
” Hague, Dissertationes de experientia et ratione conjnngenda in Physica, Medicina, et Chirurgia,
” Paris, Problemata Physica et Medica,' 7 ib. 1678, 12mo. 7.
” Histoire Anatomique d'une grossesse de 25 ans,“Toulouse, 1678, 12mo. 8.
” Instructiones Physicee ad usum
scholarum accommodate,“ibid. 1700, 3 vols. 4to. 9.
” Dissertatio quaestiones nonnullas PhysicasetMedicasexplanans,“ibid. 1688, 12mo. 10.
” Opuscula," ibid. 1701,
4to.
or which place he accordingly set out, and arrived there the 30th of October, 1681. He was appointed professor of philosophy and history; with a salary of five hundred guilders
The protestants in France were at this time in a distressed situation; not a year passed without some infringement of the edict of Nantz, and it was at length resolved
to shut up their academies. That at Sedan was accordingly suppressed by an arret of Lewis XIV. dated the 9th
of July, 1681. Mr. Bayle staid six or seven weeks at
Sedan after the suppression of the academy, expecting
letters of invitation from Holland; but not receiving any
during that time, he left Sedan the 2d of September, and
arrived at Paris the 7th of the same month, not being determined whether he should go to Rotterdam or England,
or continue in France; but whilst he was in this uncertainty he received an invitation to Rotterdam, for which
place he accordingly set out, and arrived there the 30th
of October, 1681. He was appointed professor of philosophy and history; with a salary of five hundred guilders
per annum. The year following he published his “Letter concerning Comets;
” and father Maimbourg having
published about this time his History of Calvinism, wherein
he endeavours to draw upon the protestants the contempt
and resentment of the catholics, Mr. Bayie wrote a piece
to confute his history: in this he has inserted several circumstances relating to the life and disputes of Mr. Maimbourg, and has given a sketch of his character, which is
thought to have a strong likeness.
t applications in his behalf, that in September 1760 he was appointed, by his late majesty’s patent, professor of philosophy. His department in this honourable office extended
But notwithstanding the lowly opinion of the author, these poems contributed so much to the general reputation he had acquired, that he was considered as deserving of a higher rank. Accordingly a vacancy happening in Marischal college, his friends made such earnest applications in his behalf, that in September 1760 he was appointed, by his late majesty’s patent, professor of philosophy. His department in this honourable office extended to moral philosophy and logic; and such was his diligence, and such his love of these studies, that within a few years he was not only enabled to deliver an admirable course of lectures on moral philosophy and logic, but also to prepare for the press those works on which his fame rests; all of which, there is some reason to think, were written, or nearly written, before he gave the world the result of his philosophical studies in the celebrated " Essay on Truth.' 7 It may be added, likewise, that the rank he had now attained in the university entitled him to associate more upon a level with Reid and with Campbell, with Gerard and with Gregory, men whose opinions were in many points congenial, and who have all been hailed, by the sister country, among the revivers of Scotch literature. With these gentlemen and a few others, he formed a society or club for the discussion of literary and philosophical subjects. A part of their entertainment was the reading a short essay, composed by each member in his turn. It is supposed that the works of Reid, Campbell, Beattie, Gregory, and Gerard, or at least the outlines of them, were first discussed in this society, either in the foYm of essay, or of a question for familiar conversation.
oor small village in the district and on the lake of Annecey, &c. communicated to him by Mr. Cramer, professor of philosophy and mathematics.
The late Mr. Cole, of tke Fen-office, editor of the second
edition of sir William Dugdale’s “History of Embanking,
”
a diligent and learned antiquary, who had also made some corrections in his own copy,
now in Trinity college library.
” See his letters, dated
Beaupré hall, May 11, and July 30, 1731, to T. Hearne,
about the pedlar in Swaffham church, a rebus on the name
of Chapman, prefixed to Hemingford, p. 180, and preface,
p. 113. See also, on the same subject, preface to Caius,
p. xlvii. and lxxxiv. and the speech of Dr. Spencer, vicechancellor of Cambridge, to the duke of Monmouth, when
he was installed chancellor, 1674,ib.lxxxvi. In p. lii, Hearne
styles him “Amicus eruditus, cui et aliis nominibus me
devinctum esse gratus agnosco.
” He also furnished him
with a transcript, in his own hand-writing, of bishop Godwin’s catalogue of the bishops of Bath and Wells, from the
original in Trinity college library; App. to Ann. de Dunstable, 835, 837. A charter relating to St. Edmund’s
Bury abbey. Bened. Abbas, p. 865. The epitaph of E.
Beckingham, in Bottisham church, in Cambridgeshire,
Pref. to Otterbourue’s Chron. p. 82. App. to Trokelow,
p. 378. Papers, &c. of his are mentioned in Bibl. Top.
Brit. No. II. p. 57, 58, 62. Walsingham church notes, p. 59,
entered in the Minutes; a paper on the Clepsydra, p. 60;
and five of his letters to Mr. Blomfield are printed, pp. 290,
465 472; one to Dr. Z. Grey, p. 147; one to Mr. N.
Salmon, p. 150; others to Mr. Gale, pp. 169, 191, 302
305; to Dr. Stukeley, p. 176, 178. See also pp. 176, 178,
181, 465, 469, 470, 471. In, Archaeologia, vol. VI. pp.
133, 139, 141, 143, are some letters between him and Mr.
Gale, on a Roman horologium mentioned in an inscription
found at Taloire, a poor small village in the district and on
the lake of Annecey, &c. communicated to him by Mr.
Cramer, professor of philosophy and mathematics.
him in natural philosophy, and Borelli taught him mathematics. At twenty years of age, he was chosen professor of philosophy at Pisa, but did not continue lon^ in this office;
, an eminent Italian physician, was
born at Florence, 1643. After having finished his studies
in polite literature, he went to Pisa, where he was assisted
by the generosity of the grand duke Ferdinand II. and
studied under two of the most learned men of that age,
Oliva and Borelli. Oliva instructed him in natural philosophy, and Borelli taught him mathematics. At twenty
years of age, he was chosen professor of philosophy at Pisa,
but did not continue lon^ in this office; for he had acquired such a reputation for his skill in anatomy, that the
grand duke procured him a professorship in that science.
This prince was often present at his lectures, and was
highly satisfied with his abilities and performances. Bellini, after having held his professorship almost thirty years,
accepted of an invitation to Florence, when he was about
fifty years of age, and was advanced to be first physician
to the grand duke Cosmo III. but his practice is said to
have been unsuccessful. He died January 8, 1703, being
sixty years of age. His works were read and explained
publicly during his life, by our countryman Dr. Pitcairn,
professor of physic in Leyclen. The principal of his works are,
1. “Exercitatio Anatomica de structura et usu renum.
”
Amst. Gustus Organum novissimtæ
deprehensum; prccmissis ad faciliorem intelligentiam quibusdam de saporibus,
” Bologna, Gratiarum actio, ad Ser. Hetruriee ducem. Quaedam Anatoniica in epistola ad Ser. Ferdinandum II. et propositio mcchanica,
” Pisa, 1670, 12mo. 4. “De urinis et pulsibus,
tie missione sanguinis, de febribus, de morbis capitis et
pectoris,
” Bologna,
sentato al tempio,” but it was neither as an orator or poet that he was destined to shine. He became professor of philosophy at Fermo, and when father Boscovich was obliged
, an Italian Jesuit, physician,
and mathematician of considerable eminence, was born at
Leghorn, Feb. 8, 1716. He began his noviciate among
the Jesuits at the age of sixteen, but did not take the four
vows, according to the statutes of that order, until eighteen
years afterwards. He had already published a funeral oration on Louis Ancajani, bishop of Spoleto, 1743, and a
species of oratorio, to be set to music, entitled “Cristo
presentato al tempio,
” but it was neither as an orator or
poet that he was destined to shine. He became professor
of philosophy at Fermo, and when father Boscovich was
obliged to leave Rome to complete the chorographical
chart of the papal state, which he published some years
afterwards, Benvenuti succeeded him in the mathematical chair of the Roman college, and also resumed his lectures on philosophy in the same college. His first scientific
work was an Italian translation of Clairaut’s Geometry,
Rome, 1751, 8vo and he afterwards published two works,
which gained him much reputation: 1. “Synopsis Physics
generalis,
” a thesis maintained by one of his disciples,
the marquis de Castagnaga, on Benvenuti’s principles,
which were those of sir Isaac Newton, Rome, 1754, 4to.
2. “De Lumine dissertatio physica,
” another thesis maintained by the marquis, ibid. Riflessioni sur Gesuitismo,
” Irrefiessioni sur Gesuitismo
” but this answer gave so much
offence, that he was obliged to leave Rome and retire into
Poland, where he was kindly received by the king, and
became a favourite at his court. He died at Warsaw, in
September, 1789.
n. He became tutor to the children of the king of Bohemia, and was by the queen’s interest appointed professor of philosophy at Utrecht, 1640, and eight years afterwards professor
, who was born, according
to Vossius, in the Palatinate, studied at Groningen. He
became tutor to the children of the king of Bohemia, and
was by the queen’s interest appointed professor of philosophy at Utrecht, 1640, and eight years afterwards professor
of eloquence. He succeeded also in poetry, but his style
has been objected to as containing many new-coined words
and affected phrases. He died July 24, 1667, leaving several works, of which the principal were, l.“Exercitationes ethicae, ceconomicge, politicae,
” Utrecht, Dissertatio de Cometis, utrum sint signa, an causae, an
utrumque, an neutrum,
” Utrecht, Examen elementorurn philosophicorum de bono cive,
” which remains in manuscript.
d in 1650, when he officiated during Lent at Bologna, acquired high reputation as a preacher. He was professor of philosophy and divinity in the convents of his order, provincial
, an Italian monk of the order
of the minorite conventuals, was born at Palermo, and in
1650, when he officiated during Lent at Bologna, acquired
high reputation as a preacher. He was professor of philosophy and divinity in the convents of his order, provincial
in Sicily, and superintendant of the great convent of Palermo, where he died, November 17, 1679. He published
a philosophical work, or at least a work on philosophy, entitled “De objecto philosophise,
” Perug. Davidiade,
” a collection entitled “Poesis miscellanea,
” and
an elementary work on medicine, “Tyrocinium medicoe
facultatis
” but these have not been printed.
, professor of philosophy and mathematics, and minister of the Walloon church
, professor of philosophy and mathematics, and minister of the Walloon church at Leyden,
was born Sept. 1, 1658, at Nions in Dauphine. He received the rudiments of his education in a protestant academy, at Die in Dauphine, and went afterwards to Geneva,
where he studied philosophy, and acquired a critical knowledge of the Hebrew language under the professor Michael
Turretin. He returned to France in 1679, and was chosen
minister of Venterol, a village in Dauphine. Some time
after he was removed to the church of Vinsobres in the
same province but the persecutions raised agaiitst the
protestants in France having obliged him to leave his native country, he retired to Geneva in 1683, and as he did
not think himself sufficiently secure there, he went to
Lausanne, where he remained until the revocation of the
edict of Nantes. He then proceeded to Holland, where
he was appointed one of the pensionary ministers of Ganda,
and taught philosophy but having married after he came
to Holland, and the city of Ganda not being very populous, he had not a sufficient number of scholars to maintain his family; and therefore obtained leave to reside at
the Hague, but went to Ganda to preach in his turn,
which was about four times a year. About the same time
Le Clerc, who was his relation, procured him a small supply from the town of Tergow, as preacher; and at the
Hague he farther improved his circumstances by teaching
philosophy, belles-lettres, and mathematics. Before he
went to live at the Hague, he had published a kind of political state of Europe, entitled “Histoire abregee de
l'Europe,
” &c, The work was begun in July Lettres Historiques,
” containing an account of the most important
transactions in Europe, with reflections, which was also
published monthly, till 1698: it was afterwards continued
by other hands, and contains a great many volumes. Mr.
Le Clerc having left off his “Bibliotheque Universelle,
”
in Actes et negotiations de la Paix de Ryswic,
” four
vols. 12mo a new edition of this collection was published
in 1707, five vols. 12mo. He did not put his name to any
of these works, nor to the general collection of the treaties
of peace, which he publ.shed in 1700; and which consists
of the treaties, contracts, acts of guaranty, &c. betwixt
the powers of F.urope, four vols. fol. The first contains
the preface, and the treaties made since the year 536 to
1.500. The second consists of Mr. Amelot‘de la Houssay’s
historical and political reflections, and the treaties from.
150’-) to 1600. The third includes the treaties from 1601
to 1661 and the fourth, those from 1661 to 1700, with a
general alphabetical index to the whole. He prefixed his
name, however, to his continuation of Bayle’s “Nouvelles
de la llepublique des Lettres,
” which was begun in
king William’s death, however, he was unanimotisly chosen in 1705; and about the same time appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics at Leyden the university presenting
Mr. Bernard having acquired great reputation by his
works, as well as by his sermons at Ganda and the Hague,
the congregation of the Walloon church at Leyden were
desirous to have him for one of their ministers but they
could not accomplish their desire whilst king William lived,
who refused twice to confirm the election of Mr. Bernard,
as being a republican in his principles, and having delivered his sentiments too freely in a sermon before this
prince yet these appear to have been the same sentiments
which justified the revolution to which that sovereign owed
the crown of these kingdoms. After king William’s death,
however, he was unanimotisly chosen in 1705; and about
the same time appointed professor of philosophy and mathematics at Leyden the university presenting him with
the degrees of doctor of philosophy, and master of arts.
In 1716, he published “A Supplement to Moreri’s dictionary,
” in two vols. folio. The same year he resumed
his “Nouvelles de la Republique des Lettres,
” and continued it till his death, which happened the 27th of April
1718, in the 60th year of his age.
Mr. Bernard was well skilled in polite literature, and a
perfect master of the Hebrew tongue. He studied the
scriptures with great attention and though he was not
reckoned of the first class of mathematicians, yet he could
explain the principles of that science in a very clear and
able manner. As to philosophy, he had applied himself
to that of Des Cartes yet alter he came into Holland,
having learned the EngLsh tongue, he used to read the
best books from England, and had acquired some taste for
the Newtonian philosophy. Besides the works above mentioned, he published, 1. “Le Theatre des etats du due de
Savoie, traduit du Latin de Bleau,
” Hague, Traite
de la repentance tardive,
” Amst. De
I'excellence de la religion Chretienne,
” ibid.
latter place by the marshal de Lachatre. In 1574 we find him at Geneva, officiating as minister and professor of philosophy. His death is supposed to have taken place in
, was born at
St. Denis near Paris, and was educated at the college of
the cardinal Lemoine, where he made great proficiency in
the learned languages, and became an able theologian,
mathematician, philosopher, and historian. In 1550 he was
at Agen as preceptor to Hector Fregosa, afterwards bishop
of that city, and here he was converted to the Protestant
religion along with Scaliger and other learned men. When
he arrived at Paris in 1558, he was chosen preceptor to
Theodore Agrippa d' Aubigne“but the persecution arising,
he was arrested at Constance and condemned to be burnt,
a fate from which he was preserved by the kindness of an
officer who favoured his escape. He then went to Orleans,
Rochelle, and Sancerre, and distinguished himself by his
courage during the siege of this latter place by the marshal
de Lachatre. In 1574 we find him at Geneva, officiating
as minister and professor of philosophy. His death is
supposed to have taken place in 1576. He wrote a curious
book entitled
” Chronicon, sacrse Scripture auctoritate
constitutnm,“Geneva, 1575, fol. In this he maintains that
all chronological authorities must be sought in the holy
scriptures Vossius and Scaliger speak highly of his talents. Draudius, in his
” Bibliotheca Classica,“mentions
another work in which he was concerned,
” G. Mercatoris
et Matthei Beroaldi chronologia, ab initio mundi ex eclipsis et observationibus astronomicis demonstrata," Basil,
1577, Cologne, 1568, fol. We have some doubts whether
this is not the same as the work mentioned above.
1636, of an old family of booksellers, and after prosecuting his studies witli great success, became professor of philosophy in the college of Plessis, and assistant to the
, a doctor of the Sorbonne, was
born at Paris in 1636, of an old family of booksellers, and
after prosecuting his studies witli great success, became
professor of philosophy in the college of Plessis, and assistant to the principal. His particular talent for the religious instruction of his pupils occasioned his being frequently invited to other colleges of the capital for his advice and assistance but his opposition to the famous bull
Unigenitus, gave so much offence to the higher powers
that he was expelled the college of Plessis, deprived of the
privileges of his doctorate, and at last banished the kingdom. This sentence, however, being taken off after a
year, he returned to his friends, and employed himself in
writing the following works, 1. “Concorde des livres de
la Sagesse, on Morale du St. Esprit,
” Concorde des Epitres canoniques, ou Morale des
Apotres,
” Principes de la perfection
Chretienne et religieuse,
” Histoire de l'abbaye de Port-royal,
” Reflexions theologiques sur le premier vol.'
des lettres de Pabbe de Villefroi a ses eleves, &c.
” Principes
de la Penitence et de la Justice,
”
, a celebrated philosopher and mathematician, was born at Naples the 28th of January, 1608. He was professor of philosophy and mathematics in some of the most celebrated
, a celebrated philosopher
and mathematician, was born at Naples the 28th of January, 1608. He was professor of philosophy and mathematics in some of the most celebrated universities of Italy,
particularly at Florence and Pisa, where he became highly
in favour with the princes of the house of Medici. But
having been concerned in the revolt of Messina, he was
obliged to retire to Rome, where he spent the remainder
of his life under the protection of Christina queen of Sweden, who honoured him with her friendship, and by her
liberality towards him softened the rigour of his hard fortune. He continued two years in the convent of the regular clergy of St. Pantaleon, called the Pious Schools, where
he instructed the youth in mathematical studies. And thi’s
study he prosecuted with great diligence for many years
afterward, as appears by his correspondence with several
ingenious mathematicians of his time, and the frequent
mention that has been made of him by others, who have
endeavoured to do justice to his memory. He wrote a letter to Mr. John Collins, in which he discovers his great
desire and endeavours to promote the improvement of those
sciences: he also speaks of his correspondence with, and
great affection for, Mr. Henry Oldenburgh, secretary of
the royal society; of Dr. Wallis; of the then late learned
Mr. Boyle, and lamented the loss sustained by his death to
the commonwealth of learning. Mr. Baxter, in his “Enquiry into the Nature of the Human Soul 3
” makes frequent
use of our author’s book “De Motu Animalium,
” and
tells us, that he was the first who discovered that the force
exerted within the body prodigiously exceeds the weight
to be moved without, or that nature employs an immense
power to move a small weight. But he acknowledges that
Dr. James Keil had shewn that Borelli was mistaken in his
calculation of the force of the muscle of the heart; but
that he nevertheless ranks him with the most authentic writers, and says he is seldom mistaken: and, having remarked
that it is so far from being true, that great things are
brought about by small powers, on the contrary, a stupendous power is manifest in the most ordinary operations of nature, he observes that the ingenious Borelli first
remarked this in animal motion; and that Dr. Stephen
Hales, by a course of experiments in his “Vegetable
Statics,
” had shewn the same in the force of the ascending sap in vegetables. After a course of unceasing labours,
Borelli died at Pantaleon of a pleurisy, the 31st of December 1679, at 72 years of age, leaving the following
works: 1. “Delle cagioni dellefebri maligni,
” Euclides restitutus,
” &c. Pisa, Apollonii Pergaei conicorum, libri v. vi. & vii. paraphraste Abalphato Aspahanensi nunc primum editi,
” &c. Floren. Theoriæ Medicorum Planetarum ex causis physicis deductae,
” Flor. De Vi Percussionis,
”
Bologna, De Motu Animalium,
” and that “De
Motionibus Naturalibus,
” in Osservazione intorno alia virtu ineguali degli occhi.
” This piece was inserted in the Journal of Rome for the year 1669. 7. “De
motionibus naturalibus e gravitate pemlentibus,
” Regio
Julio, 1670, 4to. 8. “Meteorologia Ætnea,
” &c. Regio Julio, Osservazione dell' ecclissi lunare, fatta in Roma,
” Elementaconica Apollonii Pergoei et Archimedis opera nova et breviori methodo demonstrata,
” Rome, De Motu Animaiium:
pars prima, et pars altera,
” Romae, 12. At Leyden, 1686, in 4to,
a more correct and accurate edition, revised by J. Broen,
M. D. of Leyden, of his two pieces
” De vi percussionis,
et de motionibus de gravitate pendentibus,“&c. 13.
” De
renum usu judicium:“this had been published with Bellini’s book
” De structura renum," at Strasburgh, 1664,
8vo.
ugh a course of study there; afterwards married at Berne, and settled at Neufeh&tel, where he became professor of philosophy and mathematics. He died Dec. 31, 1742, at the
, who was born at Nimes in 1678,
became celebrated for his proficiency in natural history.
The revocation of the edict of Nantes having forced his
family to go and seek an asylum in Switzerland, Zurich
was indebted to them for its manufactures of stockings,
muslins, and several silk stuffs. Young Bourguet went
through a course of study there; afterwards married at
Berne, and settled at Neufeh&tel, where he became professor of philosophy and mathematics. He died Dec. 31,
1742, at the age of 64, after publishing, 1. A Letter on
the formation of salts and crystals; Amsterdam, 1729,
12mo. 2. “La bibliotheque Italique,
” 16 vols. 8vo. This
journal, begun at Geneva in 1728, found a welcome reception among the learned, as a solid and useful book deserving to be continued, although deficient in style, and
hastily written. He wrote also, “Traite des petrifactions,
”
Paris,
s at Paris, resumed his studies. The teachers to whom he attached himself were, J. Marius d'Amboise, professor of philosophy; J. Passerat, professor of eloquence, not only
Boyd, observing that young persons of quality, and even military men, were wont to attend academical lectures at Paris, resumed his studies. The teachers to whom he attached himself were, J. Marius d'Amboise, professor of philosophy; J. Passerat, professor of eloquence, not only a scholar, but a wit also, and a poet; and Gilb. Franc. Genebrand, professor of the Hebrew language, who afterwards by his zeal for the French league, tarnished the reputation that he had gained by his literary abilities. Guillonius also is mentioned amongst the professors under whom Boyd studied. He next resolved to apply himself to the civil law, and went to the university of Orleans, where that science was taught by J. Robertas, a man principally known for having dared to become the rival of Cujacius. But he soon quitted Orleans, and went to the university of Bourges. Cujacius, who taught the civil law there, received him with kindness, and possibly, not with the less kindness because his new scholar had quitted Orleans and professor Robertus. It was said that Boyd obtained the friendship of Cujacius, by writing some verses in the obsolete Latin language. Perhaps that learned man liked those verses best which approached nearest to the standard of the Twelve Tables.
, which he spoke with great fluency. He was afterwards invited by tt:e university of Montauban to be professor of philosophy, and in the mean time himself studied divinity,
, an eminent Scotch divine, of the
same family as the preceding, being a descendant of Robert Boyd, earl of Arran, sometime protector of Scotland,
from whom descended James Boyd, baron of Trochrig, the
father of the subject of this article. He was born in 1578,
and educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he
took his master’s degree. In 1604, according to the custom of the times, he travelled into France, and studied for
some time under Rivet, improving himself in Greek and
Hebrew, and in French, which he spoke with great fluency.
He was afterwards invited by tt:e university of Montauban
to be professor of philosophy, and in the mean time himself studied divinity, dnd was ordained according to the
forms of the French reformed church. In 1608 he was
removed to a professorship at Saumur, which he filled until 1614, and both as a preacher and teacher was much
admired and eagerly followed. His fame reaching the ears
of his sovereign, king James, he sent him a pressing invitation to fill the divinity chair in the university oi Glasgow, in consequence of which he removed thither in 1615,
to the great sorrow of his friends at SaumiT, and the university at large. He was enabled soon, in conjunction
with some able colleagues, to raise the reputation of the
Glasgow university, the mode of study in which he reformed from the useless and disputatious modes of the
schools. His situation, however, afcerwards became embarrassed from the disputes which arose respecting the
scheme of king James to assimilate the churches of England and Scotland, which was highly unpopular in the
latter country. Boyd’s education, and especially his associations abroad, had inclined him to the presbyterian
form of church government, and finding that he could not
under such circumstances retain his situation as preacher
and professor at Glasgow, he resigned both, and went to
live privately on an estate which he possessed. Endeavours were made to fix him in Edinburgh, and afterwards
to recall him to Glasgow, but these not being successful,
he finally retired from public life to Carrick, his estate,
where he died Jan. 5, 1627. He wrote in very elegant
Latin, a commentary on the epistle to the Ephesians,
which was published under the title “Roberti Bodii Scoti
Praelectiones in Epistolam ad Ephesios,
” Lond.
