Crichton of Spain, whom he resembled in the marvellous and universal knowledge attributed to him. He was well skilled in languages and the sciences; understood the Bible,
, a learned Spaniard, considered as a prodigy in the fifteenth century, may be termed
the Crichton of Spain, whom he resembled in the marvellous and universal knowledge attributed to him. He was
well skilled in languages and the sciences; understood the
Bible, the works of Nicholas Lyranus, St. Thomas, St.
Bonaventura, Alexander Ales, and Scotus; with those of
Aristotle, Hippocrates, Galen, Avicenna, and several law
authors. He was also a brave soldier, played on several
instruments, was admired for his singing and dancing, and
equalled any artist of Paris in painting. It is said that he
foretold the death of Charles the Rash, duke of Burgundy,
and in 1445, was the admiration of all the learned at Paris.
Commentaries on Ptolemy’s Almagest, and on the Apocalypse, are ascribed to him, and a treatise “De Artificio
omnis scibilis,
” and other works.
, a physician of Messagna, in the territory of Otranto, where he was born, October, or according to Niceron, Nov. 2, 1569, cultivated
, a physician of Messagna, in the territory of Otranto, where he was born, October, or according to Niceron, Nov. 2, 1569, cultivated the study of the Latin and Greek poets at an early age, and wrote elegant verses in both these languages. In 1583 he went to Naples with the intention of going through the courses of philosophy and medicine; but in 1591, all strangers were compelled to leave the place. Ferdinand, returning to his own country, taught geometry and philosophy until 1594) when the viceroy’s edict being revoked, he returned to Naples, pursued a course of medical studies, and receired the degree of doctor in medicine and philosophy. He then repaired to his native place, where he settled himself in practice, and remained to the end of his life, notwithstanding the tempting offers he received from several seats of learning. The duke of Parma, in particular, pressed him to take the professorship of medicine in the university of his city; and the same invitation, was given from the university of Padua. In 1605, he was chosen syndic-general of his country, and acquitted himself with great credit in that office. He died Dec. 6, 1638, in the sixty-ninth year of his age.
, a celebrated Persian poet, and, according to sir William Jones, at the head of all Persian poets, was a native of Tus or Meshed. He was originally a peasant, but
, a celebrated Persian poet, and, according
to sir William Jones, at the head of all Persian poets, was
a native of Tus or Meshed. He was originally a peasant,
but his talents procuring him distinction, he was admitted
to the court of the sultan Mahmud, who reigned in the
city of Gazna, at the close of the tenth and the beginning
of the eleventh centuries, and entertained several poets in
his palace. Ferdusi, happening to find a copy of an old
Persian history, read it with great eagerness, and found it
involved in fables, but bearing the marks of high antiquity.
The most ancient part of it, and principally the war of
Afrasiab and Kosru, or Cyrus, seemed to afford an excellent subject for an heroic poem, which he accordingly began to compose. Some of his episodes and descriptions
were shewn to the sultan, who commended them exceedingly, and ordered him to comprize the whole history of
Persia in a series of epic poems. The poet obeyed, and
after the happiest exertion of his fancy and art for near“thirty years, finished his work, which contained sixty thousand couplets in rhyme, all highly polished, with the spirit
of our Dryden, and the sweetness of Pope. He presented
an elegant transcript of his hook to Mahmud, who coldly
applauded his diligence, and dismissed him. Many months
elapsed, and Ferdusi heard no more of his work: he then
took occasion to remind the king of it by some little epigrams, which he contrived to let fall in the palace; but,
says sir William Jones,
” where an epic poem had failed,
what effect could be expected from an epigram“At
length the reward came, which consisted only of as many
small pieces of money, as there were couplets in the volume. The high-minded poet could not brook this insult;
he retired to his closet with bitterness in his heart, where
he wrote a most noble and animated invective against the
sultan, which he sealed up, and delivered to a courtier,
who, as he had reason to suspect, was his greatest enemy,
assuring him that it was
” a diverting tale,“and requesting
him to give it to Mahmud,
” when any affair of state or
bad success in war should make him more uneasy and
splenetic than usual." Having thus given vent to his indignation, he left Gazna in the night, and took refuge in
Bagdad, where the calif protected him from the sultan
Mahmud, who demanded him in a furious and menacing
letter. Ferdusi is supposed to have died in the 411th year
of the Hegira, or A. D. 1020.
d over to England, where he married, became involved in his circumstances, and, according to report, was found dead at the door of his lodgings, apparently exhausted
, a German artist, born at Vienna in 1689, had different masters. He quitted Vienna in 1718, and exercised his art with success at Bamberg, went from thence to Dresden, in company with Alexander Thiele, in whose landscapes he inserted the figures and animals. He also passed over to England, where he married, became involved in his circumstances, and, according to report, was found dead at the door of his lodgings, apparently exhausted by cold, want, and misery, in 1740. The style and subjects of this painter resemble those of Berghem and Wouwermans. The ruins which adorn his landscapes are selected in a grand taste, and often executed with a finish that discriminates the rougher surface of hewn stone from the polished one of marble. He combined with great force of colour great truth of imitation. He etched well in aqua fortis, and his prints are eagerly sought for by the curious.
, an eminent experimental philosopher, mechanist, and astronomer, was born in Bamffshire, in Scotland, 1710, of very poor parents.
, an eminent experimental philosopher, mechanist, and astronomer, was born in Bamffshire, in Scotland, 1710, of very poor parents. At the very earliest age his extraordinary genius began to unfold itself. He first learned to read, by overhearing his father teach his elder brother: and he had made this acquisition before any one suspected it. He soon discovered a peculiar taste for mechanics, which first arose on seeing his father use a lever. He pursued this study a considerable length, while he was yet very young; and made a watch in wood-work, from having once seen one. As he ha'd at first no instructor, nor any help from books, every thing he learned had all the merit of an original discovery; and such, with inexpressible joy, he believed it to be.
rvice; in which he met with hardships, which rendered his constitution feeble through life. While he was servant to a farmer (whose goodness he acknowledges in the modest
As soon as his age would permit, he went to service; in
which he met with hardships, which rendered his constitution feeble through life. While he was servant to a
farmer (whose goodness he acknowledges in the modest and humble account of himself which he prefixed to his “Mechanical Exercises
”), he contemplated and learned to
know the stars, while he tended the sheep and began the
study of astronomy, by laying down, from his own observations only, a celestial globe. His kind master, observing
these marks of his ingenuity, procured him the countenance and assistance of some neighbouring gentlemen. By
their help and instructions he went on gaining farther
knowledge, having by their means been taught arithmetic,
with some algebra, and practical geometry. He had got
some notion of drawing, and being sent to Edinburgh, he
there began to take portraits in miniature, at a small price;
an employment by which he supported himself and family
for several years, both in Scotland and England, while he
was pursuing more serious studies. In London he first
published some curious astronomical tables and calculations; and afterwards gave public lectures in experimental
philosophy, both in London and most of the country towns
in England, with the highest marks of general approbation.
He was elected a fellow of the royal society, and was excused the payment of the admission fee, and the usual annual contributions. He enjoyed from the king a pension
of fifty pounds a year, besides other occasional presents,
which he privately accepted and received from different
quarters, till the time of his death; by which, and the
fruits of his own labours, he left behind him a sum to the
amount of about six thousand pounds, although all his
friends had always entertained an idea of his great poverty.
He died in 1776, at sixty-six years of age, though he had
the appearance of many more years.
ry neat manner. He had also a good taste in astronomy, with natural and experimental philosophy, and was possessed of a happy manner of explaining himself in an easy,
Mr. Ferguson must be allowed to have been a very uncommon genius, especially in mechanical contrivances and executions, for he executed many machines himself in a very neat manner. He had also a good taste in astronomy, with natural and experimental philosophy, and was possessed of a happy manner of explaining himself in an easy, clear, and familiar way. His general mathematical knowledge, however, was little or nothing. Of algebra he understood but little more than the notation; and he has often told Dr. Hutton he could never demonstrate one proposition in Euclid’s Elements; his constant method being to satisfy himself, as to the truth of any problem, with a measurement by scale and compasses. He was a man of a very clear judgment in any thing that he professed, and of unwearied application to study benevolent, meek, and innocent in his manners as a child humble, courteous, and communicative instead of pedantry, philosophy seemed to produce in him only diffidence and urbanity.
Society, which were printed in their Transactions. In 1805, a very valuable edition of his Lectures was published at Edinburgh by Dr. Brewster, in 2 /vols. 8vo, with
The list of Mni ^Ferguson’s public works, is as follows:
1. “Astronomical Tables and Precepts, for calculating' the
true times of New and Full Moons, &c.
” Tables and Tracts, relative to several arts and sciences,
”
An easy Introduction to Astronomy, for
young gentlemen and ladies,
” second edit. Astronomy x explained upon sir Isaac Newton’s principles,
”
fifth edit. Lectures on select subjects in Mechanics, Hydrostatics, Pneumatics, and Optics,
” fourth
edit. Select Mechanical Exercises, with a
short account of the life of the author, by himself,
” The Art
of Drawing in Perspective made easy,
” An
Introduction to Electricity,
” Two Letters to
the Rev. Mr. John Kennedy,
” A Third Letter
to the Rev. Mr. John Kennedy,
”
, who at an early period of life obtained a considerable degree of celebrity as a Scotch poet, was born at Edinburgh Sept. 5, 1750, or 1751, and was educated partly
, who at an early period of
life obtained a considerable degree of celebrity as a Scotch
poet, was born at Edinburgh Sept. 5, 1750, or 1751, and
was educated partly in his native city, and partly at Dundee, from whence he was sent to the university of St. Andrew’s, where his diligent application, and probably his
turn for poetry, obtained him the patronage of Dr. Wilkie,
himself a poet, and author of the “Epigoniad,
” but some
gross irregularities having procured him to be expelled, he
returned to Edinburgh, without resolving on any permanent employment. Having an opulent relation, he visited
him in hopes, by his interest, to procure some sinecure
place, but at the end of six months, this relation ordered
him abruptly to leave his house, and Fergusson returned to
Edinburgh, stung with indignation; and as soon as he recovered from a severe illness, brought on by disappointment and the fatigue of his journey, he composed two
elegies, one on “The Decay of Friendship,
” and the other
“Against repining at Fortune.
” He was now so destitute,
that he submitted to copy papers in a public office, but
not liking the employment, and quarrelling with his employer, he soon left the office in disgust.
ffered to remain in that obscurity; but, possessing an inexhaustible fund of wit and good nature, he was viewed with affection by all to whom he was known; and his powers
Hitherto he had lived rather in obscurity; and happy
had it been for him, if he had been suffered to remain in
that obscurity; but, possessing an inexhaustible fund of
wit and good nature, he was viewed with affection by all
to whom he was known; and his powers of song, and almost unrivalled talent for mimicry, led him oftener into
the company of those who wished for him merely to enliven
a social hour, than of such as by their virtue were inclined,
or by their influence were able, to procure him a competent
settlement for life. The consequence of this was great
laxity of manners, and much of his life was disgraced by
actions which, in his cooler moments, he reflected on with
abhorrence. His conscience indeed was frequently roused,
and once so powerfully that all his vivacity forsook him.
From this state of gloom, however, he gradually recovered,
and, except that a settled melancholy was visible in his
countenance, had apparently recovered his health, when
one evening befell, and received a violent contusion on the
head, which was followed by a delirium that rendered it
necessary for his friends to remove him to the lunatic hospital of Edinburgh, where, after two months’ confinement,
he died Oct. 16, 1774. He was interred in the Canongate
church-yard, where his friends erected a monument to his
memory that was afterwards removed to make way for a
ipore elegant monument, by his enthusiastic admirer Robert Burns, who resembled him in too many features. Most
of Fergusson’s poems were originally published in the
“Weekly Magazine,
” but have since been collected in a
volume, and often printed. The subjects of them are
sometimes uncommon, and generally local or temporary.
They are of course very unequal. Those in the English
language are scarcely above mediocrity; but those in the
Scottish dialect have been universally admired by his countrymen; and when it is considered that they were composed amidst a round of dissipation, they may be allowed
to furnish complete evidence of his genius and taste.
, a very celebrated French mathematician, though by profession a lawyer, was considered by the writers of his own country as having rendered
, a very celebrated French mathematician, though by profession a lawyer, was considered by the writers of his own country as having rendered no less service to mathematical science than Descartes, and as having even prepared the way for the doctrine of infinites, afterwards discovered by Newton and Leibnitz. He was not only the restorer of the ancient geometry, but the introducer of the new. He was born at Toulouse in 1590, educated to the law, and advanced to the dignity of counsellor to the parliament of Toulouse. As a magistrate, his knowledge and integrity were highly esteemed. As a mani of science he was connected with Descartes, Huygens, Pascal, and many others. He is said also to have cultivated poetry. He died in 1664. His mathematical works were published at Toulouse in 1679, in two volumes, folio. The first volume contains the treatise of arithmetic of Diophantus, with a commentary, and several analytical inventions. The second comprises his mathematical discoveries, and his correspondence with the most celebrated geometricians of his age. His son, Samuel Fermat, was also eminent as a literary man, and wrote some learned dissertations.
, an English antiquary, was the son of William Feme, of Temple Belwood, in the isle of Axholme,
, an English antiquary, was the son
of William Feme, of Temple Belwood, in the isle of Axholme, in Lincolnshire, esq. by Anne his wife, daughter
and heir of John Sheffield, of Beltoft; and was sent to Oxford when about seventeen years of age. Here he was
placed, as Wood conceives, either in St. Mary’s-hall, or
University college: but leaving the university without a
degree, he went to the Inner Temple, and studied for some
time the municipal law. In the beginning of the reign of
James I. he received the honour of knighthood, being about
that time secretary, and keeper of the king’s signet of the
council established at York for the north parts of England.
He probably died about 1610, leaving several sons behind
him, of whom Henry, the youngest, was afterwards bishop
of Chester, the subject of our next article. In 1586 sir
John published “The Blazon of Gentry, divided into two
parts, &c.
” 4to. This is written in dialogues, and, though
in a language uncommonly quaint and tedious, contains
critical accounts of arms, principles of precedence, remarks upon the times, &c. which are altogether curious.
The nobility of the Lacys, earls of Lincoln, which forms a
part of it, was written in consequence of Albert a Lasco, a
noble German, coming to England in 1583, and claiming
affinity to this family of Lacy, and from this, Feme says,
he was induced to open their descents, their arms, marriages, and lives. The discourse is curious, and during
the century that elapsed after its publication, before the
appearance of Dugdaie’s Baronage, must have been peculiarly valuable.
, D. D. bishop of Chester, the youngest son of the preceding sir John Feme, was born at York in 1603, and educated at the free-school of Uppingham
, D. D. bishop of Chester, the youngest
son of the preceding sir John Feme, was born at York in
1603, and educated at the free-school of Uppingham in
Rutlandshire, to which he was sent by sir Thomas Nevill
of Holt in Lancashire, who had married his mother. He
was afterwards, in 1618, admitted commoner of St. Maryhall, Oxford, but after two years 1 residence there, was removed to Trinity college, Cambridge, of which he became
fellow; apd when he had taken his degree of bachelor of
divinity, was domestic chaplain to Dr. Morton, bishop of
Durham. The year after he was presented to the college
living of Masham in Yorkshire, and his brother-in-law Mr.
Nevill gave him that of Medborn in Leicestershire. The?bishop of Lincoln afterwards preferred him to the archdeaconry of Leicester. In 1642 he took his doctor’s degree, and kept the act at the commencement. Thence
he went into Leicestershire, where he had an opportunity
of waiting on the king, and preaching before him as ho
was going to Nottingham to setup his standard. The king
made him his chaplain extraordinary, and he preached
before his majesty again at Nottingham. In 1642 he published his “Case of Conscience touching rebellion,
” and
is said to have been the first that wrote openly in his majesty’s cause, but this probably obliged him to leave Medborn, and take shelter in Oxford, where he preached,
without any emolument, at St. Aldate’s church. Here he
was incorporated doctor in divinity, and was made chaplain in ordinary to the king, who at the same time sent him
a message, that he was sorry he could confer nothing else
with it. He was afterwards appointed chaplain to one of
the lords commissioners at the treaty of Uxbridge, where
at the request of some of them, he stated the case between
piscopary and presbytery, and was not answered by the
parliamentary commissioners, although one of them, the
earl of London, lord chancellor of Scotland, declared that
he should. Dr. Feme attended the king at Oxford until
he had taken Leicester, and was present at the unfortunate
battle of Naseby, after which he went to Newark, and continued preaching until the king ordered the garrison to surrender. His next retreat was to Yorkshire, where he remained with his relations, until his majesty sent for him to
the treaty of the Isle of Wight. His majesty had so much
respect for him, as to desire a copy of the last sermon he
preached there.
Trinity college, Cambridge, now conferred that office upon him, which he kept a year and a half, and was twice chosen vicechancellor. He was also promoted to the deanery
During the usurpation, Dr. Feme appears to have lived in privacy, but, as the only privilege now left to him, as a clergyman, he carried on disputes with the Roman catholics, which occasioned some of his publications. On the restoration, Charles II. as his royal father had promised Dr. Feme the reversion of the mastership of Trinity college, Cambridge, now conferred that office upon him, which he kept a year and a half, and was twice chosen vicechancellor. He was also promoted to the deanery of Ely; and upon Dr. Walton’s death, he was made bishop of Chester, and consecrated at Ely house chapel, Feb. 9, 1661, but held it only ahout five weeks, dying March 16, 1661, at his relation Mr. Nevill’s house, in St. Paul’s churchyard, London, and was buried in Westminster-abbey. He was a man of great learning, piety, and loyalty, and of singular candour and modesty. The character given of him by one who knew him from his youth, was, that if he had any fault, it was that he could not be angry.
, or Fernelius, physician to Henry II. of France, was born at Mont-Didier in Picardy, in 1506, or as some say in 1497.
, or Fernelius, physician to Henry II. of France, was born at Mont-Didier in Picardy, in 1506, or as some say in 1497. He was not very young when he was sent to Paris, to study rhetoric and philosophy; but made so quick a progress, that, having been admitted master of arts after two years’ time, the principals of the colleges strove who should have him to teach logic, and offered him a considerable stipend. He would not accept their offers; but chose to render himself worthy of a public professor’s chair by private studies and lectures. He applied himself therefore in a most intense manner, all other pleasure being insipid to him. He cared neither for play, nor for walking, nor for entertainment, nor even for conversation. He read Cicero, Plato, and Aristotle, and the perusal of Cicero procured him this advantage, that the lectures he read on philosophical subjects were as eloquent as those of the other masters of that time were barbarous. He also applied himself very earnestly to the mathematics.
and to gain time, he used to rise at four o‘clock in the morning, and studied until the hour when he was obliged either to read lectures pr to visit patients. Coming
This continual study drew upon him a long fit of sickness, which obliged him to leave Paris. On his recovery he returned thither with a design to study physic; but before he applied himself entirely to it, he taught philosophy in the college of St. Barbara. After this, he spent four years in the study of physic; and taking a doctor’s degree, confined himself to his closet, in order to read the best authors, and to improve himself in mathematics, as far as the business of his profession would suffer him; and to gain time, he used to rise at four o‘clock in the morning, and studied until the hour when he was obliged either to read lectures pr to visit patients. Coming home to dine, he shut himself up among his books, until called down to table; and after dinner, he returned to his study, which he did not leave without necessary occasions. Coming home at night, he followed the same course he remained among his books until called to supper returned to them the moment he had supped and did not leave them till eleven o’clock, when he went to bed.
In the course of these studies, he contrived mathematical instruments, and was at great expence in having them made. His wife, however, was
In the course of these studies, he contrived mathematical instruments, and was at great expence in having them
made. His wife, however, was alarmed at those expences,
by which even a part of her fortune was wasted. She murmured, cried, and complained to her father, who was a
counsellor at Paris. Fernet submitted at last, sent all his
instrument-makers away s and applied himself seriously to
the practice of physic. But, as visiting patients did not
employ his whole time, he resumed the same office in
which he had been engaged already, of reading public lectures upon Hippocrates and Galen. This soon gained him
a great reputation through France, and in foreign countries. His business increasing, he left off reading lectures;
but as nothing could make him cease to study in private,
he spent all the hours he could spare in composing a work
of physic, entitled “Physiologia,
” which was soon after
published. He was prevailed upon to read lectures on thii
new work, which he did for three years; and undertaking
another work, which he published, “De vensesectione,
”
he laid himself under a necessity of reading lectures some
years longer; for it was passionately desired that he would
also explain this new book to the young students.
While he was thus employed, he was sent for to court, in order to try whether
While he was thus employed, he was sent for to court, in order to try whether he could cure a lady, whose recovery was despaired of; and having succeeded, this was the first cause of that esteem which Henry II. who was then, dauphin, and was in love with that lady, conceived for him. This prince offered him even then the place of first physician to him; but Fernel, who infinitely preferred his studies to the hurry of a court, would not accept the employment, and had even recourse to artifice, in order to, obtain the liberty of returning to Paris. He represented first, that he was not learned enough to deserve to be entrusted with the health of the princes; but that, if he were permitted to return to Paris, he would zealously employ all means to become more learned, and more capable of serving the dauphin. This excuse not being admitted, he pretended, in the next place, to be sick, and sent to the prince a surgeon, who was accustomed to speak familiarly to him, and who told him, that Fernel had a pleurisy, which grief would certainly render mortal; and that his grief was occasioned by being absent from his books and from his family, and by being obliged to discontinue his lectures, and lead a tumultuous life. The prince, giving credit to this story, permitted Fernel to retire. A man, Bayle observes, must be excessively in love with his studies, and a philosophical life, when he employs such tricks to avoid what all others are desirous to obtain.
When Henry came to the throne, he renewed his offer; but Fernel represented, that the honour was due, for several reasons, and as an hereditary right, to the
When Henry came to the throne, he renewed his offer; but Fernel represented, that the honour was due, for several reasons, and as an hereditary right, to the late king’s physician; and that, as for himself, he wanted some time for experiments concerning several discoveries he had made relating to physic. The king admitted this: but as soon as Francis the First’s physician died, Fernel was obliged to fill his place at Henry the Second’s court. Here just the contrary to what he dreaded came to pass: for he enjoyed more rest and more leisure at court than he had done at Paris; and he might have considered the court as an agreeable retirement, had it not been for the journeys which the new civil war obliged the king to take. Being returned from the expedition of Calais, he made his wife come to Fontainbleau: but this good woman was so afflicted at being obliged to leave her relations, that she fell sick soon after, and died delirious; and her death grieved Fernel to such a degree, that he died within a month after she was buried, in 1558. Fernel acquired a vast estate by his business. Plantius, his disciple and biographer, tells us, that while he was with him, his gains amounted often to above 12,000 livres a year, and seldom under 10,000. He is considered as one of the great restorers of medicine, and the first after Galen who wrote ably on the nature and cause of diseases. His posterity were long respected on his account.
, a celebrated self-taught mechanic, was born at Bassano, in the territory of Padua, in 1692. His first
, a celebrated self-taught mechanic, was born at Bassano, in the territory of Padua, in 1692. His first occupation being that of a sawyer, for his parents were very poor, he invented a saw which worked by the wind, and went on progressively to several more curious inventions, such as making clocks in iron, hydraulic machines, &c. till he was noticed by the great men of Italy. In his native town of Bassano, he constructed a famous bridge over the Brenta, remarkable for the boldness of its design, and the solidity of its construction. He died soon after the completion of this work. An history of his life and inventions was published at Venice in 1764, by a writer whose name was Memo, 4to.
l writings against the Calvinists, and others. 5. “A Letter and Discourse to prove that St. Augustin was a Monk,” an opinion which several learned men have rejected.
, a French lawyer, born at Toulon,
in 1645, became an advocate in the parliament of Paris,
and died in that city, in 1699. Though a layman, he
lived with the rigour of a strict ecclesiastic; and though a
lawyer, his works turn chiefly upon subjects of sacred
learning. They are full of erudition, but not remarkable
for brilliancy or clearness. They are, 1. “A large Commentary on the Psalms,
” in Latin, Reflections on the Christian Religion,
” A Psalter,
” in French and Latin. 4. Some controversial writings against the Calvinists, and others. 5. “A
Letter and Discourse to prove that St. Augustin was a
Monk,
” an opinion which several learned men have rejected.
, surnamed Fulgentius, who flourished in the sixth century, was an African by birth, and a disciple of St. Fulgentius. When
, surnamed Fulgentius, who flourished
in the sixth century, was an African by birth, and a disciple of St. Fulgentius. When that prelate was banished
by the Arians to Sardinia, Ferrandus accompanied him;
but on his return he was chosen deacon of the church of
Carthage, and entered with much zeal into the question
which was the subject of warm discussion at that day,
“whether it could be said that one of the persons of the
Trinity suffered on the cross.
” Ferrandus died about the
year 530, leaving behind him many works that were highly
esteemed by his contemporaries. The most considerable,
“A Collection of Ecclesiastical Canons,
” for restoring
discipline in the churches of Africa, is one of the most ancient collections of canons among the Latins. It consists
of between two and three hundred abridged from the councils of Africa, Ancyra, Laodicea, Nice, Antioch, &c. A
life of Fulgentius has also been ascribed to Ferrandus, but
by some authors it has been ascribed to another of the prelate’s pupils.
nd ingenuity, of great personal worth, and at the same time an enthusiast of a singular description, was the third son of Nicholas Ferrar, a merchant in London, and
, an English gentleman of considerable learning and ingenuity, of great personal worth, and at the same time an enthusiast of a singular description, was the third son of Nicholas Ferrar, a merchant in London, and was born Feb. 22, 1592, in the parish of St. Mary Stayning, in Mark-lane, London. His lather traded very extensively to the East and West Indies, and to all the celebrated seats of commerce. He* lived in high repute in the city, where he joined in commercial matters with sir Thomas and sir Hugh Middleton, and Mr. Bateman. He was a man of liberal hospitality, but governed his house with great order. He kept a good table, at which he frequently received persons of the greatest eminence, sir John Hawkins, sir Francis Drake, sir Walter Raleigh, and others with whom he was an adventurer; and in all their expeditions he was ever in the highest degree attentive to the planting the Christian Religion in the New World. At home also he was a zealous friend to the established church, and always ready to supply his prince with what was required of him. He lent 300l. at once upon a privy-seal a sum at that time notinconsiderable. He had the honour of being written Esq. by queen Elizabeth.
His wife was Mary, daughter of Laurence Wodenoth, esq. of an ancient family
His wife was Mary, daughter of Laurence Wodenoth, esq. of an ancient family in Cheshire. By her he had a numerous family, to whom he gave a pious education. Their daily practice was to read, and to speak by memory, some portion of the Scriptures, and parts of the Book of Martyrs; they were also made acquainted with such passages of history as were suited to their tender years. They were all instructed in music in performing on the organ, viol, and lute, and in the theory and practice; of singing in the learned and modern languages in curious needleworks, and all the accomplishments of thai time. The young men, when arrived at years of discretion, had permission each to choose his profession, and then no expence was spared to bring him to a distinguished excellence in it. For, this was an invariable maxim with the parents, that, having laid a firm foundation in religion and virtue, they would rather give them a good education without wealth, than wealth without a good education.
Of Nicholas, the subject of this article, we are told that he was a beautiful child, of a fair complexion, and lightcoloured hair.
Of Nicholas, the subject of this article, we are told that he was a beautiful child, of a fair complexion, and lightcoloured hair. At four years of age he was sent to school, and at five he could read perfectly, or repeat with propriety and grace, a chapter in the Bible, which the parents made the daily exercise of their children. By the brightness of his parts, and the uncommon strength of his memory, he attained with great ease and quickness whatever he set himself to learn; yet was he also remarkably studious. From the early possession of his mind with ideas of piety and virtue, and a love for historical information, the Bible in his very early years became to him the book above all others most dear and estimable; and next to this in his esteem was Fox’s Book of Martyrs, from which he could repeat perfectly the history of his near kinsman, bishop Ferrar. And, when in his riper years he undertook the instruction of the family, he constantly exercised them also in the reading and in the study of these two books. He was particularly fond of all historical relations; and, when engaged in this sort of reading, the day did not satisfy him, but he would borrow from the night; insomuch that his mother would frequently seek him out, and force him to partake of some proper recreation. Hence, even in his childhood, his mind was so furnished with historical anecdotes, that he could at any time draw off his schoolfellows from their play, who would eagerly surround him, and with the utmost attention listen to his little tales, always calculated to inspire them with a love of piety and goodness, and excite in them a virtuous imitation.
When he was very young he was taught Latin, at London, at the desire of
When he was very young he was taught Latin, at London, at the desire of his master, though others thought it
too soon: but he was so eager and diligent in his application, that he soon surpassed all his companions, though
his seniors. He was of a grave disposition, and very early
shewed a great dislike of every thing that savoured of
worldly vanity In his apparel he wished to be neat, but
refused all that was not simple and plain. When bands
were making for the children, he earnestly entreated his
mother that his might not have any lace upon them, like
those of his brothers, but be made little and plain, like
those of Mr. Wotton (a clergyman whom he knew), “for
I wish to be a preacher as he is.
”
Young Ferrar was good-natured and tender-hearted to the highest degree; so fearful
Young Ferrar was good-natured and tender-hearted to
the highest degree; so fearful of offending any one, that,
upon the least apprehension of having given displeasure,
he would suddenly weep in the most submissive manner,
and appear extremely sorry. His temper was lovely, his
countenance pleasing; his constitution was not robust, but
he was active, lively, and cheerful. Whatsoever he went
about, he did it with great spirit, and with a diligence and
discretion above his years. When it was time to send him
to some greater school, where he might have a better opportunity to improve himself in the Latin tongue, his parents sent him and his brother William to Euborn, near
Newbery, in Berkshire, the house of Mr. Brooks, an old
friend, who had many other pupils, who was a religious
and good man, but a strict disciplinarian. While preparations were making for this journey, an event took place
which made the deepest and most lively impression upon
the mind of young Nicholas, and strongly marks his character and the bent of his disposition. He was but six
years of age, and being one night unable to sleep, a fit
of scepticism seized his mind, and gave him the greatest
perplexity and uneasiness. He doubted whether there
was a God and, if there was, what was the most acceptable mode of serving him In extreme grief he rose at
midnight, cold and frosty and went down to a grass-plat
in the garden, where he stood a long time, sad and pensive, musing and thinking seriously upon the great doubt
which thus extremely perplexed him. At length, throwing
himself on his face upon the ground, and spreading out his
hands, he cried aloud, “Yes, there is, there must be a
God; and he, no question, if I duly and earnestly seek it
of him, will teach me not only how to know, but how to
serve him acceptably. He will be with me all my life
here, and at the end will hereafter make me happy.
” His
doubts now vanished, his mind became easy, and he
returned to his apartment; but the remembrance of what he
felt on this occasion made him ever after strongly commiserate all who laboured under any religious doubt or despair of mind. And, in the future course of his life, he
had repeated opportunities to exert his benevolence to
those who experienced similar unhappiness.
In 1598 he was sent to Euborn school, where in Latin, Greek, and logic, he
In 1598 he was sent to Euborn school, where in Latin, Greek, and logic, he soon became the first scholar of his years. He strengthened his memory by daily exercise; he was a great proficient in writing and arithmetic, and attained such excellence in short-hand as to be able to take accurately a sermon or speech on any occasion. He was also well skilled both in the theory and practice of vocal and instrumental music. Thus accomplished, in his fourteenth year, his master, Mr. Brooks, prevailed with his parents to send him to Cambridge, whither he himself attended him, and admitted him of Clare-hall, presenting him, with due commendation of his uncommon abilities, to Mr. Augustin Lindsell, the tutor, and Dr. William Smith, then master of the college. His parents thought proper, notwithstanding the remonstrance of some friends against it, to admit him a pensioner for the first year, as they conceived it more for his good to rise by 'merit gradually to honour. In this situation, by excellent demeanour and diligent application to his studies, he gained the affections and applause of all who knew him, performing all his exercises with distinguished approbation. His attention and diligence were such, that it was observed his chamber might be known by the candle that was last put out at night, and the first lighted in the morning. Nor was he less diligent In his attendance at chapel, so that his piety and learning went on hand in hand together. In his second year he became fellow-commoner. In 1610 he took his degree of B. A. At this time he was appointed to make the speech on the king’s coronation day, (July 25) in the college hall; and the same year he was elected fellow of that society, His constitution was of a feminine delicacy, and he was very subject to aguish disorders; yet he bore them out in a great measure by his temperance, and by a peculiar courageousness of spirit which was natural to him. His favourite sister, married to Mr. Collet, lived at Bourn Bridge, near Cambridge, and as the air of Cambridge was found not well to agree with him, he made frequent exctirsioas to her house, where he passed his time in the pursuit of his studies, and in the instruction of his sister’s children. But his tutor, Mr. Lindsell, Mr. Ruggle (author of the Latin comedy called Ignoramus), and others of the fellows, having now apprehension of his health, carried him to Dr. Butler, the celebrated physician of Cambridge, who conceived a great affection for him, but finding the disorder baffled all his skill, could only recommend a spare diet and great temperance; and upon his relapsing, in the autumn of 1612, the doctor prescribed as the last re^ medy, that in the spring he should travel.