A. and printed on that occasion his thesis on the symbols of the Eucharist. In 1689 he was assistant professor of philosophy; and some time after, having removed to Jena,
, a celebrated Lutheran divine, was born June 25, 1667, at Anclam, a town in Pomerania, where his father was a clergyman, who bestowed
great pains on his education, with a view to the same profession. Before he went to the university, he was taught
Greek and Latin, Hebrew, Chaldaic, and Syriac, and had several times read the scriptures in their original tongues. In
1685, at the age of eighteen, he was sent to Wittemberg,
where he studied history, oriental learning, and the canon
law, under the ablest professors, and with a success proportioned to the stock of knowledge he had previously accumulated. In 1687 he received the degree of M. A. and
printed on that occasion his thesis on the symbols of the
Eucharist. In 1689 he was assistant professor of philosophy; and some time after, having removed to Jena, gave
lessons to the students there with the approbation and esteem of the professors. In 1692 he was invited to Cobourg, as professor of Greek and Latin, In 1693, when
Frederick, elector of Brandenburgh, afterwards king of
Prussia, founded the university of Halle, Buddeus was
appointed professor of moral and political philosophy, and
after filling that office for about twelve years, he was recalled to Jena in 1705, to be professor of theology. The
king of Prussia parted with him very reluctantly on this
occasion, but Buddeus conceived his new office so much
better calculated for his talents and inclination, that he
retained it for the remainder of his life, refusing many
advantageous offers in other universities; and the dukes of
Saxony of the Ernestine branch, to whom the university
of Jena belongs, looking upon Buddeus as its greatest ornament, procured him every comfort, and bestowed their
confidence on him in. the case of various important affairs.
In 1714, he was made ecclesiastical counsellor to the duke
of Hildburghausen; and afterwards was appointed inspector of the students of Gotha and Altenburgh; assessor of
the Concilium arctius, which had the care of the university
of Jena; and he was several times pro-rector, the dukes
of Saxony always reserving to themselves the rectorate of
that university. Under his care the university flourished
in an uncommon degree, and being an enemy to the scholastic mode of teaching, he introduced that more rational
and philosophical system which leads to useful knowledge.
Amidst all these employments, he was a frequent and popular preacher, carried on an extensive correspondence
with the learned men of his time, and yet found leisure for
the composition of his numerous works. He died Nov. 19,
1729. A very long list of his works is given in our authority; the principal are: 1. “Elementa Philosophic prarticæ, instrumentalis ct theoreticæ,
” 3 vols. 8vo. 2.
“Institutiones Theologiæ Moralis,
” Historia Ecclesiastica Veteris Testamenti,
” Institutiones Theologicse, Dogmaticae, variis observationibus iilustratse,
” Miscellanea Sacra,
”
k on the state of the arts and sciences in Denmark. In 1759, he accepted the office of extraordinary professor of philosophy at Gottingen, with a salary of 200 rix-dollars
, an eminent geographer, was born at Stadthagen in Germany in 1724. After
having been instructed in the learned languages, mathematics, and astronomy, by M. Hauber, at Copenhagen, he
went, in 1744, to study divinity at Halle. In 1746, he
published his first work, “An Introduction to the Epistle
of St. Paul to the Philippians,
” which was followed by his
“Lectures
” on Isaiah and on the New Testament. Having been employed, in 1748, to superintend the education
of the son of count Lynar, he accompanied that nobleman
to Petersburgh in 1749, and in the course of this journey
planned his new system of geography, for the completion
of which he went in 1752 to Copenhagen. Here he edited
a periodical work on the state of the arts and sciences in
Denmark. In 1759, he accepted the office of extraordinary professor of philosophy at Gottingen, with a salary
of 200 rix-dollars to enable him to complete his geography. In consequence of the death of Mosheim, he wished
to succeed to the theological chair of Gottingen, but he
had so openly avowed the principles of the new German
theological school, that he was not only denied the professorship, but ordered afterwards to abstain from lecturing
on the subject, or publishing any thing not approved of by
the privy council of Hanover. This, however, did not
prevent his being appointed professor of philosophy in
1759; and in 1761 he became pastor to a Lutheran congregation at Petersburgh, where he established a public
school, sanctioned by Catherine the empress. He had a
dispute soon after with his congregation, and removed to
Altona. In 1766, he was appointed director of a school
at Berlin, where he passed the remainder of his life. He
died in 1793, and according to his own desire, was buried
in his garden, where he had formerly buried his wife,
In his own delineation of his character, he acknowledges, that though he was candid and open-hearted, affable, ready to assist others, and of a compassionate disposition, he had behaved with harshness to many persons,
and on various occasions. He expresses his confidence in
* the Supreme Being, his firm faith in the Saviour of the
world, and his satisfaction with the dispensations of providence. His temper, he says, was warm, and occasionally
irritable; and his firmness had sometimes assumed the appearance of obstinacy; and his quickness had betrayed
him occasionally into precipitation. “I am moderate,
”
says he, “in all things; contented with little, and master
of my appetites. In my intercourse with the world I expect too much from myself; I am therefore often dissatisfied with my own conduct; and on that account wish to
confine my intercourse within a very narrow circle, and to
shun society. I am free from pride, but not void of ambition, though I often struggle with this passion, and on
reflection endeavour to suppress it. I am so much attached
to labour, that it seems to me a requisite to life, and that
my impulse to it is greater than to any sensual pleasure
whatever.
” Thiebault, in his “Original Anecdotes of
Frederic the Great,
” assures us that in no country he met
with a man whose vanity was equal to that of Busching.
“I have heard,
” says Thiebault, “of two or three persons
in Europe, who said there were, in their time, no more
than three great men, Voltaire, Frederic, and themselves.
To these persons M. Busching cannot be compared, for he
never acknowledged any man to be so great as himself; in
short, his excessive vanity rendered him absolutely intolerable.
”
admired for his early piety. After completing his course, he was admitted an alumnus, and appointed professor of philosophy, in lecturing on which he followed the Newtonian
, author of the “Lives of the Saints,
”
the second son of Simon Butler, esq. of Appletree, in the
county of Northampton, was born in 1710, and educated
for a short time at a school in Lancashire, whence in his
eighth year he was sent to the English college at Douay,
where he applied himself with uncommon diligence to the
studies prescribed in that Roman catholic seminary, and
was admired for his early piety. After completing his
course, he was admitted an alumnus, and appointed professor of philosophy, in lecturing on which he followed the
Newtonian system, then gaining ground in the foreign
universities, in preference to the systems of Wolfe and
Leibnitz, in which he discovered some things irreconcileable with the opinions of the church. He was next appointed professor of divinity, and while at this college
published his first work, “Letters on the History of the
Popes, published by Mr. Archibald Bower,
” which were
written with ease and good humour, and shew various and
extensive learning. In 1745 he accompanied the late earl
of Shrewsbury, and the hon. James and Thomas Talbot, on
their travels through France and Italy. On his 1 return from
these travels, he was sent on the English mission, and
wished to be settled in London; where he might have access to literary society and the public libraries, with a view
to complete his “Lives of the Saints,
” on which he had
long been engaged; but the vicar apostolic of the middle
district claimed him, as belonging to that district, and appointed him, much against his will, to a mission in Staffordshire. Here, however, he did not remain long, being
appointed chaplain to Edward duke of Norfolk, and to
superintend the education of Mr. Edward Howard, his
nephew and presumptive heir, whom he accompanied
abroad, but who died soon. During his being at Paris, on
this occasion, he completed and sent to press his “Lives
of the Saints, which is said to have cost him the labour of
thirty years. At the finishing of it he gave, what hisbiographer very truly calls, a very edifying instance of
humility. The manuscript of the first volume having been,
submitted to Mr. Cnalloner, the vicar-apostolic of the
London district, he recommended the omission of all the
notes, that the work might be less expensive and more
useful. It is easy to suppose what it must have cost our
author to consign to oblivion the fruit of so much labour.
He obeyed, however, and to this circumstance it is owing,
that in the first edition the notes.are omitted. Some years
after, he published the
” Life of Mary of the Cross,“a
nun in the English convent of the poor Clatvs at Rouen,
not, strictly speaking, apiece of biography, but a vehicle for
instructions on religious life on Roman catholic principles.
Sometime after our author’s return to England from his
travels with Mr. Edward Howard, he was chosen president
of the English college at St. Omer’s, in which station he continued until his death. He had projected many works
besides those already mentioned, and among them, his
treatise on the
” Moveable Feasts,“which was published,
after his death, under the inspection of Mr. Challoner.
He proposed writing the lives of bishop Fisher and Sir
Thomas More, and had made copious collections for both,
some of which are in the hands of his biographer. He had
begun a treatise on
” Natural and revealed religion,“being dissatisfied with what Bergier had published on those
subjects. Three volumes of his
” Discourses“have been
published since his decease. As a preacher, however, we
are told, that he almost wholly failed. His sermons were
sometimes interesting and pathetic; but they were always
desultory, and almost always immeasurably long. His
” Short
life of Sir Toby Matthews,“has lately been published by
his biographer. His literary correspondence was very extensive, and among other correspondents of distinction,
may be mentioned the learned Lambertini, afterwards pope
Benedict XIV. and the late Dn Lowth, bishop of London;
and the assistance he afforded to English men of literature
has been liberally acknowledged by Dr. Kennicot, and
others. After a life spent in devotion to his profession,
and in various studies, he died May 15, 1773, in the sixtythird year of his age; and was interred in the chapel of
the English college at St. Omers, where a monument of
white marble was erected to his memory, with an elegant
Latin inscription. His
” Lives of the Saints," although
run free from the peculiarities of his predecessors in that
branch of biography, is a work of great value and research.
It was first published in 1745, 5 vols. 4to; and in 1779, or
1780, an edition was published at Dublin, in 12 vols. 8vo;
and in 1799 1800, at Edinburgh, in the same form, to
which his nephew, Charles Butler, esq. barrister at law,
prefixed a life, from which the preceding sketch is taken.
ough then very young, ventured to censure him; and father Valois, the Jesuit, who was a contemporary professor of philosophy, attacked both Cally and his opinions in a work
, a celebrated French philosopher, was
a native of Mesnil-Hubert, near Argenton, in the diocese
of Seez. About 165.5, he studied philosophy at Caen,
and afterwards divinity at Paris, but philosophy was his
favourite pursuit, and the foundation of his fame. In
1660 he taught in the college du Bois, in Caen, and became there acquainted with Huet, afterwards bishop of
Avranches, who acknowledged the assistance he derived
from Cally in his studies. Their intimacy, however, was
interrupted by Cally’s avowal of adherence to ttie Cartesian system. CaJly was the first in France who had the
courage to profess himself a Cartesian, in defiance of the
prejudices and numbers of those who adhered to the ancient philosophy. He first broached his Cartesianism in
the way of hypothesis, but afterwards taught it more
openly, which procured him many enemies. Huet, although then very young, ventured to censure him; and
father Valois, the Jesuit, who was a contemporary professor of philosophy, attacked both Cally and his opinions
in a work which he published under the name of Louis de
la Ville, in 1680, entitled “Sentimens de M. Descartes,
touchant Pessence et les proprietes des corps, opposes a la
doctrine de Peglise, et conformesaux erreurs de Calvin sur
I'eucharistie.
” Cally, not thinking there was much in this,
did not answer it until pressed by his friends, when he
wrote an answer in Latin, which, however, was not at
this time published. When the duke de Montausier was
appointed by Louis XIV. to provide eminent classical
scholars to write notes on the classics published for the use
of the Dauphin, Cally was selected for the edition of
“Boethius de Consolatione,
” which he published, accordingly, in Institutio philosophica,
” 4to, which he
afterwards greatly enlarged, and published in 1695 under
the title “Universae philosophise institutio,
” Caen, 4 vols.
4to. In 1675 he was appointed principal of the college of
arts in Caen, on which he began a new course of philosophical lectures, and laid out ten or twelve thousand francs
on rebuilding a part of the college which had fallen into
ruin. In 1684 he was appointed curate of the parish of
St. Martin, in Caen, and the Protestants who were then
very numerous in that city, flocked to his sermons, and he
held conferences once or twice a week in his vestry, which
they attended with much pleasure, and we are told he 'made
many converts to the Popish religion. But this success,
for which every Catholic ought to have been thankful, excited the envy of those who had quarrelled with him before
on account of his Cartesianism, and by false accusations,
they procured him to be exiled to Moulins in 1686, where
he remained for two years. Finding on his return that the
Protestants were still numerous in Caen, and that they
entertained the same respect for him as before, he wrote for
their use a work entitled “Durand cornmente, ou Paccord
de la philosophie avec la theologie, tonchaut la transubstantialion.
” In this, which contained part of his answer
to father Valois, mentioned above, he revives the opinion
of the celebrated Durand, who said, if the church decided
that there was a transubstantiation in the eucharist, there
must remain something of what was bread, to make a difference between the creation and production of a thing
which was not, and annihilation or a thing reduced to
nothing. Cally sent this work in ms. to M. Basnage, who
had been one of his scholars, but received no answer. la
the mean time, unwilling to delay a work which he hoped
would contribute to the conversion of the Protestants, “he
engaged with a bookseller at Caen to print only sixty
copies, which he purposed to send to his friends at Paris,
and obtain their opinion as to a more extended publication.
The bookseller, however, having an eye only to his own
interest, undertook to assure Cally that the work would be
approved by the doctors of the Sorbonne, and he therefore
would print eight hundred. Cally unfortunately consented, and the work no sooner appeared, than he who
fondly hoped it would convert heretics, was himself treated
as a heretic. M. de Nesmond, then bishop of Bayeux,
condemned the work in a pastoral letter March 30, 1701,
and Cally in April following made his retractation, which
he not only read in his own church, but it was read in all
other churches; and he also destroyed the impression, so
that it is now classed among rare books. It was a small
vol. 12mo, 1700, printed at Cologne, under the name of
Pierre Marteau. Cally also published some of his sermons,
but they were too philosophical and dry for the closet, although he had contrived to give them a popular effect in
the pulpit. A work entitled
” Doctrine heretique, &c.
touchant la primauté du pape, enseignee par les Jesuites
dans leur college de Caen," is attributed to him, but as it
bears date 1644, he must have then been too young. He
died Dec. 31, 1709.
ied on several controversies, especially with Martin Statins, a Lutheran deacon, with Henry Nicolai, professor of philosophy, and with John Cæsar, a protestant minister of
, a celebrated Lutheran divine,
and one of the ablest opponents of the Socinians of his
time, was born Aug. 16, 1612, at Morungen in the duchy
of Brunswick, where his father was a man of some consequence. Having finished his studies, and especially distinguished himself by his knowledge in oriental languages,
he came to Rostock, where, in 1637, he took his doctor’s
degree in divinity, and some time after was made professor
of that faculty. He was very rigid in adhering to the Lutheran tenets, and the firmness he displayed in a controversy with John Bergius, a protestant divine, on the
subject of the Lord’s supper, occasioned his being appointed
visitor of the churches and schools of the circle of Samlande
in Prussia, and counsellor in the court of justice. In 1643
he was invited to Dantzic, and made rector of the college.
He carried on several controversies, especially with Martin
Statins, a Lutheran deacon, with Henry Nicolai, professor
of philosophy, and with John Cæsar, a protestant minister
of Dantzic. In 1650 he was appointed professor of divinity
at Wittemberg, and became one of the warmest opponents
of the comprehending system proposed by Calixtus (see Calixtus), and the partizans of the respective combatants
were called Calixtins and Calovians. This dispute, conducted with much intemperance on both sides, lasted until
his death, Feb. 20, 1686. His principal works, exclusive
of those he wrote against Bergius, Nicolai, and Calixtus,
were, 1. “Metaphysica divina, etaliascriptaphilosopbica.
”
2. “Criticus sacer Biblicus.
” 3. “Socinianismus profligatus.
” 4. “Systema locorum theologicorum.
” 5. “Conlideratio Arminianismi.
” 6. “Biblia iilustrata,
” a German
Bible with Luther’s notes. His “Historia Syncretistica,
”
first published in
the hospitals and anatomical lectures in London, and afterwards at Paris. In 1749, he was appointed professor of philosophy, medicine, and surgery at Franeker; and in 1755
, an eminent physician and surgeon, the son of Florence Camper, a minister of the reformed church, was born at Leyden May 11, 1722, and was first taught design and painting, which enabled him in his future studies to draw his anatomical preparations. He afterwards studied medicine under Boerhaave, and the other eminent professors of Leyden, and in 1746 took his degree of M. D. In 1748, he attended the hospitals and anatomical lectures in London, and afterwards at Paris. In 1749, he was appointed professor of philosophy, medicine, and surgery at Franeker; and in 1755 taught these sciences at Amsterdam, which he quitted in 1761. After two years’ residence at his country-house in Friesland, he was appointed professor of medicine, surgery, anatomy, and botany at Groningen, where he resided until June 1773, when he settled at Franeker, in order to superintend the education of his sons* In 1762, he had been appointed a representative in the assembly of the province of Friesland; but in 1787, he was nominated one of the council of state, and was therefore obliged to reside at the Hague, where he died in April 1789, in the sixty- seventh year of his age. The immediate cause of his death was a pleurisy, but his eulogist seems to attribute it remotely to his patriotic exertions, and the grief which oppressed him when he saw the independence of his country attacked. Whichever account be true, he was lamented as a learned and ingenious promoter of science, and an ornament to his country. He was at the time of his death a member of the royal society of London, and of the academies of Petersburg!), Berlin, Edinburgh (the college of physicians), Gottingen, Manchester, Haerlem, Rotterdam, &c. and other learned societies in various parts of Europe.
n a tour to Italy received the degree of doctor of laws in the university of Pisa. He was afterwards professor of philosophy at Helmstadt, where he died April 9, 1613. He
, a German divine, was originally of the
Netherlands, but born at Gottingen in the duchy of Brunswick, May 18, 1533, of a family that had been ruined in
the wars for religion. His father, who had embraced the
principles of the reformers, taught and preached in England, Scotland, and Spain. The son studied at various academies, and had, among his other masters, Melancthon and
Camerarius. In 1563 he was invited to the chair of philosophy and eloquence at Rostock, and in a tour to Italy
received the degree of doctor of laws in the university of
Pisa. He was afterwards professor of philosophy at Helmstadt, where he died April 9, 1613. He carried on a correspondence with most of the learned men of his time. He
was particularly conversant in the Greek fathers. Along
with Dr. Duncan Liddel and Cornelius Martin, he opposed
the opinion of Daniel Hoffman, and some others, who
maintained that philosophy was irreconcileable with theology, and that there are many things true in the latter
which are false in the former. He wrote a great many
works in verse and prose, and in Greek and Latin, principally annotations on Cebes’ Table, Epictetus, Xenophon’s
Cyropsedia, Demetrius Phalereus, Xenophon’s Memorabilia, &c. and a collection of letters, Francfort, 1687, 8vo.
Many of his letters also occur in the writings of his contemporaries. His life is in “Vitæ eruditissimorum in re
litteraria virorum,
” Leipsic,
the revocation of the edict of Nantes, went to Rotterdam, and afterwards to Berlin, where he became professor of philosophy. He died in 1725 at the age of eighty-five. He
, a protestant clergyman, was
born at Nismes in 1640, and being obliged to leave his
country upon the revocation of the edict of Nantes, went
to Rotterdam, and afterwards to Berlin, where he became
professor of philosophy. He died in 1725 at the age of
eighty-five. He published, 1. A “Lexicon philosophicum,
”
Rotterdam, Journal des Savans,
” begun in
, professor of philosophy, and rector of the Scotch college at Doway in
, professor of philosophy, and rector
of the Scotch college at Doway in Flanders, was of the ancient family of Arnage, or Arnagie in Aberdeenshire,
where he was born in the early part of the sixteenth century. After studying classical and philosophical learning
in the university of Aberdeen, he applied to divinity under
Mr. John Henderson, a celebrated divine of that time; but
on the establishment of the reformation, Cheyne (as well as his master) went over to France, and taught philosophy for
fcome time in the college of St. Barbe at Paris. From
thence he went to Doway, where he taught philosophy for
several years, and was made rector of the Scotch college,
and canon and great penitentiary of the cathedral ofTournay.
He died in 1602, and was buried in that church under a
marble monument, with an inscription. The authors quoted
by Machenzie give him the character of one of the first
mathematicians and philosophers and most learned men of
his time. He wrote, 1. “Analysis in Philosophiam Aristot.
”
Duac. (Doway), De sphaera sen
globi ccelestis fabrica,
” ibid. De Geographia,
Kb. duo,
” ibid. Orationes duo, de perfecto Philosopho, &c.
” ibid. Analysis et
scholia in Aristot. lib. XIV.
” ibid. 1578, 8vo.
the remonstrants held a synod at Rotterdam, he preached once more before them; and was then admitted professor of philosophy, the Hebrew tongue, and polite literature in their
In 1682, Le Clerc, intending to visit England, travelled through Paris, and arrived at London in May, chiefly with a view to learn the English language; which, with the help of a master, he soon effected. He preached several times in the French churches at London, and visited several bishops and men of learning; but the air of the town not agreeing with his lungs, he returned to Holland, after less than a year’s stay, in company with the celebrated historian Gregorio Leti, who formerly lived at Geneva, and was then retiring to Holland. He visited Limborch at Amsterdam, from whom he learned the condition of the remonstrants in the United Provinces, but did not yet join them, although he discovered his real sentiments to Limborch, with whom he entered into a strict friendship, which lasted till the death of that great man. He had not been long in Holland before his friends and relations entreated him to return to Geneva, but not being able when there to dissemble his opinions, which wexe contrary to those established by law, he thought it prudent to return to Holland at the latter end of 1683. The year after he preached sometimes in French in the church of the remonstrants, but was soon obliged to leave off preaching; for what reason is not known, but his friends have thought proper to impute it to the jealousy of the Walloon ministers, who finding their audiences very thin when Le Clerc preached, prevailed upon the magistrates to forbid his preaching any more. In 1634, when the remonstrants held a synod at Rotterdam, he preached once more before them; and was then admitted professor of philosophy, the Hebrew tongue, and polite literature in their school at Amsterdam. The remainder of his life offers nothing to us but the history of his works, and of the controversies in which he was engaged; which were numerous, and displayed undoubted talents.
Jurieu had classed among Socinians. Besides these labours, he continued to read regular lectures, as professor of philosophy and the belles-lettres, at Amsterdam; and in 1691,
In the same year, we find him better employed in writing
his “Bibliotheque universelle et historique,
” a literary
journal of great utility. The first eight and part of the
ninth volume he wrote in conjunction with de la Crose
the tenth is Le Clerc’s, and the 11th La Grose’s; the rest
to the 19th Le CHerc’s, and the remainder to the 25th,
which is the last, were written by Mr. Bernard. While
employed on this work, Le Clerc published various others.
In the years 1687 89, he published French translations
of bishop Burners “Reflections upon Varillas’s History,
”
&c. and of some of his sermons and in Lives of the Philosophers,
” translated into
Latin, with notes. The same year he revised and corrected the sixth edition of Moreri’s Dictionary; and wrote
a French letter to Jurieu, vindicating the character of Episcopius, whom Jurieu had classed among Socinians. Besides these labours, he continued to read regular lectures,
as professor of philosophy and the belles-lettres, at Amsterdam; and in 1691, published his “Logic, Ontology,
and Pneumatology,
” which, in order to complete the
course, were followed in 1695, by his “Natural Philosophy.
” These were all written in Latin, and were reprinted, in a fourth edition, Amst. 1710, 4 vols. 8vo, to
which was subjoined also in Latin, his life, written by
himself, 1711, which makes a fifth volume, and in 1712
was translated into English, and published at London. In
1693 he published the first volume of his “Commentary
on the Bible,
” a work he had long projected, and for which
he had been long collecting materials. He published the
remainder, at different times, until 1731, when the Commentary on the Prophets appeared, but it was still left incomplete, owing to that decay of his faculties which
interrupted all his labours in the latter part of his life.
, professor of philosophy at Fer*ara and at Padua, who raised himself to
, professor of philosophy at Fer*ara and at Padua, who raised himself to such a pitch of
fame, that princes and kings were ambitious to procure his
portrait, was born at Cento in the Modenese, in 1550;
and died at Padua, of the plague, in 1630, at the age of
80. His principal works are; 1. “Aminta e Clori, favola
silvestre,
” Ferrara, Bergamo, 1617, 12mo. 3.
” De physico auditu,“1596, folio. 4.
” De calido innato,“1626, 4to. 5.
” De
sensibus & facilitate appetiva," 1644, 4to, and other works
which shew that his religious creed was reducible to very
few articles. He thought that, according to the principles
of Aristotle, the soul is material, capable of corruption,
and mortal, as well as the souls of brutes.
on in the high-school of that city, and under the particular tuition of Mr. Alexander Muir, formerly professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, he applied himself to the study of
, born Sept. 30, 1714, was the
son of Mr. James Cuming, an eminent merchant in Edinburgh. Alter a suitable education in the high-school of
that city, and under the particular tuition of Mr. Alexander
Muir, formerly professor of philosophy at Aberdeen, he
applied himself to the study of physic four years in the
university of Edinburgh, and became connected with some
of the most eminent students in that science. In 1735 he
spent nine months at Paris, improving himself in anatomy
and the French language: and he passed some time at
Leyden the following year; but returned immediately
before the death of his father. In 1738 he quitted
Edinburgh for London: and while his friends were meditating
a settlement for him at Lynne in the room of the late sir
William Browne, his friend Dr, Fothergill found out a
more promising situation at Dorchester; where he remained to the last, notwithstanding the most pressing invitations from Dr. Fothergill to succeed Dr. Russel in London. In the space of a few years after his establishment at
Dorchester, he came to be employed in many, and in process of time, with an exception of three or four at most, in
all the families of distinction within the county, and frequently in the adjacent ones. At length his chaste manners, his learning, and his probity, as they were more generally known, rendered him not only the physician, but
the confidential friend of some of the best families into
which he was introduced. His warm and friendly attention to the interests of the late Mr. Hutchins, author of
the History of Dorset, in advancing the publication of that
well written and well arranged work, cannot better be expressed than in the grateful language of its author: “One
of the gentlemen to whom my acknowledgments are eminently due, permitted part of that time which is so beneficially employed to far better purposes, and is so precious
to a gentleman of his extensive practice, to be diverted to
the work in hand; the publication of which he patronised
and promoted with great zeal and assiduity: nor did his
success fall short of his zeal. Without his friendly assistance my papers might yet have remained undelivered to
the press; or, if they had been committed to the public, would
have wanted several advantages and embellishments with
which they now appear.
” The doctor bequeathed his interleaved copy of this work to Mr.Gough, his friend and coadjutor
in its publication. In 1752 he received a diploma from the
university of Edinburgh; and was soon after elected a fellow of the royal college of physicians there, of which he
died senior fellow. He was elected in 1769 fellow of the
society of antiquaries of London; and in 1781 of that of
Scotland. The tenderness of his eyes was, through life,
the greatest misfortune he had to struggle with; and, considering the many obstacles which the complaints in those
organs have occasioned in the pursuit of knowledge, it is
wonderful how he attained the degree of erudition which
he was well known to possess. In his retreat from the
more busy pursuits of this world, the surviving companions
of his youth continued the friends and correspondents of
his advanced years; and he enjoyed to the last the singular satisfaction of being visited by the most respectable
persons in the county for probity, rank, and fortune. We
cannot but regret that the doctor, who lias been the means
of so many valuable performances being laid before the
public, and some of them improved by his pen, had not
himself stood forth, to give that information for which he
was so well qualified, both in point of classical learning
and elegant composition. He died of a dropsy, in the 7 kh
year of his age, March 25, 1788.
His philosophical tenets were first introduced into the schools at Deventer in 1633, by Henry Rener, professor of philosophy, and an intimate friend of Gassendi. Not long
Having employed a short time in these studies, Des
Cartes spent about two years in Italy, conversing with
eminent mathematicians and philosophers, and attending
to various objects of inquiry in natural history. He then,
returned into France; but his mind remaining in an un
settled and sceptical state, he found it impossible to pursue
any regular plan of life, till in 1629 he determined to
withdraw from his numerous connexions and engagements
in Paris, and retire into some foreign country, where he
might remain unknown, and have full leisure to complete
his great design of framing a new system of philosophy.
The country he chose for this purpose was Holland; and
he went thither with so much secrecy, that the place of
his retirement was for some time known only to his intimate friend, Marsenne, at Paris. He at first resided near
Amsterdam, but afterwards went into the more northern
provinces, and visited Deventer and Lewarden; he at lasc
fixed upon Egmond, in the province of Friesland, as the
place of his more stated residence.
In this retirement, Des Cartes employed himself in investigating a proof from reason, independent of revelation,
of those fundamental points in religion, the existence of
God, and the immortality of the soul. This he brought
forward in his “Meditationes philosophies de pnma philosophia.
” At the same time he pursued the study of
optics, cultivated medicine, anatomy, and chemistry, and
wrote an astronomical treatise on the system of the world;
but hearing of the fate of Galileo, he did not publish it.
His philosophical tenets were first introduced into the
schools at Deventer in 1633, by Henry Rener, professor
of philosophy, and an intimate friend of Gassendi. Not
long afterwards, when he published a specimen of his
philosophy in four treatises, the number of his admirers
soon increased at Leyden, Utrecht, and Amsterdam: but
some divines opposed his doctrines, from the dread of innovation, and even attempted to excite the civil magistrate
against Des Cartes. In England, however, he was more
successful, and sir Charles Cavendish, brother to the earl
of Newcastle, gave him an invitation to settle in England.
Charles I. also gave him reason to expect a liberal appointment; but the rebellion frustrated this design, and Des
Cartes remained in Holland. In his native country, his
doctrine was at first well received, but a strong party soon
rose against it among the Jesuits. Bourden, one of the
fraternity, attacked his dioptrics in the public schools,
and a violent contest was long kept up between the Jesuits
and Cartesians. In the course of the disputes which the
Cartesian philosophy occasioned, Des Cartes himself appeared earnestly desirous to become the father of a sect,
and discovered more jealousy and ambition than became a
philosopher.
ed at the university of his native city. After taking the degree of M. A. he was admitted regent, or professor of philosophy, an office which, at that time, somewhat after
, an eminent divine of the church of
Scotland, the son of John Dickson, a merchant in Glasgow, was born about 1583, and educated at the university
of his native city. After taking the degree of M. A. he
was admitted regent, or professor of philosophy, an office
which, at that time, somewhat after the manner of the
foreign universities, was held only for a term of years (in this case, of eight years) after which these regents received ordination. Accordingly, in 1618, Mr. Dickson
was ordained minister of the town of Irvine, which preferment he held about twenty-three years, and became a very
popular preacher. Although always inclined to the presbyterian form of church-government, he had shewn no
great reluctance to the episcopal forms until the passing of
what are known, in the ecclesiastical history of Scotland,
by the name of the Perth articles; five articles, which enjoined kneeling at the sacrament; private adtninistratioa
of it in extreme sickness; private baptism, if necessary;
episcopal confirmation; and the observation of Epiphany,
Christmas, &c. These, however harmless they may appear to an English reader, were matters not only of objection, but abhorrence to a great proportion of the Scotch
clergy; and Mr. Dickson having expressed his dislike in
strong terms, and probably in the pulpit, was suspended
from his pastoral charge, and ordered to remove to Turriff,
in the north of Scotland, within twenty days. After much
interest, however, had been employed, for he had many
friends among persons of rank, who respected his talents
and piety, he was allowed in 1623 to return to Irvine.
As during the progress of the rebellion in England, the
power of the established church decayed also in Scotland,
Dickson exerted himself with considerable effect in the
restoration of the presbyterian form of church-government,
and there being a reluctance to this change on the part
of the learned divines of Aberdeen, he went thither in
1637, and held solemn disputations with Doctors Forbes,
Barron, Sibbald, &c. of that city, which were afterwards published. In 1641 he was removed from Irvine
to be professor of divinity in the university of Glasgow;
and in 1643 he assisted in drawing up some of those
formularies which are contained in the “Confession of
Faith,
” a book which is still subscribed by the clergy of
Scotland. The “Directory for public worship,
” and
“The sum of saving knowledge,
” were from his pen, assisted, in the former, by Henderson and Calderwood and
in the latter, by Durham. Some years after, probably
about 1645, he was invited to the elmir of professor of divinity at Edinburgh, which he held until the restoration,
when he was ejected for refusing the oath of supremacy.
He did not survive this long, dying in 1662. He was esteemed one of the ablest and most useful men of his time,
in the promotion of the church of Scotland as now established, and his writings have been accounted standard
books with those who adhere to her principles as originally
laid down. His principal works are, I. “A Commentary
on the Hebrews,
” 8vo. 2. “On Matthew,
” 4to. 3. “On
the Psalms,
” On the Epistles,
”
Latin and English, folio and 4to. 5. “Therapeutica Sacra, or Cases of Conscience resolved,
” Latin 4to, English
8vo. 6. “A treatise on the Promises,
” Dublin, Confession of
Faith,
” he lectured, when professor of divinity, on that
book, the heads of which lectures were afterwards published, as he had delivered them, in Latin, under the title
“Prelectiones in Confessionem Fidei,
” folio but they
have been since translated and often reprinted, under the
title of “Truth’s Victory over Error,
” one of the most
useful, and now, we believe, the only one of his works
which continues still popular in Scotland. Prefixed is a
life of the author by Woodrow, the ecclesiastical historian, from which we have extracted the above particulars.
, a very learned divine, and the friend of Erasmus, was born at Naaldrwyck, in Holland, and became professor of philosophy in the university of Louvaine. He was also esteemed
, a very learned divine, and the
friend of Erasmus, was born at Naaldrwyck, in Holland,
and became professor of philosophy in the university of
Louvaine. He was also esteemed an able divine and
linguist, but died in the prime of life, May 31, 1525.
Besides some academical orations, he published “Dialogus
Veneris et Cupidinis, Herculem animi ancipitem in suam
militiam, invita virtute, propellentium;
” “Complementum
Aularioe Plautinae, et Prologus in Militem ejusdem
”
“Epistola de Hollandorum moribns
” and “Oratio de
laudibus Aristotelis,
” against Laurentius Valla.
, professor of philosophy in the marischal college, Aberdeen, and a learned
, professor of philosophy in the marischal college, Aberdeen, and a learned writer, was born in that city in the month of July 1717. His father, William Duncan, was a respectable tradesman in the same place, and his mother, Euphemia Kirkwood, was the daughter of a wealthy farmer in East Lothian, the first district in Scotland where agriculture was much improved. Young Duncan received his grammatical education partly in the public grammar-school of Aberdeen, and partly at Foveran, about fifteen miles distant, where there was a boardingschool, which at that time was greatly frequented, on account of the reputation of Mr. George Forbes, the master. In November 1733, Mr. Duncan entered the marischal college of Aberdeen, and applied himself particularly to the study of the Greek language, under the celebrated professor Dr. Thomas Blackwell. After going through the ordinary course of philosophy and mathematics, which continues for three years, he took the degree of M. A. This was in April 1737, and he never took any other degree. Mr. Duncan appears to have been designed for the ministry, and in this view he attended the theological lectures of the professors at Aberdeen for two winters. Not, however, finding in himself any inclination to the clerical profession, he quitted his native place, and removed to London in 1739, where he became an author by profession. In this capacity various works were published by him without his name; the exact nature and number of which it is not in our power to ascertain. It is in general understood that he translated several books from the French, and that he engaged in different undertakings which were proposed to him by the booksellers. There is reason to believe that he had a very considerable share in the translation of Horace which goes under the name of Watson. Without, however, anxiously inquiring after every translation, and every compilation in which Mr. Duncan might be concerned, we shall content ourselves with taking notice of the three principal productions upon which his literary reputation is founded. The first, in point of time, was his translation of several select orations of Cicero. It has gone through several impressions, and was much used as a schoolbook, the Latin being printed on one side, and the English on the other. A new edition in this form appeared in 1792. Sir Charles Whitworth, in 1777, published Mr. Duncan’s version in English only, for the benefit of such young persons of both sexes, as have not had the benefit of a liberal education. The publication is in 2 vols. 8vo. In his preface, sir Charles speaks highly, and we believe justly, of Mr. Duncan’s merit as a translator, and ranks him with a Leland, a Hampton, and a Melmoth. Mr. Duncan accompanied his translation with short but judicious explanatory notes.
ur language would permit. Previously to our author’s publication of this work, he had been appointed professor of philosophy in the Alarischal college, Aberdeen. The royal
In 1748, Mr. Robert Dodsley published that work so
well adapted to the education of youth, entitled “The
Preceptor;
” and that it might be executed in the best
manner, called in the assistance of some of the ablest men
of the age, among whom may be reckoned the names of
David Fordyce, Dr. John Campbell, and Dr. Samuel
Johnson. The part of logic was assigned to Mr. Duncan,
and he discharged the task with an ability that excited general approbation. He has treated logic like one who was
a thorough master of it. Disdaining to copy servilely after
those who had gone before him, he struck out a plan of
his own, and managed it with so much perspicuity and
judgment, gave so clear and distinct a view of the furniture of our minds for the discovery of truth, and laid down
such excellent rules for the attainment of it, that his work
was reckoned one of the best introductions to the study
of philosophy and the mathematics in our own, or perhaps any other language. Mr. Duncan’s last production
was a translation of Ciesar’s Coaimentaries, which appeared
in the latter end of 1752, in one vol. folio. This work had
a double title to a favourable reception from the public,
being recommended both by its external and internal
merit. It is beautifully printed, and richly adorned with
a variety of fine cuts; and as to the translation, it is acknowledged to be the best that has been given in our
tongue of the Commentaries of Caesar. Mr. Duncan has
in a great measure caught the spirit of the original author,
and has preserved his turn of phrase and expression as far
as the nature of our language would permit. Previously
to our author’s publication of this work, he had been appointed professor of philosophy in the Alarischal college,
Aberdeen. The royal presentation, which conferred this
office upon him, was signed by the king at Hanover, May
18, 1752. Mr. Duncan, however, remained in London
till the summer of 1753, and was not admitted to his professorship of natural and experimental philosophy till Aug.
21, of the same year. While Mr. Duncan resided in the
metropolis, he was in the habits of intimacy with several of
the learned men who flourished at that time; and among
others, George Lewis Scot, and Dr. Armstrong, were his
particular friends. Indeed he was held in general esteem
on account of his private, as well as his literary character.
The sedentary life he had led before he came into the college at Aberdeen, had a good deal affected his constitution, and particularly his nerves; in consequence of which
he was subject to an occasional depression of spirits. By
this he was unfitted for great exertions, but not for his ordinary employment, or for enjoying the company of his
friends. He died a bachelor. May 1, 1760, in the fortythird year of his age. Mr. Duncan cannot so much be
said to have possessed genius, as good sense and taste;
and his parts were rather solid than shining. His temper
was social, his manners easy and agreeable, and his conversation entertaining and often lively. In his instructions
as a professor he was diligent and very accurate. His conduct was irreproachable, and he was regular in his attendance on the various institutions of public worship.
Soon after his settlement in the Marischal college, he
was admitted an elder of the consistory or church session
of Aberdeen, and continued to officiate as such till his
death.
, a Swedish divine, who became professor of philosophy at the university of Halle, and died at Stockholm,
, a Swedish divine, who
became professor of philosophy at the university of Halle,
and died at Stockholm, Jan. 6, 171)6, in the sixty-ninth
year of his age, was a member of several learned societies,
and owed much of his reputation to a work he published
in German, called “An Inquiry into the doctrine respecting the salvation of Heathens,
” or “The New apology
for Socrates,
” which was translated from German into
French by Dumas, and published at Amsterdam in 1773,
8vo. It contains also a defence of Marmontel’s “Belisarius,
” which at that time had occasioned a controversy in
Holland and Germany. Eberhard had among his countrymen the reputation of a man who was a powerful advocate
for revealed religion in its original simplicity.
, an eminent naturalist, was born at Quedlinburgh, June 22, 1744, and became professor of philosophy at Gottingen, where he had studied, and where
, an eminent
naturalist, was born at Quedlinburgh, June 22, 1744, and
became professor of philosophy at Gottingen, where he
had studied, and where he died, too soon for the sciences,
August 15, 1777, aged only thirty-three years, during
the latter part of which his merit had procured him admission into most of the learned societies of Europe. In 177 1
he published “Practical Observations on the Veterinary
Art,
” in which he had attained great knowledge, This
work relates to the diseases of domestic animals, and particularly that among the horned cattle, for which a method
of inoculation was attempted, the result of which was that
out of nine only four died from inoculation, whereas in
the natural way seven out of nine perished: but the chief
advantage of the experiment was, that the inoculated cattle
were never subject to a fresh attack of the disease. His
other works are, “Dissertations relative to Natural Philosophy and Chemistry,
” 2 vols. 8vo, Gottingen, fourth edition, improved
by Gmelin
” Elements of Physic,“Francfort, 1794, 8vo,
sixth edition, with additions by Lichtenberg
” Elements
of Chemistry," Gottingen, 1790, 8vo, the third edition, &c.
ome in pursuit of knowledge, and entered himself a member of the society of Jesus. He was afterwards professor of philosophy, and then of theology in the university of Padua,
, a learned Jesuit, was a
native of Crete, and supposed to be descended from the
imperial family of the Palseologi. He went to Rome in
pursuit of knowledge, and entered himself a member of the
society of Jesus. He was afterwards professor of philosophy, and then of theology in the university of Padua, rector of the Greek college in Rome, and censor of the inquisition. He was honoured with the esteem and friendship
of pope Urban VIII. who appointed him chaplain to his
nephew cardinal Francis Barberini, when he was sent papal
legate into France. He died at Rome Dec. 24, 1625. He
was suspected to be the author of a work entitled “Admonitio ad Regem Ludovicum XIII.
” which attacked the
authority of the kings of France, in matters of an ecclesiastical nature. This treatise brought the Jesuits into general disrepute; it was likewise censured by the faculty of
the Sorbonne, and the assembly of the clergy at Paris in
1626, and condemned by the parliament. He merits notice here, however, chiefly for having frequently entered
the lists of controversy with many eminent English divines,
who wrote against popery about the beginning of the
seventeenth century, particularly Burhill, Prideaux, Abbot, and Collins, but the titles of his works may now be
spared.
at St. Quintin, when he entered the congregation of the oratory at Paris. He rose to be successively professor of philosophy at Itumilly in Savoy, at Toulon, Riom, Mans, and
, a voluminous French writer,
or rather compiler, was born April 25, 1668, at Paris, the
son of an eminent surgeon. He was subdeacon, and bachelor of the Sorbonne, and had been second teacher at
St. Quintin, when he entered the congregation of the oratory at Paris. He rose to be successively professor of philosophy at Itumilly in Savoy, at Toulon, Riom, Mans, and
Nantes; afterwards taught theology three years at Riom,
and during three more at the seminary of the congregation at Lyons. While he lived in the last named city, he
published a small dictionary, Latin and French, 8vo, compiled from the best classical authors, which has passed
through several editions; and he also published at Lyons,
in 1709, a new edition of Richelet’s dictionary, 2 vols. folio,
under the title of Amsterdam, which edition was suppressed
on account of several theological articles respecting the
affairs of the times; and because in his list of authors, he
bestowed great encomiums on Messrs, of Port Royal, but
none on their adversaries. This obliged him to quit the
oratory, and retire to Clermont in Auvergne, where, being
destitute of a maintenance, he undertook the education of
some children, and had recourse to father Tellier, a Jesuit,
the king’s confessor, who twice supplied him with money.
In the latter end of 171 Fabre again entered the congregation of the oratory, and was sent to Douay, where he
wrote a small pamphlet, entitled “Entretigns de Christine^
et de Pelagie, sur la lecture de PEcriture-Sainte
” which
is still in request. Having afterwards preached the Sunday sermons of the oratory of Tragany with great credit (for he had also talents for preaching), he went to reside at
Montmorency, towards the end of 1723, and there began
his “Continuation de l'Histoire Ecclesiastique, de feu M.
TAbbe Fleury;
” and published 16 vols. 4to or 12mb, which
induced his superiors to invite him again to their houses,
Rue St. Honore*, at Paris, where he died, October 22, 1755,
aged eighty-five, much lamented by his brethren and
friends, for his mildness, candour, modesty, and virtue.
The discourse “Sur le renouvellement des etudes ecclesiastiques,
” &c. at the beginning of the thirteenth volume
of the Continuation, is by the abbe Goujet. This Continuation discovers great learning, and facility in writing,
but has neither the wit, penetration, character, style, nor
accuracy of judgment possessed by the abbe Fleury. Fabre
would have carried it on much farther, but was forbidden
to print any new volumes. He made the index to M, de
Thou’s history translated into French, 4to, and had begun
one to the “Journal des Sgavans,
” but soon gave up his
undertaking to the abbe* de Claustre, to whom the public
owes that useful work, 10 vols. 4to. Fabre also left a moderate translation of Virgil, 4 vols. 12mo, and a translation
of the Fables of Phaedrus, Paris, 1728, 12mo, with notes.
rned Jesuit, was born in the diocese of Bellay in 1606 or 1607. He for a long time held the chair of professor of philosophy in the college de la Trinit at Lyons; but in consequence
, an industrious and learned Jesuit,
was born in the diocese of Bellay in 1606 or 1607. He
for a long time held the chair of professor of philosophy in
the college de la Trinit at Lyons; but in consequence of
his profound knowledge of theology, he was called to
Home, where he was made a penitentiary. He died in
that city on the 9th of March, 1688. He was a man of
most extensive and universal knowledge, and studied medicine and anatomy with considerable ardour. He assumed
the credit of the discovery of the circulation of the blood,
and father Regnault, and other credulous persons, have
supported his assumption, on the grounds that he had main*tained the fact of the circulation in a discussion in 1638:
but Harvey had published his discovery in 1623. The
medical works of this Jesuit consist of an apology for the
Peruvian bark, in answer to Plempius, which he published
at Rome in 1655, under the title of “Pulvis Peruvianus
Febrii'ugus vindicatus;
” and two other essays, one, “De
Plantis, et Generatione Animalium,
” the other, “De Homine,
” published at Paris in
where he took his degree of doctor in divinity in 1704, and taught for some time, and afterwards was professor of philosophy for three years. He was then appointed regent
, a learned Italian orator and
grammarian, was born Jan. 4, 1682, at Toreglia, and studied principally at Padua, where he took his degree of
doctor in divinity in 1704, and taught for some time, and
afterwards was professor of philosophy for three years. He
was then appointed regent of the schools. As the Greek
and Latin languages were now his particular department,
he bestowed much pains in providing his scholars with
suitable assistance, and with that view, reviewed and published new and improved editions of the Lexicons of Calepinus, Nizolius, and Schrevelius. Some years after he
was promoted to be logic professor, and in that as well as
the former situation, endeavoured to introduce a more correct and useful mode of teaching, and published a work on
the subject for the use of his students. In 1739, when the
business of teaching metaphysics was united to that of
logic, Facciolati was desirous of resigning, that he might
return to his original employment; but the magistrates of
Padua would by no means allow that their university should
be deprived of his name, and therefore, allowing him to
retain his title and salary, only wished him to take in hand
the history of the university of Padua, which Papadopoli
had written, and continue it down to the present time.
This appears, from a deficiency of proper records, a very
arduous task, yet by dint of perseverance he accomplished
it in a manner, which although not perfectly satisfactory,
as far as regards the “Fasti Gymnastici,
” yet was entirely
so in the “Syntagmata.
” He wrote also some works in
theology and morals, and had the ambition to be thought a
poet, but his biographer Fabroni thinks that in this he was
not successful. His principal excellence was as a classical
scholar and critic, especially in the Latin, and his high
fame procured him an invitation from the king of Portugal
to superintend a college for the young nobility at Lisbon,
but he excused himself on account of his advanced age.
Fabroni mentions a set of china sent to him by this sovereign, which he says was a very acceptable present, and
corresponded to the elegant furniture of Facciolati’s house.
He had a garden in which he admitted no plants or fruittrees but what were of the most choice and rare kind, and
four or five apples from Facciolati’s garden was thought no
mean present. In every thing he was liberal to his friends,
and most benevolent to the poor. He died in advanced
age of the iliac passion, Aug. 27, 1769.
e he had taken a doctor’s’ degree in the college della Sapienza. Francis II. duke of Modena made him professor of philosophy and geometry in his capital; but he gave up that
, a celebrated professor of astronomy and natural history at Padua, was born in
1650, of a noble family, at Tripani in Sicily. He entered
the third order of St. Francis; taught mathematics at Messina, and theology at Rome, where he had taken a doctor’s’
degree in the college della Sapienza. Francis II. duke of
Modena made him professor of philosophy and geometry
in his capital; but he gave up that situation to go to Venice, where he quitted the Franciscan habit in 1693, by
permission of the pope, and took that of a secular priest.