He was now almost of seven years’ standing in the university, and was
He was now almost of seven years’ standing in the university, and was to take his master’s degree at the ensuing Midsummer, 1613, and he had already performed with credit all his previous exercises. It being made known to the heads of the university that he was to travel, and to have the opportunity of going with that noble company which then went with the lady Elizabeth to conduct her to the Palatinate with the Palsgrave her husband, his degree was immediately granted; and having set out in the retinue of the lady Elizabeth, he accompanied her to Holland. 'But inclining to pursue a different route, he took leave of her royal highness there, and visited most of the German universities, at some of which he studied a considerable time, and at them and other parts of Europe, he spent five years, returning home in 1618, being then twenty-six years of age, and highly improved and accomplished by his travels. During this long residence abroad he had purchased many rare articles of curiosity, scarce and valuable books, and learned treatises in the language of those different countries; in collecting which he certainly had a principal eye to those which treated the subjects of a spiritual life, devotion, and religious retirement. He bought also a great number of prints, engraved by the best masters of that time, relative to historical pasr sages of the Old and New Testament; all which, upon his return home, he had the satisfaction to find were safely arrived there before him, but very little of this treasure is now remaining. The Ferrar family being firm in their loyalty to the king, their house at Giclding was plundered in the civil wars; and, in a wanton devastation, all these things perished, except some of the prints, not of great value, which were in the possession of the editor of Mr. Ferrar’s life, the late Dr, Packard. Soon after Mr. Ferrar’s return, sir Edwyn Sandys, who had heard a high character of him from many who had known him in Italy, sought his acquaintance; and, being exceedingly taken with his great abilities, took the first opportunity to make him known to the earl of Southampton, anxi the other principal members of the Virginia company. In a very little time he was made one of a particular committee in some business of great importance; whereby the company having sufficient proof of his extraordinary abilities, at the next general court it was proposed and agreed that he should be king’s counsel for the Virginia plantation ki the room of his brother John, who was then made the deputy governor. And when his name, according to custom, was entered in the lord chamberlain’s book, sir Edwyn Sandys took care to acquaint that lord with his uncommon worth which, indeed, daily more and more appeared in every thing he undertook and as he wanted no ability, so he spared no diligence in ordering all their affairs of consequence, and thus became deeply engaged in cares of a public nature. Yet his own inclinations at his. return led him rather to think of settling himself again at Cambridge, to which he was the more induced as he still held the physic fellowship in Clare-hall. But this he now saw could not be done; and besides, his parents, now grown old, requested their beloved son to remain with them. Therefore all he could obtain in this respect from them, and from his business, was the liberty now and then to pass a few days with his old acquaintance and friends still remaining in Cambridge.
e most interesting part of it. The reputation, however, which he had acquired, as a man of business, was such, that after the Virginia company had been dissolved, he
His transactions while connected with the Virginia company, occupy a very large portion of his life published by Dr. Peckarcl, but will not now be thought the most interesting part of it. The reputation, however, which he had acquired, as a man of business, was such, that after the Virginia company had been dissolved, he was in 1624, chosen member of parliament. He must, however, have sat a very short time, as he began soon to put in execution his scheme of retiring from the world, and leading a monastic life in the heart of a protestant country. For this purpose in the last mentioned year, he purchased the lordship of Little-Gidding, in the county of Huntingdon,^ where his mother, his sister Mrs. Collet, with all her family, and other relations to the amount of forty persons, came to reside as soon as it could be prepared for their reception. The better to carry on this plan, by his personal assistance, Mr. Ferrar applied to Dr. Laud, then bishop of St. David’s, and was ordained deacon. On this, some of his noble friends, not knowing his intention, offered him preferments in the church, but these he declined, as being unworthy to receive them, and informed his friends that he had taken deacon’s orders only that he might be legally authorised to give spiritual assistance to those with whom he might be concerned.
In the establishment he now formed, one useful branch was a school for the education of the children of the neighbourhood,
In the establishment he now formed, one useful branch was a school for the education of the children of the neighbourhood, free of expence. In this part of his plan there was nothing remarkably different from the exercises that were customary in those days in other schools, except, perhaps, a higher degree of strictness and ceremony. In other respects the reader will perhaps think there was ceremony enough, from perusing the following specimens of Mr. Ferrar’s domestic plan.
On the first Sunday of every month they always had a communion, which was administered by the clergyman of the adjoining parish; Mr. Nicholas
On the first Sunday of every month they always had a communion, which was administered by the clergyman of the adjoining parish; Mr. Nicholas Ferrar assisting as deacon. All the servants who then received the communion, when dinner was brought up, remained in the room, and on that day dined at the same table with Mrs. Ferrar and the rest of the family. When their early devotions in the oratory were finished, they proceeded to church in the following order: First, the three school-masters, in black gowns and Monmouth caps. Then, Mrs. Ferrar’s grandsons, clad in the same manner, two and two. Then, her son Mr. John Ferrar, and her son-in-law Mr. Collet, in the same dress. Then, Mr. Nicholas Ferrar, in surplice, hood, and square cap, sometimes leading his mother. Then 3Vlrs. Collet, and all her daughters, two and two. Then all the gervants, two and two. The dress of all was uniform. Then, on Sundays, all the Psalm children, two and two, or children who were taught to repeat the Psalms from memory.
er. This service over, they returned in the same order, and with the same solemnity. This ceremonial was regularly observed every Sunday, and that on every common day
As they came into the church, every person made a low obeisance, and all took their appointed places. The masters and gentlemen in the chancel; the youths knelt on the upper step of the half-pace; Mrs. Ferrar, her daughters, and all her grand-daughters, in a fair island seat. Mr. Nicholas Ferrar at coming in made a low obeisance a few paces farther, a lower and at the half-pace a lower still then went into the reading-desk, and read the morning service according to the book of Common Prayer. This service over, they returned in the same order, and with the same solemnity. This ceremonial was regularly observed every Sunday, and that on every common day was nearly the same. They rose at four at five went to the oratory to prayers; at six, said the Psalms of the hour for every hour had its appointed Psalms, with some portion of the Gospel, till Mr. Ferrar had finished his Concordance, when a chapter of that work was substituted in place of the portion of the Gospel. Then they sang a short hymn, repeated some passages of scripture, and at half past six went to church to mattins. At seven said the Psalms of the hour, sang the short hymn, and went to breakfast. Then the young people repaired to their respective places of instruction. At ten, to church to the Litany. At eleven to dinner. At which season were regular readings in rotation from scripture, from the Book of Martyrs, and from short histories drawn up by Mr. Ferrar, and adapted to the purpose of moral instruction. Recreation was permitted till one; instruction was continued till three church at four, for evensong supper at five, or sometimes six diversions till eight. Then prayers in the oratory and afterwards all retired to their respective apartments." To preserve regularity in point of time, Mr. Ferrar invented dials in painted glass in every room: he had also sun-dials, elegantly painted with proper mottos, on every side of the church; and he provided an excellent clock to a sonorous bell.
hen her accounts were regularly passed, allowed, and delivered over to the next in succession. There was also the same care and regularity required with respect to the
Four of Mr. Collet’s eldest daughters being grown up to woman’s estate, to perfect them in the practice of good housewifery, Mr. Ferrar appointed them, in rotation, to take the whole charge of the domestic ceconomy. Each had this care for a month, when her accounts were regularly passed, allowed, and delivered over to the next in succession. There was also the same care and regularity required with respect to the surgeon’s chest, and the due provision of medicines, and all things necessary for those who were sick, or hurt by any misfortune. A convenient apartment was provided for those of the family who chanced to be indisposed, called the infirmary, where they might be attended, and properly taken care of, without disturbance from any part of the numerous family. A large room was also set apart for the reception of the medicines, and of those who were brought in sick or hurt, and wanted immediate assistance. The young ladies were required to dress the wounds of those who were hurt, in order to give them readiness and skill in this employment, and to habituate them to the virtues of humility and tenderness of heart. The office relative to pharmacy, the weekly inspection, the prescription, and administration of medicines, Mr. Ferrar reserved to himself, being an excellent physician; as he had for many years attentively studied the theory and practice of medicine, both when physic fellow at Clare Hall, and under the celebrated professors at Padua. In this way was a considerable part of their income disposed of.
o this system of education, he formed the family into a sort of collegiate institution, of which one was considered as the founder, another guardian, a third as moderator,
In order to give some variety to this system of education, he formed the family into a sort of collegiate institution, of which one was considered as the founder, another guardian, a third as moderator, and himself as visitor of this little academy. The seven virgin daughters, his nieces, formed the junior part of this society, were called the sisters, and assumed the names of, 1st, the chief; 2d. the patient; 3d, the chearful 4th, the affectionate; 5th, the submiss 6th, the obedient; 7th, the moderate. These all had their respective characters to sustain, and exercises to perform suited to those characters. For the Christmas season of 1631 he composed twelve excellent discourses, five suited to the festivals within the twelve days, and seven to the assumed name and character of the sisters. These were enlivened by hymns and odes composed by Mr. Ferrar, and set to music by the music-master of the family, who accompanied the voices with the viol or the lute.
We shall notice only one other part of this strange system, which was their nightly watchings. It was agreed that; there should be
We shall notice only one other part of this strange system, which was their nightly watchings. It was agreed that;
there should be a constant double night-watch, of men at
one end of the house, and of wome.n at the other. That
each watch should consist of two or more persons. That
the watchings should begin at nine o'clock at night, and
end at one in the morning. That each watch should, in
those four hours, carefully and distinctly say over the
whole book of Psalms, in the way of Autiphony, one repeating one verse, and the rest the other. That they
should then pray for the life of the king and his sons. The
time of their watch being ended, they went to Mr. Ferrar’s
door, bade him good-morrow, and left a lighted caudle
for him. At one he constantly rose, and betook himself to
religious meditation, founding this practice on the passage,
“At midnight will I rise and give thanks;
” and some
other passages of similar import. Several religious persons, both in the neighbourhood, and from distant places,
attended these watchings; and amongst these the celebrated Mr. Richard Crashaw, fellow of Peterhouse, who
was very intimate in the family, and frequently came from
Cambridge for this purpose, and at his return often watched
in Little St. Mary’s church, near Peterhonse. It is some*what more singular that a late worthy prelate, Dr. Home,
has given his sanction, if not to the severity, at least to a
moderate observation, of this mode of psalmody, in the
following words, *on a part of his commentary on the 134th
Psalm:
bited in the last century an instance of a Protestant family, in which a constant course of Psalmody was appointed, and so strictly kept up, that, through the whole
“The pious Mr. Nicholas Ferrar exhibited in the last
century an instance of a Protestant family, in which a constant course of Psalmody was appointed, and so strictly
kept up, that, through the whole four and twenty hours of
day and night, there was no portion of time when some of
the members were not employed in the performing that
most pleasant part of duty and devotion.
”
with courteous civility; and from those who were inquisitive they concealed nothing, as indeed there was not any thing either in their opinions, or their practice, in
This extraordinary course of life pursued at Gidding,
the strictness of their rules, their prayers, literally without ceasing, their abstinence, mortifications, nightly watchings, and various other peculiarities, gave birth to censure
in some, and inflamed the malevolence of others, but excited the wonder and curiosity of all. So that they were
frequently visited with different views by persons of all
denominations, and of opposite opinions. They received
all who came with courteous civility; and from those who
were inquisitive they concealed nothing, as indeed there
was not any thing either in their opinions, or their practice, in the least degree necessary to be concealed. Notwithstanding this, they were by some abused as Papists,
by others as Puritans. Mr. Ferrar himself, though possessed of uncommon patience and resignation, yet in anguish of spirit complained to his friends, that the perpetual
obloquy he endured was a sort of unceasing martyrdom.
Added to all this, violent invectives and inflammatory pamphlets were published against them. Amongst others, not
long after M. Ferrar' s death, a treatise was addressed to
the parliament, entitled, “The Arminian Nunnery, or a
brief description and relation of the late erected monastical
place, called the Arminian Nunnery at Little Gidding in
Huntingdonshire: humbly addressed to the wise consideration of the present parliament. The foundation is by a
company of Ferrars at Gidding,
” printed by Thomas Underhill,
ists, adorned with many beautiful pictures, which required more than a year for the composition, and was divided into 150 heads or chapters. This book was so neatly
Among other articles of instruction and amusement in
this monastery, Mr. Ferrar engaged a bookbinder who
taught his art to the whole family, females as well as males,
and what they called pasting-printing, by the use of the
rolling-press. By this assistance he composed a full harjnony or concordance of the evangelists, adorned with
many beautiful pictures, which required more than a year
for the composition, and was divided into 150 heads or
chapters. This book was so neatly done by pieces pasted
together from different copies of the same type, as to
have the appearance of having been printed in the ordinary
way. The employment of the monks, in transcribing
books, before the aera of printing, must have surely given
rise to such a waste of time, as any printing-press could
have executed in a month, what cost a year’s labour in this
patch-work way. The book, however, was so much admired that the king desired to see it, and had another
made like it, which, we are told, was bound by Mary Collett, one of Ferrar’s nieces, “all wrought in gold, in a
new and most elegant fashion.
”
nstitution might have lasted, if left to itself, cannot be ascertained. In 1635 old Mrs. Ferrar, who was a sort of lady abbess, died, and her son, the founder, on Dec.
How long this strange institution might have lasted, if
left to itself, cannot be ascertained. In 1635 old Mrs. Ferrar, who was a sort of lady abbess, died, and her son, the
founder, on Dec. 2, 1637. The third day before his death,
he ordered a place to be marked out for his grave, and
being told that the place was accordingly marked, he requested his brother, before all the family, to take out of
his study three large hampers full of books, which had
been there locked up many years and said, “They are
comedies, tragedies, heroic poems, and romances let them
be immediately burnt upon the place marked out for my
grave, and when you shall have so done, come back and
inform me.
” When information was brought him that they
were all consumed, he desired that this act might be considered as the testimony of his disapprobation of all such
productions, as tending to corrupt the mind of man, and
improper for the perusal of erery good and sincere Christian.
Soon after his death, certain soldiers of the parliament
resolved to plunder the house at Gidding. The family
being informed of their hasty approach, thought it prudent
to fly; while these military zealots, in the rage of what
they called reformation, ransacked both the church and
the house; in doing which, they expressed a particular
spite against the organ. This they broke in pieces, of
which they made a large fire, and at it roasted several of
Mr. Ferrar’s sheep, which they had killed in his grounds.
This done, they seized all the plate, furniture, and provision, which they could conveniently carry away. And in
this general devastation perished the works which Mr. Ferrar had compiled for the use of his household, in the way
we have already described, consisting chiefly of harmonies
of the Old and New Testament.
ch Mr. Gough applied in his British Topography and that eminent antiquary afterwards allowed that it was certainly unjust so far as regarded the institution at Little
The life of this extraordinary, and in most respects,
amiable man, will be considered in different lights according to the views and objects of the reader. His early
abilities, his travels, and the attention deservedly paid to
his very singular talents and acquisitions at a period when
the powers of the mind are scarcely matured, will excite
our respect and admiration. His very active and able conduct in support of the Virginia company, realizes the expectations which his earlier abilities had raised, and displays a scene in which we must equally admire his spirit,
temper, and judgment. To see openings so brilliant, talents so varied and useful, knowledge of such importance,
buried in a cloister, disappoints the eager hopes, and leads
us to indulge a spirit of invective against institutions, once
perhaps defensible, but in a better aera of refinement at
least “useless,
” and often unjust to society. His biographer, Dr. Peckard, seemed indignant at the appellation of
“useless enthusiast,
” which Mr. Gough applied in his
British Topography and that eminent antiquary afterwards
allowed that it was certainly unjust so far as regarded
the institution at Little Gidding; for to assist their neighbours in medicine, in advice, and in every thing in their
power, was one of their objects. But he asks if the
charge of enthusiasm was not well founded, and if in a
comparative view “useless,
” was a term wholly improper?
To give medicine occasionally, to advise, or bestow alms,
within a limited circle, were not the sufficient employments of a mind equally able and comprehensive, stored
with the wisdom of antiquity, experienced in business,
and matured by travel and exercise. In the way in which
his devotional exercises were conducted, we must perhaps
find something to blame. His too literal interpretation of
some passages in scripture, which led him to rise at one
in the morning, must not only have been ultimately injurious to his own constitution, but, by depriving the constitution of repose at the time best and most naturally adapted
to it, must have rendered the body and mind less fit for
those social duties which are the great objects of our existence. The frequent watchings of the rest of the family
were equally exceptionable, and the ceremonies which he
used only as marks of reverence might be interpreted by his
weaker dependents as signs of adoration. It is the broken
and the contrite heart, not the frequently-bent knee, that
God seems to require: it is the bowing down of the spirit,
rather than the body, that he will not despise. If we
look at the result of this retirement, the works composed
by Mr. Ferrar, we shall find nothing very advantageous to
the credit of this institution.
The only publication by Mr. Ferrar, but without his name, was a translation from Valdesso, entitled “The hundred and ten
The only publication by Mr. Ferrar, but without his
name, was a translation from Valdesso, entitled “The
hundred and ten Considerations, &c. written in Spanish,
bi ought out of Italy by Vergerius, and first set forth in
Italian, at Basil by Caelius Secundus Curio, 1550. Afterwards translated into French, and printed at Lyons, 1563,
and again at Paris, 1565. And now translated out of the
Italian into English, with notes. Whereunto is added a
preface of the author’s to his Commentary on the Romans,
Oxford, printed by Litchfield, 1638.
”
, the martyred bishop of St. David’s in the sixteenth century, was an ancestor of the preceding, and born in Halifax parish, Yorkshire,
, the martyred bishop of St. David’s in the sixteenth century, was an ancestor of the preceding, and born in Halifax parish, Yorkshire, probably at Ewood. He became, when a young man, a canon regular of the order of St. Austin, but in what priory or abbey is uncertain. Having partly received his academical education in Cambridge, he retired to a nursery for the canons of St. Austin, i.t Oxford, called St. Mary’s-college (where Erasmus had before studied), and here we find him in 1526, and also in Oct. 1533, when as a member of the said college, he was admitted to the reading of the sentences, having a little before been opponent in divinity. About the same time he became chaplain to archbishop Cranmer, after whose example he married, a practice at that time disallowed among the popish clergy, and in the time of queen Mary, made the ground of a criminal charge. Dodd, who treats him with more respect than some protestant biographers, adopts from Wood the account, that he was among the first of the university of Oxford that received a tincture of Lutheranism, in which he was confirmed by Thomas Garret, curate of Honey-lane in London, who provided him with books for that purpose, and that in the year above-mentioned he was chosen prior of a monastery of his order, called Nostel, or St. Oswald’s, in Yorkshire, which he surrendered to the commissioners upon the dissolution in 1540, being gratified with a pension of 100l. per annum.
This pension he enjoyed until his promotion to the see of St. David’s, to which he was consecrated Sept. 9, 154-8. He was the first bishop consecrated
This pension he enjoyed until his promotion to the see of St. David’s, to which he was consecrated Sept. 9, 154-8. He was the first bishop consecrated upon the bare nomination of the king, according to the statute which for that purpose was published in the first year of his (Edward VI.) reign. He had just before been one of the king’s "visitors in a royal visitation, and was at the same time appointed one of the preachers for his great ability in that faculty. As a bishop, Browne Willis says, he became a most miserable dilapidator, yielding up every thing to craving courtiers, and Wood speaks of him with all the rancour of a disciple of Gardiner. The fact, however, seems to be that when he first visited his diocese, he found, among other corruption^and dilapidations, that Thomas Young, the chaunter (afterwards archbishop of York), had pulled down the great hall in the palace for the sake of the lead, which he sold, and that he and Rowland Merick, one of the canons, and afterwards bishop of St David’s, had stripped the cathedral of plate and ornaments, which they likewise sold for their own benefit. On this Dr. Ferrar issued out his commission to his chancellor for visiting the chapter, as well as the restof the diocese, and a mistake in the drawing up of this commission appears to have given the bishop’s enemies the first advantage they had over him. The chancellor, tp whom he left the form of it, drew it up in the old popish words, in which the king’s supremacy was not sufficiently acknowledged, although the bishop professed to visit in the king’s name and authority. This, Young and Merick, with the bishop’s register, George Constantine, whom he had promoted, availed themselves of, not only to resist the commission, but to accuse the bishop of a pr&munire. The prosecution consequent on this, preventing him from, paying the tenths and first-fruits, afforded them another advantage, and he was imprisoned. They also exhibited fifty-six articles and informations against him, of the most frivolous kind, all which he fully answered; but the debt to the crown remaining unpaid, he was detained in prison until queen Mary’s reign, when he was attacked on the score of heresy, and on Feb. 4, 1555, was brought, in company with Hooper, Bradford, and other martyrs, before Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, who, after treating him with brutal contempt, sent him on the 14th of the same month to his diocese, where he was to be tried by his successor, Morgan, whose interest it was that he should be condemned. The principal charges against him were, his allowing the marriage of priests, denying the corporal presence in the sacrament, affirming that the mass is not a sacrifice propitiatory for the quick and dead, declaring that the host ought not to be elevated or adored, and asserting thai man is justified by faith alone. All these Morgan pronounced to be damnable heresies, degraded Dr. Ferrar from his ecclesiastical functions, and delivered him to the secular power. In consequence of this sentence, he was burned at Carmarthen, on the south side of the marketcross, March 30, 1555. It was remarkable, that one Jones coming to the bishop a little before his execution, lamented the painfulness of the death he had to suffer; but was answered, that if he once saw him stir in the pains of his burning, he should then give no credit to his doctrine. And what he said he fully performed, for he stood patiently, and never moved, till he was beat down with a staff.
s we have already intimated, has been differently represented, bishop Godwin asserting that his ruin was owing to his own rigid, rough behaviour; but Fox seems clearly
His character, as we have already intimated, has been differently represented, bishop Godwin asserting that his ruin was owing to his own rigid, rough behaviour; but Fox seems clearly of opinion that the first prosecution against him was unnecessary and malicious, and that the second was commenced because he was a protestant. It is certain that many of the fifty-six articles which he was put to answer in the reign of Edward VI. were to the last degree frivolous, and showed themselves to be the offspring of a revengeful mind; such as riding a Scotch pad, with a bridle with white studs and snaffle, white Scotch stirrups, and white spurs wearing a hat instead of a cap whistling to his child laying the blame of the scarcity of herrings to the covetousness of fishers, who in time of plenty, took so many that they destroyed the breeders; and lastly wishing, that at the alteration of the coin, whatever metal it was made of, the penny should be in weight worth a penny of the same metal. It is also to be noticed that the fall of the duke of Somerset, then lord protector, to whom he was chaplain, seems to have exposed him to the resentment of his enemies.
According to Burnet, bishop Ferrar was one of the committee nominated to compile the English liturgy,
According to Burnet, bishop Ferrar was one of the committee nominated to compile the English liturgy, but his name does not occur among those who compiled the new liturgy in 1547, and therefore Burnet probably means that he was one of those appointed to correct the liturgy in the time of Henry VIII. in 1540. It is more certain that he acquiesced in the brief confession of faith, in conjunction with other protestant bishops and martyrs imprisoned in London, which was signed May 8, 1554, by Ferrar, Taylor, Philpot, Bradford, Hooper, &c. &c. Mr. Butler, in his excellent life of bishop Hildesley, enumerates our prelate among the bishops of Sodor and Mann, to which, according to that account, he must have been preferred in 1545, and resigned it some time before Jan. 1546.
, an Italian author, was born of a noble family at Milan in 1518. After he had studied
, an Italian author, was born of a noble family at Milan in 1518. After he had studied polite learning, philosophy, and physic, in the universities of Italy, he was chosen professor of ethics and politics, in the college founded by Paul Canobio at his instigation; and held this place eighteen years. The senate of Venice engaged him afterwards to remove to Padua, where he explained the philosophy of Aristotle, with so much skill and elegance, that Vimerat, who was professor at Paris under Francis I. returning to Italy upon the death of that king, fixed upon him, preferably to all others, for the publication of his works. He continued at Padua four years, and then returned to Milan; where he continued to teach philosophy till his death, which happened in 1586. Though he was excellently skilled in polite literature, yet he was principally famous for philosophy, being esteemed a second Aristotle, nor was he less illustrious for his probity than for his learning.
He was the author of several works; as, 1. “De Sermonibus Exotericis,
He was the author of several works; as, 1. “De Sermonibus Exotericis, Venet. 1575,
” in which he treats of
that part of Aristotle’s doctrine, which was intended for all
sorts of people, without meddling with the Acroainatics,
which were only for the use of his scholars. This book was
reprinted at Francfort, 1606, with a new dissertation of
“De disciplina Encyclica,
” under the general title of
“Clavis Philosophise Peripateticae Aristotelicae.
” 2. “De
Origine Romanorum,
” Milan, Roman Antiquities,
” and added his own corrections
to it. 3. He translated Athenaeus into Latin, and wrote
some notes upon Aristotle.
, of the same family with the former, was born at Milan about 1577. Heapplied with great success to philosophy
, of the same family with the former, was born at Milan about 1577. Heapplied with great success to philosophy and divinity, as well as to the Latin, Greek, Spanish, and French languages, and was admitted a doctor of the Ambrosian college. His vast knowledge of books, and abilities in all kinds of learning, induced Frederic Borromeo, archbishop of Milan, to appoint him to travel into divers parts of Europe, in order to purchase the best books and manuscripts, to form a library at Milan. Ferrari accordingly went over part of Italy and Spain, and collected a great number of books, which laid the foundation of the celebrated Ambrosian library. About 1638, he was appointed director of the college of the nobles, lately erected at Padua; which office he discharged two years, and then, on account of indisposition, returned to Milan. He died in 1669, aged 92.
2. “De Ritu Sacrarum Ecclesise Catholicae concionum libri tres,” Milan, 1620, a curious work, which was afterwards printed at Utrecht, 1692, with a preface by John
He wrote, 1. “De Antiquo Ecclesiasticarum Epistolarum Genere, libri tres,
” Milan, De Ritu Sacrarum Ecclesise Catholicae concionum libri tres,
” Milan,
De
Veterum acclamationibus et plausu libri septem,
” Milan,
Roman Antiquities.
” Ferrari began several other works
upon various points of antiquity, both ecclesiastical and
profane, but though he lived forty-two years after the publication of the last-mentioned book, he did not publish any
more. All his writings are full of learning and curious researches into antiquity, and he wrote with great clearnes
and method, judgment and accuracy.
, of the same family with the famer, was born at Milan in 1607. He went through Is studies in the Ambrosian
, of the same family with the famer, was born at Milan in 1607. He went through Is
studies in the Ambrosian college, and after he had conpleted a course of philosophy and divinity, applied himself
entirely to polite literature, in which he made so grat
progress, that cardinal Frederic Borromeo procured hn
a professorship of rhetoric in that college, when he vis
but one and twenty years old. Six years after, the ipublic of Venice invited him to Padua, to teach eloquene,
politics, and the Greek ianguage, in that university, whih
was then extremely in its decline; but Ferrari restoredit
to its former flourishing state. The republic rewarded hn
by enlarging his pension every six years, which from fre
hundred ducats was at last raised to two thousand. Afer
the death of Ripamonte, historiographer of the city of
Milan, Ferrari was appointed to write the history of tat
city; and a pension of two hundred crowns was settledm
htm for that purpose. He began, and composed eilit
books; but finding he could not have access to the necssary materials in the archives of Milan, he desisted, id
left what he had done to his heir, on condition thathe
should not publish it. His reputation procured him f esents and pensions from foreign princes. Christimof
Sweden, in whose honour he had made a public disccrse
upon her mounting the throne, presented him withagden
chain, and honoured him with her letters; and Louis IV.
of France gave him a pension of five hundred crown for
seven years. He died in 1682, aged seventy-five. He
was remarkable for the sweetness, sincerity, and affability
of his temper; and had so happy a way of mitigating persons exasperated against each other, that he acquire the
title of “the Reconciler, or Pacificator.
”
e re vestiaria dato clavo. Accessit Dissertatio de veterum lucernis sepvhralibus,” Padua, 1670. This was afterwards, in 168 subjoined to his book “De re vestiaria,”
His works are, 1. “De re vestiaria libri tres,
” Hua,
Analecta de re vestiaria, sive exercitcQiies
ad Alberti Rubenii Commentarium de re vestiaria dato
clavo. Accessit Dissertatio de veterum lucernis sepvhralibus,
” Padua, De re vestiaria,
” and both are insated in the sixth and twelfth books of Graevius’s “Roman
Aniquities.
” 3. “Pallas Suecica; Panegyricus Sueconm Reginas imperium auspicanti dictus.
” 4. “De laudibus Francisci Putei.
” 5. “Prolusiones xxvi. Epistolae.
—Formulae ad capienda Doctoris insignia. Inscriptiones.
—Panegyricus Ludovico Magno Francorum Regi dictus.
”
Al these little pieces, and several others which had been
printed separately, were collected and disposed into proper
order by John Fabricius, who published them at Helmstad,
1710, in 2 vols. 8vo. 6. “Veneta Sapientia, seu de optimo civitatis statu prolusio.
” 7. “Electorum libri duo.
”
In this work our author treats of several points of antiquity.
8. Origines Linguae Italicse,“Padua, 1676, folio. The
authhor of the
” Journal des Scavans, for April gives the following judgment of this work
” Scaliger had
before treated of this subject, in twenty-four books, which
are unfortunately lost. Though Ferrari has not taken so
great an extent, yet we find a great deal of learning in
him. But he appears so jealous of the language of his
country, that he thinks every other origin, but what he
gives it, as well as the French and Spanish from the Latin
tongue, would be injurious to it. This hinders him from
assenting to the opinion of cardinal Bembo, who supposes
tha the Italian owes many of its words to the jargon of
Langueedoc and Provence.“Menage has written a book
upon the same subject, to correct the errors of Ferrari.
9.
” De Pantomimis et Mimis Dissertatio.“10. ' Dissertiones dure altera de balneis, de gladiatoribus altera.
”
These two last are posthumous, and were published by
John Fabricius, the former at Wolfenbuttel, 1714, in 8vo;
the latter at Helmstad, 1720, in 8vo.
, a Jesuit of Sienna, was the author of a Syriac Dictionary, published in 1622, in 4to,
, a Jesuit of Sienna, was the
author of a Syriac Dictionary, published in 1622, in 4to,
under the name of “Nomenclator Syriacus.
” The chief
object the author is to explain the Syriac words in the
Bible, in which he was assisted by some learned Maronites. He wrote also, “De Malorum aureorum cultura,
”
De Florum cultura,
”
, an eminent artist of Valdugia, was born in 1484. He is by Vasari called “Gaudenzio Milanese.” Some
, an eminent artist of Valdugia,
was born in 1484. He is by Vasari called “Gaudenzio
Milanese.
” Some have supposed him a scholar of Perugino, but Lomazzo, who was a nurseling of his school,
names Scotto and Luini as his masters. His juvenile works
prove what Vasari says, that he had profited by those of
Lionardo da Vinci. He went young to Rome^ and is said
to have been employed in the Vatican by Raffaello; and
there, it is probable, that he acquired that style of design
and tone of colour which eclipsed what before him had
been done in Lombardy. He possessed a portentous feracity of ideas, equal to that of Giulio, but far different;
instead of licentious excursions over the wilds of mythology, he attached himself to sacred lore, to represent the
majesty of Divine Being, the mysteries of religion, and
emotions of piety, and succeeded to a degree which acquired him the name of “eximie pius
” from a Novarese
synod. Strength was his element, which he expressed less
by muscles forcibly marked, than by fierce and terrible
attitudes, as in the Passion of Christ, at the grazie of Mu
Jano, where he had Titian for a competitor; and in the
Fall of Paul, at the conventuals of Vercelli, which approaches that of M. Angelo, at the Paolina; in the expression of character and mind, he is inferior perhaps only to
Raffaelo; and at St. Cristoforo of Vercelli has shewn himself master of angelic grace, With a full and genial vein
of colour, Gaudenzio unites an evidence which admits of no
hesitation, and attracts the eye in the midst of other works.
His tone is determined by the subject, as his carnations by
character; but his draperies and parerga are commended
more by caprice and novelty, than simplicity and grandeur. Whether it were modesty, situation, ignorance, or
envy, that defrauded powers so eminent, of the celebrity
often lavished on minor talents, is not now to be determined. Ferrari was little known, and less favoured by
Vasari, whom the blind herd of dilettanti on either side of
the Alps generally follow in their search of excellence in
art. He is supposed to have died in 1550. There was
another of the name John Andrew Ferrari, or De Ferrara, who was born at Genoa, in 1599, and was a disciple
of Bernard Castelli; but, in order to obtain a more extensive knowledge in his profession, he studied afterwards
for some time under Bernardo Strozzi. His application
was attended with success, for he at last attained to such
a degree of excellence, that he was equally expert in
painting history, landscape, fruit, animals, and flowers;
and those subjects he finished in a small size, but with extraordinary beauty and exactness, so that few of the princes
or nobility of his time were satisfied without possessing
some of his compositions. Benedetto Castiglioue was his
disciple. He died in 1669.
, inventor of the first method of resolving biquadratic equations, was born at Bologna about 1520. He studied mathematics under the
, inventor of the first method of resolving biquadratic equations, was born at Bologna about 1520. He studied mathematics under the celebrated Cardan, who, having had a problem given him lor solution, gave it his pupil as an exercise of his ingenuity; and this led to the discovery of a new method of analysis, which is precisely that of biquadratics. Cardan published this method, and assigned the invention to its real author, who, had it not been for this liberal conduct of the master, would have been unknown to posterity. At the age of eighteen he was appointed a tutor in arithmetic, and was equal to the task of disputing with the most distinguished mathematicians of his own age. He was afterwards appointed professor of mathematics at Bologna, where he died in 1565. Ferrari, although, like many other learned men of his age, addicted to astrology, was an excellent classical scholar, a good geographer, and well versed in the principles of architecture.
poet, and a most accomplished courtier, in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, was descended from an ancient family in Hertfordshire, and born
, a learned lawyer, a good historian, a celebrated poet, and a most accomplished courtier,
in the reigns of Henry VIII. Edward VI. Mary, and Elizabeth, was descended from an ancient family in Hertfordshire, and born in a village near St. Alban’s, about
1512. He was bred at Oxford, and removed thence to
Lincoln’s-inn, where he applied himself with so much success to the study of the law, that he was soon taken notice of in Westminster-hall as an advocate, at the same
time that he was much admired at court for his wit and
good-breeding. His first rise in his profession, and at
court, was owing to Cromwell earl of Essex, who was
himself a man of great parts, and took a pleasure in countenancing and advancing others who had talents. Upon
the fall of this patron, he quitted the public exercise of his
profession as a lawyer; not, however, before he had given
evident testimonies of his knowledge and learning, as appears from, 1. “The double translation of Magna Charta
from French into Latin and English.
” 2. “Other laws enacted in the time of Henry III. and Edw. I. translated into
English.
”
that monarch a very considerable grant in his native county, out of the king’s private estate. This was in 1535, yet he managed so ill, that some years after, when
Afterwards he became the king’s menial servant, whom
he attended in war as well as in peace, and served both
with his pen and his sword, and rose so much in favour
with Henry, as to receive from that monarch a very considerable grant in his native county, out of the king’s private estate. This was in 1535, yet he managed so ill,
that some years after, when member of parliament for
Plymouth, which he was elected in 1542, he had the misfortune, during the session, to be taken in execution by a
sheriff’s officer, and carried to the compter. This, however, being represented to the house of commons, occasioned such a disturbance there, as not only produced his
discharge, but a settled rule with respect to privilege. Yet
Mr. Hatsell, in his “Collection of cases of Privileges of
Parliament,
” seems to be of opinion that the measures
which were adopted, and the doctrine which was then first
laid down with respect to the extent of the privileges of
the house of commons, were more owing to Ferrars’s being
a servant of the king, than that he was a member of the
house of commons. He continued afterwards in high favour with Henry all his reign, who fully approved what the
house of commons had done; and Ferrars seems to have
stood upon good terms with the protector Somerset, in
that of king Edward; since he attended him as a commis^
sioner of the carriage of the army into Scotland, in 1548.
Edward also had a singular kindness for him, as appeared
afterwards at a very critical juncture; for when the unfortunate duke of Somerset lay under sentence of death, the
people murmuring on the one hand, and the king uneasy
and melancholy on the other, it was thought expedient to
do something to quiet and amuse the people, and if possible to entertain and divert the sovereign. In order to
this, at the entrance of Christmas holidays, George Ferrars, esq. was proclaimed Lord Of Misrule, that is, a
prince of sports and pastimes. This office, which required
no common talents, he discharged for twelve days together
at Greenwich, with great magnificence and address, and
entirely to the king’s satisfaction. In this character, attended by the politest part of the court, he made an excursion to London, where he was very honourably received
by officers created for that purpose, splendidly entertained
by the lord mayor, and when he took leave, had a handsome present made him in token of respect.
the diversions of a court, he preserved at the same time his credit with all the learned world, and was no idle spectator of political affairs. This appears from the
But although he made so great a figure in the diversions
of a court, he preserved at the same time his credit with
all the learned world, and was no idle spectator of political
affairs. This appears from the history of the reign of Mary,
which though inserted in the chronicle, and published under the name of Richard Grafton, was actually written by
Ferrars as Stow expressly tells us. Our author was an
historian, a lawyer, and a politician, even in his poetry
as appears from pieces of his, inserted in the celebrated
work entitled * The Mirror for Magistrates,“&c. The
first edition of this work was published in 1559, by William Baldwin, who prefixed an epistle before the second
part of it, wherein he signifies, that it had been intended
to reprint
” The Fall of Princes,“by Boccace, as translated into English by Lidgate the monk; but that, upon
communicating his design to seven of his friends, all of
them sons of the Muses, they dissuaded him from that, and
proposed to look over the English Chronicles, and to pick
out and dress up in a poetic habit such stories as might
tend to edification. To this collection Ferrars contributed
the following pieces: 1.
” The Fall of Robert Tresilian,
Chief Justice of England, and other his fellows, for misconstruing the Laws, and expounding them to serve the
Prince’s affections.' 7 2. “The Tragedy, or unlawful murder of Thomas of Woodstock, duke of Gloucester.' 13.
” Tragedy of king Richard II.“4.
” The Story of dame
Eleanor Cobham, dutchess of Gloucester,“much altered
and augmented in the second edition of 1587, in which are
added, to the four already mentioned, 5.
” The Story of
Humphrey Plantagenet, duke of Gloucester, protector of
England.“6.
” The Tragedy of Edmund duke of Somerset." A farther account will be given of this work when
we come to the article Sackville.
As to our author’s religion, it is very probable, if not certain, that he was a fixed, perhaps a zealous, protestant. This may reasonably
As to our author’s religion, it is very probable, if not certain, that he was a fixed, perhaps a zealous, protestant. This may reasonably be collected from his coming into public life under the protection of the lord Cromwell, who was undoubtedly of the protestant religion; and from the high credit in which he stood with the protector Somerset and king Edward, which it is scarce possible he could have attained, if he had not been so. In his history also of the reign of Mary, though he writes with much caution and moderation, and speaks highly of the personal virtues of that princess, yet he shews himself clearly of the reformed religion, especially in the large account he gives of the death of Cranmer, and of sir Thomas Wiat’s insurrection. He died in 1579, at Flamstead in Hertfordshire, and was buried in the parish church.
There was a Henry Ferrars too, of the same county and family, bred at
There was a Henry Ferrars too, of the same county
and family, bred at Oxford, and afterwards famous for his
knowledge and skill in heraldry, genealogies, and antiquities. Wood says, that out of the collections of this gentleman, Dugdale laid part of the foundation of his elaborate
work entitled “The Antiquities of Warwickshire illustrated;
” and that, after Dugdale' s death, several of Ferrars’ s collections, that had come into his hands, were reposited in the Ashmolean Museum. Ferrars was well known
to, and respected by, Camden, who, in his discourse of the
antiquity of Coventry, makes this honourable mention of
him: “Thus much of Coventry; yet have you not all this
of me, but, willingly to acknowledge by whom I have profited, of Henry Ferrars of Baldesly, a man both for parentage and knowledge of antiquity very commendable, and
my special friend; who both in this place, and also elsewhere, hath at all times courteously shewed me the right
way when I was out, and from his candle, as it were, hath
lightened mine.
” Henry Ferrars had also, in his younger
days, a good talent at poetry, some specimens of which,
Wood tells us, he had seen scattered in divers books,
printed in the reign of Elizabeth. He died in 1633,
aged eighty-four “leaving behind him,
” says Wood^
“the character of a well-bred gentleman, a good neighbour, and an honest man.
”
re among the divines of the seventeenth century. After teaching divinity for some time at Burgos, he was appointed first professor at Rome, where he remained for eighteen
, a Dominican, born at Valentia, in
Spain, made a very distinguished figure among the divines
of the seventeenth century. After teaching divinity for
some time at Burgos, he was appointed first professor at
Rome, where he remained for eighteen years and then
was made prior of Salamanca and three years after prefect, or regent of the students. He died in 1682. His
works consist of a “Commentary on the sum of St. Thomas,
” 'which appeared at Salamanca and Rome,
, an eminent French anatomist and surgeon, was born Oct. 27, 1693, at Frepech in Agenois. He practised at
, an eminent French anatomist
and surgeon, was born Oct. 27, 1693, at Frepech in Agenois. He practised at Montpellier, and was a member of
the faculty of that city and of Paris, member of the academy of sciences, and professor of physic in the royal colllege. He was the author of two works; one entitled
“Lectures on Medicine,
” the other, “Lectures on the
Materia Medica
” each in three volumes, 12ino, which
were published in 1783, and proved the soundness of his
knowledge. He held, however, some peculiar notions as
to the formation of the voice, which he was not able to demonstrate to the satisfaction of his contemporaries. He
died at Paris Feb. 28, 1769.
, a noble and learned Spaniard, was born at Labanezza, in 1652. After having gone through his studies
, a noble and learned Spaniard, was born at Labanezza, in 1652. After having gone through his studies at the university of Salamanca, he took orders, and obtained the cure of St. James of TaJavera, and afterwards was removed to that of St. Peter at Madrid, where he became distinguished by his wit and learning. He refused two bishoprics, although he was pressed by the court to accept them, preferring a quiet and literary life. The academy of Madrid chose him for one of its members in 1713, the year of its foundation; and the king confirmed this unanimous approbation of the literati, by appointing him his librarian. Ferreras was very useful to this growing academy, particularly by assisting in the composition of a Spanish Dictionary, which was undertaken and published by the academy, 1739, in six volumes, folio. He died, four years before, in 1735. He left several works in theology, philosophy, and history; the most considerable of which was a. general history of Spain, written in Spanish, and translated into French by licnnilly, in ten volumes, 4to. Though Mariana’s history is more elegantly written, yet all the Spanish literati agree, that it is not so exact and faithful as that of Ferreras. It ends in the reign of Philip II.
, of Vicenza, a poet and historian in the fourteenth century, was one of those who Contributed to revive good taste in Europej
, of Vicenza, a poet and historian in the fourteenth century, was one of those who Contributed to revive good taste in Europej and to banish barbarism. He wrote a history of his own times, from 1250 to 1318, in seven books, which was inserted by Muratori., in the ninth volume of the writers on the history of Italy. A Latin poem by him, on the actions of Can de la Scala, or Scaliger, is also extant. He is said to have produced many other works in prose and verse; but there is no account of his life extant.
, in Latin Ferrettus, one of the learned civilians in the sixteenth century, was born at Castello Franco in Tuscany, Nov. 14th, 1489. At twelve
, in Latin Ferrettus, one of the
learned civilians in the sixteenth century, was born at Castello Franco in Tuscany, Nov. 14th, 1489. At twelve years
old he was sent to Pisa, where he studied the civil and
canon law for three years; he spent two other years in the
university of Sienna, after which he went to Rome, and
was made secretary to cardinal Salviati. He was admitted
an advocate at the age of nineteen years, after a public disputation before a numerous audience of cardinals and
bishops. He then left his Christian name of Dominicus,
and took that of Æmilius, according to a custom very prevalent among the literati of Italy. Having accepted of the
chair of law-professor, he explained so learnedly the law de
Rebus creditis (of things with which persons are trusted)
that it gained him the title of secretary to Leo the Xth.
He exercised that office for some years, after which he regigned it voluntarily, and retired into his native country.
He left it again at the end of two years, his father having
been killed there, and went to Tridino in the dukedom of
Montferrat, where he married; and having continued there
four years, he attended the marquis of Montferrat to Rome
and to Naples, that marquis commanding part of the French
army. This expedition of, the French proving unsuccessful, Ferreti endeavoured to return into his native country,
but he was taken by the Spaniards, and could not obtain
his liberty but by paying a ransom. He went into France,
and taught the law at Valencewith so much reputation,
that Francis I. made him counsellor in the parliament of
Paris, and sent him as envoy to the Venetians, and to the
Florentines. He acquitted himself so well of that employment, that it determined the marquis of Montferrat to send
him to the court of Charles V. after he had obtained Francis I.'s consent for that journey. Ferreti attended the emperor in the expedition of Africa; and as soon as he was
returned into France, the king sent him to the Florentines
during the war in which they were engaged against the
emperor. He went back to France when they were subdued, and followed the court to Nice, where the pope,
Charles V. and the king of France had an interview: having afterwards resigned the post of counsellor in the parliament, he went to Lyons, and thence to Florence, where
he was admitted a citizen. He was sent for to Avignon
to teach the law there. His yearly stipend was at first 550
crowns, then 800, and then 1000; a sum that had never
been given to any professor in that university. He gained
the love both of the inhabitants and of the students, who
shewed it in a very remarkable manner after his death; for
when his successor Craveta began his lectures by strictures
upon Ferreti, the scholars shewed their attachment to their
old master by hissing and driving him from the place. He
died at Avignon July 14, 1552. Ferreti was a man of general learning, and well acquainted with classical literature.
He gave an edition of the principal orations of Cicero,
printed at Lyons by Gryphius, 8vo, “M. T. Ciceronis Orationes Verrinae ac Philippics,
” dedicated to cardinal Salviati. His “Opera Juridica
” were published in
, of Vincenza, was a Benedictine monk, and eminent as an antiquary. In 1672 he
, of Vincenza, was a Benedictine monk, and eminent as an antiquary. In 1672 he
published, at Verona, his “Musae Lapidariae,
” in folio,
which is a colledlion, though by no means complete or
correct, of the verses found inscribed on ancient monuments. Burman the younger, in his preface to the “Anthologia Latino,
” seems to confound this Ferreti with him
who flourished in the fourteenth century, speaking of his
history of his own times. The exact periods of this author’s birth and death are not known.
, a skilful painter, was descended of a good family, and born at Rome in 1634, where,
, a skilful painter, was descended of a good family, and born at Rome in 1634, where, being in. easy circumstances, he pursued his inclination and taste for painting. He was a faithful imitator of Peter da Cortona, whose favourite disciple he was, and to whom he came so near in his ideas, his invention, and his manner of painting, that his cielings particularly are often mistaken, for Cortona’s. Generally, however, Mr. Fuseli says, Ferri has less grace of design, less ease in his actions and draperies, and less compass of mind; but he has more solidity and carefulness of finish than his master. Though he set great prices on his works, he was in continual employ. Pope Alexander VII. had a great esteem for him; and his three successors were no less favourable to him. The great duke sent for him to Florence, and assigned him a large pension to finish the works which Cortona had left imperfect. He entered so well into the spirit of them, and acquitted himself so worthily, that the whole work seems to be of the same hand. The great duke nominated him chief of the school of Florence, in which rank he continued for a long time. Ferri returned to Rome, where he appeared a great architect as well as a good painter. Several palaces and grand altars, as St. John of the Florentines, and that of the Chiesa Nuova, were raised from his designs. He diverted himself more with drawing than painting. He was much importuned for devices, figures for breviaries, and titles of books: several of which have been engraved by Spierre and Bloemart. The pope employed him in making cartoons for the Vatican; and few men have worked in more different ways. The cupola of St. Agnes, in the palace of Navona, was his last work. The chagrin he felt in seeing the angels of Bacici, a Genoese painter, which were directly under it, the force of whose colouring made his appear too weak, is said to have been the cause of his death. One day he told Lazaro Baldi, his companion, that his cupola appeared very different on the scaffold from what it did from below, and that the angels of Bacici gave him great pain; and, falling sick soon after, he died in 1689, at the age of fifty-five.
, in Latin Ferrius, a most learned divine of Germany, was born of a considerable family at Metz, in 1591. He was sent
, in Latin Ferrius, a most learned divine of Germany, was born of a considerable family at
Metz, in 1591. He was sent to study divinity at Montaban, and made so uncommon a progress, that he was
admitted a minister at Metz in 1610. Though he was
but nineteen, he had then published a book of poems; the
advertisement to which he finished in these words, “sat
ludo nugisque datum.
” He had eminent talents for preaching: his graceful presence, his venerable countenance,
and fine delivery, adding great force to his eloquence,
which was very powerful and moving. His enemies reported, falsely, that he was one of the ministers whom
cardinal Richelieu had bribed to procure a coalition of the
two religions; however, it is certain that he was grieved
at the division of the p'otestants, and hoped that he could
contribute somewhat to forward a re-union; and it is
supposed that with this view he kept a correspondence
with Dury (See Dury). His death happened in 1669,
when above fourscore stones were found in his bladder,
which had occasioned it. He had a very fine library,
which he increased by several works of his own. In 1616
he published “Scholastic} Orthodox! Specimen,
” in which
he shews, that the protestant doctrine of grace has been
taught by the schoolmen. This treatise gained him the
esteem of Du Plessis Mornay, who wrote him a letter upon
it, in which he advised him about another work he was
upon, entitled “Le dernier desespoir de la Tradition,
”
&c. In Vindiciae pro
Scholastico Orthodoxo,
” against Perinus, an eminent Jesuit, who had published in 1619 a book entitled “Thrasonica Pauli Ferrii Calvinistae.
” In General Catechisme de la Reformation,
” which was
answered by Bossuet; and left behind him collections for a
history of Metz, which are referred to by Calmet, as
abounding in curious researches; and a vast number of
sermons, of which about eleven hundred are on the epistle
to the Hebrews.
, an eminent lawyer, called sometimes the Cato of France, was born at Toulouse in 1506. He was admitted a doctor of law at
, an eminent lawyer, called sometimes the Cato of France, was born at
Toulouse in 1506. He was admitted a doctor of law at
Padua; and from a professor in the university of Toulouse,
was raised to be a counsellor in the parliament of the same
city. It is remarkable of him, that though he was a protestant in his heart for a good part of his life, he did not
profess himself to be so till a little before his death. He
had indeed often discovered that he was no bigotted papist;
and was so strongly suspected of heresy in 1559, that he
would have been imprisoned if he had not made his escape.
He harangued, in 1562, in the council of Trent, whither
he was sent ambassador by the French king; and he expressed himself in so bold a manner in favour of the interests of France, that the Italian priests were highly
offended at him. He went afterwards ambassador to Venice, where he continued several years; and took occasion
to assist father Paul in collecting materials for his “History of the Council of Trent.
” On his return from Venice,
Du Plessis Mornay, who knew his thoughts, pressed him
so earnestly to declare the truth, that Ferrier openly professed himself a protestant, and the king of Navarre made
him his chancellor. He was about seventy-six years old
at the time of his renouncing popery; and he only lived to
seventy-nine. He died in 1585. It has been said that he
conspired with the chancellor de l'Hospital to break the
knot which united the French king with the holy see; to
assemble a national council, in which the king of France,
after the example of the king of England, should be declared head of the Gallican church; and to usurp all the
estates of the church of France. He was reckoned among
the greatest men in Europe, and was the author of some
literary works.
a papist, even after having maintained in public disputation, in 1602, that “Pope Clement the VHIth was properly the Antichrist,” yet he was the first who began to
, a protestant minister and professor of divinity at Nismes, of the seventeenth century, is,
contrary to his namesake in the preceding article, memorable for becoming a papist, even after having maintained in public disputation, in 1602, that “Pope Clement
the VHIth was properly the Antichrist,
” yet he was the
first who began to yield in the political assemblies of the
reformed in France. Many circumstances in his behaviour
had made him suspected as a pensioner of the court, as a
false brother, and a traitor to the churches. He did not,
however, openly change his religion till a popular tumult
arose against him > in which his house was plundered, and
himself so near being murdered, that, for the sake of
escaping he was obliged to lie three days concealed in a
tomb. After this he settled at Paris, where he endeavoured
to make his fortune. He published in 1614, the year after
his conversion, a book of controversy upon the subject
of antichrist. The king employed him in several important affairs; and in 1626 he was commanded to attend
his majesty to Britanny, where he was honoured with the
title of state and privy counsellor. Cardinal de Richelieu
had a particular esteem for him. He died of a hectic fever
in 1626. His family was numerous; and he made all his
children promise that they would live and die in the catholic faith. His only daughter married M. Tardieu, lieutennnt-criminel of Paris, concerning which couple some
curious anecdotes are recorded in Boileau’s tenth satire,
and in the notes of St. Marc. Ferrier was the reputed
author of a famous political work, entitled “Catholique
d'Etat,
” published in
, a French Jesuit, and a native of Rouergue, and confessor to the king of France, was born in 1614, and turned a Jesuit in 1632. He had taught philosophy
, a French Jesuit, and a native of
Rouergue, and confessor to the king of France, was born
in 1614, and turned a Jesuit in 1632. He had taught
philosophy fonr years, divinity twelve years, and ethics
two years. He had been principal of the college of Toulouse, and had acquitted himself very well of that employment. The Jesuits probably looked upon him as a very
able man, since they designed to make him the king’s
confessor, to which office he was promoted in 1670. He
died in the convent of the Jesuits at Paris, October 29,
1674. He was one of the ablest antagonists of Jansenius’s
followers, and his thesis concerning probability, which hq
maintained at Toulouse the 8th and the llth of June 1659,
made a considerable noise. He wrote a Latin answer to
father Baron’s objections against the “Scientia media,
”
entitled “Responsio ad Objectiones Vincentianas,
” Toulouse,
a learned French civilian, was doctor of law in the university of Paris, in which city he was
a learned French civilian, was
doctor of law in the university of Paris, in which city he
was born 1639, and taught law at Paris, as fellow, till
1694, when he was appointed professor at Rheims, where
he acquired great reputation, and died May 11, 1715, aged
seven-seven, leaving a great number of works, which became very popular, and the booksellers of Paris, for whom
he wrote, were enriched, but he was not. His talents
were considerable; but a certain arrogance of manner,
and bigotry to his own opinions, prevented him from being
distinguished in his profession. The principal of his works
are, 1.“Comtnentaires sur la Coutume de Paris,
” 2 vols.
12mo. 2. “Traité des Fiefs,
” Recueil
des Commentateurs de la Coutume de Paris,
” La Jurisprudence du Code,
” Du Digeste,
” Des Novelles,
”
La Science des Notaires,
” Le Droit du Patronage,
” 3 vols. 12mo. 10.
” Introduction a la Pratique,“1758, 2 vols. 12mo.
” Le Diet, de
Droit," 1771, 2 vols. 4to, is by Claudius Joseph, his son,
who was dean of the law faculty in the university of Paris.
, a French lawyer, was born in 1515, and was a counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux.
, a French lawyer, was born
in 1515, and was a counsellor of the parliament of Bourdeaux. He was an elegant writer in Latin, an imitator of
the style of Terence, admired by Scaliger, and honoured
by him with the name of Atticus. --He continued the history of France in Latin (which Paulus Æmilius, a writer of Verona, had given from the reign of Pharamond to 1488) as far as the end of the reign of Francis I. This
work was published at Paris, by Vascosan, in 1554, fol.
and 1555, 8vo. It is copious, but not too long, and
abounds with curious anecdotes and very exact details.
He wrote also “Observations sur la Coutume de Bourdeaux,
” Lyons,
, an able antiquary, doctor and lawprofessor at Basil, and afterwards secretary of that city, was born July 6, 1647. His regular studies were philosophy and law,
, an able antiquary, doctor and lawprofessor at Basil, and afterwards secretary of that city,
was born July 6, 1647. His regular studies were philosophy and law, to which he joined a knowledge of Greek
and Roman antiquities, induced at first by a tine museum
which his father had, and which he afterwards greatly
enriched. In 1667 he went to Grenoble and Lyons, where
be contracted an acquaintance with Spoil; and after visiting some other parts of France, arrived in England, and
formed an intimacy with many of its learned men, particularly Dr. Thomas Gale, who was then employed on his
edition of Jamhlicus; and Fesch supplied him with some
useful observations from an ancient manuscript in his library, an obligation which Gale has politely acknowledged.
After his return to Basil, in 1672, he supported some
theses “De Insignibus,
” in which he displayed much
learning, and which were reprinted in German in the form
of a treatise. In 1678 he set out on a tour in search of
antiquary lore, to Austria, Carinthia, and Italy, making
some stay at Padua with his friend Charles Patin, who was
then professor of medicine. He was unanimously admitted a member of the society of the Ricovrati, and pronounced on that occasion a panegyric on the republic of
Venice, in Greek and Latin verse, before the principal
personages of the city of Padua, and it was afterwards
printed. At Rome he visited every object of curiosity,
and made considerable additions to his collection of Greek
and other rare medals. Having examined the very rare
piece of Pylaemon Euergetes, king of Paphlagonia, he
wrote a dissertation on it, which Gronovius reprinted in his
Greek Antiquities. On his return home he took the degree of doctor in law, and was soon after chosen syndic of
the city of Basil, and secretary, and regent of the schools.
He died May 27, 1712. Besides the works above-mentioned, he published some dissertations on subjects of law
and philology, and a discourse on the death of Brandmuller, the learned lawyer.
, was a celebrated grammarian of antiquity, who abridged a work of
, was a celebrated grammarian of
antiquity, who abridged a work of “Verrius Flaccus de
signih'catione verborum,
” as is supposed, in the fourth
century. Flaccus’s work had been greatly commended by
Pliny, Aulus Gellius, Priscian, and other ancient writers,
but Festus in his abridgment took unwarrantable liberties;
for he was not content with striking out a vast number of
words, but pretended to criticize the rest, in a manner, as
Vossius has observed, not favourable to the reputation of
Flaccus. Another writer, however, in the eighth century,
afterwards revenged this treatment of Flaccus, by abridging Festus in the same way. This was Paul the deacon,
who so maimed and disfigured Festus, that it was scarce
possible to know his work, which lay in this miserable
state till, a considerable fragment being found in the library
of cardinal Farnese, some pains were taken to put it again
into a little order. The first, or princeps editio, is without
a date, but supposed to have been printed in 1470, which,
was followed by one with the date of 1471. Since that time
there have been various editions by Scaliger, Fulvius Ursinus, Aldus Minucius, and others; but the most complete
is the Delphin edition of Paris, 1681, in 4to, published by
Dacier, or perhaps the reprint of it by Le Clero, Amst.
1699. It is also among the “Auctores Latinae Linguae,
”
collected by Gothofredus in
, an eminent painter, was born at Rome in 1589, and educated under Lodovico Civoli, a
, an eminent painter, was born at Rome in 1589, and educated under Lodovico Civoli, a famous Florentine painter. As soon as he quitted the school of Civoli, he went to Mantua; where the paintings of Julio Romano afforded him the means of becoming a great painter, and from them he derived his colouring, and the boldness of his characters. Cardinal Ferdinand Gonzaga, afterwards duke of Mantua, discovering the merit of Fetti, retained him at his court, furnished him with means of continuing his studies, and at last employed him in adorning his palace. Few painters, according to a modern connoisseur, have possessed a greater freedom of pencil, a more harmonious style of colouring, or a greater knowledge of expression than Fetti. If he painted a head of character, he entered into the detail of it with such spirit, that it produced an astonishing relief; and that too without the least hardness, so judiciously are the tints varied. It is the same* with his large composition* the light and shade are ingeniously balanced the figures are grouped with so much art, and the general disposition is so well observed, that they produce the most striking and harmonious effects. His pictures are scarce, and mucb Bought alter. He painted very little for churches. Goingto Venice, he abandoned himself to disorderly courses, which put an end to his life in its very prime, in 1624, when he was only in his thirty-fifth year. The duke of Mantua regretted him exceedingly, and sent for his lather and sister, whom he took care of afterwards. The sister, who painted well, became a nun, and exercised her talent in the convent, which she adorned with several of her works. Other religious houses in Mantua, were also decorated with her paintings.
, a Franciscan friar, of the order of minims, celebrated as a botanist and natural philosopher, was born at Majie in Provence, in 1660. He first visited Cartbagena
, a Franciscan friar, of the order of minims, celebrated as a botanist and natural philosopher, was born at Majie in Provence, in 1660. He first visited Cartbagena and Martinico, in 1703 and 1704, and afterwards travelled to the western coast of South America, investigating the natural productions of New Spain and the neighbouring islands, from 1707 to 1712. All these voyages he accomplished under the patronage of Louis XIV. by whom he was liberally pensioned, and who caused an observatory to be built for him at Marseilles, in which town Feuillee, worn out with his labours, died in 1732. He is said to have been of that modest simple character, which best becomes an ecclesiastic and a true philosopher, except perhaps 'in his resentment against Monsieur Frezier, a rival philosopher and naturalist, sent out likewise by Louis XIV. whom he criticises at some length, in a rather contemptuous style, in the preface to the Journal of one of his voyages.
ns, and he describes some species still unknown to us. The magnificent Flori-pondio (Datura arborea) was here first made known to botanists. He published another quarto
Feuillee published “Journal des Observations physiques,
mathematiques, & botaniques, faites par l‘ordre du Hoi,
sur les cotes orientates (occidentales) de l’Amerique meridionale, & dans les Indes occidentales, depuis l'anne 1707
jusques en 1712,
” Paris,
, was a priest and canon of St. Cloud near Paris, whose preaching,
, was a priest and canon of St.
Cloud near Paris, whose preaching, those of his communion
say, was zealous, and his doctrine sound. He had acquired a kind of licence to speak with the utmost freedom
to persons of the first rank at court, and reprove their irregularities from whence this verse of the 119th Psalm was
applied to him “I will speak of thy testimonies also, even
before kings, and will not be ashamed.
” Feuillet converted
many sinners, which Boiieau alludes to when he says,
“Laissez a Feuillet reformer Punivers;
” and was the principal instrument in the conversion of M. de Chanteau, cou
sin-german of M. de Caumartin, counsellor of state. The
very instructive History he gave of this conversion was
printed, with some of his other works, 1702, 12mo, and
has been several times reprinted. Feuillet died at Paris,
September 7, 1693, aged seventy-one. He left some
“Letters,
” and a “Funeral Oration
” on Henrietta of England, duchess of Orleans.
, one of the bravest French officers in the seventeenth century, was the son of Francis de Pas, head chamberlain to Henry IV. descended
, one
of the bravest French officers in the seventeenth century,
was the son of Francis de Pas, head chamberlain to Henry
IV. descended from the ancient house of Pas in Artois, and
of Magdeleine de la Fayette, and was born June I, 1590,
at Saumur. He rose by his merit and birth to the highest
military offices, commanded the king’s forces twice as
chief, conducted the famous siege of Rochelle, where he
was taken prisoner, and contributed greatly to the surrender of that important place, through the intrigues of Mad.
de Noailles, his wife’s mother. Being afterwards sent
into Germany as ambassador extraordinary, he did great
service to the state, was made lieutenant-general of Metz,
Toul, and Verdun at his return, and died at Thionville,
March 14, 1640, of the wounds he had received the precceding year at the siege of that city, during which he was
made prisoner. His “Negociations
” were printed in Germany,
, son of Isaac, and grandson of the preceding Manasses de Pas, was born in 1648, but did not greatly signalize himself by his military
, son
of Isaac, and grandson of the preceding Manasses de Pas,
was born in 1648, but did not greatly signalize himself by
his military talents till he was forty years old, when, in Germany, he performed so extraordinary services, at the head
of only 1000 horse, that in the ensuing year, 1689, he was
advanced to the rank of mareschal-de-camp. He then distinguished himself greatly in Italy, and was promoted to
be a lieutenant-general in 1693, in which capacity he
served till his death in 1711. Before his death he wrote
to solicit the protection of Louis XIV. for his only son, and
was successful in his application. The marquis of Feuquieres was an excellent officer, of great theoretical knowledge, but of a severe and censorious turn, and rendered
not the less so by being disappointed of the mareschal*s
staff. It was said by the wits, “that he was evidently the
boldest man in Europe, since he slept among 100,000 of
his enemies,
” meaning his soldiers, with whom he was no
favourite. His “Memoirs,
” are extant in 4to, and in four
volumes 12mo. They contain the history of the generals
of Louis XIV. and except that the author sometimes misrepresents, for the sake of censuring, are esteemed as
among the best books on the art military. The clearness
of the style, the variety of the facts, the freedom of the
reflections, and the sagacity of the observations, render
these Memoirs well worthy of the attention, not only of
officers, but of all enlightened students and politicians.
, a Lutheran divine, was born in the duciiy of Holstein, in 1672. After an useful elementary
, a Lutheran divine, was born in the duciiy of Holstein, in 1672. After an useful elementary education, he studied philosophy and theology at Rostock and Wittemberg, where he was created doctor in philosophy, in 1692. In 1697, he was appointed pastor and superintendant of the diocese of Jessen, and afterwards became pastor of the church of St. Bartholomew at Zerbst, preacher to the court, confessor and ecclesiastical counsellor, and superintendant of the diocese of Zerhst, in Anhalt. In 1709 he was appointed professor of divinity, and assessor of the ecclesiastical consistory of that city. At the same time he preached once a week before the eJectress of Saxony, and was honoured with the post of ecclesiastical counsellor to the duie of Saxe-Gotha. His last appointment was that of confessor to the electress of Saxony, in. 1712, an office that he enjoyed but a few months, as he died in 1713, when only forty-one years of age. His works, enumerated by Moreri, are very numerous, and chiefly on theological subjects, but are now little known.
, a Franciscan friar, was born at Coutances in Lower Normandy, in 1541; and might have
, a
Franciscan friar, was born at Coutances in Lower Normandy, in 1541; and might have inherited a large estate,
had he addicted himself to the military profession. Bayle
thinks that he judged rightly of himself and his talents,
and obtained a much greater reputation as a divine than as
a soldier. It does not appear, however, that he attained
any just eminence. Daille observes, that “he deserved
his name Feu-ardent perfectly well: for that he was so transported with anger, hatred, and fury, as to be seldom in his
right senses;
” and he certainly was as fiery a zealot,
and as bitter a persecutor, as the protestants ever had.
He was one of the most seditious preachers who raised
the disturbances against Henry III. and Henry IV. nor
did he spare even the chief of the leaguers, when he
thought him guilty of something that might prejudice
the cause of the rebels. He wrote commentaries on
some books of scripture, and translated some works of
the fathers into French. He published at Pearls, in 1576j
“The five books of Irenseus,
” revised and corrected in
several places from an ancient manuscript, with an addition of five entire chapters, which were in his manuscript
4t the end of the fifth book. He has added at the end of
each chapter, such notes as he thought necessary for the
better understanding of his author, which are for the most
part useful and learned. The second edition, printed at
Cologne in 1596, and again i 1630, and at Paris in 1639,
is better than the first, as it contains the Greek passages of
Irenseus, which were in Epiphanius, and some other ancient writers. Feuardent published also some books of
controversy, which the catholics themselves own to have
been written with too much passion. He died at Paris in
1610, and before his death is said to have attained a more
calm and christian-like temper.
, Or Giudo Fabricius Boderianus, was born of a noble family in the territory of Boderie, in Lower
, Or Giudo Fabricius Boderianus, was born of a noble family in the
territory of Boderie, in Lower Normandy, in 1541. He
acquired great knowledge in the Oriental languages, and
had, with his brother Nicholas, the principal part in the
edition of the Polyglott of Antwerp, though that honour is
usually given to the learned Arias Montanus. Le Fevre
was secretary to the duke d'Alengon, brother of king
Henry 111. and composed several works in French, verse
and prose, but in a style so vulgar and confused, that none
of them are read. He died 1598. Nicholas le Fevre de
la Boderie, his brother, was also very ingenious; he died
after 1605. Anthony le Fevre de la Boderie, another
brother, distinguished himself in the reigns of Henry IV.
and Louis XIII. by his skill in negociations, and his embassies to Rome, the Low Countries, and England, where
he was loaded with presents. He discovered the marechal
de Biron’s correspondence at Brussels, and rendered important services to Henry IV. He died 1615, aged sixty,
and left “Traitc de la Noblesse, traduit de Tltalien de
Jean-Baptiste Nenna,
” printed Letters
on Negociations
” were published Catholicon.
” He married the sister of the marquis de
Feuquieres, governor of Verdun, by whom he had two
daughters; one died very young, the other married M.
Arnauld d'Andilli 1613, who by her obtained the estate of
Pomponne, and la Briotte.
, or Jacobus Fabku, Stapulensis, a man of genius and learning, was born at Estaples, in Picardy, about 1440; and was one of those
, or Jacobus Fabku, Stapulensis, a man of genius and learning, was born at Estaples, in Picardy, about 1440; and was one of those who contributed to revive polite literature in the university of Paris. He became, however, suspected of Lutheranism, and was obliged to give way to the outrage of certain ignorant zealots, who suffered him not to rest. He then retired from Paris to Meaux, where the bishop was William Briconnet, a lover of the sciences and learned men; but the persecution raised by the Franciscans at Meaux obliging the bishop, against his inclination, to desert Faber, the latter was forced to retire to Blois, and from thence to Guienne. Margaret queen of Navarre, sister to Francis I. honoured him with her protection, so that he enjoyed full liberty at Nerac till his death, which happened in 1537, when he was little short of a hundred.