He was afterwards appointed professor of astronomy and
physic in the university of Padua, and died at Naples, from
a second attack of an apoplexy, January 2, 1718. Fardella had a lively genius and fertile imagination, but became 50 absent, by a habit of profound thought, that he
sometimes appeared to have lost his senses. He left sereral works on literature, philosophy, and mathematics;
some in Latin, others in Italian. The principal are, “Universae Philosophise Systema,
” Venice, 16iU, 12mo; “Universae Usualis Mathematics Theoria,
” 12mo; “Animoe
humanae Natura ab Augustino detecta,
”
, professor of philosophy in the Marischal college, Aberdeen, and author
, professor of philosophy in the Marischal college, Aberdeen, and author of several valuable works, was born in that city, in 1711, probably in March, as we find he was baptized on April 1. His father was an eminent merchant, who had a family of twenty children by his wife, a sister to Dr. Thomas Blackwell, of whom we have already given an account. This, their second son, after being educated at the grammar school of his native city, was entered of Marischal college in 1724, where he went through a course of philosophy under professor Daniel Garden, and of mathematics under Mr. John Stewart. He took his degree of M. A. in 1728, when he was but little more than seventeen years old. Being intended for the church, his next application was to the study of divinity, under the professor of that branch, Mr. James Chalmers, a man of great learning and piety, whom the editor of this Dictionary is proud to record as his grandfather. Mr. Fordyce studied divinity with great ardour, the utmost of his ambition being ordination in a church that affords her sons but a moderate emolument. Circumstances with which we are unacquainted, appear to have prevented his full intention, as he never became a settled minister in the establishment of his native country. He was admitted, however, to what may be termed the first degree of orders in the church of Scotland, that is, he was licensed to preach, and continued to preach occasionally for some time. He is said, indeed, to have been once domestic chaplain to John Hopkins, esq. of Bretons, near Rumford, in Essex, who had a regular service every Sunday in the chapel of the house; but there is reason to think he did not continue long in this situation, and that he returned home, as in Sept. 1742 he was appointed one of the professors of philosophy in the Marischal college. The duties of the philosophic professorship at that time included natural history, chronology, Greek and Roman antiquities, mechanics, optics, and astronomy, which were taught during three sessions, or years, to the same pupils. This system is now altered, but that My. Fordyce was well qualified for the above-mentioned laborious task was universally acknowledged.
s not appear for what reason, Nov. 25, the same year, and was succeeded therein by Mr. Mungo Murray, professor of philosophy at St. Andrew’s in Scotland. Murray marrying in
, an English mathematician, and
professor of astronomy at Gresham college, was born in
Northamptonshire or as Aubrey says, at Coventry, where
he adds that he was some time usher of the school and
was sent to Emanuel college, Cambridge, in 1616. He
took the degree of B. A. in 1619, and of master in 1623.
He applied early to the mathematics, and attained to great
proficiency in that kind of knowledge, of which he gave
the first specimen in 1624. He had an elder brother at
the same college with himself, which precluded him from a
fellowship; in consequence of which, he offered himself a
candidate for the professorship of astronomy in Gresham
college, Feb. 1636, and was elected the 2 d of March. He
quitted it again, it does not appear for what reason, Nov.
25, the same year, and was succeeded therein by Mr.
Mungo Murray, professor of philosophy at St. Andrew’s in
Scotland. Murray marrying in 1641, his professorship
was thereby vacated; and as Foster bad before made way
for him, so he in his turn made way for Foster, who was
re-elected May 22, the same year. The civil war breaking out soon after, he became one of that society of gentlemen, who had stated meetings for cultivating philosophy,
and afterwards were established by charter, under the
name of the royal society, in the reign of Charles II. In
1646, Dr. Wallis, another member of that society, received from Foster a mathematical theorem, which he
afterwards published in his “Mechanics.
” Neither was it
only in this branch of science that he excelled, but he was
likewise well versed in the ancient languages; as appear!
from his revising and correcting the “Lemmata
” of Archimedes, which had been translated from an Arabic manuscript into Latin, but not published, by Mr. John
Greaves. He made also several curious observations upon
eclipses, both of the sun and moon, as well at Gresham
college, as in Northamptonshire, at Coventry, and in other
places; and was particularly famous for inventing, as well
as improving, astronomical and other mathematical instruments. After being long in a declining state of health, he
died in July 1652, at his own apartment at Gresham college, and, according to Aubrey, was buried in the church
of St. Peter le poor. His works are, 1. “The Description
and use of -a small portable Quadrant, for the more easy
finding of the hour of azimuth/' 1624, 4to, This treatise,
which has been reprinted several times, is divided into
two parts, and was originally published at the end of Gunter’s
” Description of the Cross Staffe in three hooks,“to
which it was intended as an appendix. 2.
” The Art of
Dialling,“1638, 4to. Reprinted in 1675, with several
additions and variations from the author’s own manuscript,
as also a supplement by the editor William Leybourne.
Our author himself published no more, yet left many
other treatises, which, though not finished in the manner
he intended, were published by his friends after his death
as, 3.
” Posthuinu Fosteri containing the description of
a Ruler, upon which are inscribed divers scales, &c.“1652,
4to. This was published by Edmund Wingate, esq. 4.
” Four Treatises of Dialling,“1654, 4to. 5.
” The Sector altered, and other scales added, with the description
and use thereof, invented and written by Mr. Foster, and
now published by William Leybourne, 1661,“4to. This
was an improvement of Gunter’s Sector, and therefore
published among his works. 6.
” Miscellanies, or Mathematical Lucubrations of Mr. Samuel Foster, published,
and many of them translated into English, by the care and
industry of John Twysden, C. L. M. D. whereunto he hath
annexed some things of his own." The treatises in this
collection are of different kinds, some of them written in
Latin, some in English.
to an acquaintance with the latter, by whose orders he came to Paris in 1636, and in 1637 was chosen professor of philosophy in the abbey of iSt. Genevieve. His first course
, canon regular of the congregation of St. Genevieve, and chancellor of the university of
Paris, was born at Angers in 1614. His father was a notstry of that place. He was first educated under a private
ecclesiastic in the neighbourhood of Angers, and is said to
have made such rapid progress in these his early studies,
that in less than five years he could readily translate into
Latin and Greek. On his return to Angers he studied
three years in the college of the oratory there, and was
afterwards sent to that of La Fleche, where he completed
his classical course. In 1630 he took the habit of a canon
regular of the abbey of Toussaint, at Augers, and made
profession the year following. Having dedicated his philosophical thesis to father Favre, this led to an acquaintance with the latter, by whose orders he came to Paris in
1636, and in 1637 was chosen professor of philosophy in
the abbey of iSt. Genevieve. His first course of philosophical lectures being finished in 1639, he was employed
to lecture on divinity, which he did with equal reputation,
following the principles of St. Thomas, to which he was
much attached; but his lectures were not dry and scholastic, but enlivened by references to the fathers, and to
ecclesiastical history, a knowledge of which he thought
would render them more useful to young students: and
besides his regular lectures on theology, he held every
week a conference on some subject of morals, or some part
of the scriptures. Jansenius having published his “Augustinus,
” he read it with attention, and thought he discovered in it the true sentiments of St. Augustine. Some
time after, the Jesuits having invited him to be present at
the theological theses of the college of Clermont, and
having requested him to open the ceremony, he delivered
a very learned and eloquent discourse, which was at first
well received, but having attacked a proposition concerning predestination, he was suspected of inclining towards
innovation. In a conference, however, with two fathers
of the congregation, he explained his sentiments in such a
manner as to satisfy them. In 1648 he was made chancellor of the university of Paris, although with some opposition from the members of the university, not upon his
own account, but that of the fathers of the congregation
in general, who had rendered themselves obnoxious to the
university by the erection of a number of independent
seminaries.
habit in 1575. After studying under Bellarmin, Saurez, and Christopher Clavius, he was for some time professor of philosophy and Hebrew in the Italian college at Rome; and
, a person memorable in English
history for having been privy to the celebrated conspiracy
called “The Gunpowder Plot,
” was born in Nottinghamshire in Whether, for the sake of promoting the catholic religion, it
might be permitted, should necessity so require, to involve the innocent in the same destruction with the guilty?
”
to which this casuist replied without hesitating, that, “if
the guilty should constitute the greater number, it might.
”
This impious determination gave the first motion to that
horrible conspiracy, which was to have destroyed at one
stroke the king, the royal family, and both houses of parliament; but the plot being providentially discovered,
Garnet was sent to the Tower, and was afterwards tried,
condemned to be hanged for high-treason, and executed at
the west end of St. Paul’s, May 3, 1606. He declared
just before his execution, that he was privy to the gunpowder plot; but, as it was revealed to him in confession,
thought it his duty to conceal it. But besides this miserable subterfuge, it was proved that he knew something of
it, out of confession. He has been placed by the Jesuits
among their noble army of martyrs. He was pyobably an
enthusiast, and certainly behaved at his execution in a
manner that would have done credit to a better cause. It
is said, however, upon other authority, that he declined
the honour of martyrdom, exclaiming, “Me niartyretn
O quale martyrem
” “I a martyr! O what a martyr!
”
Dodd’s account of his execution is rather interesting. He
published some works, among which are enumerated, i.
“A treatise of Christian Renovation or Birth,
” London,
Canisius’s Catechism, translated from the
Latin,
” ibid.
age; and he had been engaged in this not above three years, when his master Fesay dying, he was made professor of philosophy in his room at Aix.
, a very eminent mathematician and philosopher, was born Jan. 22, N. S. 1592, at a village called Chantersier, about three miles from Digne in Provence, in France. His father, Antony Gassendi, a Roman catholic, educated him with great piety, and the first words he learned to pronounce were those of his prayers. This practice made such an impression upon his infant mind, that at four years of age he demonstrated the good effects of it in reproving or exhorting his playfellows, as occasion prompted. In these first years of his youth he likewise took particular delight in gazing at the moon and stars, in clear uncloudy weather, and was so intent on these observations in solitary places, that his parents had him often to seek, not without many anxious fears. At a proper age they put him to school at Digne, to Godfrey Wendeline, an excellent master, under whose care he made a quick and extraordinary progress in learning. In a very short time he learned not only the elements of the Latin language, but was so far advanced in rhetoric as to be superior to all the boys in that school; and some friends who had witnessed his proficiency, recommended to have him removed, in order to study philosophy under Fesay, a very learned Minorite friar, then at Aix. This proposal was not much relished by his father, whose design was to breed up his son in his own way to country business, or farming, as a more profitable employment than that of a scholar, nor would he consent but upon condition that the boy should return home in two years at farthest. Young Gassendi accordingly, at the end of his allotted time, repaired to Chantersier; but he did not stay there long, being invited to be a teacher of rhetoric at Digne, before he was full sixteen years of age; and he had been engaged in this not above three years, when his master Fesay dying, he was made professor of philosophy in his room at Aix.
licensed to preach in the church of Scotland, and in 1750 was chosen assistant to Mr. David Fordyce, professor of philosophy in the Marischal college at Aberdeen, and in two
, an eminent divine of the
church of Scotland, eldest son of the rev. Gilbert Gerard,
minister of Chapel-Garioch, in Aberdeenshire, was born
there Feb. 22, 1728; he was educated partly at the parish
school of Foveran, whence he was removed to the grammar-school at Aberdeen, after his father’s death. Here
he made such rapid progress, that he was entered a student in Marischal-college when he was but twelve years
of age. He devoted his first four years to the study of
Greek, Latin, the mathematics, and philosophy, and was
at the close of the course admitted to the degree of M. A.
He now commenced his theological studies, whtch he prosecuted at the universities of Aberdeen and Edinburgh.
Immediately on the completion of his twentieth year, in
1748, he was licensed to preach in the church of Scotland, and in 1750 was chosen assistant to Mr. David Fordyce, professor of philosophy in the Marischal college at
Aberdeen, and in two years afterwards, upon the death of
the professor, Gerard was appointed to succeed him.
Here, after a short time, the department assigned to Mr.
Gerard was confined to moral philosophy and logic, the
duties of which he discharged with conscientious and unwearied diligence, and with equal success and reputation.
He was a member of a literary society at Aberdeen, consisting of Drs. Blackwell, Gregory, Reid, Campbell,
Beattie, &c. which met very regularly every fortnight
during the winter, when the members communicated their
sentiments with the utmost freedom, and received mutual
improvement from their literary discussions; and hence originated those well-known works, Reid’s “Inquiry into the
Human Mind
” Gregory’s “Comparative View;
” Gerard’s
“Essay on Genius
” Beattie’s “Essay on Truth
” andCampbell’s “Philosophy of Rhetoric.
” In An Essay
on Taste,
” which was published in Dissertations on the Genius
and Evidences of Christianity,
” published in Essay on Gesius,
” and his sermons in 2 volumes. In 1799
his son and successor, Dr. Gilbert Gerard, gave the world
a posthumous work of much merit, which had been left
among the papers of his father, entitled “The Pastoral
Care,
” which made a part of his theological course of
lectures. As a clergyman the conduct of Dr. Gerard was
marked with prudence, exemplary manners, and the most
punctual and diligent discharge of his ministerial duties;
his sermons were simple and plain, adapted to the common
class of hearers, but so accurate as to secure the approbation of the ablest judges. As a professor of divinity, his
great aim was not to impose by his authority upon his
pupils any favourite system of opinions; but to impress
them with a sense of the importance of the ministerial office; to teach them the proper manner of discharging all
its duties; and to enable them, by the knowledge of the
scriptures, to form a just and impartial judgment on controverted subjects. Possessing large stores of theological
knowledge, he was judicious in selecting his subjects,
happy and successful in his manner of communicating instruction. He had the merit of introducing a new, and in
many respects a better plan of theological education, than
those on which it had formerly been conducted. Having
a constant regard to whatever was practically useful, rather
than to unedifying speculations, he enjoined no duty
which he was unwilling to exemplify in his own conduct.
In domestic life he was amiable and exemplary; in his
friendships steady and disinterested, and in his intercourse with society, hospitable, benevolent, and unassuming; uniting to the decorum of the Christian pastor,
the good breeding of a gentleman, and the cheerfulness,
affability, and ease of an agreeable companion.
r the treatise on canonization which that pontiff published some years afterwards. In 1742 he became professor of philosophy in the convent of Macerata, and in 1747 published
, a Roman cardinal,
and a metaphysician of very considerable talents, was born
at Samoens, in one of the northern districts of the Piedmontese dominions, in 1718. He was first instructed by
an uncle, who afterwards placed him in the royal college
at Anneci. In 1732 he entered the Barnabite order, and
as soon as his divinity studies were finished, removed to
Bologna, where he so recommeuded himself to Benedict
XIV. then archbishop of that city, as to be employed by
him in making extracts, translating passages and collecting
hints for the treatise on canonization which that pontiff
published some years afterwards. In 1742 he became
professor of philosophy in the convent of Macerata, and in
1747 published at Turin his best metaphysical work, a
“Treatise on the Immortality of the Soul,
” which originated in this expression of Locke, that “we shall never
know whether God has not communicated the power of
thinking to matter.
” Gerdil, in opposition to this opinion,
which it is well known occasioned the charge of irreligion
against Locke, maintains that “the immateriality of the
soul can be demonstrated from the same principles by
which Locke argues the existence and immateriality of the
Supreme Being.
” Those, however, who gave father Gerdil credit for his success in this argument, were less pleased
with finding that in his next work, published at Turin
in 1748, a “Treatise on the nature and origin of Ideas,
”
he maintained the opinions of Malebranche against those
of Locke; and this his biographer considers as a retrograde
step in metaphysics.
his eldest son, John Ernest, who was born at Jena in 1621, and studied at Altdorf. He was appointed professor of philosophy at Wittemberg in 1616, and in 1652 was nominated
, an eminent German Lutheran divine, was born at Quedlinburgh, in Saxony, Oct. 17, 1582,
where he was partly educated, but in 1599, was sent to
Wittemberg, and studied philosophy and divinity under
the ablest masters. In 1601, by the advice of Rauchbach,
a counsellor and vice-chancellor of Saxony (for his father died in 1598) he went through a course of medical studies,
but about two years after, recollecting a vow he had made
during a fit of sickness, he returned again to divinity, the
study of which he farther prosecuted at Jena, to which
he first went as tutor to his friend llauchbach’s son. In
1603 he took his master’s degree here, and in 1604 removing with his pupil to Marpurg, he continued his theological studies, and learned Hebrew. In 1605 he returned
to Jena, took his degree in philosophy, and having been
ordained, was appointed by John Casimir, duke of Saxony,
to a church in Franconia, and at the same time to be professor of divinity in the Casimirian college of Cobourg.
In 1616. by consent of his liberal patron, he accepted the
professorship of divinity at Jena, and continued in that office during the remainder of his life. He was four times
chosen rector of the university, and encreased his reputation by a vast variety of publications which made him
known to all the literati of Europe, many of whom, both
protestants and catholics, bore testimony to his extensive
learning, piety, and usefulness, both as a divine and
teacher. He died of a fever, Aug. 17, 1637. His works,
which are written in Latin and German, consist of treatises
on various theological subjects, critical and polemical;
commentaries on various books of the Old and New Testament common-places, &c. &c. One only of these, his
“Meditations,
” is well known in this country, having gone
through many editions, and having also been translated
into most European languages and into Greek. He left a
numerous family, some of whom became distinguished
as divines, particularly his eldest son, John Ernest, who
was born at Jena in 1621, and studied at Altdorf. He was
appointed professor of philosophy at Wittemberg in 1616,
and in 1652 was nominated professor of history at Jena.
Like his father he devoted mucli of his time to biblical and
theological learning. He died in 1688. Among his works
are, “Harmonia Linguarnm Orientalium;
” “Dispurationum theologicarum Fasciculus;
” De F.cclesiae Copticæ
Ortu, Progressu, et Doctrina." There is a very minute
and curious history of this family in the work from which
these particulars have been taken, with much collateral information respecting the theological writers and controversies during the life of the elder Gerhard.
degree at Basil. He then returned to Zurich, and entered upon practice, and in a short time was made professor of philosophy, a charge which he filled with great reputation
His original destination was the church, but having from
his infancy a great inclination to physic, he now resolved
to apply to that study as a means of livelihood. After a
suitable course of reading, he resigned his school, and
went to Basil, his pension being still continued, and entered on a regular course of medical instructions. From a
desire to be able to read the Greek physicians, he contitinued to improve himself in that language, and was so
well known for his critical skill in it, that he was promoted,
in about a year, to be Greek professor at Lausanne, where
an university had been just founded by the senate of Berne.
The advantages of this professorship not only enabled him
to maintain his family, but to proceed in his medical studies and botanical pursuits, which ended at last in his
taking a doctor’s degree at Basil. He then returned to
Zurich, and entered upon practice, and in a short time
was made professor of philosophy, a charge which he filled
with great reputation for twenty-four years, at the end of
which he fell a victim to the more immediate duties of his
profession, having caught the plague, of which he died
Dec. 13, 1565, when only in his forty-ninth year. When
he found his end approaching, he requested to be carried
into his museum, where he expired amid the monuments
of his labours. His piety and benevolence were no less
eminent than his talents, which were great and universal.
He wrote, with much ability, on grammar, botany^ pharmacy, medicine, natural philosophy, and history; but his
fame now rests chiefly on the following works: l.“Bibliotheca universalis,
” or a catalogue of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew books, printed at Zurich, 1545, in one volume folio,
with criticisms, and often specimens of each. Of this there
have been various abridgments and continuations. The
edition of 1583 by Frisius, is usually reckoned the best.
Gesner’s “Pandectarum, sive partitionum universalium,
”
should also be added as a second volume to his “Bibliotheca.
” It was printed in Historiee Animalium,
” comprised in five books, making three folio vols.
with numerous wooden cuts. The first was published at
Zurich in 1551, the last in 1587, after the decease of the
author. There is also an edition in German. This vast
compilation, containing a critical revisal of all that had
been done before him in zoology the^ work of a physician,
who raised and maintained himself by his practice, and
who was cut off in the middle of a most active and useful
life might be supposed the labour of a recluse, shut up
for an age in his study, and never diverted from his object
by any other cares. Although it does not extend to insects or shells, his observations respecting the former
make apart of the work of Mouflet, entitled “Insectorum
sive Minimorum Animalium Theatrum,
” published at London in Icones Animalium,
” with their nomenclature, form a
separate publication from the above, consisting of the
wooden cuts and names only. 3. “Aquatilium Animautiuin Enumeratio juxta Plinium,
” a little 8ro, printed at
Zurich in 1556. 4. “De Lacte,
” treating of milk and its
preparations, from various authors, Zurich, 1541, in 8vo.
5. “De Secretia Remediis Thesaurus;
” a Pharmacopeia,
which has gone through a number of editions in various
languages. 6. “De raris et admirandis herbis, quse sive
quod noctu luceant, sive alias ob causas, Lunariae nominantur,
” with wooden cuts, Zurich, De oinni rerum Fossiliuin genere, Zurich, 1565, 8vo. Also
” De rerum Fossilium, Lapidum et Gemmarum maxiiue figuris.“The
botanical remarks relative to the scientific arrangement of
plants, on which the supereminent merits of this great
man are founded, are chiefly to be gathered from his letters, which were published after his death. From the
number of wooden cuts, and of drawings, which he had
prepared) it is probable he meditated a general
” History
of Plants," the future arrangement of which frequently
occupied his thoughts, and prompted many of these letters. Gesner’s wife survived him, and notwithstanding
the dangerous nature of his disease, which was accompanied with a pestilential carbuncle, she did not desert
his death-bed, for he expired in her arms. He left
no offspring, but at his death there remained alive of
Andrew Gesner, his father’s brother, one hundred and
thirty-five descendants, in children, grand-children, and
great grand-children. From the latter are descended the
modern family of Gesners, some of whom we are about
to notice. His remains were honourably interred the day
after his decease, in the cloister of the great church at Zurich, near those of his intimate friend, Frysjus, who died
the preceding year. Abundance of Latin, and some Greek
verses, were composed to his honour, and his life, written
by his countryman Josias Sirnler, was published in the ensuing year. Haller mentions Gesner as probably the first
person who, being short-sighted, found the advantage of
concave glasses.
ame a man of considerable consequence in his order. Besides filling some 'ecclesiastic posts, he was professor of philosophy and divinity in Italy, Spain, Portugal, at Toulouse
, a learned English Jesuit, was
born in Winchester in 1549, and going abroad, became a
man of considerable consequence in his order. Besides
filling some 'ecclesiastic posts, he was professor of philosophy and divinity in Italy, Spain, Portugal, at Toulouse in
France, and lastly at Doway, where he lived during his
latter years, and employed his leisure time in publishing
editions of various works from Mss. illustrated with notes.
He died there June 21, 1632. His works are, 1. “Nicolai
Harpsfeldii Hist. Eccles. Angliae.
” 2. “Opera divi jElredi,
abbatis Riavallensis, Cisterciensis,
” Doway, Divi Amaduei, Episc. Lausannae, de Maria virgine
matre, Homilia? octo,
” Audomaropoli (St. Omer’s), 12mo.
4. “Vita bead Gosvini, &c.
” 5. “Summa casuum conscientiae Francisci Toleti cardinalis,
” with notes. 6. “F.
Riberee Comment, in duodecirn prophetas minores,
” Doway,
orn January 17, 1662, at Aix in Provence. He took a bachelor’s degree in divinity, and was appointed professor of philosophy at Beauvais at the age of twenty-four, and professor
, an elegant French scholar, was
born January 17, 1662, at Aix in Provence. He took a
bachelor’s degree in divinity, and was appointed professor
of philosophy at Beauvais at the age of twenty-four, and
professor of rhetoric four years after, at the Mazarine
college, in which the exercises began 1688, and were
opened by him with a public speech. He filled this chair
with much credit above fifty years, and formed a great
number of excellent scholars, by whom he had the art of
making himself beloved. He was several times rector of
the university of Paris, and defended its rights with zeal
and firmness. In 1728 he succeeded his friend, the celebrated Pourchot, as syndic of the university; and it was
in this character that he made a requisition in the general
assembly of the university in 1739, by which he formed
an opposition to the revocation of the appeal which the university had made from the bull Unigenitus to a future council; which step occasioned his being banished to Auxerre.
He died in the bishop of Auxerre’s house, October 28,
1741. His principal work is entitled, “Jugement des Savans, sur les Auteurs qui ont traite de la Rhtorique,
”
3 vois. 12mo. He also left “Traite de la veritable Eloquence,
” and “Reflexions sur la Rheiorique,
” in 4 books,
where he answers the objections of P. Lami; “La Rhetorique, ou les Regies de TEloquence,
” 12mo, the best
work the French have upon that subject.
o Germany, where he taught the civil law with high repute, first at Strasburg, where he was likewise professor of philosophy; then in the university of Altdorf, and at last
, a
learned critic and civilian, was born at Buren in Guelderland in 1534. He studied at Louvain and at Paris, and
was the first who erected the library of the German nation
at Orleans. He took the degree of doctor of civil law
there in 1567; and went thence to Italy in the retinue of
the French ambassador. Afterwards he removed to Germany, where he taught the civil law with high repute, first
at Strasburg, where he was likewise professor of philosophy; then in the university of Altdorf, and at last at Ingoldstadt. He forsook the protestant religion to embrace
the Roman catholic. He was invited to the imperial court,
and honoured with the office of counsellor to the emperor
Rodolph. He died at Prague in 1609, if we believe some
authors; but Thuanus, who is more to be depended on,
places his death in 1604. He wrote notes and comments
upon Aristotle’s “Politics and Ethics,
” and on Homer and
Lucretius; and published also several pieces relating to
civil law.
born at St. Malo in 1653, and having been educated in the academies belonging to his order, was made professor of philosophy and classics, which he taught for eight years
, a learned Jesuit, and secretary
to the Chinese missionaries, was born at St. Malo in 1653,
and having been educated in the academies belonging to
his order, was made professor of philosophy and classics,
which he taught for eight years with reputation. He then
came to Paris, where he was appointed secretary and procurator to the Chinese missionaries. He died May 1708.
He wrote many tracts on the progress of religion in China,
and entered warmly into the disputes between the missionaries on the worship of Confucius. The best known of
his works are, his “Lettres sur les Progres de la Religion a
la Chine,
” Hist, de PEditde P empereur
de la Chine en faveur de la religion Chretienne,
” Hist, des Isles Mariannes,
” Lettres edifiantes et
curieuses,
” written by the Chinese missionaries. Of these
letters there was afterwards a collection made, extending
to 34 vols. 12mo; and in 1780, the abbe de Querbeuf published a new edition in 26 vols. They are still consulted
as affording information respecting the natural history,
geography, and politics of the countries which the Jesuits
had explored, although they are not unfrequently mixed
with improbable tales.
nt to study theology for four years at Salamanca in Spain. Upon his return in 1688, he was appointed professor of philosophy in the university of Bologna, and was also made
, a learned cardinal, was born
at Bologna Sept. 5, 1664. He was the son of James Gotti,
a doctor of laws, and professor in the university of Bologna.
In 1680 he became of the Dominican order, and having
completed his course of philosophy at Bologna, was sent to
study theology for four years at Salamanca in Spain. Upon his return in 1688, he was appointed professor of philosophy in the university of Bologna, and was also made
prior and provincial of his order, and inquisitor of Milan.
In 1728, pope Benedict XIII. created him a cardinal, and
three years afterwards appointed him member of the congregation for examining bishops; and such was his reputation, that in the last conclave, held during his time, a considerable number of the cardinals were for his being raised
to the papal throne. Soon after this he died at Rome in
1742. His works are much valued by the catholics in
Italy, and display considerable erudition. Of these the
principal are, 1. “De vera Christi Ecclesia,
” Rome, Theologia Scholastico-dogmatica, juxta mentem divi
Thornse Aquinatis, &c.
” 6 vols. 4to. 3. “Colloquia Theologica-polemica, in tres classes distributa, &c.
” Bologna,
4to. 4. “De Eligenda inter Dissidentes Christianos Sententia,
” written in answer to a piece with the same title,
by Le Clerc; and an elaborate work in defence of the truth
of the Christian religion against atheists, idolaters, Mahometans, Jews, &c. 1735 1740, in 12 vols. He was employed at the time of his death in writing “A Commentary
on the Book of Genesis.
” A long life of him, “De vita et
studiis, &c.
” 4to, was published at Rome in
rather, however, in theory than practice, was born at Konigsberg in 1700, and attained the office of professor of philosophy, logic, and metaphysics at Leipsic, where he died
, a German poet,
rather, however, in theory than practice, was born at Konigsberg in 1700, and attained the office of professor of
philosophy, logic, and metaphysics at Leipsic, where he
died in 1766. His works, both original and republished,
contributed in a considerable degree to diffuse a taste for
elegant literature in Germany, as well as to refine the
German language. Among these we find, 1. “An Introduction to Dramatic Poetry, or a Review of all the tragedies, comedies, and operas, which have appeared in Germany from 1450 to the middle of the eighteenth century,
”
Leipsic, The German Poets, published by
John Joachim, a Suabian,
” ibid. Rape of the Lock;
” and since her death, in
” Florence, 1609, 4to. He dedicated this work to the grand duke. Cosmo Til. who appointed the author professor of philosophy in the university of Pisa. From this time Grandius
, a philosopher and
mathematician, was born Oct. 1, 1671, at Cremona, where
his father, a branch of a decayed family, carried on the
business of ai> embroiderer. His mother, a woman of considerable talents, taught him Latin, and gave him some
taste for poetry. Being disposed to a studious life, he
cliose the profession of theology, that he might freely indulge his inclination. He entered into the religious order
of Camaldolitesj at Raverrna, in 1687, where he was distinguished for his proficiency in the different branches of
literature and science, but was much dissatisfied with the
Peripatetic philosophy of the schools. He had not been
here long before he established an academy of students of
his own age, which he called the Certanti, in opposition
to another juvenile society called the Concordi. To his
philosophical studies he added those of the belles lettres,
music, and history. It appears to have been his early ambition to introduce a new system in education, and with
that view he obtained the professorship of philosophy at Florence, by the influence of father Caramelli, although not
without some opposition from the adherents to the old
opinions. He now applied himself to the introduction of
the Cartesian philosophy, while, at the same time, he became zealously attached to mathematical studies. The
works of the great Torricelli, of our countryman Wallis,
and of other celebrated mathematicians, were his favourite
companions, and the objects of his familiar intercourse.
His first publication was a treatise to resolve the problems
of Viviani on the construction of arcs, entitled “Geometrica Demonstnuio Vivianeorum problematum,
” Florence,
Geometrica
dernonslratio theorematum Hugenianorum circa logisticam,
seu Logarithmicam lineatn,
” Quadratura
circuii et hyperbola3 per infinitas hyperbolas et parabolas
geometrice exhibita,
” Pisa, Sejani et Rufini dialogus de Laderchiana historia S.
Petri Damiani,
” Paris, Dissertationes Camaldu lenses,
” embracing inquiries into the history of the Camaldolites, both which gave so much offence to the community, that he was deposed from the dignity of abbot of
St. Michael at Pisa; but the grand duke immediately appointed him his professor of mathematics in the university.
He now resolved some curious and difficult problems for
the improvement of acoustics, which had been presented
to the royal society in Dublin, and having accomplished
his objecvt, he transmitted the solutions, by means of the
British minister at the court of Florence, to the Royal
Society at London. This was published under the title of
“Disquisitio geometrica in systema sonorum D. Narcissi
(Marsh) archiepiscopi Armachani,
” in De infinitis infinitorum, et infinite parvorum ordinibus disquisitio geometrica,
” Pisa,
nce to Leyden in 1745, and to Paris in 1746, for further improvement. On his return he was appointed professor of philosophy in King’s college, Aberdeen, and had at the same
, professor of medicine in the university of Edinburgh, was born at Aberdeen in 1724. He was the third son of James Gregory, M. D. professor of medicine in King’s college, Aberdeen, by Anne, daughter of the rev. George Chalmers, principal of King’s college there. His grandfather was David Gregory of Kinardie, and his grand-uncle the James Gregory, whose life we have first given, the inventor of the reflecting telescope. Though the father of Dr. John Gregory died when he was very young, his education was carefully superintended, and he made a rapid progress in his studies, and like the rest of his ancestors became deeply versed in mathematical knowledge. He also cultivated an elegant and just taste, clearness -and beauty of expression, with precision of judgment, and extensive knowledge. He was the early, intimate, and constant friend and associate of Drs. Gerard, Beattie, and the other eminent men who belonged to the university of Aberdeen. In 1742, he went to Edinburgh, to prosecute the study of medicine, and thence to Leyden in 1745, and to Paris in 1746, for further improvement. On his return he was appointed professor of philosophy in King’s college, Aberdeen, and had at the same time the degree of M. D. conferred upon him. He held this professorship for a few years. In 1754, he went to London, where he. cultivated the acquaintance, and fixed the esteem and friendship of' some of the most distinguished literati there. Edward Montague, esq. an eminent mathematician, maintained a firm friendship for the doctor, founded on a similarity of manners and studies. His, lady the celebrated Mrs. Montague? and George lord Lyttelton, were of the number of his friends; and it is not improbable that he would have continued in London, and practised there in his profession, if the death of his brother Dr. James Gregory, professor of physic in King’s college, Aberdeen, in 1756, had not occasioned his being recalled to his native university to fill that chair. His occupations in physic now began to be active; he gave a course of lectures in physic, and practised in his profession, with great success. In the above-mentioned year, while at London, he was elected a fellow of the royal society. In 1766, on the death of Dr. Robert Whytt, the ingenious professor of the theory of physic at Edinburgh, Dr. Gregory was called to succeed him, as his majesty’s first physician in Scotland; and about the same time he was chosen to fill the chair of professor of the practice of physic, which was just resigned by Dr. Rutherford. Dr. Gregory gave three successive courses of practical lectures. Afterwards by agreement with his ingenious colleague, Dr. Cullen, they lectured alternate sessions, on the practice and institutions of medicine, with just and universal approbation, till the time of Dr. Gregory’s death.
ebruary 25, 1671, near Nuremberg, and was the son of a clergyman, who died 1689. He was successively professor of philosophy, rhetoric, and the law of nature and nations,
, a German lawyer
and historian, was born February 25, 1671, near Nuremberg, and was the son of a clergyman, who died 1689. He
was successively professor of philosophy, rhetoric, and the
law of nature and nations, at Halle; and frequently consulted on public affairs at Berlin, where his talents were so
well known, that he obtained the title of privy-counsellor
for his services on various occasions. Gundling was indefatigable, had an excellent memory, great wit, vivacity,
and eloquence; but his warmest admirers wished that his
numerous writings had contained less satire, and more moderation and politeness. He died rector of the university
of Halle, December 16, 1729, leaving several valuable
works on literature, history, law, and politics: the principal are, 1.“Historia Philosophic moralis,
” 8vo. 2. “Otia,
”
or a collection of dissertations on various physical, moral,
political, and historical subjects, 3 vols. 8vo. 3. “De
jure oppignorati Territorii,
” 4to. 4. “Status naturalis Hobbesii in corpore juris civilis defensus et defendendus,
” 4to.
5. “De statu Reipublicae Germanicse sub Conrado I.
” 4to.
Ludwig has refuted this work in his “Germania Princeps.
”
6. “Gundlingiana,
” in German. 7. “Commentaria de
Henrico Aucupe,
” 4to. 8. “Via ad veritatem,
” or a
course of philosophy, 3 vols. 8vo. Gundling had a great
share in the “Observationes Hallenses,
” an excellent collection in 11 vols. 8vo.
f Franeker. His reputation having by this time extended to Germany, he was invited to Heilborn to be professor of philosophy and rhetoric, and rector of the classes, of which
, a learned protestant divine, was
born at Basil, Dec. 8, 1654, where his father was a merchant. Until the fourteenth year of his age, he was instructed by private tutors, and profited so much as to be
then fit for the university of Basil, where, after studying
languages, philosophy, mathematics, and history, for three
or four years, he was on July 2, 1672, admitted to the degrees of master of arts and doctor in philosophy. He tnen
studied divinity, and had for one of his masters Peter Werenfels, father of the celebrated Samuel VVerenfels. In
about two years, he was appointed to lecture on theology
during the vacations, and acquitted himself with great credit. In March 1676, he was admitted a preacher, and the
following year passed six months at Geneva, whence he
went into France, and visited the university of Saumur,
where he heard the lectures of Henry Philiponeau de Hautecour, who was afterwards his colleague in the university
of Franeker. His reputation having by this time extended
to Germany, he was invited to Heilborn to be professor of
philosophy and rhetoric, and rector of the classes, of which
office he took possession in 1685, with a public harangue,
“de fato philosophico in ecclesia Christiana.
” As divinity
was still his favourite study, he continued improving his
knowledge of it; and having visited Heidelberg during the
third jubilee of that university, he received his degree of
D. D. with every mark of distinction, even from the learned
catholics who heard him maintain a thesis on this occasion,
the subject of which was “Christ’s kingly office.
” After
he had remained about two years at Heilborn, he was requested to accept the theological chair at Hanau, with
which he complied. In 1696 he was again removed to Bremen as professor in ordinary of divinity, moderator of the
schools, and perpetual rector magrdficus. To this place
he drew a great concourse of students; but the fatigues
attending his occupations here made him willing to accept
the less laborious professorship of divinity at Deventer in
1699. In 1705 the curators of the university of Franeker
offered him their theological chair, which he at first refused, but accepted it, on a second and more pressing invitation, in 1707. His constitution was now, however, so
much worn down by repeated attacks of the gout, that he
did not enjoy this office above four years, dying Sept. 28,
1711. Gurtler was a man of genuine piety, modesty, and
candour, and of extensive knowledge in every branch of
science, but especially in those connected with his profession. His works, which have generally received the approbation of catholics as well as protestants, are, 1. A Latin, German, Greek, and French Dictionary, published in
1682. 2. “Historia Templariorum observationibus ecclesiasticis aucta,
” Amst. Institutiones Theologies,
” ibid. Voces
Typico-propheticiT,
” Bremen, Dialogi Eucharistici,
”
Bremen, SystemaTheologise propbeticse,
”
Amst. Origines mundi, et in eo regnorum,
” &c.
Amst. Dissertationes de Jesu Christo in
gloriam evecto,
” Franeker, Forma sanorum
verborum,
” a short abridgment of divinity, which he used
as a text-book, 1709, 12mo. Gurtler wrote also a “History of the Churches of France,
” in German.
fter having been several years a Je.uit, he turned protestant at Cassel in 1715, was soon after made professor of philosophy and poetry, and, in 1722, appointed professor
, a learned divine, was
born in 1680, at Minister, of catholic parents. After having been several years a Je.uit, he turned protestant at
Cassel in 1715, was soon after made professor of philosophy and poetry, and, in 1722, appointed professor of
history nnd rhetoric at Marpurg, where he died in 1744.
His most esteemed works are, “Hist. Hassiaca,
” 3 vols.
“Vita? Pontificum Romanorum Victoris III. Urbani II. Pascalis II. Gelasii II. Callisti II. Honorii II.;
” “State of the
Sciences in Hesse,
” in German; “Praecepta eloquentiae
rationalis,
” &c. He has also left above eighty “Academical
Discourses.
” He must be distinguished from George Hartman, a German mathematician, who, in 1540, invented
the bombarding-staff, “Baculus Bombardicus,
” and was
author of a treatise on perspective, reprinted at Paris, 1556,
4to and from Wolfgang Hartman, who published the Annals of Augsburg, in folio, 1596.
he went to the court of the elector Palatine, who appointed him his first ma&ematiciau, and honorary professor of philosophy in the university of Heidelberg. Here he published,
In 1704, after very pressing solicitations, he went to
the court of the elector Palatine, who appointed him his
first ma&ematiciau, and honorary professor of philosophy
in the university of Heidelberg. Here he published, in
1707 and 1708, his lectures, under the title of “Conjeetures Physiques,
” and then took his leave for a time of the
electorate, in order to visit other parts of Germany, or
study natural history, and mines in particular. At Cassel
he repeated the experiments made by Mr. Hamberg with
the landgrave’s burning glass constructed by Mr. Tschirnhaus, but without being able to vitrify even lead, insomuch
that he absolutely denied the fact, affirming that what
Hamberg took for vitrified gold was a substance issuing
from the charcoal tbat supported it, mixed perhaps with
some of the heterogeneous parts of the metal itself.
reek and Hebrew. On his return to his own country, he acquired much celebrity as a preacher and as a professor of philosophy and divinity. He died in 1763; his principal works
, a celebrated Jesuit, was born
at Cologne in 1694, of a patrician family, and taught the
belles lettres there until he went to Milan, on being appointed professor of Greek and Hebrew. On his return to
his own country, he acquired much celebrity as a preacher
and as a professor of philosophy and divinity. He died in
1763; his principal works were, l.“Summa historic omnis
ab exordio rerum ad annum a Christo nato 1718,
” Luxembourg, De initio metropoleos ecclesiasticae Coloniae, &c. disquisitio,
” Cologne, Bibliotheca scriptorum Coloniensium,
” ibid. Dissertationes decem historico-criticx in sacram scripturam,
” fol. 5. “Inscriptionis Herseliensis Ubio-Romanse
explanatio,
” Cologne, Councils of the church of Germany,
” which had
been projected by Schannat, a learned ecclesiastic, who
had collected materials for the purpose. These, on his
death, were put into the hands of Hartzheim, who after augmenting and reducing them to order, published the first
four volumes. The work was afterwards continued by
Scholl and Neissen.
man lawyer, was born at Eisemberg in 1681, and trained in the study of philosophy and law. He became professor of philosophy at Hall, in 1710, and of law in. 1721, with the
, a German lawyer, was
born at Eisemberg in 1681, and trained in the study of
philosophy and law. He became professor of philosophy
at Hall, in 1710, and of law in. 1721, with the title of
counsellor. In 1724 he was invited to Franeker; and
three years after, the king of Prussia influenced him to
accept the law-professorship at Franc fort upon the Oder.
Here he continued till 1733, when the same prince almost
forced him to resume the chair at Hall, where he remained
till his death, in 1741, although he had strong invitations
from Denmark, Holland, &c. His principal works (for they are numerous) are, 1. “Antiquitatum Romanorum
Jurisprudentiam illustrantium syntagma;
” the best edition of which is the fifth, published at Lewarden, in 1777.
2. “Elementa Juris Civilis secundum ordinem Institutionum & Pandectarum,
” 2 vols. 8vo. 3. “Elementa Philosophic Rationalis & Moralis, quibus pnemissa historia
Philosophical' This is reckoned a good abridgment of
logic and morality. 4.
” Historia Juris Civilis, Romani ac
Germanici.“5.
” Elementa Juris Naturae & Gentium,“which was translated into English by Dr. Turnbull. 6,
”Fundamenta styli cultioris;“a work of his youth, but
much approved, and often reprinted, with notes by Gesner and others, Also several academic dissertations upon
various subjects. His works were published collectively
at Geneva in 1744, and form 8 vols. in 4to. His brother,
John Michael, deacon of the church of St. Peter and St.
Paul at Goslar, who died in 1722, wrote many works of
reputation in his country, among which is his
” Account
of the Antiquities of Goslar and the neighbouring places;"
and his view of the ancient and modern Greek church.
for seven or eight years with great reputation and success, he was called in 1729 to Scotland, to be professor of philosophy at Glasgow. Several young gentlemen came along
After he had taught in a private academy at Dublin for
seven or eight years with great reputation and success, he
was called in 1729 to Scotland, to be professor of philosophy at Glasgow. Several young gentlemen came along
with him from the academy, and his high reputation drew
many more thither both from England and Ireland. After
his settlement in the college, the profession of moral philosophy was the province assigned to him; so that now -he
had full leisure to turn all his attention to his favourite
study, human nature. Here he spent the remainder of his
life in a manner highly honourable to himself, and ornamental to the university of which he was a member. His
whole time was divided between his studies and the duties
of his office; except what he allotted to friendship and society. A firm constitution, and a pretty uniform state of
good health, except some few slight attacks of the gout,
seemed to promise a longer life; yet he did not exceed
his 53d year, dying in 1747. He was married soon after
his settlement in Dublin, to Mrs. Mary Wilson, a gentleman’s daughter in the county of Longford; by whom he
left behind him one son, Francis Hutcheson, M. D. By
this gentleman was published, from the original ms. of his
father, “A System of Moral Philosophy,
” in three books,
Glasgow, Some
account of the Life, Writings, and Character of the Author,
”
by Dr. Leechman, professor of divinity in the same university. Dr. Hutcheson’s system of morals is, in its foundation, very nearly the same with that of lord Shaftesbury.
He agrees with the noble author in asserting a distinct
class of the human affections, which, while they have no
relation to our own interest, propose for their end the welfare of others; but he makes out his position rather more
clearly than Shaftesbury, who cannot exclude somewhat of
the selfish as the spring of our benevolent emotions. Hutcheson maintains, that the pleasure arising from the performance of a benevolent action, is not the ruling principle in prompting to such actions; but that, independently
of the selfish enjoyment, which is allowed in part to exist,
there is in the human mind a calm desire of the happiness
of all rational beings, which is not only consistent with,
but of superior influence in regulating our conduct, to the
desire of our own happiness; insomuch that, whenever
these principles come into opposition, the moral sense decides in favour of the former against the latter. Dr. Hutcheson deduced all moral ideas from what he calls a moral
sense t implanted in our natures, or an instinct like that of
self-preservation, which, independently of any arguments
taken from the reasonableness and advantages of any action, leads us to perform it ourselves, or to approve it
when performed by others; and this moral sense he maintained to be the very foundation of virtue. His hypothesis was new, but whether much better than other theories of
the same kind, may be questioned. His fame, in the opinion of an eminfent author, rests now chiefly on the traditionary history of his academical lectures, which appear to
have contributed very powerfully to diffuse, in Scotland,
that taste for analytical discussion, and that spirit of liberal
inquiry, to which the world is indebted for some of the
most valuable productions of the eighteenth century."
s deliberating respecting the choice he should make, he was nominated by his Britannic majesty to be professor of philosophy at Gottingen, with an increased salary, which
, an eminent German
critic, was born in 1738, at Bischofswerden, near
Dresden, where his father was a clergyman. As to his first
years, he used to tell Harles that he could not remember
how they were spent, except that he was seven years old
before his parents could by any means prevail on him to
learn any thing. Soon after that, however, he was suddenly seized with such an attachment to letters, that his
parents spared no expence to gratify his taste, and to enable him to cultivate his talents to the best advantage. He
employed his leisure hours in composing and, reciting German verses, 'and profited very much under Foerstelius, who
was his private preceptor, and afterwards at Misna, under
Weiss and Cleman.nus. He studied afterwards at Gorlitz,
under Baumeister, who taught him the classics, and lodged
him in his house. Here Klotz used to say he spent more
happy days than he was persuaded he should ever see
again. During his stay here, which lasted two years, he
gave a specimen of his powers in versification, by a poem
composed on the “Destruction of Zittau,
” which was laid
waste in Acta Eruditorum,
” and some separate pieces. In
Opuscula Poetica,
” containing
twenty-three odes, three satires, and as many elegies. From
Leipsic he repaired to Jena, where he opened a school,
which was well attended. Having accepted of an invitation
to a professorship at the university of Gottingen in 1762,
he set off for that place, and almost immediately after his
arrival he was attacked by a severe illness, from which,
however, he recovered, and immediately published a treatise “De Verecundia Virgilii,
” to which were added three
dissertations relative to the eclogues of the poet. He also
published “Miscellanea Critica,
” and applied himself to
the study of ancient gems and paintings, with which he
became well acquainted. His celebrity had now increased
so much, that he received two offers in the same day, one
from the prince of Hesse Darmstadt, to be professor of the
Oriental languages at Giessen, and the other from his
Prussian majesty, to be professor of eloquence at Halle.
While he was deliberating respecting the choice he should
make, he was nominated by his Britannic majesty to be
professor of philosophy at Gottingen, with an increased
salary, which induced him to remain in that city, till some
attempts were made to ruin his reputation. He then quitted
Gottingen, and accepted an offer made him by his
Prussian majesty, of being professor of philosophy and eloquence at Halle, with the rank and title of aulic counsellor.
While preparing for his departure, he published “Historia
Nummorum Contumeliosonini et Satyricorum,
” containing
a history of these coins; and on his removal to Halle he
gave the public another work of the same kind, and at the
same time he effected, what had been often attempted
before without success, the institution of a new society,
called the “Literary Society of Halle.
” Here also the
king conferred upon him the rank of privy-counsellor, and
accompanied this mark of honour with a considerable addition to his salary. He died in 1771, and just before his
death, revised every thing which he had written on coins,
and published “Opuscula, nummaria quibus Juris Antiqui
Historiceque nonnnila capita explicantur.