He was one of those, who, like Erasmus, though they did not outwardly
He was one of those, who, like Erasmus, though they
did not outwardly depart from the church of Rome, and
also disapproved in some things the conduct of those who
established the reformation in Germany, yet at the bottom
were inclined to a change. He took a journey to Strasburg, by the queen of Navarre’s order, to confer with
Bucer and Capito concerning the reformation of the
church. He published, so early as 1512, a translation of
St. Paul’s epistles, with critical notes and a commentary,
in which he frequently censures the Vulgate. He published in 1522 similar notes and commentary upon the
other parts of the New Testament. Natalis Bedda, a divine of Paris, censured his divinity, as well as that of
Erasmus; and the inquisitors of Rome under Clement VIIL
put his commentary on the whole New Testament in the
catalogue of prohibited books, till it should be corrected
and purged from its errors. Father Simon has passed a
judgment on this work of Faber' s, which he concludes by
observing, that “he ought to be placed among the most
able commentators of the age. But Erasmus, who wrote
at the same time, and with infinitely more politeness,
greatly lessened his reputation. The works of Faber are
no longer read at Paris; whereas those of Erasmus are
highly esteemed even at this day.
”
when he wrote against his friend Erasmus, and the quarrel did not end at all to his advantage. Faber was angry at Erasmus, it is said, because he had not adopted all
His natural moderation left him when he wrote against
his friend Erasmus, and the quarrel did not end at all to
his advantage. Faber was angry at Erasmus, it is said,
because he had not adopted all his opinions upon certain
passages of scripture, when he published his notes on the
New Testament. He therefore rudely attacked him, and
accused him of having advanced impious notions. Erasmus defended himself; and when he had said what was
Sufficient for that purpose, begged of his adversary the
continuance of his friendship, assuring him that he had
always loved and esteemed him. The letter he wrote him
on this occasion is dated April 1517, the year that Luther
began to preach. Erasmus was very sincere in his professions to Faber; and, accordingly, was much displeased
with the compliments which he received from his friends
on his victory, desiring them not to change their opinion
of Faber on account of this quarrel. What Erasmus wrote
on this head to Tonstal, the English ambassador at Paris
in 1517, does much honour both to himself and Faber.
“What you write concerning my answer to Faber, though
J know you wrote it with a most friendly intention, yet
gave me uneasiness on a double account; because it revives my past grief, and because you seem on this occasion
to speak with less esteem than I could wish of Faber; a
man who for integrity and humanity has scarcely his equal
among thousands. In this single instance only has he
acted unlike himself; in attacking a friend, who deserved
not such usage, in so violent a manner. But what man
was ever wise at all times? And I wish I could have spared
my adversary: but now I am afflicted for two reasons;
both because I am constrained to engage with such a friend,
and because I perceive some to think less candidly of Faber, for whom it is my earnest desire that all should entertain the utmost esteem.
” These liberal sentiments had
their effect on Faber, who repented of his attack, and made
no reply.
Some very singular things are related of his last hours. Margaret of Navarre was very fond of Faber, and visited him often. He and other learned
Some very singular things are related of his last hours.
Margaret of Navarre was very fond of Faber, and visited
him often. He and other learned men, whose conversation greatly pleased the queen, dined with her one day;
when, in the midst of the entertainment, Faber began to
weep. The queen asking the reason, he answered, That
the enormity of his sins threw him into grief; not that he
had ever been guilty of debaucheries, but he reckoned it
& very great crime, that having known the truth, and taught
it to persons who had sealed it with their blood, he had
had the weakness to keep himself in a place of refuge, far
from the countries where crowns of martyrdom were distributed. The queen, who was eloquent, comforted him;
yet he was found dead a few hours after going to bed,
which, considering his very advanced age, was not very extraordinary. He wrote several works in divinity, besides
those above-mentipned, particularly an edition of the
Psalter, in five languages, Paris, 1509, fol. “Traite de,
Duplici, et unica Magdalena,
” 4to “Agones martyruia
mensis Januarii,
” fol. without date of place or year, but
of the beginning of the sixteenth century; a French version of the Bible, Antwerp, 1530, fol. very scarce, known
by the name of the Emperor’s Bible, from the printer’s
name. This translation, say the catholics, was the foundation of those which the protestants and doctors of Louvahi
have published.
, a celebrated doctor of the Sorbonne, archdeacon of Lisieux, and grand vicar of Bourges, was born at Coutance, of a family which produced several persons
, a celebrated doctor of the Sorbonne, archdeacon of Lisieux, and grand vicar of Bourges,
was born at Coutance, of a family which produced several
persons of merit and learning. He gained great reputation by his works, which are, “Motifs invincibles pour
convaincre ceux die la Religion pretendue Reformee,
”
12mo, which, like all his works, is much esteemed by
those of his communion. This was followed by some pieces
in favour of the “Motifs invincibles,
” against M. Arnauld,who had attacked some parts of them; which dispute did
not, however, prevent the doctors from being friends. He
wrote also, I. “Nouvelle Conference avec un Ministre,
touchant les Causes de la Separation des Protestans,
”
Recueil de tout ce qui s’est fait pour et contre
les Protestans en France,
” 4to. 3. “Instructions pour
confirmer les nouveaux Convertis dans la Foi de PEglise.
”
4. “L'Anti-Journal des Assemblies de Sorbonne:
” this
work, his admirers says, is full of wit and subtile criticism.
He published also a new edition of Dominico Magrio’s
work “on the Agreement of the seeming Contradictions
in Holy Scripture,
” Paris, 1685, 12mo, in Latin, &c. He
died July I, 1716, at Paris.
, of Villebrune, where he was born in 1732, was a man of considerable classical learning,
, of Villebrune, where he
was born in 1732, was a man of considerable classical
learning, and the author of many useful translations into
the French language. Of his personal history we are only
told, that he was a doctor of medicine, professor of oriental languages in the French college, one of the forty members of the French academy, and keeper of the national
library, in which he succeeded Chamfort. He was not
much attached to the principles which occasioned the
French revolution, and was proscribed by the French
directory for having written a pamphlet in which he maintained
that France ought to be governed by a single chief. After
residing occasionally in several places, he was made professor of natural history at la Cbarente; and when the central school, as it was called, was shut up, he taught mathematics and humanity in the college. The iast ten yearsof his life were spent at Angouleme, where he died Oct. 7,
1809. His character was lively, and his temper sometimes
impetuous and unguarded, which made him many enemies in the literary world. He was, however, a man of
indefatigable study, and was a master of fourteen languages ancient and modern. His reading was most extensive, but not well digested, and such was his love of
variety, that he seldom adhered to any one subject long
enough to produce a work in which it was completely discussed. He was, however, a valuable assistant to scholars
employed on any arduous undertaking; and among others,
is said to have contributed to the two editions of Strabo
lately printed at Utrecht and Oxford, by examining manuscripts for the editors. Among his translations are, a valuable one of Athenreus, and the only one France can boast
of since that of the abbd Marolles fell into disrepute. He
translated also Hippocrates’ s Aphorisms; Epictetus Cebes’s Table; “Silius Italicus,
” of whom also he published
an edition of the original, in 1781, containing various
readings from four Mss. and from Laver’s edition of 1471,
never before collated by any editor. Yet in this he is
sometimes rash in his conjectures, and pettishly intemperate in noticing his predecessors. Le Fevre’s other translations are, the “Memoirs of Ulloa,
” and “Cervantes’s
Tales,
” from the Spanish “Carli’s American Letters
”
from the Italian Zimmerman “On Experience,
” and on
the “Epidemic Dysentery,
” &c. from the German
“Rosen’s treatise on Infants,
” from the Swedish and the
works of Armstrong and Underwood on the same subject,
from the English. He published some other works relative to the arts, sciences, and politics, the titles of which
are not given in our authority; and left complete, or
nearly so, a translation of Aretseas, which he undertook at
the request of the School of health of Paris.
, or Nicolaus Faber, a very ingenious, learned, and pious man, was born at Paris, June 2, 1544, or according to Perrault, July
, or Nicolaus Faber, a very ingenious, learned, and pious man, was born at Paris, June 2, 1544, or according to Perrault, July 4, 1543; and liberally educated by his mother, his father dying in his infancy. During the course of his studies, as he was cutting a pen, a piece of the quill flew into his eye, and gave him such excessive pain, that hastily lifting up his hand to it, he struck it out with the knife. Having finished his application to the languages, he was sent to study the civil law at Tholouse, Padua, and Bologna. He did not come back till he had travelled through Italy: and he resided eighteen months in Rome, about 1571, where he cultivated a friendship with Sigonius, Muretus, and other learned men. He there acquired his taste for the investigation of antiquities, and brought away with him many curiosities. Upon hi$ return to France, he applied himself wholly to letters, and would hear no mention of marriage. His mother and brother dying in 1581, he lived with Peter Pithoeus, with whom he was very intimate; and having no occupation but study, he employed himself in reading the ancients, in correcting them by Mss. of which he had a great number in his own library, and in writing notes upon them. He laboured particularly on Seneca the rhetorician, whom he published in 1587, with a learned preface and notes, an. edition which we do not find mentioned by Dibdin oc Clarke. He applied himself also to studies of a different kind, to the mathematics particularly; in which he succeeded so well, that he discovered immediately the defect in Scaliger’s demonstration of the quadrature of the circle. When Henry the Fourth of France became at length the peaceable possessor of the crown, he appointed Faber preceptor to the prince of Conde. During this important trust, he found time to labour upon some considerable works; and composed that fine preface to the fragments of Hilary, in which he discovered so many important facts relating to the history of Arianism, not known before. After the death of Henry IV. he was chosen, by the queen, preceptor to Louis XIII. He died in 1611, or according to Perrault, Nov. 4, 1612.
Though he laboured intensely all his life, he was one of those learned men who are not ambitious of the character
Though he laboured intensely all his life, he was one of those learned men who are not ambitious of the character of author, but content with studying for themselves and their friends. He applied himself in his youth to the belles lettres and history, which he never neglected. Civil law, philosophy, and morality, were afterwards his occu^ jnition: and at the latter part of life, he spent his time chiefly among ecclesiastical antiquities. As he kept up a correspondence with all the learned of Europe, when he heard of any person about to publish an author, or to compose a work of his own, he was ever ready to assist him with Mss. and to furnish him with memoirs, but without suffering any mention to be made of his name, though his injunctions upon this point were not always observed. His own works, which were but few, were collected after his death by John le Begue, his friend, and printed at Paris, 1614, in a small volume, 4to. They consist of biblical criticism, questions on morals, and philological pieces in Latin and French.
h his very great merits would not perhaps have gained, had they not been enhanced by his modesty. He was admired and loved, but not feared. Lipsius pronounced him a
The praises bestowed on Nicolas le Fevre, by Baillet, and almost all the critics of the time, are of the most exalted kind; an advantage which his very great merits would not perhaps have gained, had they not been enhanced by his modesty. He was admired and loved, but not feared. Lipsius pronounced him a perfect critic, almost the only one capable of correcting and polishing the works of others; and whose learning, judgment, and diligence, knew no other bounds than what his modesty prescribed. Of the same cast are the eulogies upon him, by Baronius, Scaevola Samarthanus, Sirmond, Pithceus, Lipsius, cardinal Perron, Isaac Casaubon, Sealiger, Scioppius, and others.
, or Tanaquil Faber, a very learned man, father of madame Dacier, was born at Caen in Normandy in 1615. His father determined to educate
, or Tanaquil Faber, a very
learned man, father of madame Dacier, was born at Caen
in Normandy in 1615. His father determined to educate
him to learning, at the desire of one of his brothers, who
was an ecclesiastic, and who promised to take him into his
Jiouse under his own care. He had a genius for music,
and early became accomplished in it but his uncle proved
too severe a preceptor in languages he therefore studied
Latin with a tutor at home, and acquired the knowledge of
Greek by his own efforts. The Jesuits at the college of
La Fleche were desirous to detain him among them, and
his father would have persuaded him to take orders, but he
resisted both. Having continued some years in Normandy,
he went to Paris; where, by his abilities, learning, and
address, he gained the friendship of persons of the highest
distinction. M. de Noyers recommended him to cardinal
Ue Richelieu, who settled on him a pension of 2000 livres,
to inspect all the works printed at the Louvre. The cardinal designed to have made him principal of the college
which he was about to erect at Richelieu, and to settle on
him a farther stipend: but he died, and Mazarine, who
succeeded, not giving the same encouragement to learning,
the Louvre press became almost useless, and Faber’s pension was very ill paid. His hopes being thus at an end, he
quitted his employment; yet continued some years at
Pans, -pursuing his studies, and publishing various works.
Some years after he declared himself a protestant, and
became a professor in the university of Saumur; which
place he accepted, preferably to the professorship of Greek
at Nimeguen, to which he was invited at the same time.
His great merit and character soon drew to him from all
parts of the kingdom, and even from foreign countries,
numbers of scholars, some of whom boarded at his house.
He had afterwards a contest with the university and consistory of Saumur, on account of having, unguardedly and
absurdly, asserted in one of his works, that he could pardon Sappho’s passion for those of her own sex, since it
had inspired her with so beautiful an ode upon that subject.
Upon this dispute he would have resigned his place, if he
could have procured one elsewhere: and at last, in 1672,
he was invited upon advantageous terms to the university of
Heidelberg, to which he was preparing to remove, when
he was seized with a fever, of which he died Sept. 12,
1672. He left a son of his own name, author of a small
tract “De futilitate Poetices,
” printed he had
almost persuaded Faber to reconcile himself to the church
of Rome,
” from which he had formerly deserted; “and
that Faber signified to him his resolution to do so, in a
letter written a few months before his death, which prevented him from executing his design.
” Voltaire,' if he
may be credited, which requires no small degree of caution, says he was a philosopher rather than a Hugonot, and
despised the Calvinists though he lived among them.
T. le Fevre was agreeable in his person, andjiis stature above the common standard;
T. le Fevre was agreeable in his person, andjiis stature above the common standard; but a little stiff in his behaviour. He was good-natured, but somewhat blunt in his conversation. He had a strong aversion to falsehood and loquacity. He was always very elegant in his dress, and so expensive in this article, that he is said to have sent constantly to England for whole boxes of gloves, silk stockings, &c. and to Paris, and even to Rome, for all sorts of essences, perfumes, and powders. He was subject to sudden starts of passion in his family, which, however, were soon over. His books, his children, and his garden, in which he cultivated all kinds of flowers himself, were his ordinary diversions. He ate and slept little.
“Platonis Alcibiades primus.” 10. “Plutarchus de Superstitione” all in French translations, 1666; as was the year after, 11. “Aristippi Vita a D. Laertio.” This last
He published, 1. “Luciani de morte Peregrini libellus,
cum notis,
” Diatribe, Flavii Josephi de Jesu Christo testimonium suppositurn esse,
” Luciani Timon,
” with a Latin
version and notes. 4. “Epistolarum pars prima,
” Pars secunda: cui accedunt Aristophanis Concionatrices, Graece & Latine, cum notis,
” Journal du Journal, ou, Censure de la Censure;
” and
afterwards, 6. “Seconde Journaline;
” both in Abrege* des Vies des Poetes Grecs,
” &c. with “the
marriage of Belphegor, and the life of Theseus, from
Plutarch,
” Convivium Xenophontis.
”
9. “Platonis Alcibiades primus.
” 10. “Plutarchus de
Superstitione
” all in French translations, Aristippi Vita a D. Laertio.
” This
last was inserted by De Sallengre, in his “Memoirs de
Literature,
” torn. ii. p. 2. In the same volume of the same
work was published, 12. “Methode pour commencer les
humanites Grecques et Latines:
” translated in English, and
published by Phillips, in a book entitled “A compendious way of teaching ancient and modern languages, formerly practised by the learned Tanaquil Faber, in the
education of one of his sons, and of his daughter the
celebrated madam Dacier. To which are added, some
tracts and observations on the same subject by several eminent men, namely, Roger Ascham, Richard Carew, Milton,
Locke, &c. With an account of the education of the
dauphin, by Bossuet bishop of Meaux,
” Fabulse ex Locmanis Arabico-Latinis versibus redditae,
”
Epistolse.
” 14. He
published notes upon several Greek and Latin authors
of antiquity namely, Apollodorus, Longinus, Anacreon,
Aristophanes, Ælian, Lucretius, Phyedrus, Virgil, Horace,
Terence, Eutropius, Justin, Dionysius Periegetes, aad
others.
n. the Latin and Greek learning, and of uncommon sagacity and penetration. Tollius tells us, that he was a person of great wit and pleasantry, and wonderfully polished
The character of this critic has been very variously represented. Bochart calls him a man excellently skilled in.
the Latin and Greek learning, and of uncommon sagacity
and penetration. Tollius tells us, that he was a person of
great wit and pleasantry, and wonderfully polished by all
the elegance of the. Greek and Roman literature. Guy
Patin, in a letter dated at Paris Sept. 21, 1666, gives him
the character of an excellent person, and one of the first rank
of learned men of that age. Nicholas Heinsius represents
him as a man of learning and genius, but somewhat conceited. Morhof says, that he “was very learned, a good
philologer, well skilled in the Greek language, of a very
fine and enterprizing genius, who from his own imagination made a great many alterations in authors, though destitute of manuscripts; which rashness, however, sometimes
succeeded very well with him, who by his own sagacity
saw, what others search for with great labour in manuscripts.
But he is more than once severely animadverted upon by
other writers on account of his presumption; for he frequently corrects at his pleasure corrupt passages, and
makes prodigious alterations in writers. Many of his conjectures are contained in his epistles, of which there are
two books, in which he explains the passages of the ancients contrary to the opinion of every body; though he
is highly to be valued on account of the elegance and
acuteness of his genius.
” Morhof also applies to him,
the line
Huet, bishop of Avranches, assures us that our author was well skilled in the Greek and Roman, and all the ancient learning.
Huet, bishop of Avranches, assures us that our author
was well skilled in the Greek and Roman, and all the ancient learning. Niceron observes, that “his Latin style is
fine and delicate, without any points or affectation; every
thing is expressed very happily in it. He had likewise a
good genius for Greek and Latin poetry; and his verses
are worthy of the better ages. His French style has not
the graces of his Latin. He knew well enough the rules
of our language, but he did not truly understand the true
genius and natural propriety of it. As he lived in the
Province, that is, almost out of the world, he wrote
by study than custom, and he has not always observed the
French turn and idiom. Besides, he spoiled his style by
a vicious affectation, endeavouring to mix the serious of
Balzac with the hutnour and pleasantry of Voiture. Notwithstanding these defects, what he has written in our language will still please; and if his translations have not all
the elegance possible, they support themselves by their
accuracy, and the learned remarks which accompany them.
”
Mr. William Baxter, in the dedication of his edition of
Anacreon, styles him “futilis Callus,
” and affirms that
our author in his notes upon that poet every where trifles,
and with all his self-conceit and vanity has shewn himself
absolutely unfit for that task. In another place he writes
thus: ' Nugatur etiam Tanaquillus Faber, ut solet;“and
at last he styles him,
” Criticaster Callus." Some modern
critics have not been much more favourable to his critical
talents.
, an eminent French civilian, was born at Semur, the capital of Auxois, Dec. 16, 1583. After studying
, an eminent French civilian, was born at Semur, the capital of Auxois, Dec. 16, 1583. After studying at Dijon, Orleans, and other places, he was received as an advocate of parliament in 1602, when only nineteen years old, and the same year he went into Germany to attend the celebrated Bongars, who was sent by Henry IV. resident from France, into the empire; but soon left him, to study the law at Heidelberg, where the well-known Codefroy was at that time law-professor. Godefroy paid great attention to Fevret, who was recommended by several persons of quality: he received him into his house, and caused him to hold public disputations, which; he did with great applause. In 1607, Fevret returned to Dijon, where he married Mrs. Anne Brunet of Beaulne, by whom he had nineteen children; fourteen of which they brought up together during eight years. After his wife’s death, which happened in 1637, he very whimsically caused his bed to be made one half narrower, and never would marry again. He gained great reputation at the bar at Dijon; and was chosen counsellor to the three estates of the province. In 1629, Lewis the Thirteenth being come to Dijon in order to punish a popular insurrection, Fevret was chosen to petition the king that he would graciously be pleased to pardon the guilty. He spoke for all the corporations, and made so elegant a discourse, that the king commanded him to print it, and to send it to him at Lyons. His majesty then pardoned the authors of the sedition, and granted to Fevret the place of counsellor in the parliament of Dijon; but not being permitted to employ a deputy, he refused it, because he would not quit his profession of an advocate, and contented himself with the posts of king’s counsellor and secretary to the court, with a pension of 900 livres. He wrote a history of this insurrection, which was published some time after. As he was frequently sent a deputy to the court, he was known to de Morillac, keeper of the seals of France, who honoured him with his friendship. As early as 1626 and 1627, Monsieur, the king’s brother, had chosen him for his counsellor in ordinary in all his affairs; and the prince of Conde had made him intendant of his house, and of his affairs in Burgundy. He was continued in the same post by his son Louis de Bourbon prince of Cond6; and, during the life of these two princes, he was honoured with their favour in a distinguished manner. Frederic Casimir, prince palatine of the Rhine, and his consort Amelia Antwerpia, born princess of Orange, chose him also their counsel and intendant for their affairs in Burgundy. He had an extensive correspondence with all the learned civilians in his time. He died at Dijon, in 1661.
De claris Fori Burgundici Oratoribus,“and his” Traité de l'Abus“in 1653, which last celebrated work was written at the solicitation of the second Lewis de Bourbon prince
He published in 1645, a small Latin treatise entitled
<c De claris Fori Burgundici Oratoribus,“and his
” Traité
de l'Abus“in 1653, which last celebrated work was written
at the solicitation of the second Lewis de Bourbon prince
of Conde. He enlarged it afterwards by one half, which
occasioned a second edition of it after his death, in 1667.
It was reprinted a third time ten years after; but the best
edition is that of Lyons, 1736, in two volumes, folio. He
made an excellent translation of Pibrac’s (See Faur)
Quatrains, in Latin verses, printed at Lyons, 1667, with
a commentary under this title,
” De officiis vitas humanae,
give, in Pibraci Tetrasticha Commentarius." Several authors have mentioned him and his works in a very honourable manner. He had a son Peter, also a man of learning,
who died in 1706, and left his fine library to the Jesuits
of Dijon, with funds for increasing it. In. 1708, a catalogue of it was published in 4to, with a preface by father
Oudin.
, great grandson of the former, was born at Dijon in 1710, and educated to the profession of the
, great grandson of the former, was born at Dijon in 1710, and educated to the profession of the law. By distinguishing himself in some great causes, he obtained a pension from the
government. He laboured for several years in the publication of a new edition of Le Long’s “Bibliothe*que Historique de la France,
” and compiled so much matter as to
extend that work from a single volume in folio, to four
vast folios, besides a fifth containing indexes, &c. At
the time of his death, which happened in 1772, he was a
member of the French academy of Belles-lettres, and director of the university of Dijon. He was a man pleasing
in society, and of much zeal, both literary and patriotic.
He lived to see only two volumes of his edition of Le Long
published. The rest were edited by Barbeau de Bruyere.
, a French clergyman of the Jansenist party, was born at Paris in 1616, and studied in the college of the Sorbonne,
, a French clergyman of the
Jansenist party, was born at Paris in 1616, and studied in
the college of the Sorbonne, where he obtained the esteem
of persons of all ranks. In 164,5, he was engaged by M.
de Bellegarde, archbishop of Sens, to deliver a course of
instructions to the candidates for holy orders in his diocese.
He obtained some preferment in the church, and composed several useful books, among which was one entitled
“A Catechism on Grace 3
” which was afterwards reprinted
with the title of “Illustrations of certain difficulties respecting Grace.
” This work was condemned by a decree
of the inquisition at Home, which M. Fouquet, attorneygeneral of the parliament at Paris, would not permit to
be promulgated in that city. In 1656, M. Feydeau was
one of the seventy-two doctors who were expelled by the
faculty of the Sorbonne for refusing to subscribe to the
condemnation of M. Arnauld; and on this account he was
obliged to relinquish his preferments. After this, for several years, he lived chiefly in retirement, and produced
his “Reflections on the History and Harmony of the Gospels,
” in 2 vols. 12mo; a work which has gone through
several editions. In 1665, he was presented by the bishop of Aleth with a prebend in his diocese, which he resigned in 1668, in order to undertake the cure of Vitri le
Francois, in Champagne, which after seven years he was
obliged to give up, in consequence of the persecutions with
which his party was harassed. He was banished to Bourges,
in 1677; and afterwards was sent to Annonai in the Virares, where he died July 24, 1694. He published many
works besides those above-mentioned, and left behind him
many others that have not yet appeared, particularly memoirs of himself, as far as 1678, and many letters. A long
Latin epitaph, engraved on his tomb, which is preserved
by Moreri, was written by a religious of the Celestine
order.
, was a learned physician of the order of St. Benedict, born in Spain,
, was a learned physician
of the order of St. Benedict, born in Spain, who died in
1765. By his writings many have thought that he contributed as much towards curing the mental diseases of
his compatriots and reforming the vitiated taste of his
countrymen, by introducing liberal notions in medicine
and philosophy, as the great Michel Cervantes had done
those of a preceding age, by his incomparable history of
Don Quixote. In the “Teatro Critico, sopra los Errores
communes,
” which he published in fourteen volumes, are
many severe reflections against the ignorance of the monks,
the licentiousness of the clergy, ridiculous privileges, abuse
ef pilgrimages, exorcisms, pretende-d miracles, &c. &c. by
which he made a formidable host of enemies, and would
certainly have been also a martyr, had the numerous calls
of vengeance been listened to by those in power. The
learned part of the nation, however, undertook his defence, and he escaped the grasp of the inquisition; and,
notwithstanding the freedom he had taken with the faculty,
the medical college at Seville conferred on him the degree
of doctor, and honoured him with a seat at their board.
M. Bourgoing observes, that Dr. Feyjoo, or Feijoo, was
one of those writers who treated this conjectural art in the
most rational manner, but he is certainly far from consistent, and sometimes lays down a doctrine which he is
obliged afterwards to abandon. A considerable part of
tis “Teatro Critico
” was translated into French by D'Hermilly, in 12vols. 12mo; and several of his Essays have
been published at various times in English, the largest
collection of which is entitled “Essays or Discourses, selected from the works of Feyjoo, and translated from the
Spanish, by John Brett, esq.
”
, was a lawyer of Frankfort on the Maine, and syndic of that town,
, was a lawyer of Frankfort on the
Maine, and syndic of that town, where he died in 1581,
at the age of sixty-nine. He was the author of several
works, of winch the most famous was his “Virorum qui
superiori nostroque steculo eruditione et doctrina illustres
atque memorabiles fuerunt, Vitae,
” Francfort, Vitae
recentiorum jurisconsultorum,
” Padua, Onomasticon philosophico-medico synonymum,
” De
Cautelis,
” Concilium Matrimoniale,
”
, a man of considerable learning, was born about 1589, and becoming a Jesuit, was appointed professor
, a man of considerable learning,
was born about 1589, and becoming a Jesuit, was appointed professor of classics and rhetoric in the college of
the Trinity at Lyons. The time of his death is not mentioned. He is known principally for an edition of the
whole body of poets, which he corrected and published
under the title of “Chorus Poetarum,
” Lyons, Musaeum rhetoricum et poeticum,
” which seems
to be a collection of the beauties of the poets. He published also, “Arcana studiorum omnium methodus, et
bibliotheca scientiarum,
” Lyons, Favus Patrum,
” a
collection of the thoughts of the fathers, in 12mo, above
1000 pages, and some other works.
, was an eminent prior, and doctor of the Sorbonne in 1454, and rector
, was an eminent
prior, and doctor of the Sorbonne in 1454, and rector of
the university of Paris in 1467, who taught rhetoric, philosophy, and divinity, with great reputation. He opposed
the plan formed by Louis XI. of arming the scholars, and
was entrusted with several commissions of importance.
Fichet went to Rome with cardinal Bessarion, who dedicated his orations to him in 1470, and he was well received
by pope Sixtus IV. and appointed his chamberlain. We
have a work of his on “Rhetoric,
” and some “Epistles,
”
written in very elegant language for that age, printed at
the Sorbonne., 1471, 4to, and which has been sold as high
as 50l. It was Fichet, who with his friend John de la
Pierre, brought Martin Crantz, Ulric Gering, and Michael
Friburger, from Germany to the Sorbonne, in order to
introduce printing in France; and Fichet’s works above mentioned were among the first they produced.
, a learned Italian, and the reviver of the Platonic philosophy in the West, was born at Florence in 1433, where his father was physician to
, a learned Italian, and the reviver of the Platonic philosophy in the West, was born at Florence in 1433, where his father was physician to Cosmo de Medici, and sent his son to pursue that study at the university of Bologna. Marsilius obeyed him with some reluctance, but having made a short trip from Bologna to Florence, his father took him with him on a visit to Cosmo de Medicis, which gave a new turn to his life and studies. Cosmo was so charmed by his appearance and his spirited answers, that from that moment, although Marsilius was at this time merely a youth, he destined him to be the principal of the Platonic school which he was about to form. With this view he brought him to reside with him, superintended his studies, and treated him with so much kindness, that Marsilius regarded him ever after as a second parent. He made such rapid progress in the study of philosophy, that he was only twenty-three years old, when he wrote his four books of the Institutions of Plato. Cosmo and the learned Landino, to whom he shewed the manuscript, highly applauded his labours, but advised him to learn Greek before he should publish them. This he accordingly studied with his usual ardour, and gave the first proof of the progress he had made by translating the hymns of Orpheus into Latin. Reading about the same time in Plato that heaven had bestowed music on man in order to calm his passions, he learned that science also, and amrised himself with chanting the hymns of Orpheus, accompanying himself with a lyre resembling that of the Greeks. H translated afterwards the book on the origin of the world attributed to Mercurius Trismegistus, and having presented these first-fruits of his Greek studies to his patron, Cosmo rewarded him with a grant of some land at Careggi, near Florence, and with a house in the city, and some very magnificent manuscripts of Plato and Plotinus.
Marsilius now undertook the entire translation of Plato, which he completed in five years, and was then in his thirty-fifth year. Cosmo was now dead, but his son
Marsilius now undertook the entire translation of Plato, which he completed in five years, and was then in his thirty-fifth year. Cosmo was now dead, but his son Peter who succeeded him, had the same friendship and esteem for our author, and it was by his orders that he published his translation, and lectured on the works of Plato at Florence to an audience composed of the eminent scholars of Europe who were most conversant in ancient philosophy. Lorenzo also extended his patronage to Marsilius, who having taken priest’s orders in his forty-second year (1475), Lorenzo bestowed several henefices on him, which rendered him easy in his circumstances. More he never wished, and when, by Lorenzo’s bounty, he had attained this competency, he made over his patrimony to his relations. His time was now divided between his ecclesiastical duties and his philosophical studies. His life was exemplary, and his temper amiable. He loved retirement, especially at his country-seat, where he enjoyed the conversation of a fevf friends. Although his constitution was weak, and he was frequently a sufferer by disease, his ardour of study never abated. The pleasure he felt in his retirement, his contented disposition, and his respect for the Medici family, made him refuse some great otters made by pope Sixtus IV. and by Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary. He died at the age of sixty-six in 1499.
tury, will not all bear the test of modern criticism. His works afford abundant proofs how deeply he was influenced by the reveries of judicial astrology. His principal
As a philosopher, much cannot now be said in favour of
Ficinus, and the high encomiums to which he appeared
entitled in the fifteenth century, will not all bear the test
of modern criticism. His works afford abundant proofs
how deeply he was influenced by the reveries of judicial
astrology. His principal want was vigour and accuracy of
judgment, with which if he had been furnished, he would
have avoided the superstitious attachment manifested by
him to the “Platonismus Alexandrinus,
” than which, Brucker observes, no philosophical reveries could possibly be
more ridiculous; and he would have evinced more sagacity
in detecting the sophisms of this sect. He was devoid also
of the more splendid and exterior graces of a well cultivated understanding; his style is pronounced inelegant,
and his language confused. He was a Platonist even in
his correspondence, and some of his letters are enigmatical
and mysterious. Brucker also accuses him of being of a
timid and servile spirit, which would naturally lead him to
accommodate his version to the judgment of his patron.
He entertained the notion which prevailed among the
Christian fathers, that the doctrine of Plato was, in some
sort, of divine origin, and might be fairly construed into a
perfect agreement with that of divine revelation. From
these causes, Ficinus is very far from adhering with strictness to his author’s meaning; in many instances he rather
expresses his own cpnceptions than those of Plato, and
often gives his interpretation a bias towards the A lexandrian or Christian doctrine, for which he has no sufficient
authority in the original. On the whole, Brucker is of
opinion, that Ficinus was rather an industrious than a judicious translator, and that his version of Plato should be
read with caution. The chief part of his works are contained in the Paris edition of 1641, in 2 vols, folio, amongst
which those of most merit are the versions of Plato and
Plotinus. Of some of his works there are very early editions, now of great rarity.
, a famous Roman medallist, antiquary, and Cicerone, was born in 1664, at Lugano, and died in 1747. Of his personal history,
, a famous Roman medallist, antiquary, and Cicerone, was born in 1664, at Lugano, and
died in 1747. Of his personal history, our authority furnishes
no other particulars than that he was a disciple of J. P. Bellori. He was, however, the author of many works on subjects of classical antiquities, written in the Italian language,
particularly “divertimenti delle Medaglie antiche,
” mentioned by Menckenius, and written about 1694. 2. “Osservazioni sopra l'antichita di Roma descritte nel Diario
Italico del Montfaucon,
” &c. Delia Bolla
d‘oro de’ Fanciulli nobili Romani,
” &c. De'
Tali ed altro Strumeriti lusori degli antichi Romani,
” Le Maschere Sceniche e figure Comiche de' antichi
Romani,
” Piombi antichi,
” 1750. The second
” De Plumbeis
antiquorum numismatibus, tarn sacris quam profanis,“1750,
both by Dominicus Cantagallius, whose real name, Winckelrnan seems to say, was Archangelo Contucci. He wrote
also, 7.
” Le Vestigia e Rarita di Roma antica, richercate
et spiegate,“1744; a second book entitled
” La Singolarita, di Roma mcKlerna," and some other tracts.