” His other works,
not already noticed, were, 1. “Pro M. T. Cicerone adversus Dionem Cassium et Plutarchum dissertatio,
” Gorlitz,
Ad virum doct. I. C. Reichelium epistola,
qua de quibusdam ad Homerum pertinentibus disputatur,
”
Leipsic, Carminum liber unus,
” ibid. Mores Eruditorum,
” Altenburgh, Genius Sxculi,
” ibid. Opuscula Poetica,
”
ibid. Oratio pro Lipsii latinitate,
” Jena,
Libellus de minutiarum studio et rixandi
libidine grammaticorum quorundam,
” ibid. Animadversiones in Theophrasti characteres Ethiros,
”
jbid. 8vo. 10.“Dissertatio de felici audacia Horatii,
” I Elegiae,
” ibid. 8vo. 12. “Funus Petri Burmanni secundi,
” Altenburgh, 8vo. This is a very complete account of the life, &c. of Burman. 13. “Uidicula
Litteraria,
” ibid. 8vo, a satirical work on useless studies
and pursuits. 14. “Vindiciie Horatianae,
” against Hardouin, Bremen, Stratonis epigrammata,
uunc primum edita,
” Altenburgh, Epistolae Homericae,
” ibid.
, professor of philosophy in Prussia, was born at Konigsberg, in 1713, where
, professor of philosophy in Prussia, was born at Konigsberg, in 1713, where he was for
some years professor of philosophy, and librarian. He died
in 1751, leaving several learned works, of which the principal are, “Systema Causarum Efficientium;
” “Elementa
Philosophic Rationalis, Methodo Mathematico demonstrata;
” “Theoremata de Parabolis infinitis
” and “A
Defence of the Christian Religion,
” which is said to be
his ablest performance.
hematician, was a Swiss by birth, and came early into eminence by his mathematical abilities. He was professor of philosophy and natural law at Franeker, and afterwards at
, a learned philosopher and mathematician, was a Swiss by birth, and came early into eminence by his mathematical abilities. He was professor of
philosophy and natural law at Franeker, and afterwards at
the Hague, where he became also librarian to the stadtholder, and to the princess of Orange; and where he died
in 1757. The academy of Berlin enrolled him among her
members; but afterwards expelled him on the following
occasion. Maupertuis, the president, had inserted in the
volume of the Memoirs for 1746, a discourse upon the
laws of motion; which Koenig not only attacked, but also
attributed the memoir to Leibnitz. Maupertuis, stung with
the imputation of plagiarism, engaged the academy of Berlin to call upon him for his proof; which Koenig failing to
produce, he was struck out of the academy. All Europe
was interested in the quarrel which this occasioned between
Koenig and Maupertuis. The former appealed to the public; and his appeal, written with the animation of resentment, procured him many friends. He was author of some
other works, and had the character of being one of the
best mathematicians of the age. He had a brother, Daniel,
who was murdered at the age of twenty-two, at Franekei 4
The populace, overhearing him talk in French, imagined
that he was a French spy, and would have killed him on
the spot, if the academicians had not rescued him from
their fury: but the wounds which he received hurried him
to the grave in a few months. He translated into Latin
Dr. Arbuthnot’s “Tables of Ancient Coins,
” which remained in ms. till 1756, when it was published at Utrecht,
with a curious and useful preface, by professor Reitz.
edge. His talents procured him the title and offices of doctor of divinity and of the canon law, and professor of philosophy and divinity in the university of Rostoch, of
, a famous historian of the fifteenth
century, was a native of Hamburg, and had no sooner
finished his classical studies, than he set out upon his travels, visiting several parts of Europe, during which he
studiously cultivated the sciences, and became a man
of general knowledge. His talents procured him the
title and offices of doctor of divinity and of the canon
law, and professor of philosophy and divinity in the university of Rostoch, of which also he was rector in 1482.
He went from Rostoch to Hamburg, and was elected dean
of the chapter in the cathedral there in 1498. He executed many important affairs for the church and city of
Hamburg; and was so famed for his abilities and prudence, that, in 1500, John king of Denmark, and Frederick duke of Holstein, did not scruple to make him umpire, in a contest they had with the province of Dietmarsen. He died Dec. 7, 1517, after having written some
very good works, which were afterwards published: as, 1.
V Ghronica Regnorum Aquilorum, Danise, Sueciae, Norvegiae,“Argentorat. 1546, folio. 2.
” Saxonia, sive de Saxonicse Gentis vetusta Origine, longinquis Expeditionibus
susceptis, et Bellis Domi pro Libertate diu fortiterque gestis Historia, Libris 13 comprehensa, et ad Annum 1501
deducta,“Colon. 1520, folio. 3.
” Vandalia, sive Historia
de Vandalorum ver& Origine, variis Gentibus, crebris e
Patria Migrationibus, Regnis item, quorum vel Autores
fuerunt vel Eversores, Libris 14 a prim& eorum Origine ad
A. C. 1500 deducta,“Colon. 1519, folio. 4.
” Metropolis,
sive Historia Ecciesiastica Saxoniae,“Basil, 1548, fol. 5.
” Jnstitutiones Logicoe," Leipsic, 1517, 4to, &c.
in 1600, where he first employed himself in teaching the rudiments of grammar: but he afterwards was professor of philosophy, and was sent to the Indies. There he filled the
, elder brother of the preceding, was
born at Madrid in 1580, and became a Jesuit at Salamanca
in 1600, where he first employed himself in teaching the
rudiments of grammar: but he afterwards was professor of
philosophy, and was sent to the Indies. There he filled
the divinity-chair in the town of Mexico, and also in Santa
Fe. These posts, however, not being agreeable to tfhe
Retirement in which he desired to live, he returned to
Spain. In the voyage he lost the best part of his commentaries upon the “Summit
” of T. Aquinas, and narrowly escaped being taken prisoner by the Dutch. He
was afterwards deputed to Rome by the province of Castile,
to assist at the eighth general assembly of the Jesuits; and,
upon the conclusion of it, he was detained there by two
employments, that of censor of the books published by the
Jesuits, and that of Theologue general. But finding himselt to be courted more and more, from the time that his
brother was made a cardinal, he went back into Spain
where he was appointed rector of two colleges, or of a
college or school consisting of two divisions, as is that of
Westminster. He died in 1652, after writing several books,
the chief of which are, 1. Commentarii in primam partem
S. Thomae de Deo, trinitate, & angelis,“Lyons, 1647, 2
vols, folio. 2.
” De sacramentis in genere, &c.“Venice,
1652, 4to. 3.
” Discursus praevius ad theologiam moralem, &c.“Madrid, 1643, 4to. 4.
” Quasstiones morales
de sacramentis," Grenada, 1644, 4to.
tain logical distinctions, and subtile reasonings, which savour of pedantry, and had better become a professor of philosophy, than a writer upon government and stateaffairs.
, commonly called the marquis
Malvezzi, an Italian writer of eminence, was born of a
noble family at Bologna, in 1599. After having finished
his classical and philosophical studies, he applied to the
law, and became a doctor in that faculty in 1616, although
not quite seventeen years of age. After this he cultivated
other sciences, and spent some time and pains upon physic, mathematics, and divinity. He even did not neglect
astrology; in favour of which he always entertained high
prejudices, although he affected outwardly to despise it.
Music and painting were also among the arts in which he
exercised himself for his amusement. He afterwards became a soldier, and served under the duke Feria, governor
of the Milanese. Philip the Fourth of Spain employed
him in several affairs, and admitted him into his council
of war. Letters, however, occupied a good part of his
time, and he was member of the academy of the Gelati at
Bologna. He was the author of several works in Spanish
and Italian: among the latter were, “Discourses upon
the first book of Tacitus’s Annals,
” which he composed at
the age of twenty-three, and dedicated to Ferdinand II.
great duke of Tuscany. There is a great shew of learning in it; too much, indeed, for there are many quotations
from the fathers and scripture, which have but little to do
with Tacitus and modern politics. There are also in it
certain logical distinctions, and subtile reasonings, which
savour of pedantry, and had better become a professor of
philosophy, than a writer upon government and stateaffairs. He died at Bologna, Aug. 11, 1654. His discourses upon Tacitus were translated and published in
English, by sir R. Baker, Lond. 1642, folio. His “Davide
perseguitato
” was translated by Robert Ashley, Romulus and Tarquin,
” by lord H. Gary,
Successi della monarchia di Spagna
”
by Robert Gentilis,
ise a pacific life; and he was in fact engaged in several quarrels. One of these was with Koenig the professor of philosophy at Franeker, and another more terrible with Voltaire.
In 1746 Maupertuis was declared, by the king of Prussia, president of the royal academy of sciences at Berlin, and soon after by the same prince was honoured with the order of merit. However, all these accumulated honours and advantages, so far from lessening his ardour for the sciences, seemed to furnish new allurements to labour and application. Not a day passed but he produced some new project or essay for the advancement of knowledge. Nor did he confine himself to mathematical studies only: metaphysics, chemistry, botany, polite literature, all shared his attention, and contributed to his fame. At the same time Jie had, it seems, a strange inquietude of spirit, with a dark atrabilious humour, which rendered him miserable amidst honours and pleasures. Such a temperament did not promise a pacific life; and he was in fact engaged in several quarrels. One of these was with Koenig the professor of philosophy at Franeker, and another more terrible with Voltaire. Maupertuis had inserted in the vohime of Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin for 1746, a discourse upon the laws of motion; which Koenig was not content with attacking, but attributed to Leibnitz. Maupertuis, stung with the imputation of plagiarism, engaged the academy of Berlin to call upon him for his proof; which Koenig failing to produce, his name was struck out of the academy, of which he was a member. Several pamphlets were the consequence of this measure and Voltaire, for some reason or other, engaged in the quarrel against Maupertuis, although they had been apparently upon the most amicable terms. Voltaire upon this occasion exerted all his wit and satire against him; and upon the whole was so much transported beyond what was thought right, that he found it expedient in 1753 to quit the court of Prussia. Our philosopher’s constitution had Jong been considerably impaired by the great fatigues of various kinds in which his active mind had involved him; though, from the amazing hardships he had undergone in his northern expedition, most of his bodily sufferings may be traced. The intense sharpness of the air could only be supported by means of strong liquors; which helped but to lacerate his lungs, and bring on a spitting of blood, which began at least twelve years before he died. Yet still his mind seemed to enjoy the greatest vigour; for the best of his writings were produced, and most sublime ideas developed, during the time of his confinement by sickness, when he was unable to occupy his presidial chair at the academy. He took several journeys to St. Malo during the last years, of his life, for the recovery of his health: and though he always received benefit by breathing his native air, yet still, upon his return to Berlin, his disorder likewise returned with greater violence. His last journey into France was undertaken in 1757; when he was obliged, soon after his arrival there, to quit his favourite retreat at St. Malo, on account of the danger and confusion which that town was thrown into by the arrival of the English in its neighbourhood. From thence he went to Bourdeaux, hoping there to meet with a neutral ship to carry him to Hamburgh, in his way back to Berlin; but, being disappointed in that hope, he went to Toulouse, where he remained seven months. He had then thoughts of going to Italy, in hopes a milder climate would restore him to health but finding himself grow worse, he rather inclined towards Germany, and went to Neufchatel, where for three months he enjoyed the conversation of lord Marischal, with whom he had formerly been much connected. At length he arrived at Basil, October 16, 1758, where he was received by his friend Bernoulli and his family with the utmost tenderness and affection. He at first found himself much better here than he had been at Neufchatel: but this amendment was of short duration; for as the winter approached, his disorder returned, accompanied by new and more alarming symptoms. He languished here many months, during which he was attended by M. de la Condamine; and died in 1759, at sixty-one years of age.
his brother, afterwards marshal Keith; and, in 1714, by the interest of the countess, was appointed professor of philosophy in the Marischal college. He did not long retain
, an ingenious burlesque poet of
Scotland, was born in the parish of Midmar in Aberdeenshire, about 1688. He received a liberal education at the
Marischal college in Aberdeen, and, after finishing his
studies, became one of the teachers in the high-school of
New Aberdeen. Thence he removed into the family of
Marshal, to be preceptor to the young earl of that name,
and his brother, afterwards marshal Keith; and, in 1714,
by the interest of the countess, was appointed professor of
philosophy in the Marischal college. He did not long retain this situation, for, when the rebellion broke out in
1715, he followed the fortunes of his noble patrons, who
made him governor of Dunotter castle. After the defeat
at Sheriffmuir, he lurked among the mountains, till the act
of indemnity was passed, with a few fugitive companions,
for whose amusement and his own, he composed several of
the burlesque poems, which he called “Mother Grim’s
tales.
” He appears to have remained steady to his principles, and consequently was not restored to his professorship but, while the countess of Marshal lived, resided
chiefly in her family where his great pleasantry and liveliness made him always an acceptable guest. After her
death, he must have been for some time without much
provision, till he commenced an academy at Elgin, in conjunction with his brother Mr. Samuel Meston. He was,
however, little formed for prudence and regularity, but
much more given to conviviality; for which cause probably, among others, this academy at Elgin after a time
began to decline. He then successively settled at Turiff,
in Aberdeenshire, and* at Montrose, where he lost his
brother and coadjutor. He made the same attempt at
Perth, but soon after entered as preceptor into the family
of a Mr. Oliphant, Here he continued till his health declined, when he removed to Peterhead for the benefit of
the mineral waters. There he was chiefly supported by
the bounty of the countess of Errol, under whose patronage he had formerly undertaken the academy at TuriflF.
At length he removed to Aberdeen, where he was taken
care of by some relations, till he died of a languishing distemper in the spring of 1745.
guished himself by arduous application, and acquired the fame of great learning, he became, in 1732, professor of philosophy and theology in the monastery of St. Michael at
, a learned monk and
historian of the order of the Camaldoli, was born at Venice
Sept. 10, 1708, and after a course of study, during which
he distinguished himself by arduous application, and acquired the fame of great learning, he became, in 1732,
professor of philosophy and theology in the monastery of
St. Michael at Venice. Being also appointed master of
the novices, he remained in that office until 1747, when
he removed to Faenza, as chancellor of his order. Here
he first began to form the plan and collect materials for
his celebrated work, the “Annales Camaldulenses,
” in
which he had the assistance of father Anselm Costadoni.
In 1756 he was chosen abbe of his order in the state of
Venice, and became, of course, head of the monastery of
St. Michael. In 1764 he was appointed general of his
order, and went to Rome, where he was received with
every mark of respect by pope Clement XIII. He died at
St. Michael’s Aug. 14, 1777. His annals were published
in 1773, under the title of “Arinales Camaldulenses ordinis S. Benedicti ab anno 907 ad annum 1764, &c.
”
Venice, 9 vols fol. His other works were,. “Memorie
del monistero della santissima Trinita irr Fv.erza,
” Faenza,
Ad scriptores rerum Itahcarum Cl. Mnratorii
accessiones historicge Faventinae,
” &c. Venice, De litteratura Faventinorum, sive de viris dociis, et
scriptoribus urbis Faventinae (Faenza), appendix ad accessiones hist. Faventinas,
” Venice, Bibliotheca
codicum manuscriptorum monasterii S. Michaeiis Venetiaruhi, cum appendice librorum impressorum seculi XV.
”
ibid. 1779, fol.
evoted himself wholly to physic and mathematics, in which he acquired great skill, and was appointed professor of philosophy at the royal college in 1723, and afterwards member
, born in 1677, of a
noble and ancient family at Tarascon, entered among aie lathers of the oratory, and was pupil to Malebranche. Quitting
the oratory, after that celebrated philosopher’s death, he devoted himself wholly to physic and mathematics, in which he
acquired great skill, and was appointed professor of philosophy at the royal college in 1723, and afterwards member
of the academy of sciences, in 1729. His principal work is
“Philosophical Lectures,
” 4 vols. 12mo, in which he explains the laws, mechanism, and motions of. the celestial
vortices, in order to demonstrate the possibility and existence of them in the system of the Plenum; his system is
that of Descartes, but corrected by Newton’s principles.
He also left “Mathematical Lectures,
” 12mo, very incorrectly printed; and “La premiere partie des Elemens de
Geometric,
” 12mo. In his temper he shewed very little
of the philosopher. In the maintenance of his principles
he could bear no contradiction; and when some of his positive assertions provoked the smiles of the academicians,
he fell into violent passions, and on one occasion this irritation was so great, as to bring on a fever, of which he
died, May 12, 1742. In other respects his character was
amiable; but, like some other mathematicians, he was
liable in his studies to such absence of mind, as to appear
almost wholly insensible to surrounding objects, and this
infirmity becoming known, he was made the subject of
depredations. A shoe-black, once finding him profoundly
absorbed in a reverie, contrived to steal the silver buckles
from his shoes, replacing them with iron ones. At another
time, while at his studies, a villain broke into the room in
which he was sitting, and demanded his money; Molieres,
without rising frogi his studies, or giving any alarm, coolly
shewed him where it was, requesting him, as a great favour, that he would not derange his papers.
ascone, and appointed rector of a seminary newly founded by cardinal Mark Antony Barbarigo, and also professor of philosophy and Greek. Pope Innocent XII. was so much satisfied
Moor now went to Rome, where his learning procured
him very high distinction. He was first made censor of
booksj and then invited to Montefiascone, and appointed
rector of a seminary newly founded by cardinal Mark
Antony Barbarigo, and also professor of philosophy and
Greek. Pope Innocent XII. was so much satisfied with
his conduct in the government of this seminary, that he
contributed the sum of two thousand Roman crowns yearly
towards its maintenance; and Clement XI. had such a high
opinion of Moor that he would have placed his nephew
under his tuition, had he not been prevented, as was supposed, by the persuasions of the Jesuits. On the death of
James II. Dr. Moor was invited to France, and such was
his reputation there, that he was made twice rector of the
university of Paris, and principal of the college of Navarre,
and was appointed regius professor of philosophy, Greek,
and Hebrew. He died, in his eighty-fifth year, at his
apartments in the college of Navarre, Aug. 22, 1726. It
is evident he could have been no common character, who
attained so many honours in a foreign land. His writings,
however, are perhaps not much known. One of them,
“DeExistentiaDei, et humanae mentis immortalitaie,
” &c.
published at Paris, Hortatio ad studium lingua; Graecae et Hebraicae,
” Montefiascone, Vera sciendi Methodus,
” Paris,
ention and admiration, and he was at length, by the authority of the Spanish government, established professor of philosophy, mathematics, and natural history, at Santa Fe.
, a learned Spanish physician, divine, and botanist, was born at Cadiz in 1734.
He studied medicine at his native place and at Seville, and
having obtained much reputation, was appointed professor
of anatomy at Madrid, where he signalized himself by his
physiological knowledge. In 1760 the marquis della Vega,
being appointed viceroy of New Granada, solicited Mutis
to accompany him as his physician. On his arrival at
Santa Fe de Bogota, the capital of New Granada, Mutis,
by permission of the viceroy, undertook to introduce the
mathematics as a branch of study in the university, and his
lectures on that subject were heard with attention and admiration, and he was at length, by the authority of the
Spanish government, established professor of philosophy,
mathematics, and natural history, at Santa Fe. While
enjoying this post, some unfortunate speculations in the
mines, which exhausted his pecuniary resources, occasioned his taking orders in the church, and his clerical
duties now shared a considerable portion of his time. Part
of it likewise was employed in botanical researches, and
he corresponded with Linnæus, to whom he sent numerous
specimens [of his own discover) 7 particularly the Mutisia,
so named in honour of him by Linnæus. In 1776 he
settled at Sapo, in the government of Mariquita, where he
had many enviable opportunities of discovering and collecting singular plants and flowers. In 1778 don Antonio
Caballeroy Gorgora, the new archbishop, on his arrival at
Santa Fe, discovered the superior merits of Mutis, and
determined to extricate him from his difficulties, and procure him a pension, with the appointment of botanist and
astronomer to the king. Accordingly, under the patronage of this liberal prelate, he became the superintendant
of a botanical school for investigating the plants of America.
In 1783, attended by some of his pupils, and several
draughtsmen, he made a tour through the kingdom of New
Granada; and by his diligence much new light was thrown
upon the history of the Peruvian bark, and its various
species. He also taught his countrymen the culture and
the value of indigo. His health having suffered from the
climate of Mariquita, he was directed to repair to Santa
F, and to fix on some of his pupils, whose y; uth and
constitutions might be more adequate to such labours. In
1797 he had an opportunity to visit Paris, to consult with
Jussieu, and the other eminent botanists of that capital,
concerning the composition of a “Flora Bogotensis,
” and
to make himself master of all the new improvements and
discoveries. He remained at Paris till 1801, when he went
back to Madrid. Whether he subsequently returned to
his native country, we know not, but in 1804 he was appointed to the professorship of Botany, and superintendance of the royal garden at Madrid. Although his advancing age made repose now in some measure necessary,
he continued to be serviceable to the government of his
native country, and to the prosperity of that in which he
had so long been naturalized. He lived to an advanced
age, but of the precise date of his death we are not
informed.
at Twyford, near Winchester, for the education of the Roman catholic youth. In 1744 he was appointed professor of philosophy in the English college at Lisbon, where, on account
In 1740 he was employed by his superiors on a mission to England, and had the direction of the school erected at Twyford, near Winchester, for the education of the Roman catholic youth. In 1744 he was appointed professor of philosophy in the English college at Lisbon, where, on account of his bad health, he remained only fifteen months. After his return he passed several years at London and Paris, chiefly employed in microscopical observations, and in other branches of experimental philosophy. The results of these observations and experiments were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London in 1749, and in a volume in 12mo at Paris in 1750; and an account of them was also given by Buffon, in the first volumes of his natural history. There was an intimate connection subsisted between Mr. Needham and this illustrious French naturalist: they made their experiments and observations together; though the results and systems which they deduced from the same objects and operations were totally different.
e congregation of the oratory at Paris, and, having finished his plan of education there, went to be professor of philosophy at Saumur, then of divinity at Mechlin, and was
, a celebrated bishop of the
catholics in Holland, known by the title of bishop of Castoria, was born at Gorcum in 1626. He entered the congregation of the oratory at Paris, and, having finished his
plan of education there, went to be professor of philosophy
at Saumur, then of divinity at Mechlin, and was afterwards
archdeacon of Utrecht, and apostolical provincial. James
de la Torre, archbishop of Utrecht, being dead, M. de
Neercassel was elected in his place by the chapter of that
city; but, Alexander VII. preferring M. Catz, dean of the
chapter of Harlem, they agreed between them, as a means
to preserve peace, that M. Catz should govern the diocese
of Harlem under the title of archbishop of Philippi, and
M. de Neercassel that of Utrecht, under that of bishop of
Castoria. This agreement being approved by the nuncio
of Brussels, they were both consecrated in the same day at
Cologn, September 9, 1662; but, M. Catz dying a year
after, M. de Neercassel remained sole bishop of all the
catholics in Holland, of which there were above four hundred thousand. He governed them with great prudence,
and, after having discharged the duties of his office in the
most exemplary manner, died June 8, 1686, aged sixty,
in consequence of the fatigues attending the visitation of
his churches. This prelate left three tracts in Latin, the
first “On reading of the Holy Scriptures;
” to which he
has added a dissertation “On the Interpretation of Scripture;
” the second “On the worship of the Saints and the
Holy Virgin;
” the third, enticed “Amor Prerii tens.
” This
last is a treatise on the necessity of the love of God in the
sacrament of penitence. The two first have been translated into French by M. le Roy, abbot of Haute- Fontaine,
2 vols. 8vo, and the third by Peter Gilbert, a Parisian,
1741, 3 vols. 12mo. The best Latin edition of “Amor
Pcenitens
” is that of Amor Prenitens
” condemned at Rome
but pope Innocent XL to whom the application was addressed, declared that “the book contained sound doctrine, and the author was a holy man.
”
uted many very valuable papers to it. In July 1793 he was invited to the university of Leyden, to be professor of philosophy, astronomy, and the higher mathematics, in the
Nieuwland’s talents and diligence recommended him to the notice of his country. In 1786, he was appointed a member of the commission chosen by the college of admiralty at Amsterdam, for determining the longitude, and improving marine charts. On this labour he was employed eight years, and had also a considerable share in preparing a nautical almanack. While at Amsterdam, where he had been invited to give lectures on mathematics, he wrote his useful and excellent treatise on navigation, the first part of which was published there in 1793. In 1789 he was chosen member of a learned society, distinguished by the motto of Felix Mentis, whose object was chemical experiments; and contributed many very valuable papers to it. In July 1793 he was invited to the university of Leyden, to be professor of philosophy, astronomy, and the higher mathematics, in the room of the celebrated Damen; and the admiralty of Amsterdam requested him to continue his nautical researches, which he did with great assiduity till the period of his death. The only variation which he now made in his studies related to natural philosophy, for with the mathematics he was already sufficiently acquainted. He applied himself, therefore, to the experimental part, and spared no pains or labour to become perfect in it; which would certainly have been the case, had he not been snatched from science and his friends at the early age of thirty. He died of an inflammation in his throat, accompanied with a fever, Nov. 13, 1794.
learned Italian, was born at Sessa, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1473. About 1500, he was appointed professor of philosophy at Padua, where he composed a treatise “De Intellectu
a learned Italian, was born at
Sessa, in the kingdom of Naples, in 1473. About 1500,
he was appointed professor of philosophy at Padua, where
he composed a treatise “De Intellectu et Duemonibus,
” in
which he maintained that there is but one soul, which animates all nature. This raised many opponents, and he was
forced to publish his treatise with amendments in 1492,
fol. reprinted 1503 and 1527. He afterwards gained so
much reputation by his other works, however insignificant
they may now appear, that the most celebrated universities
of Italy offered him professorships with large stipends; and
he had a salary of a thousand crowns in gold, when professor at Pisa, about 1520. Pope Leo X. had such a
value for Niphus, that he made him count palatine, permitted him to quarter his arms with those of the Medici
family, and granted him power to create masters of arts,
bachelors, licentiates, doctors of divinity, civil and canon
law, to legitimate bastards, and to ennoble three persons.
The letters patent which conveyed these singular privileges,
are dated June 15, 1521. Niphus was a philosopher in
theory only, being remarkable even in old age for levity
and intrigue. He also loved high living; and such were
the charms of his conversation, that he had easy access to
the nobility and ladies of rank. The year in which he died
is not exactly known, but it is certain that he was living in
1545, and dead in 1550, and that he was above seventy
at the time of his death. He left Commentaries in Latin
on Aristotle and Averroes, 14 vols. fol.; some smaller
works on subjects of morality and politics, Paris, 1645,
4to a treatise “on the Immortality of the Soul,
” against
Pomponatius, Venice, 1518, fol. “De amore, de pulchro,
Veneris et Cupidinis venales,
” Leydae,
onks of Augustin, and studied at Rimini, Bologna, and Perugia: in which last place he was first made professor of philosophy, and afterwards appointed to teach divinity. At
, general of the Augustin monks,
and a celebrated cardinal, was born at Saxoferato, in 1408,
of poor parents. He was admitted young amongst the
monks of Augustin, and studied at Rimini, Bologna, and
Perugia: in which last place he was first made professor of
philosophy, and afterwards appointed to teach divinity.
At length he was chosen provincial, and some time after
accepted, not without reluctance, the post of solicitor-general of his order. This office obliged him to go to Rome,
where his learning and virtue became greatly admired,
notwithstanding he took all possible methods, out of an
extreme humility, to conceal them. The cardinal of Tarentum, the protector of his order, could not prevail upon
him to engage in any of the public disputations, where
every body wished to see his great erudition shine; they
had, however, the gratification to hear his frequent sermons, which were highly applauded. He appeared in the
pulpits of the principal cities in Italy, as Rome, Naples,
Venice, Bologna, Florence, Mantua, and Ferrara; was
elected first vicar-general, and then general of his order,
in 1459; and at last created cardinal, in 1460, by pope
Pius II. This learned pontiff gave him afterwards the bishopric of Camerino, and made use of his abilities on several occasions. Oliva died shortly after at Tivola, where
the court of Rome then resided, in 1463. His corpse was
carried to the church of the Augustin monks at Rome,
where there is a marble monument, with an epitaph, and
a Latin tetrastic by way of eulogium. His works are, “De
Christi ortu sermones centum
”' “De ccena cum apostolis
facta;
” “De peccato in spiritum sanctum; Orationes elegantes.
”
the last-mentioned pursuit; and that as soon as he had attained the higher orders, he was appointed professor of philosophy in the college of Genoa; and was one of those
, antiquary and librarian to
the duke of Parma, and historiographer of the order of
Malta, was born at Turin, Nov. 13, 1710. After studying
in the university of Turin, he took the religious habit in
the order of the Theatins, at Venice, and then went to
Bologna to study mathematics and natural philosophy under
the celebrated Beccari. It appears that he began his subsequent literary career with the last-mentioned pursuit;
and that as soon as he had attained the higher orders, he
was appointed professor of philosophy in the college of
Genoa; and was one of those who first dared, to explode,
from the schools of Italy, the old rooted prejudices of fantastic systems, and to substitute for them the eternal truths
discovered by Newton. He did not, however, long remain in the professorship of philosophy, at Genoa, but
quitted philosophy for divinity, and devoted ten years to
preaching and the composition of sermons, by neither of
which he acquired much reputation; but within this period
he published some orations, his “Treatise on the Antiquities of Hipa Transone,
” the ancient Cupra; and three years
after, his “Explanation of an ancient engraved Stone.
”
i mensura,” printed at Amsterdam in 1644. In June 1646, he was invited by the prince of Orange to be professor of philosophy and mathematics at Breda, in the college newly
Mr. Pell’s eminence, however, in mathematical knowledge, was now so great, that he was thought worthy of a
professor’s chair in that science; and, i.pon the vacancy
of one at Amsterdam in 1639, sir William Bos -ell, the
English resident with the States-general, used his interest,
that he might succeed in that professorship; which was not
filled up till above four years after, 1643, when Pell was
chosen to it. The year following he published, in two
pages 4to, “A Refutation of Longomontamis’s Discourse,
De vera circuli mensura,
” printed at Amsterdam in Idea Matheseos,
” which he had addressed to Mr. Hartlib, who in
An
Idea of Mathematics,
” at the end of Mr. John Dury’s
“Reformed Library-keeper.
” On the death of the prince
of Orange, in to be made a dean; but being not a person of activity, as others who mind not learning are, could
never rise higher than a rector.
” The truth is, adds
Wood, “he was a helpless man as to worldly affairs; and
his tenants and relations dealt so unkindly by him, that
they defrauded him of the profits of his rectory, and kept
him so indigent, that he was in want of necessaries, even
ink and paper, to his dying day.
” He was for some time
confined to the King’s-bench prison for debt; but, in
March 1682, was invited by Dr. Whistler to live in the
college of physicians. Here he continued till June following, when he was obliged, by his ill state of health, to
remove to the house of a grandchild of his in St. Margaret’s
church-yard, Westminster. From this too he was again
removed, for we find that he died at the house (in Dyot street) of Mr. Cothorne, reader of the church of St. Giles’s
in the Fields, Dec. the 12th, 1685, and was intecred by
the charity of Busby, master of Westminster school, and
Sharp, rector of, St. Giles’s, in the rector’s vault under
that church. Besides what have been mentioned, Dr. Pell
was the author of, 1. “An Exercitation concerning Easter,
”
A Table of 10,000 square numbers,
”
&c. Rhonius’s Algebra,
” printed
at London An Introduction to Algebra; translated out of the High Dutch into
English by Thomas Branker, much altered and augmented
by D. P. (Dr. Pell).
” Also a Table of odd numbers, less
than
the request of his uncle, he was sent to Tubingen, and recommended to Paul Scriptor, a very learned professor of philosophy and mathematics, under whom he profited much,
, a learned German divine and reformer, was born Jan. 8, 1478, at Ruffach, in Alsatia. His family name was Kursiner, or Kirsner, but the name Pellican, which means the same thing in Latin as Kirsner in German, and is in neither very significant, was given him by his maternal uncle. Pellican began his studies at Ruffach in his sixth year, and under an excellent master, who inspired him with a love for literature; yet his difficulties were many, as, among other hindrances, he was obliged to write down every thing taught him, printing being then in its infancy, and no elementary treatise had issued from the press. His maternal uncle already mentioned, who lived at Heidelberg, and had often been rector of the university, hearing of the progress his nephew made in his studies, sent for him to that seminary, where he applied to the belles lettres and logic for about sixteen months, which was probably as long as his uncle could afford to maintain him. He returned therefore in Sept. 1492 to his parents, who were poor, and could give him little support, but got some employment as assistant to a schoolmaster, and had, what was then of great importance to him, the power of borrowing books from the convent of the Cordeliers. His frequent visits for this purpose brought on an acquaintance with those holy fathers, who conceived a very high opinion of Pellican, now in his sixteenth year, and appear to have found little difficulty in persuading him to enter their order, which accordingly he did in January 1493, but against the consent of his relations. He then commenced his theological studies, and in the following year was admitted to the order of subdeacon. In 1496, at the request of his uncle, he was sent to Tubingen, and recommended to Paul Scriptor, a very learned professor of philosophy and mathematics, under whom he profited much, and who conceived a great affection for his pupil. In 1499, meeting with a converted Jew, who was now one of his own order, Pellican expressed his wish to learn Hebrew, and with the assistance of this Jew accomplished the elementary part, although not without great difficulty. Melchior Adam mentions his enthusiastic joy on receiving the loan of a part of the Bible in Hebrew. Reuchlin, who came to Tubingen in 1500, gave Pellican some assistance in this language; and with this, and other helps, certainly very difficult to be procured at that time, and by indefatigable industry, he at length acquired such knowledge of it, as to be accounted, after Reuchlin, the first Hebrew scholar in Germany.
, an eminent French professor of philosophy, was born at Poilly, a village in the diocese
, an eminent French professor
of philosophy, was born at Poilly, a village in the diocese
of Sens, in the year 1651, and studied at the university of
Paris, where he distinguished himself by his talents and
great diligence, and in 1673 he was admitted to the degree of M. A. In the year 1677 he was appointed professor of philosophy in his own college, whither his reputation
soon attracted a multitude of students and at the opening
of the “College des Quatre Nations,' 7 he was appointed to
fill the philosophical chair in that seminary. Mr. Pourchot soon became dissatisfied with the Aristotelian philosophy, and embraced the principles of Des Cartes, applying
mathematical principles and reasonings to the discovery of
physical and moral truths. He now drew up a system of
philosophy, which he published under the title of
” Institutiones Philosophies,“which was very generally applauded, and met with an astonishing sale. His reputation as a philosopher, at this time, stood so high, that his
lectures were always attended by a numerous concourse of
students. His acquaintance was eagerly courted by the
most celebrated literary characters of his time Racine,
Despreaux, Mabillon, Dupin, Baillet, Montfaucon, and
Santeul, were his intimate associates. He was honoured
with the esteem of M. Bossuet and M. de Fenelon. The
latter would have procured for him the appointment of
tutor to the younger branches of the royal family, but he
preferred to employ his talents in the service of the university; and was seven times chosen to fill the post of rector
of that body, and was syndic for the long space of forty
years. At a very advanced age he began to apply himself to the study of the Hebrew language, with a degree
of ardour which soon enabled him to deliver a course of
lectures upon it at the college of St. Barbe. In the midst
of his numerous engagements, he found leisure to improve
his
” Philosophical Institutions,“of which he was preparing the fourth edition for the press, when he lost his eyesight. He died at Paris in 1734, in the 83d year of his
age. Besides his
” Institutions,“he was author of numerous
” Discourses,“which were given to the public in
the
” Acts of the University,“and various
” Memoirs.“He assisted the learned Masclef in greatly improving the
second edition of his
” Grammatica Hebraica," and he
aided him in drawing up the Chaldee, Syriac, and Samaritan grammars, which are combined in that edition.
He had a brother, John Ravius, who was professor of philosophy at Rostock, and the author of a commentary on
He had a brother, John Ravius, who was professor of philosophy at Rostock, and the author of a commentary on Cornelius Nepos, and some other works.
r ideas of beauty and virtue.” In 1752, the professors of King’s college, Aberdeen, elected Dr. Reid professor of philosophy, in testimony of the high opinion they had formed
The first work published by Dr. Reid was in the Philosophical Transactions of London in 1748. It was entitled
“An Essay on Quantity, occasioned by a Treatise in which
simple and compound Ratios are applied to Virtue and
Merit,
” and shews plainly, that although he had not yet
entirely relinquished the favourite researches of his youth,
he was beginning to direct his thoughts to other objects.
The treatise alluded to in the title of this paper was Dr.
Hutcheson’s “Inquiry into the origin of our ideas of
beauty and virtue.
” In Inquiry into the
Human Mind;
” which was succeeded, after a long interval,
in Essays on the intellectual Powers of
Man;
” and that again, in active Powers.
”
These, with a masterly “Analysis of Aristotle’s Logic,
”
which forms an appendix to the third volume of lord
Karnes’s Sketches, comprehend the whole of Dr. Reid’s
publications. The interval between the dates of the first
and last of these amount to no less than forty years, although he had attained to the age of thirty-eight before he
ventured to appear as an author. Even in very advanced
life, he continued to prosecute his studies with unabated
ardour and activity. The modern improvements in chemistry attracted his particular notice; and he applied himself, with his wonted diligence and success, to the study
of these and its new nomenclature. He amused himself,
also, at times, in preparing for a philosophical society, of
which he was a member, short essays on particular topics,
which happened to interest his curiosity. The most important of these were, “An examination of Dr. Priestley’s
opinion concerning Matter and Mind;
” “Observations on
the Utopia of sir Thomas More;
” and “Physiological reflections on Muscular motion.
” This last essay appears to
have been written in the eighty-sixth year of his age, and
was read by the author to his associates, a few months
before his death.
r’s ill state of health would not allow him to remove so far from Amsterdam. In 1699, he was elected professor of philosophy at Harderwick, but did not continue there long;
, an eminent orientalist, was born at Ryp, a village in North-Holland, July 17, 1676. His father was minister of that village, but afterwards removed to Alkmaar, and then to Amsterdam, in which last city Reland was educated with great care; and at eleven years of age, having passed through the usual courses at school, was placed in the college under Surenhusius. During three years of study under this professor, he made a great progress in the Hebrew, Syriac, Chaldee, and Arabic languages; and at his leisure hours applied himself to poetry, in which he was thought to succeed. At fourteen, he was sent to Utrecht; where he studied under Grrevius and Leusden, acquired a more perfect knowledge of the Latin and oriental tongues, and applied himself aiso to philosophy, in which he afterwards took the degree of doctor. At seventeen, he entered upon divinity under the direction of Herman Witsius and others; but did not abandon the oriental languages, which were always his favourite study. After he had resided six years at Utrecht, his father sent him to Leyden, to continue his theological studies under Frederic Spanheim and others; where he soon received the offer of a professorship at Linden, either in philosophy or the oriental languages. This he would have accepted, though only two and twenty; but his father’s ill state of health would not allow him to remove so far from Amsterdam. In 1699, he was elected professor of philosophy at Harderwick, but did not continue there long; for, king William having recommended him to the magistrates of Utrecht, he was offered in 1701 the professorship of oriental languages and ecclesiastical history, which he readily accepted. In 1703, he took a wife, by whom he had three children. In 1713, a society for the advancement of Christian knowledge was established in England, as was that for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts the year after; of both which Reland became a member. He died of the small-pox, at Utrecht, Feb. 5, 1718, in his forty-second year. He was a man of an excellent disposition, and of great humanity and modesty, of great learning, and had a correspondence with the most eminent scholars of his time.
iterary history, was born May 19, 1730, at Apt in Provence, and was bred to the church. He was first professor of philosophy in the seminary of Sh Charles, at Avignon, a situation
, a French writer, chiefly on subjects of bibliography and literary history, was born May
19, 1730, at Apt in Provence, and was bred to the church.
He was first professor of philosophy in the seminary of Sh
Charles, at Avignon, a situation for which he was not very
well qualified. He then became curate of Molleges, in
the diocese of Aries, but was not much better satisfied with
this than his preceding occupation, as he had more taste
for bibliographical researches than for pastoral duties.
While here he had the credit of an amour with a married
woman, that did not advance him much in the public
opinion; and when the husband reproached him, the abbe
threw him headlong out of the window, from which, however, he received no great injury. In 1767 he came to
Paris, and his turn for books being already known, the duke
de Valliere appointed him his librarian, and in allusion to
his arrogant manner of deciding on literary points, used to
call him his bull-dog. On the revolution breaking out, he
became one of the most implacable of the anarchists, and
denounced vengeance on the clergy, the nobility, and
especially those writers who were his rivals in bibliographical pursuits, particularly William Debure, and the abbe
Mercier, to whom he was uncommonly abusive. He afterwards led a life of turbulence and hostility, which at last
closed at Marseilles in 1792. Among his numerous publications, the most useful were, 1. “Eclaircissemens sur l'inyention des Cartes a jouer,
” Paris, Prospectus sur Tessai de verifier Page de Miniatures,
” such as
appear on manuscripts from the fourteenth to the seventeenth century; ibid. 1782, fol. 3. “Notices historiques et
critiques sur deux manuscrits de la bibliotheque du due de
la Valliere,
” ibid. Notices sur le traite
manuscrit de Galeotto Martio, intitule De Excelientibus,
” ibid. Histoire critique de la Pyramide de Caius Sestius,
” &c. ibid. ibid.
1789, 2 vols. a receptacle of almost every kind of abuse
and awkward wit against Le Long, Debure, Mercier, &c.
7.
”Dictionnaire de critique litteraire," &c. with other works
of a similar kind, which are very scarce even in France, as
he printed but a small number of each edition.
-education under the celebrated Dr. Francis Hutcheson, who then taught in Dublin, but was afterwards professor of philosophy in the university of Glasgow. He went from Dr.
, a very learned divine, was
born in Dublin, Oct. 16, 1705. His father was a native
of Scotland, who carried on the linen-manufacture there;
and his mother, Diana Allen, was of a very reputable family in the bishopric of Durham, and married to his father
in England. From his childhood he was of a very tender
and delicate constitution, with great weakness in his eyes
till he was twelve years of age, at which period he was
sent to school. He had his grammar-education under the
celebrated Dr. Francis Hutcheson, who then taught in
Dublin, but was afterwards professor of philosophy in the
university of Glasgow. He went from Dr. Hutcheson to
that university in 1722, where he remained till 1725, and
took the degree of M. A. He had for his tutor Mr. John
Lowdon, professor of philosophy; and attended the lectures of Mr Ross, professor of humanity; of Mr. Dunlop,
professor of Greek; of Mr. Morthland, professor of the
Oriental languages; of Mr. Simpson, professor of mathematics; and of Dr. John Simpson, professor of divinity.
In the last-mentioned year, a dispute was revived, which
had been often agitated before, between Mr. John Sterling the principal, and the students, about a right to chuse
a rector, whose office and power is somewhat like that of
the vice-chancellor of Oxford or Cambridge. Mr. Robertson took part with his fellow- students, and was appointed
by them, together with William Campbell, esq. son of
Campbell of Mamore, whose family has since succeeded
to the estates and titles of Argyle, to wait upon the principal with a petition signed by more than threescore matriculated students, praying that he would, on the 1st day
of March, according to the statutes, summon an university-meeting for the election of a rector; which petition
he rejected with contempt. On this Mr. Campbell, in his
own name and in the name of all the petitioners, protested
against the principal’s refusal, and all the petitioners went
to the house of Hugh Montgomery, esq. the unlawful rector, where Mr. Robertson read aloud the protest against
him and his- authority. Mr. Robertson, by these proceedings, became the immediate and indeed the only object of
prosecution. He was cited before the faculty, i. e. the
principal and the professors of the university, of wbotn the
principal was sure of a majority, and, after a trial which
lasted several clays, had the sentence of expulsion pronounced against him; of which sentence he demanded a
copy, and was so fully persuaded of the justice of his
cause, and the propriety of his proceedings, that he
openly and strenuously acknowledged and adhered to what
he had done. Upon this, Mr. Lowdon, his tutor, and Mr.
Dunlop, professor of Greek, wrote letters to Mr. Robertson’s father, acquainting him of what had happened, and
assuring him that his son had been expelled, not for any
crime or immorality, but for appearing very zealous in a
dispute about a matter of right between the principal and
the students. These letters Mr. Robertson sent inclosed
hi 'one from himself, relating his proceedings and suffer! ngs
in the cause of what he thought justice and right. Upon
this his father desired him to take every step he might
think proper, to assert and maintain his own and his fellowstudents claims; and accordingly Mr. Robertson went up to
London, and presented a memorial to John duke of Argyle,
containing the claims of the students of the university of
Glasgow, their proceedings in the vindication of them,
and his own particular sufferings in the cause. The duke
received him very graciously, but said, that “he was little
acquainted with things of this sort;
” and advised him “to
apply to his brother Archibald earl of Hay, who was better
versed in such matters than he.
” He then waited on lord
Hay, who, upon reading the representation of the case,
said “he would consider of it.
” And, upon consideration
of it, he was so affected, that he applied to the king for a
commission to visit the university of Glasgow, with full
power to examine into and rectify all abuses therein. In
the summer of 1726, the earl of Hay with the other visitors
repaired to Glasgow, and, upon a full examination into
the several injuries and abuses complained of, they restored to the students the right of electing their rector;
recovered the right of the university to send two gentlemen, upon plentiful exhibitions, to Baliol college in Oxford; took off the expulsion of Mr. Robertson, and ordered
that particularly to be recorded in the proceedings of the
commission; annulled the election uf the rector who had
been named by the principal; and assembled the students,
who immediately chose the master of Ross, son of lord
Ross, to be their rector, &c. These things so affected Mr*
Sterling, that he died soon after; but the university revived, and has since continued in a most flourishing condition.
, a celebrated French professor of philosophy in the seventeenth century, was born, according
, a celebrated French
professor of philosophy in the seventeenth century, was
born, according to Bayle, in Duuphiny, but more probably at Orange, where, as well as at Die, Nismes, and
Geneva, he taught philosophy, and was accounted the
greatest master of dialectics in his time. The story of
aut Erasmus aut diabolus has been told of him; a stranger
to his person, when puzzled by his arguments, having exclaimed es diabolus aut Dtrodo. In physics he adhered to
the principles of Gassendus. He had been educated in
the protestant religion, but embraced that of popery in
1630, and published his reasons in a volume entitled
“Quatre raisons pour lesquelles on doit quitter la religion
pretendue reformee,
” Paris, quatre raisons
” might have
afforded to the catholics, they were not of permanent influence on his own mind, for he afterwards became again
an adherent to the reformed religion, in which he died.
In 1645 he published in 8vo, his “Disputatio de supposito,
” at Francfort (Orange), in which, Bayle tells us, he
declared for Nestorius against St. Cyril, not in admitting
two persons, but in maintaining that Nestorius does not
admit them, and that St. Cyril confounds the two natures
of Jesus Christ. This was the opinion of Giles Gaillard, a
gentleman of Provence, and an intimate friend of Rodon’s,
whom he often quotes, but without naming. The work
was condemned to be burnt by the parliament of Toulouse,
and the copies are therefore now very rare. Bayle had not
been able to procure one, and is misled by Sorbiere in
thinking that Gaillard wrote a book with the same title as
Rodon’s. But the work of Rodon which made the most
noise was his “Tombeau de la Messe,
” or downfall of the
mass, published at Geneva in Examen de la Theologie de M.
Jurieu, &c.
” and Jurieu’s answers.
ght, was so great and so rapid, that he had no sooner taken his master’s degree than he was chosen a professor of philosophy, and immediately began to read lectures in St.
, the first principal of the college of Edinburgh, was the son of David Rollock, of Poohouse, or, as it is now written, Powis, in the neighbourhood of Sterling, in Scotland. He was born in 1555, and learned the rudiments of the Latin language from Mr. Thomas Buchanan, who kept, says archbishop Spotswood, a famous school at that time, at Sterling, as we learn from Melchior Adam, who appears to have copied from the Latin life of Rollock. From school he was sent to the university of St. Andrew’s, and admitted a student in St. Salvator’s college. His progress in the sciences, which were then taught, was so great and so rapid, that he had no sooner taken his master’s degree than he was chosen a professor of philosophy, and immediately began to read lectures in St. Salvator’s college. This must have been at a very early period of life, for he quitted St. Andrew’s in 1583, when, according to Mackenzie, he had taught philosophy for some time. Not long before this period, the magistrates of Edinburgh having petitioned the king to erect a university in that city, he granted them a charter under the great seal, allowing them all the privileges of a university and the college being built in 1582, they made choice of Mr. Rollock to be their principal and professor of divinity.
is taste led him to examine the libraries of the monasteries in that city, until he was called to be professor of philosophy and divinity, first at Doway, and afterwards at
, a learned ecclesiastical antiquary, was born at Utrecht in 1569, and entered the society of the Jesuits at Doway in Flanders, when he was
twenty years of age. His taste led him to examine the
libraries of the monasteries in that city, until he was called
to be professor of philosophy and divinity, first at Doway,
and afterwards at Antwerp, where he attained very considerable reputation. He died in 1629, at the age of sixty.