, an English divine, and laborious writer, was born of reputable parents, at Hunmanby near Scarborough in Yorkshire
, an English divine, and laborious
writer, was born of reputable parents, at Hunmanby near
Scarborough in Yorkshire in 1671. In his education he
was much encouraged by his uncle the rev. Mr. Fiddes of
Brightwell in Oxfordshire, who was as a father to him.
After being instructed at a private school at Wickham in
that neighbourhood, he was admitted of Corpus Christi,
and then of University college, in Oxford; where by his
parts and address he gained many friends. He did not,
however, continue there; but, after taking a bachelor of
arts degree in 1693, returned to his relations, and married,
in the same year, Mrs. Jane Anderson, a lady of good
family and fortune. In 1694, he was ordained priest by
Dr. Sharp, archbishop of York; and not long after, presented to the rectory of Halsham in that county, of about
90l. per annum. Halsham, being situated in a marsh,
proved the occasion of much ill health to Fiddes and his
family; and he had the misfortune, while there, to be suddenly so deprived of his speech, as never after to be able
to utter words very articulately, unless his organs were
strengthened with two or three glasses of wine, which, as
he was a mun of great temperance, was to him an excess.
His diocesan, however, dispensed with his residence upon
his benefice for the future; on which he removed to Wickham, and continued there some months. Being no longer
able to display his talents in preaching, which before were
confessedly great, and having a numerous family, he resolved to devote himself entirely to writing. For this purpose, he went to London in 1712; and, by the favour of
dean Swift, was introduced to the earl of Oxford, who received him kindly, and made him one of his chaplains.
The dean had a great esteem for Fiddes, and recommended
his cause with the warmth and sincerity of a friend. The
queen soon after appointed him chaplain to the garrison at
Hull, and would probably have provided handsomely for
him, had not death prevented her. Losing his patrons
upon the change of the ministry in 1714, he lost the above
mentioned chaplainship; and the expences of his family
i icreasing, as his ability to supply them lessened, he was
obliged to apply himself to writing with greater assiduity
than ever. Yet he continued in high esteem with contemporary writers, especially those of his own party; and was
encouraged by some of the most eminent men of those
times. By the generosity of his friend and relation Dr.
Radcliffe, the degree of bachelor of divinity was conferred
upon him by diploma, Feb. 1, 1713, and in 1718 he was
honoured by the university of Oxford with that of doctor,
in consideration of his abilities as a writer. He died at the
house of his friend Anstis at Putney, in 1725, aged fifty four years, leaving behind him a' family consisting of a wife
and six children. His eldest daughter was married to the
rev. Mr. Barcroft, curate of St. George’s, Hanover-square,
who abridged Taylor’s “Ductor Dubitantium.
” Dr. Fiddes
was buried in Fulham churchyard, "near the remains of
bishop Compton, to whom he had been much obliged.
t, this never appeared. The first work by which he distinguished himself in any considerable degree, was, 2. “Theologia Speculativa: or the first part of a body of divinity
His first publication appears to have been, 1. “A prefatory Epistle concerning some Remarks to be published
on Homer’s Iliad: occasioned by the proposals of Mr. Pope
towards a new English version of that poem, 17 14,
” 12mo.
It is addressed to Dr. Swift. It would seem to have been
his intention to write a kind of moral commentary upon
Homer; but, probably for want of encouragement, this never
appeared. The first work by which he distinguished himself in any considerable degree, was, 2. “Theologia Speculativa: or the first part of a body of divinity under that
title, wherein are explained, the principles of Natural and
Revealed Religion, 1718,
” folio. This met with a favourable reception from the public: yet when Stackhouse, a
man certainly not of much higher talents, afterwards executed a work of a similar nature, he endeavoured to depreciate the labours of his predecessor. Dr. Fiddes’s second part is entitled “Theologia Practica, wherein are
explained the duties of Natural and Revealed Religion;
”
and was published in Fifty-two practical Discourses on
several subjects, six of which were never before printed.
”
These, as well as his Body of Divinity, were published by
a subscription, which was liberally encouraged at Oxford.
But the work which gained him the most friends, and most
enemies, was, 4. “The Life of Cardinal Wolsey, 1724,
”
in folio, dedicated to the chancellors, vice-chancellors,
doctors, and other members of the two universities; and
encouraged by a large subscription. This work was attacked
with great severity in “The London Journal,
” and the author charged him with being a papist; who repelled this
accusation in, 5. “An Answer to Britannicus, compiler of
the London Journal, 1725,
” in two letters; in the first of
which he endeavours to obviate the charge of popery; in
the second, to show his impartiality in the life of this cardinal. Dr. Knight, in the “Life of Erasmus,
” published a
little after our author’s death, attacked him in the severest
terms, accusing him of speaking irreverently of Erasmus,
“probably,
” says he, “because he had by his writings favoured the reformation.
” Dr. Fiddes, he says, vilifies the
reformation, depreciates the instruments of it, and palliates the absurdities of the Romish church. He declares
also that the life was written at the solicitation of bishop
Atterbury, on the occasion of the dispute in which he was
then engaged with archbishop Wake: and that Atterbury
supplied him with materials, suggested matter and method,
entertained him at his deanery, procured him subscribers,
and “laid the whole plan for forming such a life as might
blacken the reformation, cast lighter colours upon popery,
and even make way for a popish pretender.
” Fiddes, indeed, had given occasion for part of this surmise, by saying
that “a very learned prelate generously offered to let me
compile the life of cardinal Wolsey in his house.
” Suspicion was likewise heightened by the eulogium he made
on Atterbury, a little before his deprivation. Though it
may be difficult to determine how far this author was at
the bottom an enemy to the reformation, yet in his Life of
Wolsey, his prejudices in favour of the ancient religion
are unquestionably strong, and in these he shared with
some contemporaries of no inconsiderable fame. Asa collection of facts, however, the work is highly valuable, and
he has the merit (whatever that may be esteemed) of placing
the life and character of Wolsey in a more just light than
any preceding writer. As the munificent founder of Christ
church, he could not avoid a certain reverence for Wolsey,
nor, if Atterbury assisted him, can we wonder at that prelate’s disposition to think well of so great a benefactor to
learning, who would have proved a still greater benefactor,
had he not been sacrificed to the avarice and caprice of
his royal master.
Causes, have compassion on me." Dr. Fiddes was an ingenious, but not a very learned man. He had so happy a
a very learned lady, of a family originally of Milan, is supposed to have been born about 1465. She was early instructed in the Greek and Latin languages, elocution,
, a very learned lady, of a family
originally of Milan, is supposed to have been born about
1465. She was early instructed in the Greek and Latin
languages, elocution, and the Aristotelian philosophy, to
which she was partial, and maintained a correspondence
with many of the literati of her age. She is said to have
been of unblemished morals, great frankness of disposition,
and occasional gaiety. Politian considered her as no less>
a prodigy among her sex than Picus was among his, and
was so struck with her character, that he visited Venice
almost solely with a view to converse with her; and persons
of all ranks vied in their respect for her, while crowned
heads invited her by large offers to visit and settle in their
courts. In 1487, Cassandra delivered a public oration
before the university of Padua, “pro Alberto Lamberto Canonico Concordiensi,
” a philosophical relation of hers, which
is still extant. Some suppose her to have been in the practice of delivering public lectures in that university, but this
is doubted by her biographer. She had once the honour
of addressing a complimentary oration to Bona Fortia,
queen of Sarmatia, when visiting Venice, which was delivered in the Bucentauro, sent out with a suitable train to
meet and escort her into the Venetian port; on which occasion the queen presented her with a magnificent gold
chain; but Cassandra, with that philosophic indifference
which she had always evinced for this precious metal, gave
it next day into the hands of the doge.
on with whom she experienced various reverses. In 1521 she became a widow. In her ninetieth year she was appointed to preside over a religious society of her own sex
Agreeably to the will of her father, she gave her hand
to Jo. Maria Mapellius of Vicenza, a learned physician, in
her connexion with whom she experienced various reverses. In 1521 she became a widow. In her ninetieth
year she was appointed to preside over a religious society
of her own sex at Venice, and died in 1558, or as some
say in 1567. She had composed a work “De Scientiarum Ordine,
” frequently mentioned in her letters, but it
was never published. Thomasinus wrote her life, prefixed to
her “Epistolse et Orationes Posthumae,
” Padua,
, an eminent English divine, was born Oct. 15, 1561, in the parish of Hempsted in the county
, an eminent English divine, was born Oct. 15, 1561, in the parish of Hempsted in the county of Hertford, of an ancient family of good repute in that county. The estate which came to him from his father and grandfather had been in the family many years before, and it is recorded as somewhat singular that out of his grandfather’s house, there had died but three owners of this estate in 160 years. He received his first education in the free school of Berkhampstead, and was afterwards admitted of Magdalen-hall, Oxford; and such was the character he left behind him, that his chambers and study there were shewn, for a long time after he quitted them. But according to Wood’s account, he was first admitted of Magdalen college in the year 1577, and proceeded A. B. before he went to Magdalen-hall, where he took his master’s degree, and was esteemed the best disputant in the schools. After some time spent in the study of divinity, he read the catechetical lecture in Magdalen-hall, which, though a private lecture, was in his hands rendered so inieresting as to be much frequented by the whole university. Dr. John Reynolds, though greatly his senior, and either then or soon after Margaret professor, and president of Corpus Christi college, was a constant auditor. Field was well skilled in school divinity, and a frequent preacher while he lived in Oxfordshire, and is said to have been very instrumental in preventing the increase of nonconformity in the university. His father had provided a match for him, as being his eldest son; but his not taking orders being made an indispensable requisite, he thought fit to decline the choice, and returned to Oxford and after he had spent seven years there, he became divinity reader in Winchester cathedral.
In 1594 he was chosen divinity reader to the honourable society of Lincoln’s-inn,
In 1594 he was chosen divinity reader to the honourable
society of Lincoln’s-inn, and soon after presented by Mr.
Richard Kingsmill, one of the benchers and surveyor of
the court of wards, to the valuable rectory of Burghclear
in Hampshire, where Mr. Kingsmill lived, and refused the
living of St. Andrew, Holborn, which was afterwards offered to him, preferring a retired life, and passing the
greater part of his time at Burghclear to his death. On
April 9, 1594, he married Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. Richard Harris, sometime fellow of New college, Oxford,
and rector of Hardwicke in Buckinghamshire, with which
lady, who had received a very liberal education, he lived
happily upwards of twenty years. On Sept. 27, 1598, he
was made chaplain in ordinary to queen Elizabeth, after
having, on the 23d preceding, preached a kind of probationary sermon before her majesty; and he was soon after
made prebendary of Windsor. He was also joined in the
special commission with William marquis of Winchester,
and Thomas Bilson bishop of Winchester, &c. for ecclesiastical causes within the diocese of Winchester; and in
another to exercise all spiritual jurisdiction in the said diocese, with Whitgift archbishop of Canterbury, Charles
earl of Nottingham, Thomas bishop of Winchester, and
others, by James I. 1603, to whom he was also chaplain in
ordinary, and sent to the conference at Hampton court
concerning ecclesiastical causes, held Jan. 14, 1603. In
1605, when the king was to be entertained at Oxford with
all manner of scholastic exercises, he was sent for out of
the country to bear a part in the divinity act. Sir Nathaniel Brent, afterwards warden of Merton, used to say that
the disputation between Dr. Field and Dr. Aglionby, before
king James, was the best he ever heard in his life, and that
it was listened to with great attention and delight by all
present. The question was, “An sancti et angeli cognoscant cogitationes cordium
”
rt of his time he spent at his parsonage, and the winter at Windsor, where his house in the cloister was the resort of all who were eminent for learning, to enjoy his
About 1610 the king bestowed on him the deanery of
Gloucester, where he never resided long, but in order to
preach four or 6ve times a year to a full auditory who respected and loved him. The greatest part of his time he
spent at his parsonage, and the winter at Windsor, where
his house in the cloister was the resort of all who were
eminent for learning, to enjoy his conversation, and profit by his sentiments on ecclesiastical affairs, and on the
parties and sects which divided the Christian world. Dr.
Barlow, dean of Wells, and Dr. Crakenthorp were among
his correspondents. He rejoiced when any man noted for
learning was made prebendary of Windsor; and often
visited sir Henry Savile at Eton college, and other eminent persons in that neighbourhood. He often preached
before the king, who, the first time he heard him, said,
“Is his name Field This is a field for God to dwell in
”
and Fuller, in the same punning age, calls him “that
learned divine,whose memory swelleth like a field which
the Lord hath blessed.
” In the king’s progress through
Hampshire, in 1609, the bishop of Winchester appointed
him among those who were to preach before him; and in
1611, the king having a mind to hear the prebendaries of
Winchester in their order, the dean wrote to him first, and
he preached oftener than any of them, and to crowded audiences. The king, who delighted to discourse with him
on points of divinity, proposed to send him into Germany
to compose the differences between the Lutherans and
Calvinists, but, for whatever reason, this appointment did
not take place; and not long before his death, the king
would have made him bishop of Salisbury, and gave him a
promise of the see of Oxford on a vacancy. Bishop Hall
tells us, that about the same time he was to have been
made dean of Worcester. On Oct. 27, 1614, he lost his
wife, who left him six sons and a daughter. After continuing a widower about two years, he married the only
daughter of Dr. John King, prebendary of Windsor and
Westminster, widow of Dr. John Spenser, some time president of Corpus Christi college, Oxford, but with her he
lived not much above a month. She however bred up his
only daughter, and married her to her eldest son, of which
match there were three sons and five daughters.
Dr. Field had reached the beginning of his fifty-sixth
year, when, on Nov. 15, 1616, he died of an apoplexy, or
some imposthume breaking inwardly, which suddenly deprived him of all sense and motion. He was buried in the
outer chapel of St. George at Windsor, below the choir.
Over his grave was laid a black marble slab, with his figure
in brass, and under it an inscription on a plate of the same
metal, recording the deaths of him and his first wife. His
whole life was spent in the instruction of others, both by
precept and example. He was a good and faithful pastor,
an affectionate husband and parent, a good master and
neighbour; charitable to the poor, moderate in his pursuits, never aiming at greatness for himself or his posterity;
he left to his eldest son very little more than what descended to him from his ancestors. He had such a memory that
he used to retain the substance of every book he read; but
his judgment was still greater. Although he was able to
penetrate into the most subtle and intricate disputes, he
was more intent on composing than increasing controversies. He did not like disputes about the high points of
predestination and reprobation, yet appears rather to have
inclined to the Calvinistic views of these matters. When
he first set about writing his books “Of the Church,
” his
old acquaintance Dr. Kettle dissuaded him, telling him
that when once he was engaged in controversy, he would
never live quietly, but be continually troubled with answers
and replies. To this he said, “I will so write that they
shall have no great mind to answer me;
” which proved to
be nearly the case, as his main arguments were never refuted. This work was published at London in 1606, folio,
in four books, to which he added a fifth in 1610, folio,
with an appendix containing a defence of each passage of
the former books that were excepted against, or wrested to
the maintenance of Romish errors. All these were reprinted at Oxford in 1628, folio. This second edition is
charged hy the Scots in their “Canterburian’s Self-conviction,
” A view of the Controversies
in Religion, which in these last times have caused the
lamentable divisions in the Christian world
” but it was never
completed, though the preface was written by the author,
and is printed at large in the Life of him by his Son, together with some propositions laid down by him on election
and reprobation. This Life was published from the original by John Le Neve, author of the “Monumenta Anglicana,
” in I should have done more for that man
” His
son, who wrote his life, was the Rev. Nathaniel Field,
rector of Stourton in the county of Wilts. Another son, Giles,
lies buried, under a monumental inscription, against
the east wall of New college Ante-chapel. He died in
1629, aged twenty-one.
, beyond all comparison the first novel-writer of this country, was born at Sharpham Park in Somersetshire, April 22, 1707. His
, beyond all comparison the first
novel-writer of this country, was born at Sharpham Park
in Somersetshire, April 22, 1707. His father, Edmund
Fielding, esq. was the third son of John Fielding, D. D.
canon of Salisbury, who was the fifth son of George earl
of Desmond, and brother to William third earl of Denbigh, nephew to Basil the second earl, and grandson to
William, who was first raised to the peerage. Edmund
Fielding served under the duke of Maryborough, and towards the close of king George the First’s reign, or the
accession of George II. was promoted to the rank of a
lieutenant-general. His mother was daughter to the first
judge Gould, and aunt to sir Henry Gould, lately one of
the judges of the common pleas. This lady, besides Henry,
who seems to have been the eldest, had four daughters,
and another son named Edmund, who was an officer in the
sea-service. Afterwards, in consequence of his father’s
second marriage, Fielding had six half-brothers, George,
James, Charles, John, William, and Basil. Of these nothing memorable is recorded, except of John, who will be
the subject of a subsequent article as will also Sarah, the
sister of Henry Fielding. His father died in 1740.
Henry Fielding received the first rudiments of his education at home, under the care of the rev. Mr. Oliver, for
whom he seems to have had no great regard, as he is said
to have designed a portrait of him in the very humorous
yet unfavourable character of parson Tralliber, in his “Joseph Andrews.
” From this situation he was removed to
Eton school, where he had an opportunity of cultivating a
very early intimacy and friendship with several young men
who afterwards became conspicuous personages in the
kingdom, such as lord Lyttelton, Mr. Fox, Mr. Pitt, sir
Charles Hanbury Williams, &c. who ever through life retained a warm regard for him. But these were not the
only advantages he reaped at that great seminary of education; for, by an assiduous application to study, and the
possession of strong and peculiar talents, he became, before he left that school, uncommonly versed in Greek
authors, and a master of the Latin classics. Thus accomplished, at about eighteen years of age he left Eton, and
went to Leyden, where he studied under the most celebrated civilians for about two years, when, the remittances
from England not coming so regularly as at first, he was
obliged to return to London.
ble for him to make such appointments for this his eldest son as he could have wished; his allowance was therefore either very ill paid or entirely neglected. This unhappy
General Fielding’s family being very greatly increased
by his second marriage, it became impossible for him to
make such appointments for this his eldest son as he could
have wished; his allowance was therefore either very ill paid
or entirely neglected. This unhappy situation soon produced all the ill consequences which could arise from poverty and dissipation. Possessed of a strong constitution,
a lively imagination, and a disposition naturally but little
formed for Œconomy, Henry Fielding found himself his
own master, in a place where the temptations to every
expensive pleasure are numerous, and the means of gratifying them easily attainable. From this unfortunately
pleasing situation sprang the source of every misfortune or
uneasiness that Fielding afterwards felt through life. He
very soon found that his finances were by no means proportioned to the brisk career of dissipation into which he
had launched; yet, as disagreeable impressions never continued long upon his mind, but only rouzed him to struggle through his difficulties with the greater spirit, he flattered himself that he should find resources in his wit and
invention, and acccordingly commenced writer for the
stage in 1727, at which time he had not more than attained the completion of his twentieth year.
His first dramatic attempt was a piece called “Love in
several Masques,
” which, though it immediatetysucceeded
the long and crowded run of the “Provoked Husband,
”
met with a favourable reception, as did likewise his second play, “The Temple Beau,
” which came out in the
following year. He did not, however, meet with equal
success in all his dramatic works, for he has even printed,
in the title-page of one of his farces, “as it was damned
at the theatre-royal Drury-lane;
” and he himself informs
us, in the general preface to his miscellanies, that for the
“Wedding-Day,
” though acted six nights, his profits from
the house did not exceed fifty pounds. Nor did a much
better fate attend some of his earlier productions, so that,
though it was his lot always to write from necessity, he
would, probably, notwithstanding his writings, have laboured continually under that necessity, had not the severity of the public, and the malice of his enemies, met
with a noble alleviation from the patronage of several persons of distinguished rank and character, particularly the
late dukes of Richmond and Roxburgh, John duke of
Argyle, the first lord Lyttelton, &c. the last-named of
which noblemen, not only by his friendship softened the
rigour of our author’s misfortunes while he lived, but also
by his generous ardour has vindicated his character, and
done justice to his memory, after death.
d himself closely to the study of the law, and, after the customary time of probation at the Temple, was called to the bar, and made no inconsiderable figure in Wes
But here one folly only took place of another, and family pride now brought on him all the inconveniences in one place, that youthful dissipation and libertinism had done in another. Fond of shew and magnificence, he encumbered himself with a large retinue or servants; and led by natural disposition to enjoy society and convivial mirth, he threw open his gates for hospitality, and suffered his whole patrimony to be devoured up by hounds, horses, and entertainments. Thus, in less than three years, he dissipated his whole property; and from the mere passion of beingesteemed a man of great fortune, reduced himself to the unpleasant situation of having no fortune at all. He had thus, at the age of thirty, undermined his own supports, and had now no dependence but on his abilities. Not discouraged, however, he determined to exert his talents vigorously, applied himself closely to the study of the law, and, after the customary time of probation at the Temple, was called to the bar, and made no inconsiderable figure in Westminster-hall.
the firmness of mind with which he supported it. Such other works as were produced before his genius was come to its full growth were, “An Essay on Conversation” “An
To the practice of the law Fielding now adhered with
great assiduity, both in the courts in London, and on the
circuits, as long as his health permitted, and it is probable
would have risen to a considerable degree of eminence in
it, had not the intemperances of his early life put a check,
by their consequences, to the progress of his success.
Though but a young man, he began now to be molested
with such violent attacks from the gout as rendered it impossible for him to give such constant attendance at the
bar as the laboriousness of that profession requires. Under these united severities of pain and want; he pursued
his researches with an eagerness peculiar to him; and, as
a proof of the degree of eminence to which he might have
risen, he left two ms volumes, in folio, on the crown
law, to which branch he had most assiduously applied. It
gives us an idea of the great force and vigour of his mind,
if we consider him pursuing so arduous a study under the
exigencies of family distress, with a wife and children,
whom he tenderly loved, looking up to him for subsistence,
with a body torn by the acutest pains, and a mind distracted by a thousand avocations, yet obliged, for immediate supply, to produce almost extempore, a play, a
farce, a pamphlet, or a newspaper. A large number of
fugitive political tracts, which had their value when the
incidents were actually passing on the great scene of business, came from his pen. The periodical paper, called
“The Champion,
” owed its chief support to his abilities.
A poetical epistle to the right honourable sir Robert Walpole, written in 1730, shews at once his acquaintance with
distress, and the firmness of mind with which he supported
it. Such other works as were produced before his genius
was come to its full growth were, “An Essay on Conversation
” “An Essay on the knowledge and characters of
Men
” “A Journey from this World to the next
” “The
History of Jonathan Wild the Great;
” &c. The two last
mentioned are satires of a peculiar texture, and entirely
original.
oom for expatiating on their merits. Soon after the publication of “Joseph Andrews,” his last comedy was exhibited on the stage, entitled “The Wedding-Day,” which was
But his genius is seen in full and vigorous exertion, first
in “Joseph Andrews,
” and more completely in his “Tom
Jones;
” which are too well known, and too justly admired,
to leave any room for expatiating on their merits. Soon
after the publication of “Joseph Andrews,
” his last comedy was exhibited on the stage, entitled “The Wedding-Day,
” which was attended with but an indifferent
share of success. The repeated shocks of illness more
and more disqualified him from pursuing the law: from
business, therefore, he derived little or no supplies, and
his prospect grew every day more gloomy and melancholy.
To these discouraging circumstances, if we add the infirmity of his wife, and the agonies he felt on her account,
the measure of his affliction may be considered as nearly
full. That fortitude of mind, with which he met all the
other calamities of life, deserted him on this most trying
occasion; and her death, which happened about this time,
brought on such a vehemence of grief, that his friends began to think him in danger of losing his reason. At length,
when the first emotions of sorrow were abated, philosophy
administered her aid, his resolution returned, and he began
again to struggle with his fortune. He engaged in two
periodical papers successively, with a laudable and spirited
design of rendering service to his country. The first of
these was called “The True Patriot,
” which was undertaken during the rebellion of Voyage to Lisbon,
” which may,
with some degree of propriety, be considered as the last
words of a dying man. Amidst all the laborious duties of
his office, his invention could not lie still, but he found
leisure to amuse himself, and afterwards the world, with
“The History of Tom Jones.
” His “Amelia
” was entirely planned and executed while he was distracted by a
multiplicity of avocations which surround a public magistrate; and his constitution, now greatly impaired and enfeebled, was labouring under severer attacks of the gout
than he had before felt; yet the activity of his mind was
not to be subdued. At length, however, his whole frame
was so entirely shattered by continual inroads of complicated disorders, and the incessant fatigue of business in
his office, that, by the advice of his physicians, as a last
effort to preserve life, and support a broken constitution,
he set out for Lisbon. Even in this distressful condition,
his imagination still continued making the strongest efforts
to display itself; and the last gleams of his wit and humour sparkled in the “Journal
” he left behind him of his
“Voyage
” to that place > which was published in An Essay on the Life and Genius of the Author, by Arthur Murphy, esq.
”
putation. This second wife died at Canterbury, in May 1802, at a very advanced age. Fielding’s frame was naturally very robust, and his height rather above six feet.
Fielding’s genius excelled most in those strong, lively, and natural paintings of the characters of mankind, and the movements of the human heart, which constitute the basis of his novels; yet, as comedy bears the closest affinity to this kind of writing, his dramatic pieces, every one of which is comic, are far from being contemptible. His farces and ballad pieces, more especially, have a sprightImess of manner, and a furcibleness of character, by which it is impossible not to be agreeably entertained; and in itiose which he has in any degree borrowed from Moliere, or;.ny other writer, he has done great honour and justice t>j Irs original, by the manner in which he has treated the subject. Having married a second time, he left a wife and four children, who were educated under the care of their uncle, with the aid of a very generous donation given annually by Ralph Allen, esq. the celebrated man of Bath. One of his sons is still living, a barrister of considerable reputation. This second wife died at Canterbury, in May 1802, at a very advanced age. Fielding’s frame was naturally very robust, and his height rather above six feet. It was thought that no picture was taken of him while he lived, and it is certain that the portrait prefixed to his Works was a sketch executed by his friend Ho r garth, from memory. We find, however, in Mr. Nichols’s new edition of the Life of Bowyer, a beautiful engraving from a miniature in the possession of his grand-daughter, Mrs. Sophia Fielding. His character as a man, may in great measure be deduced from the incidents of his life, but cannot perhaps be delineated better than by his biographer Mr. Murphy, with whose words this article may properly be closed.
nerous office to set down to the account of slander and defamation, a great part of that abuse which was discharged against him by his enemies in his life-time; deducing,
“It will be an humane and generous office to set down
to the account of slander and defamation, a great part of
that abuse which was discharged against him by his enemies
in his life-time; deducing, however, from the whole, this
useful lesson, that quick and warm passions should be early
controuled, and that dissipation and extravagant pleasures
are the most dangerous palliations that can be found for
disappointments and vexations in the first stages of life.
” We have seen,“adds he,
” how Mr. Fielding very soon
squandered away his small patrimony, which, with oeconomy, might have procured him independence; we have
seen how he ruined, into the bargain, a constitution, which
in its original texture seemed formed to last much longer.
When illness and indigence were once let in upon him,
he no longer remained the master of his own actions; and
that nice delicacy of conduct which alone constitutes and
preserves a character, was occasionally obliged to give
way. When he was not under the immediate urgency of
want, those who were intimate with him are ready to aver,
that he had a mind greatly superior to any thing mean or
little; when his finances were exhausted, he was not the
most elegant in his choice of the means to redress himself,
and he would instantly exhibit a farce or a puppet -shew,
in the Haymarket theatre, which was wholly inconsistent
with the profession he had embarked in. But his intimates
are witness how much his pride suffered wben he was forced
into measures of this kind no man having a juster sense
of propriety, or more honourable ideas of the employment
of an author and a scholar." Many years after the death
of Fielding, the French consul at Lisbon, le Chev. de
Meyrionnet, wrote an elegant epitaph for him, and proposed to have erected a monument; but the English factory, stimulated by this generosity in a foreigner, took the
matter into their own hands.
lents for conversation. But when he died, the passion for collecting the memorabilia of literary men was little felt. In the Gent. Mag. for 1786, however, we have an
There are not so many anecdotes preserved concerning
Fielding as might perhaps have been expected, considering
the eccentricity of his disposition, and his talents for conversation. But when he died, the passion for collecting
the memorabilia of literary men was little felt. In the
Gent. Mag. for 1786, however, we have an anecdote which
is too characteristic to be omitted. Some parochial taxes
for Fielding’s house in Beaufort Buildings being unpaid,
and for which demands had been made again and again,
he was at length told by the collector, who had an esteem
for him, that no longer procrastination could be admitted.
In this dilemma he had recourse to Jacob Tonson, the
bookseller, and mortgaging the future sheets of some work
he had in hand, received the sum he wanted, about ten or
twelve guineas. When he was near his own house, he
met with an old college chum, whom he had not seen for
many years, and Fielding finding that he had been unfortunate in life, immediately gave him up the whole money
that he had obtained from Mr. Tonson. Returning home
in the full enjoyment of his benevolent disposition and
conduct, he was told that the collector had called twice
for the taxes. Fielding’s reply was laconic, but memorable: “Friendship has called for the money, and had it;
let the collector call again.
” The reader will be glad to
hear that a second application to Jacob Tonson enabled
him to satisfy the parish demands. Another anecdote affords one of those happy turns of wit which do not often
occur. Being once in company with the earl of Denbigh,
and it being noticed that Fielding was of the Denbigh family, the earl asked the reason why they spelt their name?
differently; the earl’s family spelling it with the e first,
(Feilding), and Mr. Henry Fielding with the i first,
(Fielding) “I cannot tell, my lord,
” said our author, “except
it be that my branch of the family were the first that knew
how to spell
”
, third sister of the preceding, was born in 1714, lived unmarried, and died at Bath, where she had
, third sister of the preceding, was
born in 1714, lived unmarried, and died at Bath, where
she had long resided, in April 1768. She made some
figure among the literary ladies of her age, and possessed
a well cultivated mind. Soon after the appearance of her
brother’s “Joseph Andrews,
” she published a novel in 2
vols. 12mo, entitled “The Adventures of David Simple,
in search of a faithful friend,
” which had a considerable
share of popularity, and is not yet forgotten. In 1752
she produced a third volume, which did not excite so much
attention. Her next production, which appeared in 1753,
was “The Cry, a new Dramatic Fable,
” 3 vols. but this,
although far from being destitute of merit, was not well
adapted to the taste of romance-readers. Her last performance was “Xenophon’s Memoirs of Socrates, with the
Defence of Socrates before his Judges,
” translated from
the original Greek, Familiar letters between the characters in
David Simple,
” 2 vols.; “The Governess, or Little Female Academy
” “The Lives of Cleopatra and Octavia;
”
“The History of the Countess of Delwyn,
” 2 vols. and
“The Hjstory of Ophelia,
” 2 vols. Dr. John Hoadly, who was
her particular friend, erected a monument to her memory,
with a handsome compliment to her virtues and talents.
, was half brother, as abovementioned, to Henry Fielding, and his
, was half brother, as abovementioned, to Henry Fielding, and his successor in the
office of justice for Westminster, in which, though blind
from his youth, he acted with great sagacity and activity
for many years. He received the honour of knighthood
for his services in October, 1761, and died at Brompton in
September 1780. He published at various times, the following works: 1. “An account of the Origin and Effects
of a Police, set on foot by his grace the duke of Newcastle,
in the year 1753, upon a Plan presented to his grace by
the late Henry Fielding, esq. To which is added, a Plan
for preserving those deserted Girls in this Town who become Prostitutes from Necessity. 1768.
” This was a small
tract in 8vo. 2. “Extracts from such of the Penal Laws
as particularly relate to the Peace and good Order of the
Metropolis,
” The
Universal Mentor; containing, Essays on the most important Subjects in Life; composed of Observations, Sentiments, and Examples of Virtue, selected from the approved Ethic Writers, Biographers, and Historians, both
ancient and modern,
” A
Charge to the Grand Jury of Westminster,
” Another Charge to the Grand Jury
on a similar occasion,
” A brief Description of the Cities of London and Westminster, &c. To
which are added, some Cautions against the Tricks of
Sharpers,
” &c. Cautions,
”
and the use of his name was perhaps a bookseller’s trick.
It is most to the honour of sir John Fielding’s memory,
that he was a distinguished promoter of the Magdalen hospital, the Asylum, and the Marine Society.
iterary merit, but not so well known on that account as for the part he bore in the Grand Rebellion, was born at Brpughton in Oxfordshire, in 1582, being the eldest
, lord Say and Sele, a person of
literary merit, but not so well known on that account as
for the part he bore in the Grand Rebellion, was born at
Brpughton in Oxfordshire, in 1582, being the eldest son
of sir Richard Fiennes, to whom James I. had restored and
confirmed the dignity of baron Say and Sele: and, after
being properly instructed at Winchester school, was sent
in 1596 to New-college in Oxford, of which, by virtue of
his relationship to the founder, he was made fellow. After
he had spent some years in study, he travelled into foreign
countries, and then returned home with the reputation of
a wise and prudent man. When the war was carried on in
the Palatinate, he contributed largely to it, according to
his estate, which was highly pleasing to king James; but,
indulging his neighbours by leaving it to themselves to pay
what they thought fit, he was, on notice given to his majesty, committed to custody in June 1622. He was,
however, soon released; and, in July 1624, advanced from a
baron to be viscount Say and Scle. At this time, says
Wood, he stood up for the privileges of Magna Charta;
but, after the rebellion broke out, treated it with the utmost contempt: and when the long-parliament began in
3640, he shewed himself so active that, as Wood says, he
and Hampden and Pym, with one or two more, were
esteemed parliament-drivers, or swayers of all the parliaments in which they sat. In order to reconcile him to tne
court, he had the place of mastership of the court of wards
given him in May 1641 but this availed nothing; for,
when arms were taken up, he acted openly against the
king. Feb. 1642, his majesty published two proclamations,
commanding all the officers of the court of wards to.
attend him at Oxford; but lord Say refusing, was outlawed,
and attainted of treason. He was the last 'who held the
office of master of this court, which was abolished in 1646
by the parliament, on which occasion 10,000l. was granted
to him, with a part of the earl of Worcester’s estate, as a
compensation. In 1648 he opposed any personal treaty
with his majesty, yet the same year was one of the parliament-commissioners in the Isle of Wight, when they
treated with the king about peace: at which time he is
said to have urged against the king this passage out of
Hooker’s “Ecclesiastical Polity,
” that “though the king
was singulis major, yet he was universis minor
” that is,
greater than any individual, yet less than the whole community. After the king’s death, he joined with the Independents, as he had done before with the Presbyterians;
and became intimate with Oliver, who made him one of
his house of lords. “After the restoration of Charles II.
when he had acted,
” says Wood, “as a grand rebel for
his own ends almost twenty years, he was rewarded forsooth with the honourable offices of lord privy seal, and
lord chamberlain of the household; while others, that had
suffered in estate and body, and had been reduced to a bit
of bread for his majesty’s cause, had then little or nothing
given to relieve them; for which they were to thank a
hungry and great officer, who, to fill his own coffers, was
the occasion of the utter ruin of many.