He published, in 1607, “Fasti Sanctorum quorum Vitae in
Belgicis Bibliothecis Man use rip tee asservantur,
” which he
intended as a specimen of a larger work, and which was
the prelude of the immense collection by Bollandus and
others, under the title of “Acjta Sanctorum.
” He was
author of many other works, among which is “An Account
of the Hermits of Egypt and Palestine,
” “An Ecclesiastical
History from the time of Christ to pope Urban VIII.
” 2
vols. folio; and “The History of the Belgic Church.
” In
none of these did he ever rise above the prejudices of his
order, but shewed himself the zealous advocate of superstition and credulity, while he treated those who differed
from him with very little respect.
Having been a professor of philosophy for four years, he was at the age of twenty-three
Having been a professor of philosophy for four years, he was at the age of twenty-three admitted into holy orders, and settled at Auchterless, a small village about twenty miles from Aberdeen. Here his zeal and ability in his great Master’s service were eminently displayed. He catechised with great plainness and affection, and used the most endearing methods to recommend religion to his hearers. He endeavoured to bring them to a close attendance on public worship, and joined with them himself at the beginning of it. He revived the use of lectures, looking upon it as very edifying to comment upon and expound large portions of scripture. In the twenty-fifth year of his age, he was appointed professor of divinity in the King’s college, Aberdeen, which he at first declined, but when induced to accept it, he applied himself with zeal and diligence to the exercise of this office. After he had guarded his pupils agajnst the common artifices of the Romish missionaries in making proselytes, he proposed two subjects for public exercise the one, of the pastoral care, the other, of casuistical divinity.
, professor of philosophy in the university of Glasgow in the seventeenth
, professor of philosophy in the university of Glasgow in the seventeenth century, was the author of several works on mathematical and physical subjects. He was dismissed from his professorship soon after the restoration, on account of his principles, being a strict adherent to the presbyterian form of church government. During the period of his ejectment, he resided about the soutnern and border counties, collecting and affording useful information on the subjects of mining, engineering, &c. and was in particular employed by tue magistrates of Edinburgh on the then new plan for supplying that city with water, &c. Considerable attention seems to have been paid by him to such branches of hydrostatics as were of a practical nature: and it has been said he was the first person who suggested the proper method of draining the water from the numerous coal mines in the south-west of Scotland. When the revolution took place in 1688, and the presbyterian became the established religion of Scotland, Mr. Sinclare was recalled to his professorship, which he held until his death in 1696.
, a noted German mathematician and philosopher, was born at Hippo! stein in 1635. He was a professor of philosophy and mathematics at Altdorf, and died there Dec.
, a noted German mathematician and philosopher, was born at Hippo! stein in
1635. He was a professor of philosophy and mathematics
at Altdorf, and died there Dec. 26, 1703. In 1670, he
published, 1. A German translation of the works of Archimedes; and afterwards produced many other books of his
own. 2. “Collegium experimental curiosum,
” Nuremberg, Physica electiva, et Hypothetica,
” Nuremberg, Scientia Cosmica,
” Altdorf, Architecture militaris
Tyrocinia,
” at the same place, Epistola
de veritate proposiiionum Borellide motu animalium,
” 4to,
Nuremb. Physicae conciliatricis Conamina,
”
Altdorf, Mathesis enucleata,
” Nuremb.
Mathesis Juvenilis,
” Nureiwb. Physicae modernae compendium,
” Nuremb.
Tyrocinia mathematica,
” Leipsic, Praelectiones Academics,
” Praelectiones Academics,
” Strasburg, 12mo. The works
of this author are still more numerous, but the most important of them are here enumerated.
d the twenty-fifth year of his age he was appointed praefect, the second office in the seminary, and professor of philosophy. In 1706 he distinguished himself hy speaking
, an historian who may
be ranked among those to whom Russia is chiefly indebted
for the introduction of polite literature, was the son of a
burgher of Kiof; born in that city, June 9, 1681, and
baptised by the name of Elisha. Under his uncle, Theophanes, rector of the seminary in the Bratskoi convent at
Kiof, he commenced his studies, and was well grounded
in the rudiments of the Greek, Latin, and Hebrew tongues.
Though his uncle died in 1692, he completed his education in that seminary; and in 1698, in the eighteenth year
of his age, he travelled into Italy. He resided three years
at Rome, where, beside a competent knowledge of Italian,
he acquired a taste for the fine arts, and improved himself
in philosophy and divinity. Upon his return to Kiof he
read lectures on the Latin and Sclavonian art of poetry in
the same seminary in which he had been educated: and,
with the monastic habit, assumed the name of Theophanes.
Before he had attained the twenty-fifth year of his age he
was appointed praefect, the second office in the seminary,
and professor of philosophy. In 1706 he distinguished
himself hy speaking a Lain oration before Peter the Great;
and still more by a sermon, which in 1701) he preached
before the same monarch after the battle of Pultawa. Having once attracted the notice, he soon acquired the protection of Peter, who was so captivated with his great talents, superior learning, and polite address, as to select
him for a companion in the ensuing campaign against the
Turks; a sure prelude to his future advancement. In 1711
Theophanes was nominated abbot of Bratskoi, rector of
the seminary, and professor of divinity. His censures
against the ignorance and indolence of the Russian clergy,
and his endeavours to promote a taste for polite literature
among his brethren, rendered him a fit instrument in the
hands of Peter for the reformation of the church, and the
final abolition of the patriarchal dignity. He was placed
at the head of the synod, of which ecclesiastical establish*
merit he himself drew the plan; was created bishop of
Plescof; and, in 1720, archbishop of the same diocese;
soon after the accession of Catharine he was consecrated
archbishop of Novogorod, and metropolitan of all Russia;
and died in 1736. Beside various sermons and theological
disquisitions, he wrote a treatise on rhetoric, and on the
rules for Latin and Sclavonian poetry; he composed verses
in the Latin language; and was author of a “Life of Peter
the Great,
” which unfortunately terminates with the battle
of Pultawa. in this performance the prelate has, notwithstanding his natural partiality to his benefactor, avoided
those scurrilous abuses of the contrary party, which frequently disgrace the best histories; and has been particularly candid in his account of Sophia. Peter, from a
well-grounded experierce, had formed such a good opinion of the talents of Theophanes, as to employ him in
composing the decrees which concerned theological questions, and even many that related to civil atf'airs. Theophanes may be said not only to have cultivated the sciences,
and to have promoted them during his life, but likewise to
have left a legacy to his cou itrymen, for their further progress after hi-, decease, by maintaining in his episcopal
palace fifty hoys, who>e education he superintended under his an>piccs they were instructed in foreign languages,
and in various branches of polite knowledge, which had
teen hitherto censured by many as profane acquisitions
thus transmitting the rays of learning to illuminate future
ages and a distant posterity.
In 1786, he, together with the other teachers of the college, was removed to Marburg, and appointed professor of philosophy. Here he taught with applause logic, metaphysics,
In 1786, he, together with the other teachers of the college, was removed to Marburg, and appointed professor of philosophy. Here he taught with applause logic, metaphysics, empirical psychology, the law of nature, moral philosophy, the history of philosophy and of man, and explained the Greek classics. Of these he is said to have excelled principally in the history of philosophy, and empirical psychology. His religion, we are told, consisted in moral purity and rectitude of conduct: he attached no importance to external worship, though he did not deny its advantages to the great body of the people. He yvas an enemy to every kind of fanaticism, a word which we doubt not was in his creed comprehensive enough to embrace the doctrines of revealed religion. It is more to his honour, however, that he was a man of most extensive learning, particularly in the Greek language. His last performance was a translation of Denon’s Travels in Egypt, illustrated with notes. He died May 24, 1803, in the fifty -fifth year of his age. A prolix account of his studies and his philosophy appeared soon after in the foreign journals, from which we have abridged the present article. His works have never been much known in this country, and were not all very favourably received in his own.
, a learned cardinal, was born in 1532, at Cordova, and appointed professor of philosophy in the university of Salamanca at the early age
, a learned cardinal, was born in 1532,
at Cordova, and appointed professor of philosophy in the
university of Salamanca at the early age of fifteen, which
is not remarkable if, according to Dominic Soto, who was
his master, he was a “monster of genius.
” Having afterwards entered the Jesuits’ order, he was sent to Rome,
where he taught theology and philosophy with reputation,
and philosophised after the genuine manner of the Peripatetic school. Paul V. chose father Tolet for his preacher,
and he held the same office under the succeeding pontiffs,
with that of theologian in ordinary, besides being entrusted with several important commissions. Pope Gregory XIII. appointed him judge and censor of his own
works, and Clement VIIL raised him to the cardinalate in
1594, being the first Jesuit who held that dignity. He is
said to have been a lover of justice and equity, and laboured with great zeal and success to reconcile Henry IV.
with the court of Rome. He died in that city in 1596,
aged sixty-four. Henry IV. out of gratitude, ordered a
solemn service to be performed for him at Paris and at
Rouen. This learned cardinal left several works, the principal are “Commentaries on St. John,
” Lyons, On St. Luke,
” Rome, On St. Paul’s Epistle to the Romans,
” Rome, A Summary of
cases of conscience, or instruction for priests,
” Paris,
of a family originally of Genoa, and studied in the Clementine college at Rome. He became afterwards professor of philosophy and mathematics at the college of Ciudad, in the
, a celebrated philosopher,
was born at Rome in 1710, of a family originally of Genoa,
and studied in the Clementine college at Rome. He became afterwards professor of philosophy and mathematics
at the college of Ciudad, in the Frioul. Thence he went
to Naples, and taught these sciences in the archiepiscopal
seminary. Charles of Bourbon, king of Naples, appointed
him in 1754 to be his librarian, superintendant of the royal
printing-office, and keeper of the museum, which enabled
him to devote his time to his favourite pursuits, one of
which was the improvement of microscopes, which he
brought to a very great degree of perfection, by inventing
the highest magnifiers that had ever been known, four of
which he sent in 1765 to our royal society. An account
of them may be seen in the Philosophical Transactions, vols,
LV. and LVI. This ingenious author was a member of
the principal academies of Italy, and a corresponding member of those of Paris, London, and Berlin. He died March
7, 1782, not more rt gretted as a man of genius, than as a
man of private worth and amiable manners. His principal
works are, “On Natural Philosophy,
” Naples, Elementa Physicae,
” ibid. History and phenomena oi Vesuvius,
” Microscopical Observations,
”
up to the science of government. Valerio took a doctor’s degree in divinity and in canon law, became professor of philosophy at Venice, 1558, and having afterwards chosen
, a learned prelate, was born April 7, 1531, at Venice, descended from
one of the best families in that city. After having made a
rapid progress in his studies, he was admitted among the
Savii deir Ordini, a small society of five 5'oung men of the
highest rank at Venice, who had access to the college
where affairs relative to the republic were debated, that
they might be trained up to the science of government.
Valerio took a doctor’s degree in divinity and in canon
law, became professor of philosophy at Venice, 1558, and
having afterwards chosen the ecclesiastical profession, was
appointed bishop of Verona, on the resignation of his
uncle, cardinal Bernardo Naugerio, 1565. He discharged
the duties of the episcopal station with great prudence, and
to the edification of his diocese, and formed a friendship
with St. Charles Borromeo. Pope Gregory XIII. created
him cardinal, 1583, invited him to Rome, and placed him at
the head of several congregations. Valerio acquired universal esteem by his skill in public affairs, his learning and
virtue. He died at Rome, May 24, 1606, aged 75, and
although so advanced, his death is supposed to have been
hastened by chagrin, occasioned by the interdiction under
which pope Paul V. had laid the republic of Venice. This
learned bishop left several excellent works: the most known
are, “The Rhetoric of a Preacher,
” “De Rhetoric* Ecclesiastica libri tres,
” Venice, De cautione adhibenda in edendis Libris,
” which contains a complete
list of Augustine Valerio’s other works both printed and
ms.
gic, during his divinity course, and had among other pupils the celebrated Burgersdicius, afterwards professor of philosophy at Leyden. Voetius was also solicited to take
, an eminent Dutch divine, and
the founder of a sect, if it may be so called, who were in
opposition to the Cartesian philosophy, was born at Heusden, March 3, 1589, of an ancient and considerable family.
His education commenced in the schools of his native place,
and was greatly promoted by a memory of more than common retention, which he displayed to the astonishment of
his teachers and friends, while he was learning Greek and
Latin, rhetoric, arithmetic, and logic. It is said that he
could repeat without book three entire comedies of Terence,
as many of Plautus, the first book of Ovid’s Metamorphoses, the first book of Horace’s Odes, &c. and many
other extensive parts of the authors he read. After finishing his classical course, he was sent in 1604 to Leyden,
where he passed seven years, increasing his knowledge of
the Greek language, but particularly employed on the
study of the belles lettres, philosophy, and theology. In
general science he had made such progress, as to be able
to give lectures on logic, during his divinity course, and
had among other pupils the celebrated Burgersdicius, afterwards professor of philosophy at Leyden. Voetius was
also solicited to take the degree of doctor, but some particular reasons prevented him at this time. Having completed his academical studies in 1611, he returned to Heusden, and became a candidate for the ministry. He had
also a design to have visited Germany, France, and England, but was long confined by an illness; and on his recovery was appointed to officiate in the church of Vlymen,
a village between Heusden and Bois-le-Duc. He preached
also occasionally at Engelen, about a league from Vlymen,
and in both places with great ability and reputation, for
about six years. In 1617 he accepted a call to Heusden,
where he settled for seventeen years, although repeatedly
invited to superior situations in Rotterdam and other parts
of the United Provinces. In 1619, he assisted for six
months at the synod of Dort, and during this time, along with
three of his brethren, preached at Gouda against the Arminians or Remonstrants, to whom he was always a decided enemy, and was as zealous a friend to the doctrines
of Calvin. While at Heusden, he preached occasionally
at other places, and in 1629 to the army which besieged
Bois-le-duc, and after the capture of that city he officiated
there for about nine months alone with three other ministers.
During his residence here, he and his brethren published
a sort of manifesto, inviting all the inhabitants, and particularly the clergy, to a conference, either public or private,
on the points in dispute between the reformed and the Romish church. Jansenius answered this manifesto in a work
entitled '“Alexipharmacum civibus Sylvsc-ducensibus
propinatum ad versus mi nistrorum suorum fascinum,
” Brussels,
1630, This produced a controversy, of whicu we have
already given an account. (See Jansen, p. 470——471).
id Essay from the misrepresentations of Mr. de Resnel, the French translator, and of Mr. de Crousaz, professor of philosophy and mathematics in the academy of Lausanne, the
Mr. Pope’s affection for Mr. Warburton was of service to
him in more respects than merely increasing his fame. He
introduced and warmly recommended him to most of his
friends, and amongst the rest to Ralph Allen, esq. of Prior
Park, whose niece he some years afterwards married. In
consequence of this introduction, we find Mr. Warburton
at Bath in 1742. There he printed a sermon which had
been preached at the abbey-church, on the 24th of October, for the benefit of Mr. Allen’s favourite charity, the
general hospital, or infirmary. To this sermon, which was
published at the request of the governors, was added, “A*
short account of the nature, rise, and progress, of the General Infirmary, at Bath.
” In this year also he printed a
dissertation on the Origin of Books of Chivalry, at the end
of Jarvis’s preface to a translation of Don Quixote, which,
Mr. Pope tells him, he had not got over two paragraphs of
before he cried out, < Aut Erasmus, aut Dmbolus. 1 “I
knew you,
” adds he, “as certainly as the ancients did the
Gods, by the first pace and the very gait. I have not a
moment to express myself in; but could not omit this,
which delighted me so much.
” Mr. Tyrwhitt, however,
has completely demolished Warburton’s system o-n this
subject. Pope’s attention to his interest did not rest in
matters which were in his own power; he recommended
him to some who were more able to assist him; in particular, he obtained a promise from lord Granville, which
probably, however, ended in nothing. He appears also to
have been very solicitous to bring lord Bolingbroke and
Mr. Warburton together, and the meeting accordingly took
place, but we are told by Dr. Warton, they soon parted in
mutual disgust with each other. In 1742 Mr. Warburton
published “A critical and philosophical Commentary on
Mr. Pope’s Essay on Man: in which is contained a Vindication of the said Essay from the misrepresentations of Mr.
de Resnel, the French translator, and of Mr. de Crousaz,
professor of philosophy and mathematics in the academy of
Lausanne, the commentator.
” It was at this period, when
Mr. Warburton had the entire confidence of Pope, that he
advised him to complete the Dunciad, by changing the
hero,- and adding to it a fourth book. This was accordingly executed in 1742, and published early in 1743, 4to,
with notes by our author, who, in consequence of it, received his share of the castigation which Gibber liberally
bestowed on both Pope and his annotator. In the latter
end of the same year. he published complete editions of
“The Essay on Man,
” and “The Essay on Criticism:
”
and,from the specimen which he there exhibited of his
abilities, it may be presumed Pope determined to commit
to him the publication of those works which he should
leave. At Pope’s desire, he about this time revised and
corrected the “Essay on Homer,
” as it now stands in the
last edition of that translation. The publication of “The
Dunciad
” was the last service which our author rendered
Pope in his life-time. After a lingering and tedious illness,
the event of which had been long foreseen, this great
poet died on the 30th of' May, 1744; and by his will, dated
the 12th of the preceding December, bequeathed to Mr.
Warburton one half of his library, and the property of all
such of his works already printed as he had not otherwise
disposed of or alienated, and all the. profits which should
arise from any edition to be printed after his death; but
at the same time directed that they should be published
without any future alterations. In 1744 Warburton’s assistance to Dr. Z. Grey was handsomely acknowledged in
the preface to Hudibras; but with this gentleman he had
afterwards a sharp controversy (See Grey.) “The Divine
Legation of Moses
” had now been published some time;
and various answers and objections to it had started up
from different quarters. In this year, 1744, Mr Warburton turned his attention to these attacks on his favourite
work; and defended himself in a manner which, if it did
not prove him to be possessed of much humility or diffidence, at least demonstrated that he knew how to wield the
weapons of controversy with the hand of a master. His
first defence now appeared under the title of “Remarks on
several Occasional Reflections, in answer to the Rev, Dr.
Middleton, Dr. Pococke, the master of the Charter-house,
Dr. Richard Grey, and others; serving to explain and justify divers passages in the Divine Legation as far as it is
yet advanced: wherein is considered the relation the several parts bear to each other and the whole. Together
with an Appendix, in answer to a late pamphlet, entitled
” An Examination of Mr. W's Second Proposition,“8vo.
And this was followed next year by
” Remarks on several
Occasional Reflections; in answer to the Rev. Doctors
Stebbing and Sykes; serving to explain and justify the
Two Dissertations, in the Divine Legation, concerning the
command to Abraham to offer up his son, and the nature
of the Jewish theocracy, objected to by those learned
writers. Part II. and last;“8vo. Both these answers are
couched in those high terms of confident superiority which
marked almost every performance that fell from his pen
during the remainder of his life. Sept. 5, 1745, the friendship between him and Mr. Allen was more closely cemented
by his marriage with his niece, Miss Tucker, who survived him. At this juncture the kingdom was under a great
alarm, occasioned by the rebellion breaking out in Scotland. Those who wished well to the then-established government found it necessary to exert every effort which
could be used against the invading enemy. The clergy
were not wanting on their part; and no one did more service than Mr. Warburton, who published three very excellent and seasonable sermons at this important crisis. I,
” A faithful portrait of Popery by which it is seen to be
the reverse of Christianity, as it is the destruction of morality, piety, and civil liberty. A sermon preached at St.
James’s church, Westminster, Oct. 1745,“Sva. II.
” A
sermon occasioned by the present unnatural Rebellion, &e>
preached in Mr. Allen’s chapel, at Prior Park, near Bath,
Nov. 1745, and published at his request,'? 8vo. III. “The
nature of National Offences truly stated. A sermon preached on the general fast-day, Dec. 18, 1745,
” An Apologetical Dedication to the
Rev. Dr. Henry Stebbing, in answer to his censure and
misrepresentations of the sermon preached on the general
fast-day to be observed Dec. 18, 1745,
” A Sermon preached on the Thanksgiving appointed to be observed the 9th Oct. for the suppression of
the late unnatural Rebellion,
” Sbakspeare,
” from which he derived very little reputation. Of this edition, the nameless
critic already quoted, says, “To us it exhibits a phenomenon unobserved before in the operations of human intellect a mind, ardent and comprehensive, acute and penetrating, warmly devoted to the subject and furnished
with all the stores of literature ancient or modern, to illustrate and adorn it, yet by some perversity of understanding,
or some depravation of taste, perpetually mistaking what
was obvious, and perplexing what was clear; discovering
erudition of which the author was incapable, and fabricating
connections to which he was indifferent. Yet, with all
these inconsistencies, added to the affectation, equally discernible in the editor of Pope and Shakspeare, of understanding the poet better than he understood himself, there
sometimes appear, in the rational intervals of his critical
delirium, elucidations so happy, and disquisitions so profound, that our admiration of the poet (even of such a poet), is suspended for a moment while we dwell on the
excellencies of the commentator.
”
0, and educated in St. Leonard’s college, St. Andrew’s, where he took his degrees, and was appointed professor of philosophy. When the college of St. Leonard was united by
, known chiefly as a translator of
Horace, was born at Brechin in Scotland, 1710, and educated in St. Leonard’s college, St. Andrew’s, where he
took his degrees, and was appointed professor of philosophy. When the college of St. Leonard was united by act
of parliament to that of St. Salvador, 1747, he came to
London, and completed his translation of Horace, 2 vols.
8vo, with notes, &c. which is in great esteem. But his
dissipated life brought him into many wants, and he was
frequently destitute of the common necessaries of life. In
his latter years he taught the classics to private gentlemen;
but his love of pleasure plunged him into new difficulties;
and he sunk beneath his character as a scholar. He died
in great want near London, 1756, in the forty-sixth year of
his age, and was buried at the expence of the parish. Besides his translation of Horace, he wrote “The History of
the Heathen Gods and Goddesses.
”
est geniuses of the age, and honours were liberally bestowed upon him. The elector of Mentz made him professor of philosophy and polite literature at Erfurt, and he was soon
, a voluminous German writer who has been complimented with the title of
the Voltaire of Germany, was born in 1733, at Biberach.
Of his life no authentic account has, as far as we know,
reached this country, but the following few particulars,
gleaned from various sources, may perhaps be genuine,
His father was a clergyman, who gave him a good education, and his attachment to the Muses discovered itself very
early. At the age of fourteen, he wrote a poem on the destruction of Jerusalem, Two years after he was sent to
Erfurt to study the sciences, where he became enamoured
of Sophia de Gusterman, afterwards known by the name of
Madame de la Roche. The youthful lovers swore eternal
fidelity to each other, but Wieland’s father thought proper
to interrupt the connection, and sent his son to Tubingen
to study law. For this he probably had little inclination,
and employed most of his thoughts and time on poetry,
producing at the age of eighteen an “Art of Love
” in the
manner of Ovid, and a poem “On the nature of things,
”
in which we are told he combined the philosophy of Plato
and Leibnitz. After this he appears to have devoted himself entirely to study and writing, and acquired considerable
reputation as a poet of taste and fancy. For some time he
appears to have resided in Swisserland, and in 1760 he returned to his native place, where he was appointed to the
office of director of the chancery, and during his leisure
hours wrote some of those works which completely established him in the opinion of his countrymen, as one or the
greatest geniuses of the age, and honours were liberally
bestowed upon him. The elector of Mentz made him professor of philosophy and polite literature at Erfurt, and he
was soon after appointed tutor to the two young princes of
Saxe Weimar; he was also aulic counsellor to the duke,
who gave him a pension; and counsellor of government to
the elector of Mentz. In 1765 he married a lady at
Augsburgh, of whom he speaks so highly that we may conclude
ke had overcome or moderated his attachment to the object
of his first love. In 1808 Bonaparte sent him the cross of
the legion of honour, and after the battle of Jena, partook
of a repast with Wieland, and, we are gravely told, “conversed with him at great length on the folly and horrors of
war and on various projects for the establishment of a perpetual peace!
” Wieland’s latter days were employed in
translating Cicero’s Letters. A paralysis of the abdominal
viscera was the prelude to his death, which took place at
Weimar, in January 1813, in the eighty-first year of his
age.