” Wood relates
also, with some surprise, that this noble person, after he
had spent eighty years mostly in an unquiet and discontented condition, had been a grand promoter of the rebellion, and had in some respect been accessary to the
mupdler of Chailes I. died quietly in his bed, April 14, 1662,
and was buried with his ancestors at Broughton. On the
restoration he was certainly made lord privy seal, but nut,
as Wood says, chamberlain of the household. Whitlock
says, that “he was a person of great parts, wisdom, and
integrity:
” and Clarendon, though of a contrary, party,
does not deny him to have had these qualities, but only
supposes them to have been wrongly directed, and greatly
corrupted. He calls him, “a man of a close and reserved
nature, of great parts, and of the highest ambition; but
whose ambition would not be satisfied with offices and preferments, without some condescensions and alterations in
ecclesiastical matters. He had for many years been the
oracle of those who were puritans in the worst sense, and
had steered all their counsels and designs. He was a notorious enemy to the church, and to most of the eminent
churchmen, with some of whom he had particular contests.
He had always opposed and contradicted all acts of state,
and all taxes and impositions, which were not exactly legal,
&c. In a word, he had very great authority with all the
discontented party throughout the kingdom, and a good
reputation with many who were not discontented; who
believed him to be a wise man, and of a very useful temper
in an age of licence, and one who would still adhere to
the law.
” But from a comparison of every authority, a
recent writer observes, that he appears to have been far
from a virtuous or amiable man; he was poor, proud, and
discontented, and seems to have opposed the court, partly
at least with the view of extorting preferment from thence.
He had the most chimerical notions of civil liberty, and
upon the defeat of those projects in which he had so great
a share, retired with indignation to the isle of Lundy, on
the Devonshire coast, where he continued a voluntary prisoner until the protector’s death.
59, 4to. It seems, the Quakers were pretty numerous in his neighbonrhood of Broughton; and he either was, or pretended to be, much troubled with them. These tracts are
Besides several speeches in parliament, he published,
1. “The Scots design discovered; relating their dangerous
attempts lately practised against the English nation, with
the sad consequence of the same. Wherein divers matters
of public concernment are disclosed; and the book called,
Truths Manifest, is made apparent to be Lies Manifest,
1653,
” 4to. 2. “Folly and Madness made manifest;
or, some things written to shew, how contrary to the word
of God, and practice of the Saints in the Old and New
Testament, the doctrines and practices of the Quakers
are,
” 1659, 4to. 3. “The Quakers Reply manifested to
be railing: or, a pursuance of those by the light of the
Scriptures, who through their dark imaginations would evade
the Truth,
”
, second son of lord Say just mentioned, was born at Broughton in Oxfordshire in 1608; and, like his father,
, second son of lord Say just
mentioned, was born at Broughton in Oxfordshire in
1608; and, like his father, after a proper education at
Winchester school, was admitted of New College in Oxford, and also made fellow in right of kinship to the
founder. After passing some years there, he travelled to
Geneva, and among the Cantons of Switzerland, where he
increased that disaffection to the church which he had
been too much taught in his infancy. From his travels he
returned through Scotland, at the time when the Rebellion was beginning; and, in 1640, was elected to sit in
parliament for Banbury, when it was quickly discovered,
that he was ready to join in all his father’s intemperate
measures. Afterwards he became colonel of horse under
the earl of Essex, and was made governor of Bristol, when
first taken for the use of the parliament; but, surrendering
it too easily to prince Rupert, in July 1643, he was tried
by a council of war, and sentenced to lose his head. The
onl) witnesses against him on this occasion were the celebrated Clement Walker, and Pry line. He had afterwards,
by the interest of his father, a pardon granted him for life,
but he could not continue any longer in the army; and
the shame of it affected him so much, that he went for
some time abroad, “retaining still,
” says Clarendon, “the
same full disaffection to the government of the church and
state, and only grieved that he had a less capacity left to
do hurt to either.
” When the Presbyterians were turned
out of parliament, he became an independent, took the
engagement, was intimate with Cromwell; and when
Cromwell declared himself Protector, was made one of his
privy-council, lord privy-seal in 1655, and a member of
his house of lords. Though he had sufficiently shewn
his aversion to monarchical government, yet when he
saw what Oliver aimed at, he became extremely fond
of it, and in 1660, he published a book with this title,
“Monarchy asserted to be the best, most ancient, and
legal form of government, in a conference held at Whitehall with Oliver Lord Protector, and Committee of Parliament, &c. in April 1657.
” He published also several
speeches and pamphlets, some of which were a defence of
his own conduct at Bristol. Walker informs us that he was
the author of a historical tract called “Anglia Rediviva,
”
published under the name of Sprigge. After the restoration, he retired to Newton Tony, near Salisbury in Wiltshire, where he had an estate that came to him by his
second wife; and here continued much neglected, and in.
great obscurity, until his death, Dec. 16, 1669. Clarendon has spoken of his abilities in very high terms. “Colonel Fiennes,
” says he, “besides the credit and reputation
of his father, had a very good stock of estimation in the
house of commons upon his own score for truly he had
very good parts of learning and nature, and was privy to,
and a great manager in, the most secret designs from the
beginning; and if he had not incumbered himself with
command in the army, to which men thought his nature
not so well disposed, he had sure been second to none in
those councils, after Mr. Hampden’s death.
”
, a physician of eminence, was born at Antwerp, March 28, 1567. His father, who was a physician
, a physician of eminence, was born at Antwerp, March 28, 1567. His father,
who was a physician at Antwerp, and who died at Dort in
1585, was the author of a treatise entitled “Commentarius de flatibus humanum corpus infestantibus,
” Antwerp,
De Cauteriis libri quinque,
”
Louvaine, Libri Chirurgici XII., de praecipuis
Artis Chirurgicre controversiis,
” Francfort, 1602, which
passed through many editions. 3. “De viribus Imaginationis Tractatus,
” Louvaine, De Cometa
anni 1618,
” Antwerp, De vi formatrice foetus liber, in quo ostenditur animam rationalem
infundi tertia die,
” ibid. De formatrice foetus
adversus Ludovicum du Gardin, &c.
” Louvaine, Pro sua de anijnatione fcetds tertia die opinione Apologia, adversus Antonium Ponce Santa Cruz, Regis Hispaniarmn Medicum
Cubicularem, &c.
” Louvaine, Semiotice, sive
de signis medicis Tractatus,
” Leyden,
ed to Charles Gustavus king of Sweden. He had passed some months at Rome in his youth, and this work was partly the result of his studies and observations there. He
, a learned Swede, a professor of history, and an antiquary at Upsal, published in
1656, a work of much research, entitled “De Statuis
illustrinm Romanorum,
” 8vo, which he dedicated to
Charles Gustavus king of Sweden. He had passed some
months at Rome in his youth, and this work was partly the
result of his studies and observations there. He died in
1676. We have no farther particulars of his life, and he
is but slightly mentioned in biographical collections.
ebrated Italian political writer, the descendant of a very illustrious but decayed family at Naples, was born there Aug. 18, 1752. His parents had very early destined
, a celebrated
Italian political writer, the descendant of a very illustrious
but decayed family at Naples, was born there Aug. 18,
1752. His parents had very early destined him for the
military profession, but the attachment he showed to the
acquisition of literary knowledge, induced them to suffer
him to pursue his own course of study. His application
to general literature became then intense, and before he
was twenty years of age, he was not only an accomplished
Greek and Latin scholar, but had made himself intimately
acquainted with mathematics, ancient history, and the
laws of nature and nations as administered in every country. He had also begun at this time to write two works, the
one on public and private education, and the other on the
duties of princes, as founded on nature and social order,
and although he did not complete his design in either, yet
he incorporated many of the sentiments advanced in his
great work on legislation. He afterwards studied law,
more in compliance with the will of his friends, who considered the bar as the introduction to public honour and
preferment, than from his own inclination; and the case
of an arbitrary decision occurring, he published an excellent work on the subject, entitled “Riflessioni Politiche
sull' ultima legge Sovrana, che riguarda ramministrazione
della giustizia,
” Naples, Scienza della Legislatione,
” at Naples the third and
fourth appeared in Quidquid ex Filangierio amavimus,
quidquid mirati sumus, manet mansurumque est in animis
hominum, in aeternitate temporum, famarerum.
” In
, was a native of Paris, who taught ethics, and afterwards philosophy,
, was a native of Paris, who taught
ethics, and afterwards philosophy, at the college de la
Marche, and was rector of the university in 1.586. He
took his doctor’s degree, April 9, 1590, and became curate of St. John en Greve. Filesac, who was eminent
among his contemporaries for his firmness, learning, and
piety, died at Paris, senior of the Sorbonne, and dean of
the faculty of theology, May 27, 1638, leaving several
very learned works, the principal of which are, “A Treatise on the sacred Authority of Bishops,
” in Latin, Paris,
on Lent;
” a treatise on the “Origin of Parishes
” treatises on “Auricular Confession;
” on
“Idolatry,
” and on “the Origin of the ancient Statutes
of the Faculty of Paris.
” They are united under the title
of “Opera Pieraque,
” Paris,
, a celebrated Italian poet, was born December 30, 1642, of a noble family at Florence. He studied
, a celebrated Italian poet, was
born December 30, 1642, of a noble family at Florence.
He studied philosophy, law, and divinity five years at
Pisa, and took a doctor of law’s degree there. He then
returned to Florence, where, after several years spent in
his closet, with no other employment than poetry and the
belles-lettres, the grand duke appointed him senator. He
died September 27, 1707, aged sixty-five. Filicaia was
member or the academies della Crusca, and degli Arcadi.
His poems are much admired for their delicacy and noble
sentiments. They have been published together by Scipio
Filicaia, his son, under the title of “Poesie Toscane di
Vincenzo da Filicaia,
” &c.
, of Ferrara, an artist born in 1532, was nicknamed Gratella by his countrymen, because he was the first
, of Ferrara, an artist born in 1532,
was nicknamed Gratella by his countrymen, because he was
the first who introduced the method of squaring large pictures, in order to reduce them with exactness to smaller proportions, which the Italians call graticolare, a method which
he had learned from Michel Angelo, whose scholar he was
at Rome, though unknown to Vasari, at least not mentioned in his life. He was the son of Camillo Filippi, who
died in 1574, an artist of uncertain school, but who painted
in a neat and limpid manner and if we may judge from a
half-figure of S. Paul, in an Annunziata of his in S. Maria
in Vado, not without some aim at the style of Michel Angelo. From him therefore Bastiano probably derived that
ardent desire for it which made him secretly leave his
father’s house, and journey to Rome, where he became one
of the most indefatigable copyists and dearest pupils of
Buonarotti. What powers he acquired is evident from the
“Universal Judgment,
” which he painted in three years,
in the hoir of the metropolitan a work nearer to Michel
Angelothau what can be produced by the whole Florentine
school. It possesses grandeur of design with great variety
of imagery, well disposed groupes, and repose for the eye.
It appears incredible that in a subject pre-occupied by
Buonarotti, Filippi should have been able to appear so
novel and so grand. He imitated the genius, but disdained to transcribe the figures of his model. He too, like
Dante and Michel Angelo, made use of that opportunity
to gratify his affections or animosities, by placing his
friends among the elect, and his enemies with*the rejected.
In that hapless host he painted the faithless mistress who
had renounced his nuptials, and drew among the blessed
another whom he had married in her place, casting a look
of insult on her rival. At present it is not easy to decide
on the propriety or intemperance of Barui Taldi and other
Ferrarese writers, who prefer this painting to that of the
Sistina, for decorum and colour, because it has been long
retouched; and already made Barotti, in his description of
Ferrarese pictures, lament " that the figures which formerly
appeared living flesh, now seem to be of wood. 7 ' Of Filippi’s powers, however, as a colourist, other proofs exist
at Ferrara in many an untouched picture: they appear to
advantage, though his flesh-tints are too adust and bronzed,
end his colours too often united into a misty mass.
ed grotesques, a branch which he afterwards left entirely to his younger brother Cesare Filippi, who was as eminent in the ornamental style, as weak in large figures
In the nudities of those pictures, especially -in those of the colossal figure of S. Cristophano, Filippi adopted the line of Michel Angelo; in the draped figures he followed other models, as is evident in the Circumcision on an altar of the Duomo, which resembles more the style of his father than his own. Want of patience in invention and practice made him often repeat himself; such are his Nunziatas, re-produced at least seven times on the same idea. The worst is, that if the Last Judgment, the large altar-piece of S. Catherine in her church, and a few other public works be excepted, he^more or less hurried on the rest; content to leave in each some master trait, and less solicitous to obtain the praise of diligence than of power from posterity. What he painted for galleries is not much, but conducted with more care: without recurring to what may be seen at Ferrara, the Baptism, of Christ in the house Acqua at Osimo, and some of his copies from Michel Angelo at Rome, are of that number. In his earliest time he painted grotesques, a branch which he afterwards left entirely to his younger brother Cesare Filippi, who was as eminent in the ornamental style, as weak in large figures and history. He died in 1602.
sir Edward Filmer, of East Sutton, in Kent, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of Richard Argall, esq. was born in the end of the sixteenth, century, and educated in
, son of sir Edward Filmer, of
East Sutton, in Kent, by Elizabeth his wife, daughter of
Richard Argall, esq. was born in the end of the sixteenth,
century, and educated in Trinity-college, in Cambridge,
of which he was matriculated July 5, 1604. His works
are, 1 “The Anarchy of a limited and mixed Monarchy,
”
Treatise on Monarchy,
” printed in 1C43. Sir Robert’s work was reprinted
in 1652 and 1679, 8vo. 2. “Patriarcha,
” in which he
endeavours to prove, that all government was monarchical
at first, and that all legal titles to govern are originally derived from the heads of families, or from such upon whom
their right was transferred, either by cession or failure of
the line. He also wrote, “The Freeholders’ Grand Inquest, &c.
” On the trial of the celebrated Sidney, it was
made a charge that they found in his possession a manuscript answer to Filmer’s “Patriarcha,
” but this was afterwards more completely answered by Locke, in his “Two
Treatises on Government,
” published in
, in French Finé, professor of mathematics in the Royal college at Paris, was the son of a physician, and born at Briungon, in Dauphine, in
, in French Finé, professor of
mathematics in the Royal college at Paris, was the son of
a physician, and born at Briungon, in Dauphine, in 1494.
He went young to Paris, where his friends procured him a
place in the college of Navarre. He there applied himself to polite literature and philosophy; yet devoted himself more particularly to mathematics, for which he had a
strong natural inclination, and made a considerable progress, though without the assistance of a master. He acquired likewise much skill in mechanics; and having both
a genius to invent instruments, and a skilful hand to make
them, he gained high reputation by the specimens he gave
of his ingenuity. He first made hinaself known by correcting and publishing Siliceus’s “Arithmetic,
” and the
“Margareta Philosopiiica.
” He afterwards read private
lectures in mathematics, and then taught that science publicly in the college of Gervais; by which he became so
famous, that he was recommended to Francis I. as the fittest person to teach mathematics in the new college which
that prince had founded at Paris. He omitted nothing to
support the glory of his profession; and though he instructed his scholars with great assiduity, yet he found
time to publish a great many books upon almost every part
of the mathematics. A remarkable proof of his skill in
mechanics is exhibited in the clock which he invented in
1553, and of which there is a description in the Journal
of Amsterdam for March 29, 1694. Yet his genius, his
labours, his inventions, and the esteem which an infinite
number of persons shewed him, could not secure him from
that fate which so often befalls men of letters. He was
obliged to struggle all his life with poverty; and, when he
died, left a wite and six children, and many debts. His
children, however, found patrons, who for their father’s
sake assisted his family. He died in 1555, aged sixty-one.
Like all the other mathematicians and astronomers of those
times, he was greatly addicted to astrology; and had the
misfortune to be a long time imprisoned, because he had
foretold some things which were not acceptable to the
court of France. He was one of those who vainly boasted
of having found out the quadrature of the circle. His
works were collected in 3 vols. folio, in 1535, 1542, and
1556, and there is an Italian edition in 4to, Venice, 1587.
tingham, and lord high chancellor of England, the son of sir Heneage Finch, knt. recorder of London, was born Dec. 21 or 23, 1621, in the county of Kent. He was educated
, first earl of Nottingham, and lord high chancellor of England, the son of sir Heneage Finch, knt. recorder of London, was born Dec. 21 or 23, 1621, in the county of Kent. He was educated at Westminsterschool, and became a gentleman commoner of Christ church in Oxford, 1635. After he had prosecuted his studies there for two or three years, he removed to the Inner Temple, where, by diligence and good parts, he became remarkable for his knowledge of the municipal laws, was successively barrister, bencher, treasurer, reader, &c. Charles II. on his restoration, made him solicitor general, and advanced him to the dignity of a baronet. He was reader of the Inner Temple the next year, and chose for his subject the statute of 39 Eliz. concerning the payment and recovery of the debts of the crown, at that time very seasonable and necessary, and which he treated with great strength of reason, and depth of law. Uncommon honours were paid to him on this occasion, the reading and entertainment lasting from the 4th to the 17th of August. At the first day’s entertainment were several of the nobility of the kingdom, and privy counsellors, with divers others of his friends at the second, were the lord mayor, aldermen, and principal citizens of London at the third, which was two days after the former, was the whole college of physicians, who all came in their caps and gowns; at the fourth, all the judges, advocates, doctors of the civil law, and all the society of Doctors’ Commons at the fifth, the archbishops, bishops, and chief of the clergy and at the last, which was on August 15, his majesty king Charles II. did him the honour (never before granted by any of his royal progenitors) to accept of an invitation to dine with him in the great hall of the Inner Temple.
n the trials of the regicides, and in April 1661, by the strong recommendation of lord Clarendon, he was chosen a member of parliament for the university of Oxford;
As solicitor-general, he took an active part in the trials
of the regicides, and in April 1661, by the strong recommendation of lord Clarendon, he was chosen a member of
parliament for the university of Oxford; but, says Wood,
“he he did us no good, when we wanted his assistance for
taking off the tribute belonging to hearths.
” In 1665, after
the parliament then sitting at Oxford had been prorogued,
he was in full convocation created doctor of civil law; and,
the creation being over, the vice-chancellor, in t^ie presence of several parliament-men, stood up and spoke to
the public orator to do his office, who said, among other
things, “That the university wished they had more colleges to entertain the parliament men, and more chambers,
but by no means more chimnies;
” at which sir Heneage
was observed to change countenance, and draw a little
back. When the disgrace of lord Clarendon drew on, in
1667, and he was impeached in parliament for some supposed high crimes, sir Heneage, not forgetting his old
friend, appeared vigorously in his defence. In 1670, the
king appointed him attorney general; and, about three
years after, lord keeper. Soon after he was advanced to
the degree of a baron, by the title of Lord Finch of Daventry, in the county of Northampton, and upon the surrender of the great seal to his majesty, Dec. 19, 1675, he
received it immediately back again, with the title of Lord
High Chancellor of England.
ed to his care, Dr. Sharp (says his recent biographer Mr.Todd) faithfully discharged; and his advice was no less faithfully followed by his patron, as long as he continued
The conduct of lord chancellor Finch in the disposal of
church livings merits particular approbation. Attached to
the interests of the church of England, he had considered
the necessity of inquiring into the characters of those who
might he candidates for benefices in the disposal of the
seal. But the many avocations of his high office prevented
his personal attention to this point; he therefore addressed
his chaplain (Dr. Sharp, afterwards archbishop of York) to
this effect: “The greatest difficulty, I apprehend, in the
execution of my office, is the patronage of ecclesiastical
preferments. God is my witness that I would not knowingly prefer an unworthy person; but as my course of life
and studies has lain another way, I cannot think myself so
good a* judge of the merits of such suitors as you are; I
therefore charge it upon your conscience, as you will answer it to Almighty God, that upon every such occasion,
you make the best inquiry, and give me the best advice
you can, that I may never bestow any favour upon an undeserving, man; which if you neglect to do, the guilt will
be entirely yours, and I shall deliver my own soul.
” This
trust, so solemnly committed to his care, Dr. Sharp (says his recent biographer Mr.Todd) faithfully discharged; and
his advice was no less faithfully followed by his patron, as
long as he continued in office. By so conscientious a disposal of church-preferment in the dissolute reign of
Charles II. the cause of religion must have been eminently
advanced.
He performed the office of high steward at the trial of lord Stafford, who was found guilty of high treason by his peers, for being concerned
He performed the office of high steward at the trial of
lord Stafford, who was found guilty of high treason by his
peers, for being concerned in the popish plot. On May
J2, 1681, he was created earl of Nottingham, and died,
quite worn out, at his house in Queen-street, Lincoln’sinn-fields, Dec. Is, 1682, and was buried in the church of
Ilaunston near Olney in Buckinghamshire, where his son
erected a superb monument to hrs memory. Though he
lived in very troublesome and difficult times, yet he conducted himself with such even steadiness, that he retained
the good opinion of both prince and people. He was distinguished by his wisdom and eloquence; and was such an
excellent orator, that some of his contemporaries have
styled him the English Roscius, the English Cicero, &c.
Burnet, in the preface to his “History of the Reformation,
” telis us, that his great parts and greater virtues were
so conspicuous, that it would be a high presumption in him
to say any thing in his commendation being in nothing
more eminent, than in his zeal for, and care of, the church
of England. His character is described by Dryden, or
rather Tate, in the second part of “Absalom and Achitophel,
” under the name of Amri; but more reliance may be
placed on the opinion of judge Blackstone. “He was a
person,
” says this learned commentator, “of the greatest
abilities, and most incorrupted integrity; a thorough master and zealous defender of the laws and constitution of his
country; and endued with a pervading genius that enabled
him to discover and to pursue the true spirit of justice,
notwithstanding the embarrassments raised by the narrow
and technical notions which then prevailed in the courts of
law, and the imperfect ideas of redress which had possessed
the courts of equity. The reason and necessities of mankind, arising from the great change in property, by the
extension of trade, and the abolition of military tenures,
co-operated in establishing his plan, and enabled him, in
the course of nine years, to build a system of jurisprudence
and jurisdiction upon wide and rational foundations, which
have also been extended and improved by many great
men, who have since presided in chancery; and from that
time to this, the power and business of the court have increased to an amazing degree.
”
t. 1675; 15th of Feb. 1676; 6th of March, 1678; and 30th of April, 1679.” These were spoken while he was lord keeper and chancellor. 3. “Speech at the Sentence of William
Under his name are published, 1. Several speeches and
discourses in the trial of the judges of Charles I. in the
book entitled “An exact and most impartial account of
the Indictment, Arraignment, Trial, and Judgment (according to law) of twenty-nine regicides, &c. 1660,
” 4to,
Speeches to both Houses of Parliament,
7th Jan. 1673; 13th of April and 13th of Oct. 1675; 15th
of Feb. 1676; 6th of March, 1678; and 30th of April,
1679.
” These were spoken while he was lord keeper and
chancellor. 3. “Speech at the Sentence of William Viscount Stafford, 7th Dec. 1680,
” printed in one sheet, folio;
and in the Trial of the said Viscount, p. 212. 4. “Answers by his Majesty’s command, upon several Addresses
presented to his majesty at Hampton Court, the 19th of
May, 1681,
” in one sheet, in folio. 5. “His Arguments;
upon which he made the Decree in the cause between the
honourable Charles Howard, esq. plaintiff, Henry late duke
of Norfolk, Henry lord Mowbray his son, Henry marquis
of Dorchester, and Richard Marriott, esq. defendants;
wherein the several ways and methods of limiting a trust of
term for years are fully debated, 1615,
” folio, 6, “An
Argument on the claim of the Crown to pardon on Impeachment,
” folio. He also left behind him, written with
his own hand, “Chancery Reports,
” ms. in folio, and notes
on Coke’s Institute.
ham, son of the preceding, by his lady Elizabeth, daughter of Mr. Daniel Hervey, merchant in London, was born about 1647, and educated at Christ church, Oxford; but
, second earl of Nottingham, son of
the preceding, by his lady Elizabeth, daughter of Mr.
Daniel Hervey, merchant in London, was born about 1647,
and educated at Christ church, Oxford; but entered early
into public life, and served in several parliaments in the
Teign of Charles II. for the city of Lichfield, and for the
borough of Newton in the county of Southampton, In.
1679 he was constituted first commissioner of the Admiralty, and sworn of the privy-council; and in the latter
end of the year following, spoke with much vigour in the
house of commons against the bill for the exclusion of the
duke of York, declaring “that the kings of England do
not rule by virtue of any statute-law,
” as had been suggested by some persons on the other side of the question,
“since their right was by so ancient a prescription, that
it might justly be said to be from God alone and such as
no power on earth ought to dispute.
”
se of his father in 1682, he succeeded him in his titles and estate; and on the death of Charles II. was one of the privy-council who signed the order, dated at Whitehall,
On the decease of his father in 1682, he succeeded him
in his titles and estate; and on the death of Charles II.
was one of the privy-council who signed the order, dated
at Whitehall, Feb. 6, 1684-5, for proclaiming the duke of
York king of England. In that reign he was one of the
chief opposers of the abrogation of the test act, which he
considered as the strongest fence of the protestant religion.
Upon the trial of the seven bishops, he was present in court
with several other noblemen; and his brother Heneage,
afterwards earl of Aylesford, was of the counsel for those
prelates. He was likewise one of the patriots, who, from
a true zeal for their religion and their country, often met
to concert such advices and advertisements as might be
fit for the prince of Orange to know, that he might govern
himself by them. When, however, it was secretly proposed to him to invite that prince into England, he felt a
conscientious hesitation on the subject, and informed the
friends of that measure that he could not personally adopt
it, yet would preserve the secret with which they had intrusted him. Upon the prince’s landing in the West, he
was one of those lords who made a last attempt on the obstinacy of the king, by presenting a petition to his majesty, advising him to call a parliament regular and free in
all respects, to which he was even for adding, “that the
peers who had joined the prince might sit in that free parliament;
” but this by the other lords was thought unnecessary. He was afterwards one of the commissioners sent by^
his majesty to treat with the prince. When afterwards the
convention was opened, he was the principal manager of
the debates in favour of a regent, against those who were
for setting up another king; supporting his opinion by
many arguments drawn from the English history, and adding a recent instance in Portugal, "where Don Pedro had
only the title of regent conferred upon him, while his deposed brother lived. However, he owned it to be a principle grounded on the law and history of England, that
obedience and allegiance were due to the king for the time
being, even in opposition to one, with whom the right was
thought still to remain. He likewise told bishop Burnet,
that though he could not argue nor vote, but according to
the notions which he had formed concerning our laws and
constitution, he should not be sorry to see his own side
out-voted; and that though he could not agree to the
making of a king, as things stood, yet if he found one
made, he would be more faithful to him than those who
made him could be, according to their principles.
When king William and queen Mary therefore were advanced to the throne, he was offered the post of lord high chancellor of England, which he
When king William and queen Mary therefore were advanced to the throne, he was offered the post of lord high chancellor of England, which he excused himself from accepting, alledging his unfitness for an employment that required a constant application; but was appointed one of the principal secretaries of state. In 1690, he attended his majesty to the famous congress at the Hague; and Jdng James II. took such umbrage at his services, that in his declaration upon his intended descent in 1692, his lordship was excepted out of his general pardon. In March 1693-4, he resigned his place of principal secretary. of state; and the year following had a public testimony given to the integrity of his conduct in a very remarkable instance; for, upon an examination in parliament into the bribery and corruption of some of their own members, in order to obtain a new charter for the East-India Company, it appeared by the deposition of sir Basil Firebrace, that his lurdship had absolutely refused to take five thousand guineas for his interest in promoting that charter, and five thousand pounds on passing the act for that purpose.
Upon the accession of queen Anne he was again appointed one of the principal secretaries of state, and
Upon the accession of queen Anne he was again appointed one of the principal secretaries of state, and in
that station had a vote of the house of commons passed in
his favour, “that he had highly merited the trust her
majesty had reposed in him,
” and the like sanction from
the house of lords. However, on the 17th of April 1704,
he resigned that employment, and accepted of no other
post during all that reign, though large offers were made
to engage him in the court interest and measures, upon the
change of the ministry in 1710, his refusal of which so exasperated the opposite, party, that he was attacked with
great virulence in several libels both in verse and prose.
He continued therefore to give his opinion upon all occasions with great freedom, and in December the same year
distinguished himself by a vigorous speech in the house of
lords, representing, that no peace could be safe or honourable to Great Britain, if Spain and the West Indies
were allotted to any branch of the house of Bourbon and
had so much weight in that house, that the clause which
he offered to that purpose to be inserted in the address of
thanks, in answer to her majesty’s speech, was after a
warm debate carried. He soon after moved likewise for
an address to the queen, that her majesty would not treat
except in concert with her allies. When his late majesty
king George succeeded to the crown, his lordship was one
of the lords justices for the administration of aflairs till his
arrival; and on the 24th of September 1714, was declared
lord-president of the council. But on the 29th of February
1715-16, he retired from all public business to a studious
course of life; the fruits of which appeared in his elaborate
answer to Mr. Whiston’s letter to him upon the subject of
the trinity; for which, on the 22d of March 1720-21, he
had the unanimous thanks of the university of Oxford in
full convocation. He died January 21st, 1729-30, having
just before succeeded to the title of earl of Winchelsea,
into which that of Nottingham merged.
He was remarkably skilled in the whole system of the English law, as
He was remarkably skilled in the whole system of the
English law, as well as in the records of parliaments;
and these qualifications, joined to a copious and ready
eloquence, of which he was master, gave him great weight
in all public assemblies. Besides the pamphlet against
Winston, his lordship wrote “A Letter to Dr. Waterland,
”
printed at the end of Dr. Newton’s treatise on Pluralities;
and a pamphlet entitled “Observations upon the State of
the Nation in January 1712-13,
” has been ascribed to him,
but, as lord Orford thinks, he was not the author of it.
, a lady of considerable poetical talents, was the daughter of fcir William Kingsmill, of Sidmonton, in the
, a lady of
considerable poetical talents, was the daughter of fcir William Kingsmill, of Sidmonton, in the county of Southampton, but the time of her birth is not mentioned. She was
maid of honour to the duchess of York, second wife of
James II.; and afterwards married to Heneage, second son
of Heneage earl of Winchelsea; which Heneage was, in
his father’s life-time, gentleman of the bed-chamber to
the duke of York, and afterwards, upon the death of his
nephew Charles, succeeded to the title of earl of Winchelsea. One of the most considerable of this lady’s
poems was that “upon the Spleen,
” printed in “A new
jniscellany of original Poems on several occasion’s,
” pub
lished by Mr. Charles Gildon in A
collection of her poems, was printed in 1713, 8vo; containing likewise a, tragedy called
” Aristomenes;" never
acted; and many still continue unpublished, a few of
which may be seen in the General Dictionary, which Dr.
Birch inserted there by permission of the countess of Hertford, in whose possession they were. Her ladyship obtained the good will of Pope, who addressed some verses
to her which drew forth an elegant replication, printed in
Gibber’s Lives. She died August 5, 1720, without issue
as did the earl her husband, Sept. 30, 1726.
, of the family of the lord keeper, was the son of sir Thomas Finch of Eastwell in Kent, and was born
, of the family of the lord keeper, was
the son of sir Thomas Finch of Eastwell in Kent, and was
born in that county, and educated at Oriel college, Oxford. From that he went to Gray’s Inn, and after pursuing
the usual course of law studies, became a counsellor of
reputation, and was autumn or summer reader of that
house in 2 James I. In 1614 he attained the rank of a
Serjeant, and two years after was knighted. He died Oct.
11, 1625, leaving a son, John, who was afterward created
lord Finch of Fordwich, and was keeper of the great seal.
Sir Henry Finch wrote “Nomotechnia, ou description del
Commun Leys d'Angleterre, &c.
” Lond. Description of the Common Law
” was afterwards published by himself in English, under the title “Of Law, or
a Discourse thereof,
” Lond. On the Calling of the Jews,
” a work which Wood has so imperfectly described that it is not easy to discover its drift. Finet (Sir John), a man considerable enough to be
remembered, was son of Robert Finet of Soulton, near
Dover, in Kent, and born in 1571. His great grandfather was of Sienna, in Italy, where his family was ancient;
and coming into England a servant to cardinal Campegius,
the pope’s legate, married a maid of honour to queen Catherine, consort to Henry VIII. and settled here. He was
bred up in the court, where, by his wit, mirth, and uncommon skill in composing songs, he very much pleased James
I. In 1614 he was sent into France about matters of public concern; and the year after was knighted. In 1626 he
was made assistant to the master of the ceremonies, being
then in good esteem with Charles I. He died in 1641,
aged seventy. He wrote a book entitled “Fineti
Philoxenus: Some choice observations touching the reception and
precedency, the treatment and audience, the punctilios
and contests of foreign ambassadors in England, 1656,
”
8vo published by James Howel, and dedicated to lord
LTsle. He also translated from French into English “The
beginning, continuance, and decay of Estates, &c. 1606;
”
written originally by R. de Lusing.
, so called from his native city, Florence (in Italian Firenze), though his family name was Nannini, was celebrated in his time as a poet, but his works
, so called from his native city, Florence (in Italian Firenze), though his family name was Nannini, was celebrated in his time as a poet, but his works are now in less repute, which, from their light character and indecencies, is not much to be regretted. He originally practised as an advocate at Rome, and then became an ecclesiastic of the congregation of Vallombrosa. He was personally esteemed by pope Clement VII. who was also an admirer of his works. He died at Rome in 1545. His works in prose were published in 8vo, at Florence, in 1548, and his poetry, the same size, in 1549. These editions, as well as his translation of the Golden Ass of Apuleius, are scarce, but a complete edition of his whole works was published at Florence, 4 vols. 8vo, in 1765-66, in which are some comedies, and other productions.
, was an ancient Christian writer, and author of a piece entitled
, was an ancient
Christian writer, and author of a piece entitled “De Er->
rore Profanarum Religionum;
” which he addressed to the
emperors Constantius and Constans, the sons of Constantine. It is supposed to have been written after the death
of Constantine, the eldest son of Constantine the Great,
which happened in the year 340, and before that of Constans, who was slain by Magnentius in the year 350: being addressed to Constantius and Constans, there is reason to believe that Constantine their eldest brother was
dead, and it is evident that Constans was then alive. It is
remarkable, that no ancient writers have made any mention of Firmicus; so that we do not know what he was, of
what country, or of what profession. Some moderns conjecture that he was by birth a Sicilian, and in the former
part of his life an heathen. His treatise “Of the Errors
of the Prophane Religions,
” discovers great parts, great
learning, and great zeal for Christianity, and has been
often printed, sometimes separately, sometimes with other
fathers. Among the separate editions are one printed at
Strasbourg, in 1562, another at Heidelberg, 1599, and a
third at Paris, 1610, all in 8vo; afterwards it was joined
with Minucius Felix, and printed at Amsterdam, 1645, at
Leyden, 1652, and again at Ley den, at the end of the
same father, by James Gronovius, in 1709, 8vo. It is
likewise to be found in the “Bibliotheca Patrum;
” and
at the end of Cyprian, printed at Paris in
rological calculations, after the manner of the Babylonians and Egyptians; on which account Baronius was of opinion, that it could not be written by so pious a man and
There are “Eight Books of Astronomy, or Mathematics,
” which bear the name of this author, and which have
been several times printed, first at Venice in 1497, fol.
and afterwards at Basil in 1551, at the end of the astronomical pieces of Ptolemy and some Arabians; but there
is nothing in this work that relates to the real science of
astronomy, the author amusing himself altogether with
astrological calculations, after the manner of the Babylonians and Egyptians; on which account Baronius was of
opinion, that it could not be written by so pious a man
and so good a Christian as this Firmicus, who no doubt
would have thought it very sinful to have dealt in such
profane and impious speculations. Cave, however, supposed that he might have written these books in his unconverted state; for, though Baronius will have them to be
written about the year 355, yet Labbaeus, as he tells us,
affirms them to be between 334 and 337. There is not
evidence enough, however, to determine the question.
, a celebrated bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, in the third century, was one of the friends of Origen, who took St. Cyprian’s part against
, a celebrated bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, in the third century, was one of the friends of Origen, who took St. Cyprian’s part against pope Stephen; maintaining the necessity of re-baptizing those who had been baptized by heretics; and wrote a long letter on this subject in the year 256, to St. Cyprian, by whom it was translated into Latin, and may be seen in his works. St. Firmilian presided at the first council of Antioch held in the year 264, against Paul of Samosata, who promised a change of doctrine; but, continuing to propagate his errors, was condemned at the second council of Antioch, in the year 269. St. Firmilian died at Tarsus, as he was going to this council.
, a nonconformist divine and physician, was born in 1617, in Suffolk, and educated at Cambridge, where he
, a nonconformist divine and physician,
was born in 1617, in Suffolk, and educated at Cambridge,
where he studied physic, and afterwards practised it with
great success in New England, to which he fled, as
he said, to enjoy liberty of conscience. When that,
kowever, was restored about the latter end of the civil
wars, he returned to England, was ordained, and became
minister at Shalford, in Essex, where he continued till he
was ejected, in 1662, by the act of uniformity. He afterwards resumed the practice of physic, but never neglected
to preach when he had an opportunity, in which he appears to have been protected by his excellent and charitable character as a physician. He died in 1697, at the
age of eighty. He was author of several works, the most
known of which is his “Real Christian.
” The others are
of the controversial kind, with the Quakers, Antinomians,
and Anabaptists, or concerning church government. He
bad far more moderation as well as loyalty than many of
his brethren, and even is said to have joined with a few
like himself, during the usurpation, in praying for the
exiled royal family.
, a person memorable for public benefactions and charities, was born at Ipswich in Sutfolk, in June 1633. His parents, whowere
, a person memorable for public benefactions and charities, was born at Ipswich in Sutfolk, in
June 1633. His parents, whowere puritans, and very
reputable and substantial people, at a proper age put out
their son to an apprenticeship in London. His master was
an Arminian, a hearer of Mr. John Goodwin; to whose
sermons young Firmin resorting, “exchanged, 77 as we are
told,
” the harsh opinions of Calvin, in which he had been
educated, for those more reasonable ones of Arminius and
the remonstrants.“But here he did not stop: being what
is called a free inquirer into religious matters, he was afterwards carried by this spirit and temper to espouse some
opinions totally at variance with the orthodox faith: he
became persuaded, for instance,
” that “the unity of God is
an unity of person as well as of nature; and that the Holy
Spirit is indeed a person, but not God.
” He adopted these
principles first from the noted Biddle, who was imprisoned
for his opinions in 1645, and Firmin was so zealous in his
cause, that when he was only an apprentice, he delivered a
petition for his release to Oliver Cromwell, who gave him
this laconic answer: “You curl-pated boy, do you think I'll
show any favour to a man that denies his Saviour, and
disturbs the government?
”
As soon as he was made free, he began to trade for himself in the linen manufacture,
As soon as he was made free, he began to trade for himself in the linen manufacture, with a stock not exceeding
100l. which, however, he improved so far, as to marry, in
1660, a citizen’s daughter with 500l. to her portion. This
wife did not live many years, but after bringing him two
children, died, while he was managing some affairs of trade
at Cambridge: and, according to the assertion of his biographer, he dreamed at the same time at Cambridge, that
his wife was breathing her last. Afterwards he settled in
Lombard-street, and became so celebrated for his public^
spiritedness and benevolence, that he was noticed by all
persons of consequence, and especially by the clergy. He
became upon intimate terms with Whichcot, Wilkins, Tillotson, &c. so particularly with the last, that when obliged
to be out of town, at Canterbury perhaps, where he was
dean, he left to Mr. Firmin the provision of preachers for
his Tuesday’s lecture at St. Laurence’s church near Guildhall. Mr. Firmin was afterwards so publicly known, as to
fall under the cognizance of majesty itself. Queen Mary
having heard of his usefulness in all public designs, those
of charity especially, and that he was heterodox in the
articles of the trinity, the divinity of our Saviour, and the
satisfaction, spoke to Tillotson to set him right in those
weighty and necessary points; who answered, that he had
often endeavoured it; but that Mr. Firmin had now so
long imbibed the Socinian doctrine, as to be beyond the
reach of his arguments. His grace, however, for he was
then archbishop, published his sermons, formerly preached
at St. Laurence’s, concerning those questions, and sent
Mr. Firmin one of the first copies from the press, who, not
convinced, caused a respectful answer to be drawn up and
published with this title, “Considerations on the explications and defences of the doctrine of the Trinity,
” himself giving a copy to his grace: to which the archbishop,
after he had read it, only answered, “My lord of Sarum,
”
meaning Dr. Burnet, “shall humble your writers;
” still
retaining, however, his usual kindness for Mr. Firmin.
e thought to Mr. Gouge, but that of the adoption and great extension of it to Mr. Firmin. The method was this he bought flax and hemp for them to spin when spun he paid
In 1664, he married a second wife, who brought him several children: nevertheless, his benevolent spirit did not slacken, but he went about doing good as usual, and the plague in 1665, and the fire in 1666, furnished him with a variety of objects. He went on with his trade in Lombard-street, till 1676: at which time his biographer supposes him to have been worth 9000l. though he had disposed of incredible sums in charities. This year he erected his warehouse in Little-Britain, for the employment of the poor in the linen manufacture; of which Tillotson has spoken most honourably, in his funeral sermon on Mr. Gouge, in 1681, giving the merit of the thought to Mr. Gouge, but that of the adoption and great extension of it to Mr. Firmin. The method was this he bought flax and hemp for them to spin when spun he paid them for their work, and caused it to be wrought into cloth, which he sold as he could, himself bearing the whole loss.
682, he set up a linen manufacture for them at Ipswich. During the last twenty years of his life, he was one of the governors of Christ’s hospital in London; to which
In 1680 and 1681, came over the French protestants, who furnished new work for Mr. Firrnin’s zeal and charity: and, in 1682, he set up a linen manufacture for them at Ipswich. During the last twenty years of his life, he was one of the governors of Christ’s hospital in London; to which he procured many considerable donations. About the revolution, when great numbers of Irish nobility, clergy, gentry, and others, fled into England from the persecution and proscription of king James, briefs and other means were set on foot for their relief, in all which Mr. Firmin was so active, that he received a letter of thanks for his diligence and kindness, signed by the archbishop of Tuam, and seven bishops. In April 1693, he became a governor of St. Thomas’s hospital in Southwark, nor was there hardly any public trust or charity, in which he either was not ia one shape or other concerned. He died Dec. 20, 1697, in the sixty-sixth year of his age, and was buried, according to his desire, in the cloisters of Christ’s hospital. In the wall near his grave is placed an inscription, in which hii benevolence is recorded with a just encomium.
, an eminent performer and composer for the hautbois, was born at Fribourg, and educated at a common reading school at
, an eminent performer and composer for the hautbois, was born at Fribourg, and educated at a common reading school at a village in Bohemia, where all the children learn music, reading, and writing, as a matter of course. He first learned a little on the violin, but changed it soon for the hautbois, and became early in life so excellent a performer on that instrument, as to be appointed one of the king of Poland’s celebrated band ait Dresden. On the dissolution of this band he went to Berlin, where he had the honour, during a month, to accompany Frederick the late king of Prussia alone, four hours every day. From Berlin he went to Manheim, and thence to Paris, where he was heard with admiration, and as soon as he had acquired some money he came over to England, and here, as soon as he had been once heard in public, which was at a benefit, no other concert, public or private, was thought complete without his performance; and being engaged to play a concerto every night at Vauxhall, he drew thither all the lovers of music, but particularly professors. When the queen’s band was formed, Fischer was appointed one of her majesty’s chamber musicians; and when Bach and Abel, uniting, established a weekly subscription concert at Hanover-square, where, for a long time, no music was heard but that of these excellent masters, Fischer was allowed to compose for himself, and in a style so new and fanciful, that in point of invention, as well as tone, taste, expression, and neatness of execution, his piece was always regarded as one of the highest treats of the night, and heard with proportionate rapture.
at the provincial towns, Fischer’s concertos were eagerly expected, and heard with rapture. His tone was not only uncommonly sweet, but so powerful, that Giardini, who
In all musical performances at the universities, and at the periodical meetings at the provincial towns, Fischer’s concertos were eagerly expected, and heard with rapture. His tone was not only uncommonly sweet, but so powerful, that Giardini, who never could praise a German but through the medium of abuse, used to say that he had such an impudence of tone as no other instrument could contend with, and his execution was quite as much as the instrument would bear to produce an agreeable effect. His taste and chiaro-scuro were exquisite, and he had his reed perfectly under his command. As to his composition, he was always so original, interesting, and pleasing, that he may be pronounced one of the few intuitive musicians who had powers which he knew not how he acquired, and talents at which study alone can never arrive. His taste and ear were exceeding delicate and refined; and he seemed to possess a happy and peculiar faculty of tempering a continued tone to different bases, according to their several relations: upon the whole, his performance was so capital, that a hearer must have been extremely fastidious not to receive from it a great degree of pleasure.
ed several times, with some solicitude, whether he had written to any of his friends in England, and was answered in the negative; one of them understood, by report,
Fischer left England in 178G, and in the beginning of the next year had not been heard of. His majesty inquired several times, with some solicitude, whether he had written to any of his friends in England, and was answered in the negative; one of them understood, by report, that he was at Strasburg. He returned, however, at the end of 1787, and continued in England during the rest of his life. About 1777 he had married a daughter of the admirable painter, Gainsborough, an enthusiastic lover of good music and performance, and of none so much as Fischer’s; indeed he enchanted the whole family with his strains, which were beyond measure captivating, and he stood so well at his instrument, that his figure had all the grace of a Tibian at the altar of Apollo, But this marriage was not auspicions; Fischer, with a good person, and superior genius for his art, was extremely deficient in colloquial eloquence, and in all those undefinable charms of conversation which engage the attention and endear the speaker. He had not a grain of sense but what he breathed through his reed; he never spoke more than three words at a time, and those were negatives or affirmatives. Yet, though he had few charms for a friend or companion, he delighted the public at large in a higher degree than is allowed to any but gifted mortals. This admirable musician was seized with an apoplectic fit April 29, 1800, during the performance of a solo at the queen’s house, at his majesty’s concert. Prince William of Gloucester, observing his situation, supported him out of the apartment, whence he was conveyed to his residence in Compton-street, Soho, where he expired about an hour afterwards.
, a physician of Erfurt, the son of a celebrated apothecary, was born on the 28th of November, 16G7, and graduated in the university
, a physician of Erfurt, the
son of a celebrated apothecary, was born on the 28th of
November, 16G7, and graduated in the university of Erfurt,
in April 1691. He was appointed professor extraordinary
in the faculty of Erfurt in 1695, and professor of logic in
the Evangelical college in 1699; but he relinquished, both
these appointments in 1718, in order to assume the duties
of the professorship of pathology and of the practice of
medicine, to which he had been nominated three years
before. Fischer acquired considerable reputation at Erfurt,
and in the courts in the vicinity of that city, and had been
ten years physician to the court of Mentz, when he
died on the 13th of February, 1729. He has left several
essays in the form of inaugural theses; which were published between the year 1718 and that of his death; but
he was also author of some more important works: viz.
1. “Consilia Medica, quae in usum practicum et forensem,
pro scopo curandi et renunciandi adornata stint.
” Three
volumes of this work were published successively at Francfort, in 1704, 1706, and 1712. 2. “Ilias in mice, seu
Medicina Synoptica,
” Erfurt, Responsa Practica,
” Leipsic,
, a man who deserves some notice on account of his zeal for the reformation, was born in Kent, and, after an education at Oxford, went about
, a man who deserves some notice on account of his zeal for the reformation, was born in Kent,
and, after an education at Oxford, went about 1525 to
Gray’s Inn, to study the law. A play was then written
by one Roo, or Roe, in which cardinal Wolsey was severely
reflected on; and Fish undertook to act the part in which
he was ridiculed, after every body else had refused to venture upon it. The cardinal issued his orders against him
the same night, but he escaped, and went into Germany,
where he found out, and associated himself with, William
Tyndale. The year following he wrote a little piece,
called, “The Supplication of Beggars;
” a satire upon
bishops, abbots, priors, monks, friars, and indeed the popish
clergy in gejieral. About 1527 or 1528, after it had been
printed, a copy was sent to Anne Boleyne, and by her
given to the king, who was not displeased with it, and
Wolsey being now disgraced, Fish was recalled home,
and graciously countenanced by the king for what he had
done. Sir Thomas More, who, when chancellor of the
Duchy of Lancaster, had answered Fish’s pamphlet, in
another, entitled “The Supplication of Souls in Purgatory,
” being advanced to the rank of chancellor in the
room of Wolsey, the king ordered sir Thomas not to meddle with Fish, and sent a message to this purpose, with his
signet, by the Jiands of Fish. On his delivering the message, sir Thomas told him, all this was sufficient for himself, but not for his wife, against whom it was complained
that she had refused to let the friars say their gospels in
Latin at her house. The chancellor appears to have made
some attempt to prosecute the wife, but how far he succeeded is not known. Fish himself died about half a year
after this of the plague, about 1531, and was buried in the
church of St. Dunstan in the West. In one of the lives of
sir Thomas More, it is reported that he turned papist before his death, but this circumstance is not mentioned by
Fox. The “Supplication
” was one of the publications
afterwards prohibited by Cuthbert Tonstall, when bishop
of London. Tanner ascribes to Fish two works called
“The Boke of merchants rightly necessary to all folkes,
newly made by the lord Pantapole
” and “The Spiritual
Nosegay.
” He also published about The Summ
of the Scriptures,
” translated from the Dutch. His widow
married James Bainham, afterwards one of the martyrs.
,or Fizacre (Richard), a learned scholar in the thirteenth century, was, if not of the city of Exeter, at least a Devonshire man, and
,or Fizacre (Richard), a learned scholar in the thirteenth century, was, if not of the city of Exeter, at least a Devonshire man, and a Dominican friar. He studied at Oxford, first in the college of the great hall of the university, but afterwards taking the cowl, he removed to the Dominican convent, and was the first of the order that was honoured with the theological doctorate. His learning is reported to have been general and extensive, and he made so great a proficiency in every branch, that he was esteemed one of the most learned. Aristotle was his principal favourite, whom he read and admired, and carried about with him. But from these philosophical exercises he passed on to the study of divinity, and became as eminent in this as before he had been in arts, which so endeared him to Robert Bacon (see his article), that the two friends were scarce ever asunder. And for this reason Leland thinks he studied at Paris along with Bacon, and there considerably improved his knowledge; but this may be doubted. Leland observes, that writers generally mention the two Dominican friends together, both in respect of their friendship and learning; and indeed the two Matthews, Paris and Westminster, have joined them, and, therefore, it is probable that Fishacre, as well as Bacon, enjoyed the friendship of bishop Grosseteste. They both died in one year, 1248, and were interred among the Dominicans at Oxford. Bale is severe on the memory of. Fishacre for no reason that can be discovered; but Leland speaks very highly of him in point of personal worth as well as learning. Both Leland and Bale have given a list of his works, consisting of theological questions, postils, and commentaries, some of which may yet be found in the public libraries.
, supposed by Wood to be the son of sir Edward Fisher, of Mickleton in Gloucestershire, knr. was probably born in that county, and educated at Oxford, where
, supposed by Wood to be the son
of sir Edward Fisher, of Mickleton in Gloucestershire, knr.
was probably born in that county, and educated at Oxford,
where he became a gentleman commoner of Brasen-nose
college in August 1627, took one degree in arts, and soon
after left college, being called home, as Wood thinks, by
his relations, who were then in decayed circumstances.
At home, however, he improved that learning which he
had acquired at the university so much, that he became a
noted person among the learned for his extensive acquaintance with ecclesiastical history, and the writings of the
Fathers, and for his skill in the Greek and Hebrew languages. Sharing in the misfortunes of his family, and
being involved in debt, he retired to Caermarthen in
Wales, where he taught school, but afterwards was obliged
to go to Ireland, where he died, but at what time is not
mentioned. He published, 1. “An Appeal to thy Conscience,
” Oxford, A Christian caveat to
the Old and New Sabbatarians, or, a Vindication of our
old Gospel Festival,
” &c. London, An Answer to
Sixteen Queries, touching the rise and observation of
Christmas, propounded by Mr. John Hemming of Uttoxeter, in Staffordshire;
” printed with the “Christian Caveat,
” in The Marrow of Modern Divinity,
”
, bishop of Rochester, and a great benefactor to learning, was born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, 1459, His father, a merchant,
, bishop of Rochester, and a great benefactor to learning, was born at Beverley, in Yorkshire, 1459, His father, a merchant, left him an orphan very young; but, by the care of his mother, he was taught classical learning at Beverley, and afterwards admitted in Cambridge, of Michael-house, since incorporated into Trinity-college. He took the degrees in arts in 1488, and 1491; and, being elected fellow of his house, was a proctor of the university in 1495. The same year, he was elected master of Michael-house; and having for some time applied himself to divinity, he took holy orders, and became eminent. The fame of his learning and virtues reaching the ears of Margaret countess of Richmond, mother of Henry VII. she chose him her chaplain and confessor; in which high station he behaved himself with so much wisdom and goodness, that she committed herself entirely to his government and direction. It was by his counsel, that she undertook those magnificent foundations of St. John’s and Christ’s colleges at Cambridge; established the divinity professorships in both universities; and did many other acts of generosity for the propagation of learning and piety.
In 1501, he took the degree of D. D. and the same year was chosen chancellor of the university; during the exercise of
In 1501, he took the degree of D. D. and the same year
was chosen chancellor of the university; during the exercise of which office he encouraged learning and good manners, and is said by some to have had prince Henry under
his tuition in that university. In 1502 he was appointed
by charter the lady Margaret’s first divinity-professor in
Cambridge; and in 1504, made bishop of Rochester, at
the recommendation of Fox, bishop of Winchester, and
never would exchange this bishopric, though then the least
in England; for he called his church his wife, and was,
used to say, “he would not change his little old wife, to
whom he had been so long wedded, for a wealthier.
” In
1505 he accepted the headship of Queen’s college, in
Cambridge, which he held for little more than three years.
The foundation of Christ’s-coliege was completed under
his care and superintendence in 1506; and himself was appointed hy the statutes visitor for life, after the death of
the munificent foundress. The king’s licence for founding
St. John’s, was obtained soon after; but, before it was
passed in due form, the king died, April 1, 1509, and the
lady Margaret herself, the 29th of June following. The
care of the new foundation now derolved upon her executors, of whom the most faithful and most active, and
indeed the sole and principal agent, was Fisher; and he
carried it on with the utmost vigour. In 1512 he was appointed to the council of Lateran, at Rome, but never
went, as appears from procuratorial powers, and letters
recommending him to great men there, still extant in the
archives of St. John’s college. This college being finished
in 1516, he went to Cambridge, and opened it with due
solemnity; and was also commissioned to make statutes
for it. He became afterwards a great benefactor to that
college.
r’s appearance and opposition to popery, in 1517, Fisher, a zealous champion for the church of Rome, was one of the first to enter the lists against him. He not only
Upon Luther’s appearance and opposition to popery, in 1517, Fisher, a zealous champion for the church of Rome, was one of the first to enter the lists against him. He not only endeavoured to prevent the propagation of his doctrine in his own diocese, and in the university of Cambridge, over which as chancellor he had a very great influence, but also preached and wrote with great eanifstness against him. He had even resolved to go to Rome, but was diverted by Wolsey’s calling together a synod of the whole clergy, in which the bishop delivered himself with great freedom, on occasion of the cardinal’s stateliness and pride. Hitherto he had continued in great favour with Henry; but in the business of the divorce, in 1527, he adhered so firmly to the queen’s cause and the pope’s supremacy, that jt brought him into great trouble, and in the end proved his ruin. For the king, who greatly esteemed him for his honesty and learning, having desired his opinion upon his marriage with Catherine of Arragon, the bishop declared, that there was no reason at all to question the validity of it; and from this opinion nothing afterwards could ever make him recede.
replied, “My lord, I do not remember any fools in my time, that ever proved great clerks.” Complaint was made by the commons of this speech to the king, who contented
In the parliament which met Nov. 1529, a motion being
made for suppressing the lesser monasteries, Fisher opposed it in a very warm speech, at which some lords were
pleased, others displeased. The duke of Norfolk, addressing himself to him, said, “My lord of Rochester, many
of these words might have been well spared; but it is
often seen that the greatest clerks are not always the wisest
men.-
” To which the bishop replied, “My lord, I do not
remember any fools in my time, that ever proved great
clerks.
” Complaint was made by the commons of this
speech to the king, who contented himself with gently
rebuking Fisher, and bidding him “use his words more
temperately.
” In 1530 he escaped two very great clangers, first that of being poisoned, and then of being shot
in his house at Lambeth-marsh; upon which he retired to
Rochester. One Rouse, coming into his kitchen, took occasion, in the cook’s absence, to throw poison into gruel
which was prepared for his dinner. He could eat nothing
that day, and so escaped; but of seventeen persons who
eat of it, two died, and the rest never perfectly recovered
their health. Upon this occasion, an act was made declaring poisoning to be high treason, and adjudging the
offender to be boiled to death; which punishment was soon
after inflicted upon Rouse in Smithfield. The other danger proceeded from a cannon bullet, which, being shot
from the other side of the Thames, pierced through his
house, and came very near his study, where he used to
spend most of his time.
When the question of giving Henry the title of the supreme head of the church of England was debated in convocation in 1531, the bishop opposed it with all
When the question of giving Henry the title of the supreme head of the church of England was debated in convocation in 1531, the bishop opposed it with all his might;
which only served the more to incense the court against
him, and to make them watch all opportunities to get rid
of so troublesome a person. He soon gave them the opportunity they sought, by his remarkable weakness in
tampering with, and hearkening too much to the visions
and impostures of Elizabeth Barton, the holy maid of Kent;
who, among other things, pretended a revelation from
God, that “if the king went forwards with 'the purpose he
intended, he should not be king of England seven months
after.
” The court having against him the advantage they
wanted, soon made use of it; they adjudged him guilty of
misprision of treason, for concealing the maid’s speeches
that related to the king; and condemned him, with five
others, in loss of goods and imprisonment during the king’s
pleasure; but he was released upon paying 300l. for his
majesty’s use. Afterwards an act was made, which
absolutely annulled Henry’s marriage with Catherine; confirmed his marriage with Anne Boleyn entailed the crown
upon her issue, and upon the lady Elizabeth by name
making it high treason to slander or do any thing to the
derogation of this last marriage. In pursuance of this, an
oath was taken by both houses, March 30, 1534, “to bear
faith, truth, and obedience to the king’s majesty, and to
the heirs of his body by his most dear and entirely beloved
lawful wife queen Anne, begotten and to be begotten,
”
&c. Instead of taking this oath, Fisher withdrew to his
house at Rochester: but had not been there above four
days, when he received orders from the archbishop of Canterbury and other commissioners, authorised under the
great seal to tender the oath, to appear before them at
Lambeth. He appeared accordingly, and the oath being
presented to him, he perused it awhile, and then desired
time to consider of it; so that five days were allowed him.
Upon the whole, he refused to take it, and was committed
to the Tower April 26.
ancellor Audeley, and others of the privy-council; but they found him immoveable. Secretary Cromwell was also with him in vain, and afterwards Lee, bishop of Lichfield.
Respect to his great reputation for learning and piety,
occasioned very earnest endeavours to bring him to a compliance. Some bishops waited on him for that purpose, as
did afterwards the lord chancellor Audeley, and others of
the privy-council; but they found him immoveable. Secretary Cromwell was also with him in vain, and afterwards
Lee, bishop of Lichfield. The issue was, a declaration
from Fisher, that he would “swear to the succession
never dispute more about the marriage and promise allegiance to the king but his conscience could not be convinced, that the marriage was not against the law of God.
”
These concessions did not satisfy the king; who was resolved to let all his subjects see that there was no mercy
to be expected by any one who opposed his will. Therefore, in the parliament which met Nov. 3, he was attainted
for refusing the oath of “succession; and his bishopric declared void Jan. 2. During his confinement, the poor old
bishop was most barbarously used, was left without decent
clothing, and scarce allowed necessaries. He continued
above a year in the Tower, and might have remained there
till released by a natural death, if an unseasonable honour,
paid him by pope Paul III. had not hastened his destruction; which was, the creating of him, in May 1535, cardinal, by the title of Cardinal Priest of St. Vitalis. When
the king heard of it, he gave strict orders that none should
bring the hat into his dominions: he sent also lord Cromwell to examine the bishop about that affair, who, after
some conference, said,
” My lord of Rochester, what would
you say, if the pope should send you a cardinal’s hat
would you accept of it“The bishop replied,
” Sir, I
know myself to be so far unworthy any such dignity, that
I think of nothing less; but if any such thing should happen, assure yourself that I should improve that favour to
the best advantage that I could, in assisting the holy catholic church of Christ; and in that respect I would receive it upon my knees.“When this answer was brought,
the king said in a great passion,
” Yea, is he yet so lusty
Well, let the pope send him a hat when he will, Mother
of God, he shall wear it on his shoulders then; for I will
leave him never a head to set it on."
From this time his ruin was absolutely determined; but as no legal advantage could be taken
From this time his ruin was absolutely determined; but
as no legal advantage could be taken against him, Richard
Rich, esq. solicitor-general, a busy officious man, went to
him; and in a fawning treacherous manner, under pretence
of consulting him, as from the king, about a case of conscience, gradually drew him into a discourse about the
supremacy, which he declared to be “unlawful, and what
his majesty could not take upon him, without endangering
his soul.
” Thus caught in the snare purposely laid for
him, a special commission was drawn up for trying him,
dated June 1, 1535; and on the 17th, upon a short trial,
he was found guilty of high treason, and condemned to
suffer death. He objected greatly against Rich’s evidence,
on which he was chiefly convicted and told him, that
“he could not but marvel to hear him bear witness against
him on these words, knowing in what secret manner he
came to him.
” Then addressing himself to his judges,
and relating the particulars of Rich’s coming, he thus went
on: “He told me, that the king, for better satisfaction
of his own conscience, had sent unto me in this secret
manner, to know my full opinion in the matter of the
supremacy, for the great affiance he had in me more than
any other; and farther, that the king willed him to assure
me on his honour, and on the word of a king, that whatever I should say unto him by this his secret messenger, I
should abide no danger nor peril for it, nor that any advantage should be taken against me for the same. Now,
therefore, my lords,
” concludes he, “seeing it pleased the
king’s majesty, to send to me thus secretly under the
pretence of plain and true meaning, to know my poor advice
and opinion in these his weighty and great affairs, which I
most gladly was, and ever will be, willing to send him;
inethinks, it is very hard and unjust to hear the messenger’s
accusation, and to allow the same as a sufficient testimony
against me in case of treason
” Hard and unjust it unquestionably was, but suitable enough to the temper of the
king, who was not subject to scruples; and his will, unfortunately, was a law. June 22, early in the morning,
he received the news of his execution that day; and when
he was getting up, he caused himself to be dressed in a
neater and finer manner than usual; at which his man expressing much wonder, seeing he must put it all off again
within two hours, and lose it “What of that,
” said the
bishop “does thou not mark, that this is our marriageday, and that it behoves us therefore to use more cleanliness for solemnity of the marriage sake
” He was beheaded about ten o'clock, aged almost 77 and his head
was fixed over London-bridge the next day.
Such was the tragical end of Fisher, “which left one of thegreatest blots
Such was the tragical end of Fisher, “which left one
of thegreatest blots upon this kingdom’s proceedings,
”
as Burnet says in his “History of the Reformation.
”
He was a very tall well-made man, strong and robust, but
at the end of his life extremely emaciated. As to his
moral and intellectual attainments, nothing could well be
greater. Erasmus represents him as a man of integrity,
deep learning, sweetness of temper, and greatness of soul.
His words are remarkable, and deserve to be transcribed.
“Reverendus Episcopus Roffensis, vir non solum mirabili integritate vitae, vertim etiam aha et recondita doctrina,
turn morum quoque incredibili comitate commendatus
maximis pariter ac minimis. Aut egregie fallor, aut is vir
est unus, cum quo nemo sit hac tempestate conferendus, vel
integritate vitae, vel eruditione, vel animi magnitudine.
”
It is, however, to be lamented that a man of such distinguished worth and literature, should have been enslaved
by narrow prejudices, and seduced by the enthusiasm and
imposture of Elizabeth Barton.
He was the author of several works, as, 1. “Assertionum Martini Lutheri
He was the author of several works, as, 1. “Assertionum Martini Lutheri confutatio.
” 2. “Defensio Assertions
Henrici Octavi de septem sacramentis,
” &c. 3. “Epistola
Responsoria Epistolge Lutheri.
” 4. “Sacerdotii Defensio
contra Lutherum.
” 5, “Pro Damnatione Lutheri.
” 6.
“Pe veritate cornoris et sanguinis ChristJ in Eucharistia a
adversus Oecolampadium.
” 7. “De unica Magdalena.
”
8. “Peirum fuisse Romse.
” 9. “Several Sermons, among
which was one preached at the funeral of Henry VII. and
one at the funeral of Margaret countess of Richmond.
”
The latter was republished in 1708, by Thomas Baker,
B. D. with a learned preface. And one preached at London, on the day that Luther’s writings were publicly burnt.
10. Several Tracts of a smaller nature upon subjects of
piety. 11. “His opinion of king Henry VIII.'s marriage,
in a letter to T. WoKey.
” This is printed in the Collection of Records at the end of the second volume of Collier’s
“Ecclesiastical History.
” Most of the forementioned
pieces, which were printed separately in England, were
collected and printed together in one volume folio at
Wurtzburg, in 1595. It is also supposed that he had a
considerable hand in Henry VIII.'s book, “Assertio septern
sacramentorum,
” &c. although bishop Burnet seems angry
with Sanders for saying so: it is nevertheless highly probable. In the Norfolk library of Mss. belonging to the
royal society is an answer of bishop Fisher’s to a book
printed at London in 1530, concerning king Henry’s marriage with queen Catherine.
, an English Jesuit of the seventeenth century, whose true name was Piercy, was born in Yorkshire, and admitted in the English college
, an English Jesuit of the seventeenth
century, whose true name was Piercy, was born in Yorkshire, and admitted in the English college at Rome,
whence he removed to Louvaine, and became a Jesuit in
1594. Afterwards he was sent on a mission to England,
and laboured several years in endeavouring to make proselytes, until he was imprisoned and banished. Those of
his order then made him professor of divinity at Louvaine,
and vice-provincial of the English Jesuits. Returning thence
to England, he made a considerable figure in the reigns of
James I. and Charles I. in various controversies and conferences with some noted divines of the church of England.
His most remarkable conference was with Dr. Francis
White, dean of Carlisle, and afterwards bishop of Norwich, which was held in the king’s presence in 1622, at
three different times, at the request of the duke of Buckingham, on account of his duchess being a Roman catholic.
At the conclusion of these conferences, king James desired
Fisher to return an answer to nine points, proposed by his
majesty, which Fisher did in writing, except an article
concerning the supremacy, about which he desired to he
excused. He had conferences also with Laud, Featley,
and othrrs. He was alive in 1641, but how long afterwards we do not find. He published 1. “A Treatise of
Faith,
” Lond. A Defence of the preceding against Wooton and White,
” St.
Omers, A Challenge to Protestants; to shew
the succession of their pastors, from Christ down,
” ibid.
An Answer to nine points of Controversy proposed by king James I. with the censure of Mr. White’s
reply,
” The Romish Fisher caught in his own net,
” by Dr.
Featley, Lond. A Conference between bishop Laud
and Fisher,
” ibid. Reply to the relation, of the conference between Laud and Fisher,
” by an
anonymous author, Reply to Fisher’s
answer to some questions propounded by king James,
”
Orthodox faith and the
way to the church explained,
” by the same, Fisher’s folly unfolded,
” &c. by George Walker, Catalogus protestantium before Luther,
” by George
Webb, An answer to Mr. Fisher the Jesuit,
&c. in a dialogue,
” by Henry Rogers, The
Protestant church existent, and by whom their faith professed in all ages,
” by the same, A
Dialogue about this question, Where was your church before Luther?
” by C. W.
, or as he usually styled himself in his Latin compositions, Paganus Piscatok, was born at Warnford, in Dorsetshire, the seat of his maternal
, or as he usually styled himself in his
Latin compositions, Paganus Piscatok, was born at Warnford, in Dorsetshire, the seat of his maternal grandfather,
sir Thomas Neale, in 1616, and became a commoner of
Hart-hall, (now Hertford college), Oxford, in 1634. After
continuing there about three years, he removed to Magdalen college, Cambridge, where he took the degree of
B. A. and first discovered his turn for poetry. From Cambridge, having, as Wood says, “a rambling head,
” he
served for some time in the Netherlands, and soon after
returned and bore an ensign’s commission in the army
raised by Charles I. against the Scots in 1639; on the disbanding of which he went to Ireland, and obtained the
rank of captain, and on his return to England that of major. In July 1644 he served ut the siege of York, and was
present at the battle of Mars ton Moor, which he celebrated
in his first published poem. Soon after this he left his
command, for what reason does not very clearly appear,
and came to London, where he employed his pen against
the cause which he had supported with his sword, and became such a favourite as to be accounted poet-laureat to
Oliver Cromwell. After the restoration he endeavoured
to atone for all this, by flattering the men in power, but
without effect; and he henceforth lived, as Wood says,
on his wits, which appear to have procured him but a scanty
diet, arising chiefly from flattering dedications, and other
implements of literary supplication. He was frequently
in debt and in jail, and died at length, advanced in years,
at a coffee-house in the Old Bailey, April 2, 1693, and
was buried in St. Sepulchre’s church-yard.
, a poetical writer of queen Elizabeth’s reign, was the son of Alexander Fitzgeffrey, of a good family in Cornwall,
, a poetical writer of queen
Elizabeth’s reign, was the son of Alexander Fitzgeffrey,
of a good family in Cornwall, and born in 1575. He
became a commoner of Broadgate-ball, Oxford, in 1592,
took the degrees in arts, and entered into orders. At
length he became rector of St. Dominick, in his own county, where he was esteemed a grave and learned divine,
as he was, while at the university, an excellent Latin poet.
He died at his parsonage of St. Dominick, and was buried
in the chancel of the church therein 1636. His works
are, 1. “The Life and Death of Sir Francis Drake,
” which
being written in lofty verse, while he was A. B. he was
then called “the high towering Falcon.
” 2. “Affanias
sive epigrammata lib. III. and Cenotaphia, lib. I.
” Oxford,
1601, 8vo. 3. Several Sermcns. Wood has erroneously
ascribed to him a collection of poetry, under the title of
“Choice flowers and descriptions,
” which belongs to Allot, but he appears to have been the author of a prose tract
entitled “A curse for Corne-horders,
” The blessed Birth-day,
”
r of Ireland, the son of John Fitzgibbon, esq. an eminent lawyer at the Irish bar, who died in 1780, was born in 1749, educated at the universities of Dublin and Oxford,
, earl of Clare, and lord high chancellor of Ireland, the son of John Fitzgibbon, esq. an eminent lawyer at the Irish bar, who died in 1780, was born in 1749, educated at the universities of Dublin and Oxford, and afterwards entered upon the study of the law, of which profession he became the great ornament in his native country. In 1784 he was appointed attorney-general on the elevation of Mr. Scott to the bench, and on the decease of lord chancellor Lifford in 1789, his lordship received the seals, and was raised to the dignity of the peerage by the title of baron Fitzgibbon of Lower Connello. To these dignities were added the titles of viscount Clare, Dec. 20, 1793, and earl of Clare, June 10, 1795; and the English barony of Fitzgibbon of Sidbury, in Devonshire, Sept. 24, 1799. In 1802 his health appeared to be so seriously affected, that his physicians thought proper to recommend a more genial climate; and he had arrived at Dublin from his country seat at Mountshannon, designing to proceed immediately to Bath, or if his strength permitted to the south of France. The immediate cause of his death was the loss of a great quantity of blood, while at Mountshannon, which was followed by such extreme weakness, that upon his arrival at Dublin on the 25th, there was reason to fear he could not survive the ensuing day; on Wednesday these alarming appearances increased so much, that upon a consultation of physicians, he was given over. On being made acquainted with this melancholy truth, the firmness of his lordship’s mind did not forsake him. To prevent any impediment to the public business, he directed the new law officers to be called, and from his bed administered to them the necessary oaths. Soon after, his lordship fell into a lethargic slumber, and continued motionless until Thursday Jan. 28, 1802, when he ceased to breathe.
m he had issue, John, the present peer, and another son and two daughters. At his death his lordship was a privy-counsellor, a lord of trade and plantations, vice-chancellor
His lordship married July 1, 1786, Miss Whaley,
daughter of Richard Chapel Whaley, esq. of Whaley abbey, in Ireland, by whom he had issue, John, the present
peer, and another son and two daughters. At his death
his lordship was a privy-counsellor, a lord of trade and
plantations, vice-chancellor of the university of Dublin,
and LL. D. In the elevated and arduous situation of lord
chancellor, during a very eventful period, he uniformly
acted with a manly decision and ability that extorted applause even from his political adversaries. He banished
chicanery and artificial delay from the court where he presided; and was on every emergent occasion the firm and
undaunted supporter of the constitution of the British
realms, at a time when it was every where assailed by secret machinations, and in his own country by open rebellion. For such emergencies he was peculiarly fitted by a
dauntless spirit, joined to great ability, virtue, and patriotism in its true sense. The only printed document of
his composition is his “Speech on the Union.
”
, a very learned lawyer in the reign of Henry VIII. was descended from an ancient family, and was the younger son of
, a very learned lawyer in the reign of Henry VIII. was descended from an ancient family, and was the younger son of Ralph Fitzherbert, esq. He was born at Norbury, co. Derby , but it is not known in what year. After he had been properly educated in the country, he was sent to Oxford, and from thence to one of the inns of court; but we neither know of what college, nor of what inn he* was admitted. His great parts, judgment, and diligence, soon distinguished him in his profession; and in process of time he became so eminent, that on Nov. 18, 1511, he was called to be a serjeant at law. In 1516 he received the honour of knighthood, and the year after was appointed one of his majesty’s Serjeants at law. He began now to present the world with the product of his studies; and published from time to time several valuable works. In 1523, which was the fifteenth year of Henry the Eighth’s reign, he was made one of the justices of the court of common pleas, in which honourable station he spent the remaining part of his life; discharging the duties of his office with such ability and integrity, that he was universally respected as the oracle of the law. Two remarkable things are related of his conduct; one, that he openly opposed cardinal Wolsey in the height of his power, although chiefly on the score of alienating the church lands; the other, that on his death-bed, foreseeing the changes that were likely to happen in the church as well as state, he pressed his children in very strong terms to promise him solemnly neither to accept grants, nor to make purchases of abbey-lands. He died May 27, 1515—8, and was buried in his own parish church of Norbury. He left behind him a very numerous posterity; and as he became by the death of his elder brother John possessed of the family estate, he was in a condition to provide very plentifully for them. The Fitzherbert family, in the different branches of it, continues to flourish, chiefly in Derbyshire and Staffordshire.
94, 2 vols. 8vo, has the addition of a commentary, supposed to be written by chief justice Hale, and was collated with the former editions, and corrected, with some
This learned lawyer’s works are, 1. “The Grand Abridgment collected by that most reverend judge, Mr. Anthony
Fitzherbert, lately conferred with his own manuscript corrected by himself, together with the references of the cases
to the books, by which they may be easily found; an improvement never before made. Also in this edition the
additions or supplements are placed at the end of their
respective titles.
” Thus runs the title of the edition of
Residuum.
” Ames also
mentions an edition by Wynken de Worde, in 1516, and dates,
Pynson’s edition 1514, but it is questionable whether this
edition attributed to Wynken de Worde be not the production of a foreign printer. To the edition of 1577, is
added a most useful and accurate table, by the care of
William Rastall, serjeant at law, and also one of the jus
tices of the common pleas, in the reign of queen Mary;
which table, as well as the work, together with its author,
is very highly commended by the lord chief justice Coke.
It is indeed one of our most ancient and authentic legal
records, as it contains a great number of original authorities quoted by different authors, which are not extant in
the year-books, or elsewhere to be found in print. 2.
“The Office and Authority of Justices of Peace, compiled
and extracted out of the old books, as well of the Common
Law, as of the Statutes, 1538,
” and reprinted often, the
last edition in The Office of Sheriffs, Bailiffs
of Liberties, Escheators, Constables, Coroners,
” &c. Of the. Diversity of Courts,
” Mirrour of Justices.
”
5. “The New Natura Brevium,
” Of the Surveying
of Lands,
” The Book of Husbandry, very
profitable and necessary for all persons,
” Of Measuring Lands,
” he mentions his
book “Of Agriculture,
” and in the advertisement prefixed
to the same book, it is expressly said, that the author of
that treatise of “Measuring,
” was the author likewise of
the book “Concerning the Office of a Justice of Peace.
”
Whence it appears, that both those books were written by
this author, who perhaps in the seasons which allowed him
leisure to go into the country, might apply himself as vigorously to husbandry in the country, as to the law when
in town; and commit his thoughts to paper. He appears
to have been the first Englishman who studied the nature
of soils, and the laws of vegetation, with philosophical attention. On these he formed a theory confirmed by experiments, and rendered the study pleasing as well as
profitable, by realizing the principles of the ancients, to
the honour and advantage of his country. These books
being written at a time when philosophy and science were
but just emerging from that gloom in which they had long
been buried, were doubtless replete with many errors; but
they contained the rudiments of true knowledge, and revived the study and love of agriculture.
, grandson of sir Anthony, and a very ingenious and learned man, was born in the county of Stafford, in 1552; and sent to either
, grandson of sir Anthony, and a very ingenious and learned man, was born in the county of Stafford, in 1552; and sent to either Exeter or Lincoln-college, in Oxford, in 1568. But having been bred a catholic, the college was uneasy to him; and though he would now and then hear a sermon, which was permitted him by an old Roman priest, who lived privately in Oxford, and to whom he recurred for instruction in matters of religion, yet he would seldom go to prayers, for which he was often admonished by the sub -rector of the house. At length, seeming to be wearied with the heresy of the times, as he called it, he receded without a degree to his patrimony: where also refusing to go to his parish church, he was imprisoned about 1572; but being soon set at liberty, he became still more zealous in his religion, maintaining publicly, that catholics ought not to go to protestant churches; for which, being like to suffer, he withdrew, and lived obscurely with his wife and family. In 1580, when the Jesuits Campian and Parsons came into England, he went to London, found them out, was exceedingly attached to them, and supplied them liberally: by which, bringing himself into dangers and difficulties, he went a voluntary exile into France, in 1582, where he solicited the cause of Mary queen of Scots, but in yam. After the death of that princess, and of his own wife, he left France, and went to Madrid, in order to implore the protection of Philip II.; but, upon the defeat of the armada, in 1588, he left Spain, and accompanied the duke of Feria to Milan. This duke had formerly been in England with king Philip, had married an English lady, and was justly esteemed a great patron of the English in Spain. Fitzherbert continued at Milan some time, and thence went to Rome; where, taking a lodging near the English college, he attended prayers as regularly as the residents there, and spent the rest of his time in writing books. He entered into the society of Jesus in 1614, and received priest’s orders much about the same time; after which he speedily removed into Flanders, to preside over the mission there, and continued at Brussels about two years. His great parts, extensive and polite learning, together with the high esteem that he had gained by his prudent behaviour at Brussels, procured him the government, with the title of rector, of the P^nglish college at Rome. This office he exercised for twenty-two years, vrith unblemished credit, during which time he is said to have been often named for a cardinal’s hat. He died there, Aug. 27, 1G40, in his eighty-eighth year, and was interred in the chapel belonging to the English college.
606, 4to, wherein are confuted several principles of Machiavel. The second part of the said treatise was printed also at Doway, 1610, and both together in 1615, 4to.
Wood has given a list of his writings, containing ten
different works, chiefly of the controversial kind, in defence of popery, and directed against Barlow, Donne,
Andrews, and other English divines. But the treatises
which were received with most general approbation by
protestants and papists, are, 1. “Treatise concerning Polity and Religion,
” Doway, An sit utilitas in scelere, vel
de infelicitate Principis Machiavellani
” Romae,
, grandson also to sir Anthony Fitzherbert, and cousin to Thomas, was born about 1550, and became a student of Exeter college in Oxford.
, grandson also to sir Anthony Fitzherbert, and cousin to Thomas, was born about
1550, and became a student of Exeter college in Oxford.
About 1572, be left his native country, parents, and patrimony, for religion, as a voluntary exile. At first he
settled at Bologna in Italy, 'to obtain the knowledge of the
civil law, and was there in 1580. Not long after he went
to Rome, and in 1587 began to live, as his secretary, in
the family of William Alan, the cardinal of England. He
continued with him till his death, after having distinguished
himself by his knowledge in the laws, and in polite literature. He was unfortunately drowned, 1612, in a journey
he made from Rome. He published the following pieces:
1. “Casao Galataei de bonis moribus,
” Oxoniensis in Anglia Academiae Descriptio,
” De Antiquitate et Continuatione
Catholicse Religionis in Anglia,
” Vitse Cardinalis Alani Epitome,
”
descendant of the same fa'mily as the preceding, the son of William Fitzherbert, of Tissington, esq. was born May 27, 1748, and was educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge,
, of Tissington, bart. a
descendant of the same fa'mily as the preceding, the son of
William Fitzherbert, of Tissington, esq. was born May
27, 1748, and was educated at St. John’s college, Cambridge, and obtained the degree of M. A. by mandamus,
in 1767. Having studied the law, he was, during seven
years, a practising barrister, but passed the latter part of
his life at his seat in Derbyshire, and took a very active
and useful share in the public business of that county as
one of its magistrates, and as recorder of the borough of
Derby. He was created a baronet Jan. 22, 1784. He was
for some years one of the gentlemen ushers daily waiters
to his present majesty, which he resigned before his death,
which took place July 30, 17S1, in his forty-third year.
He was the author of two small tracts, one entitled “Maxims,
” and the other “A Dialogue on the Revenue Laws;
”
both of which are elegantly written, and display much
useful and practical knowledge and observation, together
with the highest benevolence and zeal for the public good.
A third pamphlet is ascribed to him, “On the Knighu
made in 1778.
” Sir William’s younger brother is the
present lord St. Helen’s.
of James II. when duke of York, and of Arabella Churchill, sister to the great duke of Marl borough, was born at Moulins in 1670, when his mother was on her return from
, duke of Berwick, natural son of James II. when duke of York, and of Arabella Churchill, sister to the great duke of Marl borough, was born at Moulins in 1670, when his mother was on her return from the medicinal waters of Bourbon. He was bred to arms in the French service, and in 1686, at the age of fifteen, was wounded at the siege of Buda; he signalized himself also in 1687, at the battle of Mohatz, where the duke of Lorraine defeated the Turks. In 1688, after'his father’s abdication, he was sent to command for him in Ireland, and was distinguished, both at the siege of Londonderry, in 1690, and at the battle of the Boyne, where he had a horse killed under him. In 1703 he commanded the troops that Louis XIV. sent to Spain to support the claim of Philip V. In a single campaign he made himself master of several fortified places. On his return to France he was employed to reduce the rebels in the Cevennes. He then besieged Nice, and took it in 170. For his services in this campaign he was raised the next year to the dignity of mareschal of France; after which he greatly signalized himself in Spain against the Portuguese and others. In 1707 he gained the celebrated battle of Almanza, against the English under lord Galloway, and the Portuguese under Das-Minas, who had above 5000 men killed on the field. This victory fixed the crown on the head of Philip V. who was studious to prove his gratitude to the general to whom he was indebted for it. In 1714 he took Barcelona, being then generalissimo of the armies of Spain. When the war between France and Germany broke out in 1733, he again went out at the head of the French army; but in 1734 he was killed by a cannon-bail before Philipsburg, which he was besieging. It was the fortune of the house of Churchill, says Montesquieu, speaking of the dukes of Marlborough and Berwick, to produce two heroes, one of whom was destined lo shake, and the other to support, the two greatest monarchies^ jf Europe. The character of Fitzjames was in some degree dry and severe, but full of integrity, sincerity, and true greatness. He was unaffectedly religious; and, though frugal in his personal expences, generally in debt, from the expences brought upon him by his situation, and the patronage he gave to fugitives from England, who had supported the cause of his father. The French are lavish in his Braise, and certainly not without reason. His character has been well and advantageously drawn by the great Montesquieu; and there are memoirs of him written by himself, with a continuation to his death by the English editor, Mr. Hooke, a doctor of the Sorbonne, and son of the Roman historian. They were published in 2 vols. 8vo, in 1779.
shop of Rochester, Chichester, and London, and a distinguished benefactor to Merton college, Oxford, was a native of a good family in Somersetshire. About 1459 he went
, bishop of Rochester, Chichester, and London, and a distinguished benefactor to Merton college, Oxford, was a native of a good family in Somersetshire. About 1459 he went to Oxford, and in 1465 was elected probationer fellow of Merton college, and when M. A. entered into holy orders, and in 1473 served the office of proctor. In March 1474 he became prebend of Taunton in the church of Wells, and when appointed chaplain to Edward IV. took his degrees in divinity. In March 1482 he was elected warden of Merton college, which office he retained for twenty-five years, during which he greatly advanced the credit and prosperity of the college, built the whole of what is now the ancient part of it, and made considerable additions to the fine chapel. In March 1484-5 he was made vicar of Minehead, and about the same time rector of Aller in Somersetshire. In June 1495 he was admitted almoner to Henry VII, and in May 1469 consecrated bishop of Rochester, from which, in Jan. 1503, he was translated to Chichester, and in March 1505 was again translated to the see of London. On this last preferment he resigned his wardenship of Merton, which he had hitherto held in commendam with Rochester and Chichester. While bishop of London, he was a munificent contributor to the cathedral church, and is also on record as a great benefactor to the completion of St. Mary’s church, Oxford. Along with his brother, sir John Fitzjames, lord chief justice of England, he founded the school at Bruton, in Somersetshire. He died in 1522, very aged, and was buried in St. Paul’s cathedral.
, a celebrated Jesuit, was the son of a merchant in Dublin, and born in that city in 1569.
, a celebrated Jesuit, was the
son of a merchant in Dublin, and born in that city in 1569.
He was educated in the protestant religion, and sent to
Oxford, where, in April 1583, he was matriculated as a
member of Hart-hall, and in December following appears
to have been elected student of Christ Church; but having
conceived an inclination for popery, he left the university,
and went to Louvaine, where he entered among the Jesuits,
and had for his tutor the celebrated Jesuit Lessius. Here,
by acute parts and much application, he acquired great
distinction, and was appointed to teach philosophy publicly. Having furnished himself with missionary zeal and
artifice, he returned to Ireland, where he became very
active in gaining proselytes, and for some time laboured
publicly, and without an opponent, being accounted a
very able disputant. He was, however, committed to prison in Dublin castle in 1599, where he continued, some
say two, and some five years, without any alteration in
his courage or resolution. On the contrary, having thrown
out something like a challenge to the protestants, the celebrated Usher, then a young man of only nineteen, undertook to dispute with him, and weekly meetings were appointed for the purpose. Their first subject was Antichrist, and after they had met twice or thrice, Usher was
ready to have proceeded, but Fitzsimons declined any
farther engagement. Afterwards, being set at liberty, on
his promise to behave quietly, and give no disturbance to
the king and kingdom, he went into the Low Countries,
where he spent his time in performing offices requisite to
his function, and in writing books, particularly “A Catholic Confutation of Mr. John Rider’s Claim of Antiquities,
and a calming comfort against his caveat, with a reply to
Mr. Rider’s Postscripts, and a discovery of puritan partiality
in his behalf.
” To which is annexed, “An Answer to
certain complaintive Letters of afflicted Catholics for Religion:
” all printed together at Rohan, in
In the beginning of 1643 he was forced to change his place, and retire for safety into a moorish
In the beginning of 1643 he was forced to change his
place, and retire for safety into a moorish and boggy
ground, where, sheltering himself under a shepherd’s cot,
no better than a hovel, which did not keep out the wind
and rain, he lived there in a very sorry condition, and had
for his bedding a pad of straw, which would be often wet
by the rising and coming in of the water. Notwithstanding all this misery he seemed to be very chearful, and was
ready to instruct the young ones about him, and comfort
others. But being in a manner spent, and his age not
able to bear such misery long, he was with great difficulty
taken away, and being conveyed by some of the brethren
into a better place, he expired among them, February 1,
1643-4. By his death the Roman catholics lost a pillar of
their church, being esteemed, in the better part of his
lile, a great ornament among them, and the greatest defender of their religion in his time. Besides the pieces
already mentioned, he wrote, 1. “A Justification and Exposition of the sacrifice of the Mass,
” in two books, or
more, printed in Britannomachia ministrorum in plerisque et fidei fundamentis et fidei articulis
dissidentium,
” Duac. A Catalogue of the
Irish Saints,
” Antwerp,
n English historian of the twelfth century, and author of the earliest description of London extant, was of Norman extractio/i, but born of creditable parents in London.
, an English historian of
the twelfth century, and author of the earliest description
of London extant, was of Norman extractio/i, but born of
creditable parents in London. He was a monk of Canterbury, was dispatched to his holiness the pope, who was
then probably at Rome or Benevento, once at least, and
was much connected with archbishop Becket. He tells us
h msel f that he was one of his clerks, and an inmate in
h s family. He was also a remembrancer in his exchequer;
a subdeacon in his chapel whenever he officiated a reader
of Lil’s and petitions, when the archbishop sat to hear and
determine causes, and sometimes, when his grace was
pleased to order it, Fitzstephen performed the office of an
advocate. He was also present with him at Northampton,
and was an eye-witness of his murder at Canterbury, continuing with him after his other servants had had deserted
him. He has reported a speech which he made on occasion of the archbishop’s sitting alone, with the cross in his
hand, at Northampton, when he was forsaken by his suffragans, and expected, as he relates it, to be assaulted
and murdered. This speech is memorable, and breathes
more of a Christian spirit than we should have expected in
those days. One of the archbishdp’s friends had recommended, that if any violent attempt was made upon his
person, immediately to excommunicate the parties, which
then was the most dreadful vengeance an ecclesiastic could
inflict. Fitzstephen, on the contrary, said, “Far be that
from my lord. The holy apostles and martyrs, when they
suffered, did not behave in that manner,
” and endeavoured
to dissuade the archbishop from taking a step that would
appear to proceed from anger and impatience, &c. This
worthy monk is supposed to have died in 1191; but authors
vary much as to the particular time when he composed his
work, although it seems certain that he wrote it in the
reign of Henry II. and that it was part of another work,
“The Life and Passion of archbishop Becket.
” Dr. Pegge
fixes the period between the years I Description of the City of London,
” affords, after Domesday Book, by far the most early account we have of that
metropolis, and, to use his editor’s words, we may challenge any nation in Europe to produce an account of its
capital, or any other of its great cities, at so remote a
period as the twelfth century. It was accordingly soon
noticed by Leland and Stowe, who inserted a translation
of it in his “Survey of London.
” But this edition was
grown not only obsolete, but incorrect, when Dr. Pegge
published in 1772, 4to, a more accurate translation, with
notes, and a preliminary dissertation on the author. Fitzstephen was a person of excellent learning for his age.
He was well versed in Horace, Virgil, Sallust, Ovid, Lucan, Persius, and with perhaps many other of the Latin
classics, and had even peeped into Plato and some of the
Greeks. If he was in some respects a little too credulous,
it must be imputed to the times he lived in. His account
of London, however, is in all views, curious and interesting, and the composition easy, natural, and methodical.
, an eminent naval commander, and earl of Southampton, in the sixteenth century, was the second son of sir Thomas Fitzvviliiam, of Aldwarke, in Yorkshire,
, an eminent naval commander, and earl of Southampton, in the sixteenth century, was the second son of sir Thomas Fitzvviliiam, of Aldwarke, in Yorkshire, knt. by Lucia, his wife, daughter and co-heir to John Neville, marquis Montacute. In 151O he was made one of the esquires for the body of king Henry VIII. which office was renewed to him for life ia 1512. The year following he was one of the chief commanders in the fleet sent out against France, to clear the sea of French ships before Henry and his allies attacked France by land; and he was seriously wounded by an arrow in attempting to destroy the French fleet at Brest. Shortly after he attended king Henry at the siege of Tournay, where his bravery procured him the honour of knighthood. In 1620 he was vice-admiral of England, and em^ ployed in guarding the channel at the time the emperor Charles V. came to England. He so ingratiated himself with his royal master that he obtained from him, in 1521, 9. grant of the manor of Navesby in Northamptonshire, part of the possessions of Edward Stafford, duke of Buckingham, then lately attainted. At that time he was ambassador in France; but, upon a rupture between that kingdom and England, he was recalled, Jan. 1521-2, and ordered to sea with a strong fleet of twenty-eight sail, to secure our merchants, and take what French ships he could. Shortly after he assisted at the taking of Morlaix, in Bretagne; and with sir William Sandes and sir Maufice Berkeley, went and burnt Marguison, which was newly built and fortified, and many villages. In 1523, the king of France, preparing to send John duke of Albany, regent of Scotland, into that kingdom in order to invade England from that quarter, sir William was made admiral, and dispatched with a strong fleet to intercept him. Having missed him, he landed on the French coast at Treport, in Normandy, and burnt the suburbs of that town and several ships in the harbour, though there were but 700 English opposed to 6000 French. The year following, being captain of Guisnes, in Picardy, he greatly annoyed Boulogne, and other places adjacent. Before the end of that year he was made treasurer of the king’s household; and in October sent to France with Dr. John Taylor, a civilian, to see the lady regent (whose son, Francis I. was then prisoner in Spain) swear to observe the articles of a treaty newly concluded between the two crowns. In 1529 he was one of those who subscribed the articles exhibited in parliament against cardinal Wolsey. At the grand interview between the ki:igs of England and France, in 1532, he attended his master Henry V11I. to Boulogne, the place of interview between many other persons of the highest quality. In May 1535, he was sent with the duke of Norfolk, the of Ely, and Dr. Fox, to treat with the French king’s commissioners about a league between the crowns of England and France; one of the articles of which was, that the duke of Angonleme, third son to the king of France, should marry Elizabeth, second daughter of king Henry. Shortly after, he was made knight of the garter, and chancellor of the duchy of Lancaster; and in 1536 constituted admiral of England, Wales, Ireland, Normandy, Gascony, and Aquitaine. On Oct. 18, 1537, he was advanced to the title of earl of Southampton, and made lord privy-seal Oct. 27,1539. In April following, some disputes having arisen between England and France, he, with John lord Russel, lately made high admiral, were sent over to Calais with a few troops of horse, and returned quickly after executing their orders. He was also employed as captain of the Foreward in the expedition to Scotland, in October 1542, but died in his way thither, at Newcastle, so much esteemed, that, in honour of his memory, his standard was borne in the vanguard in all that expedition. By his will bearing date Sept. 10, of the same year, he ordered his body to be buried in the church of Midhurst, in Sussex. He left no issue by Mabel his wife, daughter to Henry lord Clifford, and sister to Henry first earl of Cumberland. Of his personal character it is only recorded that there was not a serviceable man under his command whose name he knew not; not a week passed but he paid his ships; not a prize but his seamen shared in as well as himself; and it was his opinion, that none fought well but those who did it for a fortune, which may be admitted, in some measure, if we consider that fortune and honours in the naval and military services are generally joined.
, an eminent German astronomer, was born May 28, 1721, at Achleiten, a village in hither Austria,
, an eminent German astronomer, was born May 28, 1721, at Achleiten, a village in hither Austria, not far from Kremsmunster. He received the rudiments of his education in the convent of Kremsmunster, which was indebted to his uncle the abbot, Alexander Fixlmillner, for an excellent school and an observatory. Placidus conceived an early attachment to the mathematics, and took so much pleasure in delineating mathematical figures, that his mother, out of derision, called him the almanack-maker. After some stay at the above seminary he removed to Salzburg, where he completed his course of philosophy, and obtained in that faculty the degree of doctor. His taste for the mathematics, however, became still stronger. His father having asked him one da)' what present he should give him, he requested Wolff’s Epitome of the Mathematics; which he studied with the greatest pleasure and satisfaction during such hours as he could spare from his other avocations: but having destined himself for the convent, he was admitted a noviciate at Kremsmunster, in 1737, and next year he publicly took the vows before the abbot Alexander. After a stay of two years in the convent, he was sent again to Salzburg, to complete his studies in jurisprudence and theology; but at the same time he applied with great assiduity to the mathematics, languages, history, and antiquities. He learned also to play on the harpsichord and organ, and made so much progress in music, that he composed several pieces, both in the sacred and theatrical style. He disputed in some theological theses; and in 1745 returned to his convent, where he was consecrated to the priesthood.
About this time the Ritterschule having been established at Kremsmunster, Placid us was appointed professor of canon-law; a department in which he had
About this time the Ritterschule having been established at Kremsmunster, Placid us was appointed professor of canon-law; a department in which he had acquired great reputation at the university. This office he held for forty years, and resigned it only a short time before his death. Almost about the same period he was appointed dean of the higher school, and soon after principal regent over the young nobility; which places he retained also till his death. He possessed great knowledge of the canonlaws, and on that account was often employed in processes and other affairs relating to the convent. He was likewise inscribed Apostolical notary in the Roman court.
ity and indolence, but a patron of the noblest branches of science. The observatory founded in 1748, was completed in 1758, and the superintendence of it was intrusted
In 1760 he published a theological work entitled “Reipublicae Sacrae Origines Divinse,
” but he acquired far
more celebrity by his astronomical labours, both as an observer and a writer. The abbot Alexander Fixlmillner, a
great friend of the sciences, and particularly of the mathematics, having resolved in 1747 to form an establishment
in his convent for promoting the latter, first set apart a
spacious room for containing mathematical and philosophical instruments. This paved the way for something
further; and he determined, for the improvement of his
conventuals in astronomy, to erect an observatory. Among
those convents which for a long time have devoted their
leisure and riches to the advancement of science and the
good of mankind, none has distinguished itself more than
that of Kremsmunster. This very old abbey is not the
seat of infidelity and indolence, but a patron of the noblest
branches of science. The observatory founded in 1748,
was completed in 1758, and the superintendence of it was
intrusted to Eugenius Dobler, a brother of the order.
himself more fit for his new occupation, as he had not yet attended much to practical astronomy, and was even but little acquainted with those books from which he could
Alexander’s successor, the abbot Berthold Voge), who
long resided at Salzburg, as professor of canon law and
rector of the university, being well acquainted with Fixlmillner’s great knowledge, particularly in the mathematics,
appointed him in 1762 to be astronomer at Kremsmunster,
with leave to retain his office as professor of canon-law.
He now applied with great zeal to render himself more fit
for his new occupation, as he had not yet attended much
to practical astronomy, and was even but little acquainted
with those books from which he could obtain information
on the subject. His great attachment, however, to this
science, fine genius, and a desire of being useful to the
institution in which he resided, and to the world, made
him overcome every difficulty. The first book that fell
into his hands was Lalande’s “Exposition du Calctil Astronomique,
” with which alone, without any ^oral instruction, he began to study and to make observations. This
work, together with Ylacq’s Logarithmic Tables, were
for a long time his only sources and guides, till he at length
obtained Lalande’s large work on astronomy. Fortunately,
a carpenter, John Illinger, born in a village belonging to
the abbey, though he could neither read nor write, waa
able, under the direction of Fixlmillner, to construct for
him very neat mural quadrants, zenith sectors, transit instruments, and pendulum clocks. Other instruments were
made for him by Brander, of Augsburgh, and he procured
achromatic telescopes from Dollond; so that by his activity
the observatory at Kremsmunster soon became one of the
most celebrated, and best supplied with apparatus, in Germany.
765 to 1775, and which is replete with important and useful information. His third work, on which he was employed towards the close of his life, and which was printed
Fixlmillner now acquired a considerable rank among
astronomical writers. In 1765 he published his “Meridianns Speculae Astron. Cremisanensis,
” in which he
established the first elements of his observatory, and determined its longitude and latitude. In 1776 he published
his second astronomical work called “Decennium astronomicum,
” which contained the observations made by him
at Kremsmunster from 1765 to 1775, and which is replete
with important and useful information. His third work,
on which he was employed towards the close of his life,
and which was printed after his death, appeared in 1792.
It contains a valuable collection of observations made between 1776 and 1791, together with a great many calculations and treatises, which still add to his celebrity in this
department. Besides these, many important articles written by him are to be found in the “Journal des Savans,
”
and other literary journals and memoirs.
ate tables of that planet, for which the French astronomer publicly returned him thanks. Fixlmillner was one of the first astronomers who observed the orbit of the
The important service rendered to the science of astronomy by Fixlmillner, is well known to all astronomers. The great number of his observations of Mercury at a time when they were rare and difficult to be made, enabled Lalande to complete his accurate tables of that planet, for which the French astronomer publicly returned him thanks. Fixlmillner was one of the first astronomers who observed the orbit of the newly-discovered planet Uranus. He was also the first who supported Bode’s conjecture, that the star 34 in the Bull, observed by Flamsteed in 1690, and which afterwards disappeared, was the new planet. Fixlinillner was a man of so great application and activity, that he not only made observations, but calculated them all himself, and deduced from them the necessary results. All his observations, of whatever kind, he calculated on the spot; and to avoid errors, he always calculated them a second time. To uncommon industry he united great penetration and deep reflection, as is proved by the many excellent remarks and discoveries to be found in his works. It must here be added, that this able astronomer lived in a remote part of the country, at a distance from all literary helps, and from others who pursued the same studies; from every thing, indeed, that could animate his zeal; yet he continued to the last day of his life, a singular instance of perseverance and attachment to his favourite study. But few men were so little subject to the imperious power of the passions. Simple in his manners, he possessed great equanimity and firmness, like the immutable laws of nature which he studied. His wide extended celebrity did not render him proud; whatever was written or said in his praise, he endeavoured rather to conceal than to publish. His close application at length impaired his health, and brought on obstinate obstructions, which ended in a diarrhoea. He died Aug. 27, 1791, in the seventy-first year of his age, the fifty-third of his residence in the convent; and the forty-sixth after his entering into the priesthood,